History of the development of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation. FSB generals: names, positions

In 1917, Advice People's Commissars decided to create the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK), whose tasks were to combat sabotage and counter-revolution in Soviet Russia. The first chairman of the commission was F.E. Dzerzhinsky, who headed the Cheka from its founding (December 20, 1917) until February 6, 1922. In 1918, deputy chairman of the Cheka Ya.Kh. Peters served as temporary chairman from July to August.

February 6, 1922, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee decided to abolish the Cheka and instead create a State Political Directorate (GPU) under the NKVD of the RSFSR.

November 2, 1923, under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, according to the order of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, the United State Political Administration (OGPU) was created. The GPU and OGPU were headed until the end of his life (July 20, 1926) by F.E. Dzerzhinsky. V. R. Menzhinsky, who replaced him, was the chairman of the OGPU until 1934.

July 10, 1934, the Central Executive Committee of the USSR decided to include bodies state security to the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD) of the USSR. In 1934, Menzhinsky died and the work of the NKVD until 1936 was led by G.G. Berry. He was replaced by N.I. Ezhov, who headed the committee for 2 years until 1938. In 1938, L.P. became the head of the committee. Beria.

February 3, 1941, the NKVD of the USSR was divided into two independent bodies: the People's Commissariat of State Security (NKGB) of the USSR and the NKVD of the USSR. Beria remained head of the NKVD. And V.N. became the People's Commissar of State Security. Merkulov. However, already in July 1941, the NKGB and the NKVD again united into a single structure - the NKVD of the USSR, and in April 1943, the NKVD of the USSR was transformed into the People's Commissariat of State Security of the USSR, headed by V.N. Merkulov.

March 15, 1946, on the basis of the NKGB, the Ministry of State Security was formed, which until 1951 was headed by the Minister of State Security V.S. Abakumov. In 1951, the ministry came under the control of S.D. Ignatiev, until it was merged with the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1953. The head of the new Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR was S.N. Kruglov.

March 13, 1954, under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the State Security Committee (KGB) was formed, the head of which was appointed I.A. Serova. The leadership of the committee in 1958 passed to A.N. Shelelin, in 1961 - V.E. Semichastny, in 1967 Yu.V. Andropov, in 1982, in the period from May to December, V.V. became chairman. Fedorchuk, at the end of 1982 - V.M. Chebrikov, from 1988 to mid-1991 the head of the KGB was V.A. Kryuchkov, V.V. Bakatin is the last one to head the committee in August-November 1991.

December 3, 1991, KGB on the basis of a document signed by the President of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev's Law "On the Reorganization of State Security Bodies" was abolished, and on its basis the Central Intelligence Service of the USSR (now the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation) and the Inter-Republican Security Service (MSB) were formed. The work of the SME was regulated by the decree signed earlier, on November 28, by the President of the USSR “On approval of the Temporary Regulations on the Inter-Republican Security Service.” From November to December 1991, the SME was headed by the KGB V.V. Bakatin. May 6, 1991, head of the KGB of the USSR V.A. Kryuchkov and Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR B.N. Yeltsin signed the document on education, according to the decision of the Congress people's deputies, State Security Committee of the RSFSR with the status of a union-republican committee. The head of which was appointed V.V. Ivanenko.

November 26, 1991, President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin signed a decree transforming the KGB of the RSFSR into the AFB (Agency Federal Security) RSFSR. V.V.Ivanenko - director from November to December 1991

January 24, 1992, AFB RSFSR and the Inter-Republican Security Service were abolished according to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin, and on their basis the Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation was formed. Ministers: V.P. Barannikov – January 1992 – July 1993 N.M. Golushko – July 1993 – December 1993

December 21, 1993, The Ministry of Security was abolished by the President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin, and on his basis the Federal Counterintelligence Service was formed. Management: N.M. Golushko – December 1993 – March 1994 S.V. Stepashin – March 1994 – June 1995

April 3, 1995, The Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB of the Russian Federation) became the receiver of the FSK on the basis of the law signed by the President. Management: M.I. Barsukov – July 1995 – June 1996 N.D. Kovalev – July 1996 – July 1998 V.V. Putin – July 1998 – August 1999 N.P. Patrushev – August 1999 – May 2008 A.S. Bortnikov - since May 2008

August 14, 1996, the FSB was renamed from the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation to the Federal Security Service of Russia (FSB of Russia), but on September 9 the renaming was canceled.

May 22, 1997, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the FSB was reorganized, as a result of which 22 directorates were transformed into 5 directorates and 5 departments.

March 11, 2003, administered by the FSB of Russia by decree of President V.V. Putin was handed over to the Federal Border Service of the Russian Federation and the Federal Agency for Government Communications and Information (FAPSI).

July 11, 2004, according to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “Issues of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation,” a major reorganization was carried out in the central apparatus: FSB departments were replaced by services, and the number of deputy directors was reduced to 4 (of which 2 were the first) instead of the previous 12.

) Russia celebrates its 20th anniversary. On April 3, 1995, Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed the law “On the Bodies of the Federal Security Service in the Russian Federation.” In accordance with the document, the Federal Counterintelligence Service (FSK) was transformed into the Federal Security Service.
In 2014, terrorist crimes were committed 2.6 times less than in 2013. Last year, the Service stopped the activities of 52 career employees and 290 agents of foreign intelligence services; during the same period, it was possible to prevent damage to the state from corruption in the amount of about 142 billion rubles

Cheka(1917–1922) The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK) was created on December 7, 1917 as an organ of the “dictatorship of the proletariat.” The main task The commission was fighting counter-revolution and sabotage. The agency also performed the functions of intelligence, counterintelligence and political investigation. Since 1921, the tasks of the Cheka included the elimination of homelessness and neglect among children.

Chairman Council of People's Commissars USSR Vladimir Lenin called the Cheka “a devastating weapon against countless conspiracies, countless attempts on Soviet power by people who were infinitely stronger than us.”

The people called the commission “the emergency”, and its employees - “ security officers" Headed the first Soviet organ State Security Felix Dzerzhinsky. Under new structure The building of the former mayor of Petrograd, located at Gorokhovaya, 2, was allocated.
In February 1918, Cheka employees received the right to shoot criminals on the spot without trial or investigation in accordance with the decree “The Fatherland is in Danger!”
Capital punishment was allowed to be applied against “enemy agents, speculators, thugs, hooligans, counter-revolutionary agitators, German spies,” and later “all persons involved in White Guard organizations, conspiracies and rebellions.”
The end of the civil war and the decline of the wave of peasant uprisings made the further existence of the expanded repressive apparatus, whose activities had practically no legal restrictions, meaningless. Therefore, by 1921, the party was faced with the question of reforming the organization.
OGPU (1923–1934) On February 6, 1922, the Cheka was finally abolished, and its powers were transferred to the State Political Administration, which later received the name United (OGPU). As Lenin emphasized: “... the abolition of the Cheka and the creation of the GPU does not simply mean changing the name of the bodies, but consists of changing the nature of the entire activity of the body during the period of peaceful construction of the state in a new situation...”.
The chairman of the department until July 20, 1926 was Felix Dzerzhinsky; after his death, this post was taken by the former People's Commissar of Finance Vyacheslav Menzhinsky.
The main task of the new body was the same fight against counter-revolution in all its manifestations. Subordinate to the OGPU were special units of troops necessary to suppress public unrest and combat banditry.
In addition, the department was entrusted with the following functions:
◦protection of railways and waterways; ◦fighting smuggling and crossing borders by Soviet citizens); ◦execution of special assignments of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars.

May 9, 1924 powers OGPU were significantly expanded. The police and criminal investigation authorities began to report to the department. Thus began the process of merging state security agencies with internal affairs agencies.

The first mention of such a body as the FSB of the Russian Federation appeared at the beginning of the twentieth century.

December 20, 1917 resolution of the Council of People's Commissars to combat counter-revolution and sabotage in Soviet Russia The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK) was formed. F.E. was appointed its first chairman. Dzerzhinsky. He held this post until February 6, 1922. From July to August 1918 The duties of the Chairman of the Cheka were temporarily performed by Y.Kh. Peters.

In the first months of its existence, before moving to Moscow, the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission was a small institution with only 40 employees and employees. The Cheka had at its disposal a team of soldiers of the Sveaborzh regiment and a group of Red Guards. On January 14, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars instructed F.E. Dzerzhinsky to organize detachments of “energetic and ideological” sailors to fight profiteering. By the spring of 1918, the Cheka already had several detachments. In addition to the team of Sveaborzhians, she had with her a detachment of scouts, a detachment of scooter riders, a detachment of sailors and a combat team. Abdullaev R.A. "History of state and law of Russia." - Volgograd, 2006. - P.34.

In March 1918, after moving to Moscow, the Cheka had departments: combating counter-revolution, profiteering, crimes in office, nonresident, and an information bureau. At the end of 1918-1919, the Cheka created secret operational, investigative, transport, military (special), operational, instructor departments, an information bureau and a control and audit board. At the end of 1920-beginning of 1921, the Cheka created an administrative, organizational, secret operational and economic management, as well as a foreign department.

After a long series of reorganizations in 1922, 1934, 1941 and 1946, through the GPU-OGPU-NKVD-NKGB-MGB-MVD, the security agencies were transformed into the State Security Committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. According to the then existing order, an important political decision on the separation of state security structures from the Ministry of Internal Affairs into an independent department was made by the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee on February 8, 1954, based on a note by the USSR Minister of Internal Affairs S.N. Kruglova. Lubyanka: Bodies of the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD-NKGB-MGB-MVD-KGB // www.fsb.ru

On April 2, 1957, the KGB under the Council of Ministers of the USSR transferred border troops from the structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and created the Main Directorate of Border Troops (GUPV) to manage them.

Great importance was attached to preventive measures aimed at preventing state crimes. In 1967, the KGB authorities prevented 12,115 people, most of whom allowed manifestations of an anti-Soviet and politically harmful nature without hostile intent.

November 28, 1991 USSR President M.S. Gorbachev signed the Decree “On approval of the Temporary Regulations on the Inter-Republican Security Service.” V.V. was appointed head of this service. Bakatin.

An interesting stage in the history of the activities of the FSB of the Russian Federation was the formation of the KGB of the RSFSR. May 6, 1991 Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR B.N. Yeltsin and Chairman of the KGB of the USSR V.A. Kryuchkov signed a protocol on the formation in accordance with the decision of the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia of the State Security Committee of the RSFSR, which has the status of a union-republican state committee. V.V. was appointed its head. Ivanenko.

On April 3, 1995, Yeltsin signed the Federal Law “On Bodies of the Federal Security Service in the Russian Federation,” which came into force on April 12, 1995. In accordance with it, the FSK was renamed the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, while no organizational and staffing measures were taken; service employees (including the director and his deputies) remained in their positions without reassignments and re-certifications. On June 23, 1995, the corresponding changes were "retrospective" number" were included in the structure of federal bodies executive power. The same decree approved the regulations on the service and the structure of its central apparatus, which, with few exceptions, repeated the structure of the FSK.

In the first month and a half after the victory of the October armed uprising, the task of suppressing the resistance of the exploiters was solved mainly by the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee. It was a temporary, emergency body working under the leadership of the Central Committee of the RSDLP and the Council of People's Commissars. The Military Revolutionary Committee created new authorities, organized the supply of food to cities and the army, requisitioned goods from the bourgeoisie, and sent emissaries and agitators to the provinces. One of its most important functions was to protect the revolutionary order and fight counter-revolution.

As the Soviet state apparatus improved, the functions of the Military Revolutionary Committee increasingly transferred to various people's commissariats. The activities of the Military Revolutionary Committee gradually came down mainly to the fight against counter-revolution and sabotage. On December 1, 1917, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee considered the issue of reorganizing the Military Revolutionary Committee and forming instead a department to combat counter-revolution. Four days later, on December 5, the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee published an announcement about the dissolution and transfer of functions to the department for combating counter-revolution under the Central Executive Committee.

The liquidation of the committee coincided with the aggravation of the political situation. On December 6, the Council of People's Commissars considered the issue “On the possibility of a strike of employees in government institutions on an all-Russian scale.” It was decided to create a special commission to determine the possibility of combating such a strike through the most energetic revolutionary measures. The candidacy of F.E. was proposed for the post of chairman of the commission. Dzerzhinsky, who was instructed by the Council of People's Commissars to submit a list of future members of this commission for the next meeting. In accordance with the resolution of the Council of People's Commissars, Dzerzhinsky began organizing a commission to combat counter-revolution and sabotage. He invited prominent Bolsheviks to join the commission - V.K. Averina, V.N. Vasilievsky, D.G. Evseeva, N.A. Zhideleva, I.K. Ksenofontova, G.K. Ordzhonikidze, J. X. Peters, K.A. Peterson, V.A. Trifonova.

On December 7, all the invitees, except Zhidelev and Vasilievsky, gathered in Smolny to discuss the competence and structure of the commission to combat counter-revolution and sabotage. The tasks of the commission were determined in the following way: “To stop at the root all counter-revolutionary and sabotage cases and attempts at them throughout Russia, to bring counter-revolutionaries and saboteurs to trial by a revolutionary tribunal, to develop measures to combat them and mercilessly implement them. The commission should conduct only a preliminary investigation.” The commission was supposed to monitor the press and counter-revolutionary parties, sabotaging officials and other criminals Isaev I.A. History of state and law of Russia. - M., 2004. - P. 235..

It was decided to create three departments - information, organizational and a department for combating counter-revolution and sabotage. After the end of the organizational meeting of the commission, Dzerzhinsky reported to the Council of People's Commissars on the composition of the commission to combat counter-revolution and sabotage, on its tasks and rights. In its activities, the commission had to pay attention, first of all, to the press and sabotage. It should have been given the right to make confiscations, evict criminal elements, deprive food cards, publish lists of enemies of the people, etc. The Council of People's Commissars having heard the report of F.E. Dzerzhinsky, decided to call the commission the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission under the Council of People's Commissars for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage and approve it.

At this time, the Cheka had only the right of arrest, searches, seizures and other preventive measures against counter-revolutionaries and saboteurs. After production preliminary investigation she had to transfer the cases to the revolutionary tribunal, or terminate them.

The structure of the Cheka subsequently changed several times. So in March 1918, after moving to Moscow, the Cheka had departments: combating counter-revolution, profiteering, crimes in office, nonresident, and an information bureau. At the end of 1918-1919, the Cheka created secret operational, investigative, transport, military (special), operational, instructor departments, an information bureau and a control and audit board. At the end of 1920-beginning of 1921, the Cheka created an administrative department, an administrative-organizational, secret-operational and economic department, as well as a foreign department.

In the first months of its existence, before moving to Moscow, the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission was a small institution with only 40 employees and employees. The Cheka had at its disposal a team of soldiers of the Sveaborzh regiment and a group of Red Guards. On January 14, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars instructed F.E. Dzerzhinsky to organize detachments of “energetic and ideological” sailors to fight profiteering. By the spring of 1918, the Cheka already had several detachments. In addition to the team of Sveaborzhites, she had with her a detachment of scouts, a detachment of scooter riders, a detachment of sailors and a combat team of R.A. Abdullaev. History of state and law of Russia. - Volgograd, 2006. - P.34..

The activities of the Cheka in December 1917 - February 1918 extended mainly to Petrograd. The Cheka was one of many commissions that performed the functions of combating counter-revolution, profiteering, banditry and other dangerous crimes. Thus, the Bureau of Military Commissars and the Investigative Naval Commission under the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs fought against counter-revolutionary elements in the army. The Central Requisition and Unloading Commission was in charge of the fight against profiteering. The investigation of counter-revolutionary and major criminal offenses was carried out by the Investigative Commission under the Revolutionary Tribunal.

After a long series of reorganizations in 1922, 1934, 1941 and 1946, through the GPU-OGPU-NKVD-NKGB-MGB-MVD, the security agencies were transformed into the State Security Committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. According to the then existing order, an important political decision on the separation of state security structures from the Ministry of Internal Affairs into an independent department was made by the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee on February 8, 1954, based on a note by the USSR Minister of Internal Affairs S.N. Kruglova Lubyanka: Bodies of the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD-NKGB-MGB-MVD-KGB/ www.fsb.ru..

It, in particular, noted that the Ministry of Internal Affairs "... is not able to provide the proper level of intelligence and operational work in the light of the tasks assigned to Soviet intelligence Central Committee of the CPSU and the Soviet Government", and in this regard contained a proposal to allocate operational security departments and departments - in total there were 16 of the 40 structural divisions of the ministry - and on their basis to form a Committee for State Security Affairs under the Council of Ministers of the USSR History of the creation of state bodies security / www.fsb.ru..

By order of the KGB chairman dated March 18, 1954, the structure of the new department was determined, in which, in addition to auxiliary and support units, the following were formed: the First Main Directorate (PGU, intelligence abroad); Second Main Directorate (VSU, counterintelligence); Third Main Directorate (military counterintelligence); Eighth Main Directorate (encryption-decryption); Fourth Directorate (fight against the anti-Soviet underground, nationalist formations and hostile elements); Fifth Directorate (counterintelligence work at particularly important facilities); Sixth Directorate (Transport); Seventh Directorate (external surveillance); Ninth Directorate (protection of party and government leaders); Tenth Directorate (directorate of the commandant of the Moscow Kremlin); Investigation Department, as well as 5 independent special departments, department (hereinafter - department) government communications and accounting and archival department 2. Lubyanka: Bodies of the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD-NKGB-MGB-MVD-KGB // www.fsb.ru..

On April 2, 1957, the KGB under the Council of Ministers of the USSR transferred border troops from the structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and created the Main Directorate of Border Troops (GUPV) to manage them.

In February 1960, by resolution of the Council of Ministers, the 4th, 5th and 6th departments were abolished, and their functions were transferred to the VGU KGB. It, and in fact the entire counterintelligence of the country, from the moment the KGB was formed until its abolition, was consistently headed by P.V. Fedotov, O.M. Gribanov (1956-1964), S.G. Bannikov, G.K. Tsinev, G.F. Grigorenko (1970-1984), I.A. Markelov (1984-1985), V.F. Grushko).

At the same time, under the chairman of the KGB, a group was organized to study and summarize the experience of security agencies and data on the enemy with a staff of 10 people, which became the backbone of the future Analytical Directorate formed in 1990.

In 1967, the KGB authorities involved criminal liability 738 people, of which 263 were for especially dangerous crimes and 475 for other state crimes. Among those prosecuted were 3 people who committed sabotage, 121 people were traitors and punishers during the Nazi occupation, 34 people were accused of treason and attempted treason, 96 people were accused of anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda, 221 people were accused of illegal crossing. border, 100 people - in theft of state and public property in large sizes and bribery, 148 people - in smuggling and violating the rules on foreign exchange transactions, one foreigner and one Soviet citizen were arrested for espionage.

The investigative apparatus of the KGB reviewed 6,732 archival criminal cases involving 12,376 people based on citizens’ applications, and in 3,783 cases conclusions were made on their termination.

Great importance was attached to preventive measures aimed at preventing state crimes. In 1967, the KGB authorities prevented 12,115 people, most of whom allowed manifestations of an anti-Soviet and politically harmful nature without hostile intent.

In 1967, checkpoints of border troops and KGB investigative apparatus seized from smugglers and currency traders about 30 kg of gold in bars and coins, products made of precious metals and stones, foreign currency and various goods totaling 2 million 645 thousand rubles. About history FSB / www.fsb.ru..

On March 13, 1969, the 15th Directorate was created, the main task of which was “to ensure constant readiness for the immediate reception of sheltered ( Soviet leadership- O. Kh), to protected points (objects) and the creation in them of the conditions necessary for normal work during a special period."

In August 1969, the 7th Department was formed, to which the functions of identifying the authors of anonymous anti-Soviet documents containing terrorist threats, as well as the prompt development and prevention of hostile activities of persons harboring terrorist intentions were transferred from the 5th Department.

In June 1973, the 8th Department was formed to combat the subversive activities of foreign Zionist centers, and in next year- 9th (development of anti-Soviet groups with connections to foreign centers of ideological sabotage) and 10th departments. The latter, together with the PSU, dealt with issues of penetration, identifying the plans of foreign intelligence services and ideological centers and paralyzing their activities.

In June 1977, on the eve of the XX Olympic Games In Moscow, the 11th department was formed, designed to carry out operational security measures to disrupt the ideological actions of the enemy and hostile elements. This department closely contacted its work with the 11th department of the Voronezh State University, which was also involved in the fight against international terrorism.

The 12th Department of the 5th Directorate was entrusted with the task of ensuring the security of mass public events in Moscow - festivals, forums, etc.

In February 1982, the 13th department was formed to identify and suppress “negative processes that tend to develop into politically harmful manifestations,” including the study of unhealthy youth groups - mystical, occult, pro-fascist, rockers, punks, football “fans.” " and the like.

The 14th department was involved in preventing acts of ideological sabotage aimed at journalists, SMP employees, and socio-political organizations.

In connection with the formation of new departments, the management staff increased to 424 people by 1982.

In total, as F.D. recalled. Bobkov, 2.5 thousand employees served in the 5th Directorate in the USSR. On average, 10 people worked in the 5th service or department in the region. The intelligence apparatus was also optimal, on average there were 200 agents per region Lubyanka: Bodies of the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD-NKGB-MGB-MVD-KGB/www.fsb.ru..

• November 28, 1991 USSR President M.S. Gorbachev signed the Decree “On approval of the Temporary Regulations on the Inter-Republican Security Service.” V.V. was appointed head of this service. Bakatin (from November 1991 to December 1991).
• May 6, 1991 Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR B.N. Yeltsin and Chairman of the KGB of the USSR V.A. Kryuchkov signed a protocol on the formation in accordance with the decision of the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia of the State Security Committee of the RSFSR, which has the status of a union-republican state committee. V.V. was appointed its head. Ivanenko.
• November 26, 1991 President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin signed a decree transforming the KGB of the RSFSR into the Federal Security Agency of the RSFSR.

• December 21, 1993 President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin signed a decree on the abolition of the Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation and on the creation of the Federal Counterintelligence Service (FSK of Russia) Judicial system and law enforcement agencies in the Russian Federation / Edited by V.I. Shvetsova. - M., 2000. - P.62.. On January 5, 1994, the regulations on the service and the structure of its central apparatus (18 departments, a secretariat and a Public Relations Center) were approved.
• On April 3, 1995, Yeltsin signed the Federal Law “On Bodies of the Federal Security Service in the Russian Federation,” which came into force on April 12, 1995. In accordance with it, the FSK was renamed the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, while no organizational and staffing measures were taken; service employees (including the director and his deputies) remained in their positions without reassignments and re-certifications. On June 23, 1995, the corresponding changes were "retrospective" number" were included in the structure of federal executive authorities. The same decree approved the regulations on the service and the structure of its central apparatus, which, with few exceptions, repeated the structure of the FSK.

In May 1997, a major reorganization of the central apparatus was carried out: out of 22 departments, 5 remained, the rest were grouped into 5 departments Judicial and law enforcement systems // Collection of normative acts. - M., 2009. - P.340..

On March 11, 2003, President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin, by his Decree, transferred the functions of the Federal Border Service of the Russian Federation and FAPSI to the jurisdiction of the FSB of Russia. Since May 2008, the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation has been headed by A. S. Bortnikov. In July 2004, the following major reorganization of the central apparatus was carried out: instead of departments, services of the Federal Security Service were created, the number of deputy directors was reduced from twelve to four (including the first two) 3. Vodko N. Delineate the competence of law enforcement agencies. // Russian justice. - 2007. - No. 17. - P. 31. .

The main legal act regulating the activities of the FSB of Russia is the Federal Law of April 3, 1995 N 40-FZ “On the Federal Security Service”. This Federal Law defines “the purpose, composition, legal basis and principles of the activities of the federal security service, areas of activity, powers, forces and means of the federal security service bodies, as well as the procedure for control and supervision of the activities of the federal security service bodies Federal Law of April 3, 1995 . N 40-FZ "On the Federal Security Service" / Reference and legal system "ConsultantPlus".

The legal basis for the activities of the Federal Security Service is the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law “On the Federal Security Service”, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation. The activities of the Federal Security Service are also carried out in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation Mokhov E.A. FSB: the fight against organized crime. - M., 2006. - P. 36..

Based on Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of August 11, 2003 No. 960 “Issues of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation”, the President of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws, federal laws, manages the activities of the FSB of Russia, approves the Regulations on the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation and the structure of the federal security service.

The Government of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws, federal laws, decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation, coordinates the activities of the FSB of Russia insofar as it concerns the interaction of the FSB of Russia with federal executive authorities.

The activities of the FSB of Russia are carried out on the basis of the principles of legality, centralization of management of federal security service bodies, respect and observance of human and civil rights and freedoms, humanism, respect for sovereignty, territorial integrity of states and the inviolability of their borders, peaceful resolution of border disputes, mutually beneficial cooperation with competent authorities foreign countries, conspiracy, combination of public and secret methods and means of activity Ushakov I.N. Legal regulation activities of the Federal Security Service to ensure national security Russian Federation. - M., 2006. - P. 192..

Based on Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 7, 2000 N 318 “On approval of the Regulations on the directorates (departments) of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies (security bodies in the troops)" "The directorates (departments) of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies (security bodies in the troops) are part of a single centralized system of bodies of the federal security service and are located in direct subordination of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 02/07/2000 No. 318 “On approval of the Regulations on the directorates (departments) of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies (security agencies in the troops )" / Reference and legal system "ConsultantPlus".. Security authorities in the troops, within the limits of their powers, ensure security in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, in the border troops, in the federal body for special communications and information, in the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, in Railway troops of the Russian Federation, troops civil defense, engineering, technical and road construction military formations under federal executive authorities, in the federal body for ensuring mobilization training of bodies state power Russian Federation, as well as in special formations created for wartime” Sumin A.A. Commentary on the Federal Law “On the Federal Security Service”. - M., 2001. - P.75.

Participation of security agencies in the troops in ensuring the security of part of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, which is part of the joint armed forces or is under joint command, as well as ensuring the security of associations, formations and military units of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies, stationed outside the territory of the Russian Federation, is regulated by federal legislation and international treaties of the Russian Federation Ushakov I.N. Legal regulation of the activities of the Federal Security Service to ensure the national security of the Russian Federation. - M., 2006. - P. 225..

Security bodies in the troops, ensuring the security of associations, formations and military units of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies stationed outside the territory of the Russian Federation in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation, are also guided in their activities by the legislation of the states in the territories of which the indicated associations, formations and military units are located Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 7, 2000 N 318 “On approval of the Regulations on the directorates (departments) of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies (security bodies in the troops)"/Reference and legal system "ConsultantPlus"..

The Law of the Russian Federation “On Security” establishes the legal basis for ensuring the security of individuals, society and the state, defines the security system and its functions, establishes the procedure for organizing and financing security agencies, as well as control and supervision of the legality of their activities. The security system is formed by the legislative, executive and judicial authorities, state, public and other organizations and associations, citizens taking part in ensuring security in accordance with the law, as well as legislation regulating relations in the field of security. Creation of security bodies, not established by law Russian Federation, not allowed Belokrylova E.A. Commentary on the Law of the Russian Federation “On Security”. - M., 2007. - P. 83..

Federal Law of August 12, 1995 N 144-FZ “On Operational Investigative Activities” establishes that “on the territory of the Russian Federation the right to carry out operational investigative activities is granted to the operational units of the FSB of Russia Federal Law of August 12, 1995 N 144-FZ" On operational investigative activities"/Reference and legal system "ConsultantPlus".

Bodies of the federal security service carry out operational intelligence activities for the purposes of combating crime, combating terrorism, counterintelligence and reconnaissance purposes, ensuring border activities, ensuring information security.

For these purposes, they have the right to carry out the entire range of operational investigative activities; establish, on a confidential basis, cooperative relationships with persons who have given their consent; use special methods and means when carrying out counterintelligence and intelligence activities, as well as when carrying out measures to combat terrorism; penetrate into special services and organizations of foreign states conducting intelligence and other activities aimed at harming the security of the Russian Federation, as well as criminal groups; take measures to ensure your own safety, including preventing penetration special services and organizations of foreign states, criminal groups and individuals using technical means to information protected by the federal security service, constituting state secret; to use, in order to encrypt the identity of employees of the federal security service, the departmental affiliation of their units, premises and vehicles, documents of other ministries, departments, enterprises, institutions and organizations Vagin O.A., Isichenko A.P. Commentary on the Federal Law “On Operational-Investigative Activities.” - M., 2007. - P. 94..

The use by federal security service bodies of the rights granted to them to perform duties not provided for by federal laws is not permitted.

According to Art. 5 of the Federal Law of May 27, 1996 N 57-FZ “On State Security” “in ensuring the safety of facilities state protection and protection of protected objects, within the limits of their powers, the bodies of the federal security service, the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation and internal troops Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, bodies foreign intelligence of the Russian Federation, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other state security bodies” Shlyapnikov A.V. Commentary on the Federal Law of May 27, 1996 N 57-FZ "On State Protection" / Legal reference system "ConsultantPlus".. So, in accordance with paragraphs. 29 clause 9 of section 3 of the regulations on the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of August 11, 2003 N 960, “The Federal Security Service organizes the participation of bodies and troops in ensuring the security of state security facilities on the state border within the border territory” Commentary on the Federal Law "On the Federal Security Service" / Ed. Kiseleva I.K. /Reference and legal system "Garant"..

Federal Law No. 35-FZ of March 6, 2006 “On Countering Terrorism” stipulates that “the suppression of a terrorist act is carried out by the forces and means of the federal security service, as well as the created group of forces and means. To conduct a counter-terrorism operation, by decision of the head of the counter-terrorism operation, a group of forces and means is created" Saprykin S.Yu. Commentary on the Federal Law “On Combating Terrorism”./Reference and legal system “Garant”..

In accordance with the order of the FSB of the Russian Federation dated January 11, 2009 No. 1 “On approval of the Administrative Regulations of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation for the execution state function to ensure the protection of marine biological resources and the implementation of state control in this area and the recognition of the order of the FSB of Russia dated September 26, 2005 N 568 as invalid" “the administrative regulations of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation for the performance of the state function of ensuring the protection of marine biological resources and the implementation of state control in this area determines the procedure and the sequence of actions (administrative procedures) of the federal security service authorities when exercising powers to ensure the protection of marine biological resources in internal sea waters, in the territorial sea, in the exclusive economic zone and on the continental shelf of the Russian Federation, in the Caspian and Seas of Azov, protection outside the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation of stocks of anadromous fish species formed in the rivers of the Russian Federation, as well as the implementation of state control in this area" Order of the FSB of the Russian Federation dated January 11, 2009 No. 1 "On approval of the Administrative Regulations of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation Federation to fulfill the state function of ensuring the protection of marine biological resources and exercising state control in this area and invalidating the order of the FSB of Russia dated September 26, 2005 N 568" // Bulletin of normative acts of federal executive authorities. - 2009. - No. 12. - P. 198..

Order of the FSB of the Russian Federation dated September 26, 2005 N 569 “On approval of the Regulations on the procedure for exercising state control in the field of protection of marine biological resources” establishes that “state control in the field of protection of marine biological resources is carried out by divisions of the FSB of Russia, territorial security authorities, border authorities within the powers determined by the regulations (statutes) on the relevant divisions and bodies Order of the FSB of the Russian Federation of September 26, 2005 N 569 “On approval of the Regulations on the procedure for exercising state control in the field of protection of marine biological resources” / Reference and legal system “ConsultantPlus”. "The Border Service of the FSB of Russia is the main division of the FSB of Russia for the implementation of state control in the field of protection of marine biological resources" Boshuk V.A. Theoretical foundations of Russian criminal law policy in the field of state security. - Krasnodar, 2006. - P. 203..

Thus, having analyzed the legal basis for the activities of the FSB of Russia, we have established that the Federal Security Service is a single centralized system of federal security service bodies that carries out tasks within its powers to ensure the security of the Russian Federation.

The activities of the Federal Security Service are managed by the President of the Russian Federation. Management of the Federal Security Service is carried out by the head of the federal executive body in the field of security through the specified federal executive body and his territorial bodies. The head of the federal executive body in the field of security is appointed and dismissed by the President of the Russian Federation. The legal basis for the activities of the Federal Security Service is the Constitution of the Russian Federation, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation. The activities of the Federal Security Service are also carried out in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation Commentary on the Federal Law “On the Federal Security Service” / Ed. Kiseleva I.K./ Legal reference system "Garant"..

The system of federal executive authorities, designed to carry out the corresponding functions of state power on the territory of the Russian Federation, is a set of state bodies organized on the basis of common principles, common tasks and goals, headed by the Government of the Russian Federation and endowed with state authority to exercise public administration.

The system of federal executive bodies in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Constitutional Law “On the Government of the Russian Federation” and decrees of the President of the Russian Federation based on its provisions includes the Government of the Russian Federation, federal ministries, as well as other federal executive authorities, the list of which has the right to be determined by the President of the Russian Federation V.M. Malinovskaya. Commentary on the Constitution of the Russian Federation. - M., 2005. - P. 217. .

The Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB of Russia) is “a federal executive body, within the limits of its powers, exercising public administration in the field of ensuring the security of the Russian Federation, combating terrorism, protection and security state border Russian Federation, protection of internal sea waters, territorial sea, exclusive economic zone, continental shelf of the Russian Federation and their natural resources, ensuring the information security of the Russian Federation and directly implementing the main directions of activity of the federal security service bodies, determined by the legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as coordinating the counterintelligence activities of the federal executive authorities entitled to carry them out” Ushakov I.N. Legal regulation of the activities of the Federal Security Service to ensure the national security of the Russian Federation. - M., 2006. - P. 22..

It is interesting that the legal status of federal services in terms of its target content is determined by the functions of state control and supervision in a certain area (ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, protecting consumer rights and the consumer market; healthcare and social development; labor, employment, alternative civil service; insurance business; transport; connection; industry, etc.). As general provisions It has been established that the Federal Security Service is under the jurisdiction of the relevant ministry and carries out its activities both directly and through its territorial bodies.

Along with the function and at the same time the authority of state control and supervision, the following functions are defined: state registration certain types of activities; licensing; organization of service system activities; informing, monitoring in a certain area; issuance of permits; other functions.

As powers of the federal service, along with such powers common to all federal executive bodies as obtaining the necessary information, attracting organizations and scientists to study issues related to the conduct of the service, creating advisory and expert bodies, specific powers are provided specifically for control and supervision. It's about on the right to organize the necessary research, testing, examinations and assessments; give legal and individuals clarifications on issues within the competence of the service; control the activities of territorial bodies and subordinate organizations, as well as to suppress facts of violation of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the established field of activity, to take restrictive, precautionary and prophylactic measures provided for by law, aimed at preventing and/or eliminating the consequences of violation by legal entities and citizens of generally mandatory requirements in the field of activity established for this service Tobol E. Legality and law and order: main directions and ways to ensure them // Bulletin of Russian Borders. - 2005. - No. 4. - P. 14..

We also note that each provision stipulates that the Federal Security Service does not have the right to carry out legal regulation, except in cases established by presidential decrees and government resolutions, as well as manage state property and provide paid services. Thus, the powers of the Federal Security Service are delimited from the powers of ministries and federal agencies Ushakov I.N. Legal regulation of the activities of the Federal Security Service to ensure the national security of the Russian Federation. - M., 2006. - P. 102..

In the administrative and legal status of state collective entities, three main blocks can be distinguished:

• * target;
• * structural and organizational;
• * competent (competence).

The first element of the administrative-legal status of a state collective entity is its legally established goals, objectives and functions. In general terms, its goal can be understood as providing for a certain social need, and in regulations, charters and other legal acts, the goal is specified in the list of tasks and functions performed.

All tasks assigned to structural units state mechanism, can be grouped into three groups:

Thus, the main tasks of the FSB of Russia are:

• 1) management of security bodies, as well as organization of their activities;
• 2) informing the President of the Russian Federation, the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, as well as, on their instructions, federal government bodies and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation about threats to the security of the Russian Federation;
• 3) organization of detection, prevention and suppression of intelligence and other activities of special services and organizations of foreign states, individuals, aimed at harming the security of the Russian Federation;
• 4) coordination of counterintelligence activities and measures to ensure their own security carried out by federal executive authorities;

The second, organizational and structural component of legal status is itself a rather complex system. It includes normative regulation of the procedure for the formation, legalization, reorganization, liquidation of entities, their subordination and transfer from the jurisdiction of some organizations to the subordination of others, the establishment and change of their organizational structures, rights to organizational self-determination, operational procedures and rights to official symbols.

The Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, which includes services, departments, directorates and other units that directly implement the activities of the federal security service bodies, as well as units performing management functions:

Directorates (departments) of the FSB of Russia for individual regions and constituent entities of the Russian Federation (territorial security agencies);

Directorates (departments) of the FSB of Russia in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops and military formations, as well as in their control bodies (security agencies in the troops);

Directorates (detachments, departments) of the FSB of Russia for the border service (border agencies);

Other directorates (departments) of the FSB of Russia, exercising certain powers of the FSB of Russia or ensuring the activities of federal security service bodies (other security bodies);

Aviation units, special training centers, special purpose units, enterprises, educational institutions, research, expert, forensic, military medical and military construction units and other institutions and units designed to support the activities of the federal security service.

Competence is the third and main part of the legal status of state collective subjects of law and consists of a set of powers regarding certain subjects of jurisdiction. Its first element includes the duties and rights associated with the exercise of power, participation in power relations, including the right to issue certain acts. The second element of competence is jurisdiction, the legal consolidation of the range of objects, objects, and matters to which authority extends.

Competence can be considered in a functional context (in the field of planning, control, etc.), in relation to certain entities (other state, municipal bodies, enterprises and institutions, public associations, citizens). And the competence of the authorities general competence must be considered from an industry perspective, for example in the field of security Mokhov E.A. FSB: the fight against organized crime. - M., 2006. - P. 83..

Thus, the federal security service agencies, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, carry out operational investigative measures to identify, prevent, suppress and disclose not only espionage, terrorist activities, but also organized crime, corruption, illegal trafficking in weapons and drugs, smuggling Vagin O. A., Isichenko A.P. Commentary on the Federal Law “On Operational-Investigative Activities.” - M., 2007. - P. 144..

Let us note that the FSB of Russia has been given a special status, since according to Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2008 N 724 “Issues of the system and structure of federal executive bodies,” the FSB is directly subordinate to the President of Russia.

Thus, from the analysis of Russian legislation, we found out that the FSB of Russia is a federal executive body that represents a single centralized system that carries out tasks within its powers to ensure the security of the Russian Federation.

The FSB of Russia carries out executive and administrative activities, the content of which is the direct, day-to-day organization of the implementation of internal and external functions state and the tasks facing it.

Regarding the FSB of Russia, legal literature defines the function as a connection with the object of administrative influence (subject approach). Accordingly, they distinguish between such functions of the state administration as ensuring the security of the individual, society, and state (ensuring defense, ensuring public order, carrying out intelligence and counterintelligence, ensuring the protection of the state border, etc.)

Functions are universal, typical ways of information interaction between subjects and objects social management. These are stable, relatively independent, specialized types of administrative activities in general. Each general function is objectively necessary. They differ from each other in their immediate purpose, content, implementation procedures, and information used Malko A.V. Legal Dictionary. - M., 2008. - P. 295..

Common functions include: forecasting, planning, regulatory regulation, methodological manual, work with personnel, accounting, control, etc. Organizing, exercising executive power means forecasting, planning, controlling, etc. Each subject of administrative power carries out several or at least one function.

So, let's analyze some of the functions of the Russian FSB. To solve the main tasks, the FSB of Russia performs the following functions:

organizes the execution of federal laws, decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation, decrees and orders of the Government of the Russian Federation, regulatory legal acts of federal government bodies and international treaties Russian Federation in security agencies;

organizes counterintelligence activities within the limits of its powers; determines the procedure for security agencies to carry out penetration into special services and organizations of foreign states and other counterintelligence activities, as well as the use of covert methods and means in their implementation;

organizes the activities of security agencies to monitor compliance by individuals and legal entities with the state border regime, border regime, regime at checkpoints across the state border and federal legislation on internal sea waters, the territorial sea, the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf of the Russian Federation, and also on the use and protection of fauna and their habitats. So, according to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2007 N 963 “On the procedure for establishing the regime at checkpoints across the state border of the Russian Federation” “the rules of the regime at checkpoints across the state border of the Russian Federation are approved Federal agency on the arrangement of the state border of the Russian Federation in agreement with the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation and the Federal Customs Service" Vorobiev A.S. Intelligence services of the Russian Federation. - Kaliningrad, 2008. - P. 114..

Within the limits of its powers, it develops measures to protect information constituting state secrets, exercises control over ensuring the safety of information constituting state secrets in federal government bodies, government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, military formations and organizations, and carries out measures related to the admission of citizens to information constituting a state secret, as well as with the admission of enterprises, institutions and organizations to carry out work related to the use of information constituting a state secret, with the creation of means of protecting information and with the implementation of measures and (or) provision of services to protect state secrets;

carries out and organizes licensing of certain types of activities in accordance with federal legislation;

organizes and carries out encryption work in security agencies;

organizes and ensures the operation, security, development and improvement of open and classified communications, warning systems and sound amplification at the facilities of security agencies;

carries out regulation in the field of development, production, sale, operation, import into the Russian Federation and export from the Russian Federation of encryption (cryptographic) means and systems and telecommunication complexes protected using encryption means, as well as in the field of provision of information encryption services on the territory of the Russian Federation and identification of electronic devices intended for secretly obtaining information in premises and technical means;

carries out the development and production of key documents for encryption tools and manual ciphers, supplying them to federal government bodies, government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation; sells encryption documents and encryption tools, regulatory and technical documentation for the production and use of encryption tools, with the exception of encryption tools intended for federal government bodies, government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

ensures the detection on the territory of the Russian Federation of radio emissions from transmitting radio-electronic equipment, the operation of which poses a threat to the security of the Russian Federation, as well as radio emissions from transmitting radio-electronic equipment used for illegal purposes; intercepts transmissions and suppresses the operation on the territory of the Russian Federation of radio communications and other transmitting radio-electronic means that pose a threat to the security of the Russian Federation; carries out registration and centralized accounting of radio data and radio emissions of transmitting radio-electronic means Kovaleva N.N., Kholodnaya E.V. Commentary on the Federal Law of July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ “On information, information technologies and information protection.” - M., 2007. - P. 79..

The FSB of Russia receives citizens, considers their proposals, applications and complaints on issues falling within the powers of the security authorities. In accordance with Order of the FSB of the Russian Federation dated January 22, 2007 N 21 “On approval of the Instructions on the organization of consideration of appeals of citizens of the Russian Federation in the bodies of the federal security service” “consideration of appeals is official responsibility heads (chiefs) of security agencies or, on their written instructions, other officials within their competence. Leaders are personally responsible for proper organization work on the consideration of appeals and the reception of citizens in security agencies. All written appeals are registered in the Book of Records of Written Appeals (proposals, statements or complaints) within three days from the date of receipt by the security authority." Order of the FSB of the Russian Federation dated January 22, 2007 N 21 "On approval of the Instructions on organizing the consideration of appeals from citizens of the Russian Federation in bodies of the federal security service"//Bulletin of normative acts of federal executive authorities. - 2007. - No. 16. - P. 91..

The main directions of ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation are strategic national priorities, which determine the tasks of the most important social, political and economic transformations for the creation safe conditions implementation of constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens of the Russian Federation, implementation of sustainable development of the country, preservation of the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the state" Slobodanyuk I.A. Legal aspects of ensuring national interests in the system of state security and international security. - M., 2007. - P. 274.. The National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020 is an officially recognized system of strategic priorities, goals and measures in the field of domestic and foreign policy that determine the state of national security and the level of sustainable development of the state in the long term. Strategic goals of ensuring national security in the sphere of state and public safety are the protection of the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation, the fundamental rights and freedoms of man and citizen, the protection of the sovereignty of the Russian Federation, its independence and territorial integrity, as well as the preservation civil peace, political and social stability in society Judicial system and law enforcement agencies in the Russian Federation / Edited by V.I. Shvetsova. - M., 2000. - P.159..

The Russian Federation, when ensuring national security in the field of state and public security for the long term, proceeds from the need to constantly improve law enforcement measures to identify, prevent, suppress and disclose acts of terrorism, extremism, and other criminal attacks on human and civil rights and freedoms, property, public order and public safety, the constitutional system of the Russian Federation. The main sources of threats to national security in the field of state and public security are: intelligence and other activities of special services and organizations of foreign states, as well as individuals, aimed at harming the security of the Russian Federation;

activities of terrorist organizations, groups and individuals aimed at violently changing the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation, disorganizing the normal functioning of government bodies (including violent actions against government, political and public figures), destroying military and industrial facilities, enterprises and institutions providing the life of society, intimidation of the population, including through the use of nuclear and chemical weapons or dangerous radioactive, chemical and biological substances; extremist activity nationalist, religious, ethnic and other organizations and structures aimed at violating the unity and territorial integrity of the Russian Federation, destabilizing the internal political and social situation in the country; activities of transnational criminal organizations and groups related to the illicit trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, weapons, ammunition, explosives; the continued growth of criminal attacks directed against the person, property, state power, public and economic security, as well as those related to corruption I.N. Ushakov Legal regulation of the activities of the Federal Security Service to ensure the national security of the Russian Federation. - M., 2006. - P. 192..

In my opinion, the main entity opposing these destructive processes is the FSB of Russia.

The activities of the federal security service bodies are carried out in the following main areas:

counterintelligence activities;

fight against terrorism;

crime control;

intelligence activities;

border activities;

ensuring information security.

The fight against terrorism today is the most important area of ​​activity of the FSB. Performed at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. large-scale acts international terrorism forced the international community and national government authorities to develop and take effective measures to combat terrorism related to changes in national legislation and the inevitable, as part of this fight, restriction of the rights and freedoms of citizens. A fundamental change in approaches in this area is generally characteristic of the entire world community, given that for a long time the prevailing position was according to which, in the precise words of the former Prosecutor General Russian Federation, “with a relatively low intensity of terrorism, any restriction democratic freedoms in society was perceived extremely negatively as the state using an unfavorable situation in order to increase its interference in the personal lives of citizens, make it easier for itself to control their actions and lower the bar of requirements for itself” Ustinov V.V. International experience in the fight against terrorism: standards and practice. - M., 2002. - P. 64..

The fight against terrorism is “activities carried out by federal security service bodies and (or) their units, as well as officials of these bodies and units to identify, prevent, suppress, disclose and investigate terrorist acts through operational combat and other activities” Saprykin S. .YU. Commentary on the Federal Law “On Combating Terrorism”/Reference and Legal System “Garant”..

The grounds for counter-terrorism agencies to carry out counter-terrorism activities are:

• a) the need to suppress a terrorist act;
• b) the need to identify persons involved in the preparation and commission of a terrorist act;
• c) the need to obtain information about events or actions that create a threat of terrorism.

In the fight against terrorism, open and covert, operational-combat and other measures are carried out, the special nature of which is determined by the conditions of the fight against terrorism. The procedure for carrying out these activities is established by regulatory legal acts of the federal executive body in the field of security.

Anti-terrorism authorities carry out their activities in accordance with the legislation on operational-search activities, criminal and criminal procedural legislation and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation Dolgova A.I. Terrorism in Russia and problems of systemic response. - M., 2004. - P. 69..

Carrying out measures to combat terrorism that restrict the rights of citizens to the inviolability of their home, the secrecy of correspondence, telephone conversations, postal, telegraph and other messages of citizens is allowed only on the basis of a judge’s decision, obtained in the manner prescribed for receiving court decision on the admissibility of carrying out counterintelligence measures that limit the constitutional rights of citizens to the secrecy of correspondence, telephone conversations, postal, telegraph and other messages transmitted over electrical and postal networks, to the inviolability of the home, and on the basis of a reasoned petition from the head of the anti-terrorism agency or his deputy . The list of categories of heads of counter-terrorism bodies and their deputies authorized to initiate a petition to carry out measures to combat terrorism that limit the constitutional rights of citizens specified in this article is established by regulatory legal acts of the federal executive body in the field of security Lopashenko N.A. Criminal -legal policy and problems of combating modern crime/Collection scientific works. - Saratov, 2006. - P. 373..

In urgent cases, when delay may lead to the commission of a terrorist act and endanger the life and health of citizens, or when there is evidence to suggest that a terrorist act is or has been committed in a residential area, or when a person suspected of involvement in the commission is being pursued terrorist act, employees of the anti-terrorism agency have the right to freely enter residential premises, as well as suspend the provision of communication services to legal entities and individuals or limit the use of communication networks and means of communication. The anti-terrorism authority, within 24 hours from the moment of restriction of the right of citizens to the inviolability of home or from the moment of suspension of the provision of communication services to legal entities and individuals or restrictions on the use of communication networks and means of communication, is obliged to notify the court about this.

The results of anti-terrorism measures can be used in criminal proceedings in the manner established by criminal procedural legislation for the use of the results of operational investigative activities.

Submission of materials to the prosecutor's office for the implementation of prosecutorial supervision over the implementation of laws by anti-terrorism authorities during the implementation of anti-terrorism measures is carried out in accordance with Article 9 of the Federal Law “On the Federal Security Service” Federal Law of April 3, 1995 N 40-FZ "On the Federal Security Service"/Reference and legal system "ConsultantPlus"..

“Special-purpose units of the federal security service, by decision of the President of the Russian Federation, can be used against terrorists located outside the territory of the Russian Federation and (or) their bases to eliminate the threat to the security of the Russian Federation” Saprykin S.Yu. Commentary on the Federal Law “On Combating Terrorism”/Reference and Legal System “Garant”..

Ensuring the rule of law and strengthening law and order cover, as is known, a wide range of activities. These include socio-economic transformations, and measures of a political and organizational nature, and educational and preventive efforts, including the encouragement of relevant public and religious associations, and, of course, the use of state coercion in relation to persons who do not want to comply with the requirements of laws and other legal acts.

In 1917, Vladimir Lenin created the Cheka from the remnants of the Tsarist secret police. This new organization, which eventually became the KGB, was involved in a wide range of tasks, including intelligence, counterintelligence and isolation Soviet Union from Western goods, news and ideas. In 1991, the USSR collapsed, which led to the fragmentation of the Committee into many organizations, the largest of which is the FSB.

The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK) was created on December 7, 1917 as an organ of the “dictatorship of the proletariat.” The main task of the commission was to fight counter-revolution and sabotage. The agency also performed the functions of intelligence, counterintelligence and political investigation. Since 1921, the tasks of the Cheka included the elimination of homelessness and neglect among children.

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Vladimir Lenin called the Cheka "a devastating weapon against countless conspiracies, countless attempts on Soviet power by people who were infinitely stronger than us."
The people called the commission “the emergency”, and its employees - “chekists”. The first Soviet state security agency was headed by Felix Dzerzhinsky. The building of the former mayor of Petrograd, located at Gorokhovaya, 2, was allocated for the new structure.

In February 1918, Cheka employees received the right to shoot criminals on the spot without trial or investigation in accordance with the decree “The Fatherland is in Danger!”

Capital punishment was allowed to be applied against “enemy agents, speculators, thugs, hooligans, counter-revolutionary agitators, German spies,” and later “all persons involved in White Guard organizations, conspiracies and rebellions.”

The end of the civil war and the decline of the wave of peasant uprisings made the further existence of the expanded repressive apparatus, whose activities had practically no legal restrictions, meaningless. Therefore, by 1921, the party was faced with the question of reforming the organization.

On February 6, 1922, the Cheka was finally abolished, and its powers were transferred to the State Political Administration, which later received the name United (OGPU). As Lenin emphasized: “... the abolition of the Cheka and the creation of the GPU does not simply mean changing the name of the bodies, but consists of changing the nature of the entire activity of the body during the period of peaceful construction of the state in a new situation...”.

The chairman of the department until July 20, 1926 was Felix Dzerzhinsky; after his death, this post was taken by the former People's Commissar of Finance Vyacheslav Menzhinsky.
The main task of the new body was the same fight against counter-revolution in all its manifestations. Subordinate to the OGPU were special units of troops necessary to suppress public unrest and combat banditry.

In addition, the department was entrusted with the following functions:

Protection of railway and waterways;
- fight against smuggling and border crossing by Soviet citizens);
- implementation of special assignments of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars.

On May 9, 1924, the powers of the OGPU were significantly expanded. The police and criminal investigation authorities began to report to the department. Thus began the process of merging state security agencies with internal affairs agencies.

On July 10, 1934, the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR (NKVD) was formed. The People's Commissariat was an all-Union one, and the OGPU was included in it in the form structural unit called the Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB). The fundamental innovation was that the judicial board of the OGPU was abolished: the new department should not have judicial functions. The new People's Commissariat was headed by Genrikh Yagoda.

The area of ​​responsibility of the NKVD included political investigation and the right to pass sentences out of court, the penal system, foreign intelligence, border troops, and counterintelligence in the army. In 1935, the functions of the NKVD included regulation traffic(GAI), and in 1937 NKVD departments were created for transport, including sea and river ports.

On March 28, 1937, Yagoda was arrested by the NKVD; during a search of his home, according to the protocol, pornographic photographs, Trotskyist literature and a rubber dildo were found. Due to “anti-state” activities, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks expelled Yagoda from the party. Nikolai Yezhov was appointed the new head of the NKVD.

In 1937, the NKVD “troikas” appeared. Their commission three people handed down thousands of sentences in absentia to “enemies of the people”, based on materials from the authorities, and sometimes simply on lists. A feature of this process was the absence of protocols and the minimum number of documents on the basis of which a decision was made on the guilt of the defendant. The troika's verdict was not subject to appeal.

During the year the “troikas” worked, 767,397 people were convicted, of which 386,798 people were sentenced to death. The victims most often were kulaks - wealthy peasants who did not want to voluntarily give up their property to the collective farm.

On April 10, 1939, Yezhov was arrested in the office of Georgy Malenkov. Subsequently former head The NKVD admitted to homosexual orientation and preparing a coup. Lavrentiy Beria became the third People's Commissar of Internal Affairs.

On February 3, 1941, the NKVD was divided into two people's commissariats - the People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB) and the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD).

This was done with the aim of improving the intelligence and operational work of state security agencies and distributing the increased volume of work of the NKVD of the USSR.

The NKGB was assigned the following tasks:

Conducting intelligence work abroad;
- the fight against subversive, espionage, and terrorist activities of foreign intelligence services within the USSR;
- prompt development and elimination of the remnants of anti-Soviet and counter-revolutionary parties -
- formations among various layers of the population of the USSR, in the system of industry, transport, communications, agriculture;
- protection of party and government leaders.

The NKVD was entrusted with the tasks of ensuring state security. Military and prison units, police, and fire protection remained under the jurisdiction of this department.

On July 4, 1941, in connection with the outbreak of war, it was decided to merge the NKGB and NKVD into one department in order to reduce bureaucracy.

The re-creation of the NKGB of the USSR took place in April 1943. The main task of the committee was reconnaissance and sabotage activities behind German lines. As we moved west, the importance of work in the countries of Eastern Europe increased, where the NKGB was engaged in the “liquidation of anti-Soviet elements.”

In 1946, all people's commissariats were renamed into ministries, and accordingly, the NKGB became the USSR Ministry of State Security. At the same time, Viktor Abakumov became Minister of State Security. With his arrival, the transition of the functions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the jurisdiction of the MGB began. In 1947–1952, internal troops, police, border troops and other units were transferred to the department (camp and construction departments, fire protection, escort troops, and courier communications remained within the Ministry of Internal Affairs).

After Stalin's death in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev removed Beria and organized a campaign against the illegal repression of the NKVD. Subsequently, several thousand of those unjustly convicted were rehabilitated.

On March 13, 1954, the State Security Committee (KGB) was created by separating departments, services and departments related to state security issues from the MGB. Compared to its predecessors, the new body had a lower status: it was not a ministry within the government, but a committee under the government. The KGB Chairman was a member of the CPSU Central Committee, but in supreme body authorities - the Politburo - he was not a member. This was explained by the fact that the party elite wanted to protect themselves from the emergence of a new Beria - a man capable of removing her from power in order to implement his own political projects.

The area of ​​responsibility of the new body included: foreign intelligence, counterintelligence, operational-search activities, protecting the state border of the USSR, protecting the leaders of the CPSU and the government, organizing and ensuring government communications, as well as the fight against nationalism, dissent, crime and anti-Soviet activities.

Almost immediately after its formation, the KGB carried out a large-scale staff reduction in connection with the beginning of the process of de-Stalinization of society and the state. From 1953 to 1955, state security agencies were reduced by 52%.

In the 1970s, the KGB intensified its fight against dissent and the dissident movement. However, the department's actions have become more subtle and disguised. Such means were actively used psychological pressure, such as surveillance, public condemnation, undermining a professional career, preventive conversations, forced travel abroad, forced confinement in psychiatric clinics, political trials, slander, lies and compromising evidence, various provocations and intimidation. At the same time, there were lists of “those not allowed to travel abroad” - those who were denied permission to travel abroad.

A new “invention” of the special services was the so-called “exile beyond the 101st kilometer”: politically unreliable citizens were evicted outside of Moscow and St. Petersburg. Under the close attention of the KGB during this period were primarily representatives of the creative intelligentsia - figures of literature, art and science - who, due to their social status and international authority, could cause the most widespread damage to the reputation of the Soviet state and the Communist Party.

On December 3, 1991, USSR President Mikhail Gorbachev signed the law “On the reorganization of state security agencies.” Based on the document, the KGB of the USSR was abolished and transition period on its basis, the Inter-Republican Security Service and the Central Intelligence Service of the USSR (currently the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation) were created.

After the abolition of the KGB, the process of creating new state security bodies took about three years. During this time, the departments of the disbanded committee moved from one department to another.

On December 21, 1993, Boris Yeltsin signed a decree establishing the Federal Counterintelligence Service of the Russian Federation (FSK). The director of the new body from December 1993 to March 1994 was Nikolai Golushko, and from March 1994 to June 1995 this post was held by Sergei Stepashin.

Currently, the FSB cooperates with 142 intelligence services, law enforcement agencies and border structures of 86 states. Offices of official representatives of the Service bodies operate in 45 countries.

In general, the activities of the FSB bodies are carried out in the following main areas:

Counterintelligence activities;
- fight against terrorism;
- protection of the constitutional order;
- combating particularly dangerous forms of crime;
- intelligence activities;
- border activities;
- ensuring information security; fight against corruption.

The FSB was headed by:
in 1995–1996 M. I. Barsukov;
in 1996–1998 N. D. Kovalev;
in 1998–1999 V.V. Putin;
in 1999–2008 N. P. Patrushev;
since May 2008 - A. V. Bortnikov.

Structure of the FSB of Russia:
- Office of the National Anti-Terrorism Committee;
- Counterintelligence Service;
- Service for the protection of the constitutional order and the fight against terrorism;
- Economic Security Service;
- Service for operational information and international relations;
- Organizational and personnel work service;
- Operations support service;
- Border Service;
- Scientific and technical service;
- Control service;
- Investigation Department;
- Centers, management;
- directorates (departments) of the FSB of Russia for individual regions and constituent entities of the Russian Federation (territorial security agencies);
- border departments (departments, detachments) of the FSB of Russia (border authorities);
- other directorates (departments) of the FSB of Russia that exercise certain powers of this body or ensure the activities of FSB bodies (other security bodies);
- aviation, railway, motor transport units, special training centers, special-purpose units, enterprises, educational institutions, research, expert, forensic, military medical and military construction units, sanatoriums and other institutions and units designed to provide activities of the federal security service.