What is extremism definition. Siberian Federal University

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In all civilized countries, extremist manifestations of views are prohibited by law. However, few people know that until quite recently in the United States there was a ban on promoting racial equality: “Whoever prints, publishes or distributes material calling for racial equality between whites and blacks is subject to imprisonment.”

Extremism (from French extremisme, from Latin extremus - extreme) - literally: commitment to extreme views, the use of extreme measures (terrorist acts, kidnappings, etc.) to achieve one's goals. In theory, extremism is distinguished between political, economic, religious, social and even everyday extremism.

According to Article 1 of the Shanghai Convention on Combating Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism (2001), this is an act aimed at forcibly seizing power or forcibly retaining power, as well as forcibly changing the constitutional system of the state, as well as a violent encroachment on public safety, including including organizing illegal armed groups for the above purposes or participating in them, and prosecuted criminally in accordance with the national legislation of the Parties.

Article 3 of the Convention provides that States Parties shall take all necessary measures to ensure that extremism is under no circumstances subject to justification on grounds of a purely political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or other similar nature.

In all civilized countries, extremist manifestations of views are prohibited by law. However, humanity did not immediately come to a unanimous understanding of the social danger of extremism. On the contrary, history knows examples when, for example, propaganda of equality was considered a crime. So, in the USA until the 1960s. there was a ban on promoting racial equality as a necessary mechanism for segregation laws. The first Jim Crow law was passed in 1875. in Tennessee.

Gradually, racial segregation was introduced in most southern states, requiring - with equal rights - that whites and blacks be kept separate. In 1896 The US Supreme Court established the "separate but equal" formula. The Mississippi Code stated: “Whoever prints, publishes, or distributes material advocating racial equality between whites and negroes shall be subject to imprisonment.”

Today The criminal law prohibition of extremist actions is based on the norms of international law. Article 20 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights declares: “All propaganda of war shall be prohibited by law. Any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence shall be prohibited by law.”

According to Article 29 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, propaganda or agitation that incites social, racial, national or religious hatred and enmity is not allowed. Promotion of social, racial, national, religious or linguistic superiority is prohibited. However, Russian legislation does not provide a legal definition of extremism.

It should be recognized as a promising attempt by A.G. Khlebushkina to reveal the concept of extremism in a legal key, in it the scientist relied on the theory of activity: “this is an illegal activity, the implementation of which causes or can cause significant harm to the foundations of the constitutional system or the constitutional foundations of interpersonal relations” (Khlebushkin A.G. Extremism: criminal law and criminal-political analysis (Saratov, 2007, p. 27). This approach allows us to formulate a list of extremist actions, including speech.

Extremist speech acts- these are public actions aimed at disseminating and promoting the ideas of terrorism, i.e. ideologies of violence and practices of influencing decision-making by state authorities, local governments or international organizations associated with intimidation of the population and (or) other forms of illegal violent actions, as well as ideas of extremist activity (extremism) (in the meaning of the term disclosed in Art. 1 Federal Law “On Combating Extremist Activities”).

These are:
. propaganda of Nazi paraphernalia or symbols or paraphernalia or symbols that are confusingly similar to Nazi paraphernalia or symbols (Article 20.3 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation);
. calls for terrorist activities or justification of terrorism (Article 205.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation);
. calls for extremist activities (Article 280 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation);
. calls for actions aimed at violating the territorial integrity of the Russian Federation (Article 280.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation);
. actions aimed at inciting hatred or enmity, as well as humiliation of human dignity (Article 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).

Close in meaning to the listed torts is Article 354 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which establishes liability for calls for unleashing an aggressive war.
The purpose of these articles is to protect the constitutional rights and freedoms of man and citizen, morality, public order and the integrity of the state. In general, extremist actions are directed against the foundations of the constitutional order and the security of the state.

The problem of extremism has affected many countries. The phenomenon of discriminatory violence has a long and tragic history. The colonial past of many states led to the emergence of mixed societies in which a person's skin color, national, religious or ethnic affiliation determined his legal status. But even today, among the factors that cause particular concern is the constant increase in crimes related to violence based on racial, religious, and national intolerance. The fight against extremism is very important. Because xenophobia and racism against foreigners often acquire the dimensions of social phenomena, and a number of murders and cases of ill-treatment raise great concern about the growth of destructive aggression in society. Countering extremism is one of the main tasks of any state. This is the guarantee of his safety.

The concept of "extremism"

This concept is closely related to extremes. Extremism - in ideology and politics, to extreme positions in views and the choice of the same means to achieve certain goals. The term means “ultimate”, “critical”, “incredible”, “extreme”. Extremism is a movement that opposes existing communities, structures and institutions, trying to disrupt their stability and eliminate them in order to achieve its goals. This is done mainly by force. Extremism is not only a disregard for generally accepted rules, norms, and laws, but also a negative social phenomenon.

Characteristics of extremism

Simultaneous commitment to extreme actions and views is possible in any area of ​​public life. Every crime is also an extreme degree of antisocial behavior, an acute form of social conflict, a violation of norms, but we do not call all crime extremism. Because these concepts are different. Extremism should be understood as a clearly defined phenomenon. Some researchers define extremism as attachment, devotion to extreme measures and views (usually in politics). They note that extremism manifests itself in various spheres of human life: politics, interethnic and interethnic relations, religious life, the environmental sphere, art, music, literature, etc.

Who is an extremist?

The term "extremist" is often associated with a person who uses and advocates violence in opposition to the generally accepted norms of society. Sometimes this is the name given to people who try to impose their will on society through force, but not in the same way as a government or a constitutional majority. There is another opinion, according to which extremism is not simply and not always a trend that is identified with a violent factor. For example, an English researcher in his work notes that the policy of nonviolent struggle (satyagraha) of Mahatma Gandhi in India is an example of a new type of extremism. So, extremism can be seen as a way of radically objecting not only to legislative rules, but also to social norms - established rules of behavior.

Youth extremism

Youth extremism in Russia is a relatively new phenomenon, in contrast to Britain, where it appeared back in the 50-60s of the 20th century. This predetermines the insufficient level of development of this topic in the legal literature. In our opinion, there are a number of unresolved problems related to research and prevention of crimes of an extremist nature committed by young people as part of a group. Extremism among young people is constantly gaining momentum. These are, for example, movements such as skinheads and antifa.

Crime and extremism

Criminal extremism is an illegal, socially dangerous act of a person or group of persons, aimed at achieving their goals (goals), based on extreme ideological, political and other views. Following this understanding, it is quite reasonable to say that almost every crime is a manifestation of extremism. Crime associated with the manifestation of its various forms cannot be fully considered without studying extremism as a negative social factor and its relationship with the mechanism of state power and social management.

Racial-nationalist extremism

As studies of social reality confirm, one of the common types is national extremism. As a rule, this is a manifestation of extreme views in the field and regarding the mutual coexistence of different ethnic groups and races. One of the components of the object of these encroachments is precisely ethnic groups in all their diversity, and not nations, as is often noted in journalistic, scientific and other sources. Extremism has been known to humanity since ancient times, since the time when power over people around them began to bring material benefits and therefore became an object of aspiration for individuals. They tried to achieve their desired goal by any means necessary. At the same time, they were not embarrassed by moral principles and barriers, generally accepted rules, traditions, or the interests of other people. The end always and at all times justified the means, and those who aspired to the heights of power did not stop even at using the most cruel and barbaric measures, including destruction, open violence, and terrorism.

Historical reference

Extremism has existed since the advent of organized society. At different periods it appeared in different forms. In particular, in Ancient Greece extremism was presented in the form of intolerance towards other peoples. Thus, in the works of the famous ancient Greek philosophers Aristotle and Plato, the use of the name “barbara” (barbarus) or “barbarians” is observed in relation to neighboring peoples. By doing this they showed disrespect to them. The Romans used this name to refer to all peoples of non-Greek or non-Roman origin, but at the end of the Roman Empire, the word “barbarian” began to be used in the context of various The same trend was observed in ancient China, when the neighbors of the Celestial Empire were perceived as wild and cruel tribes of foreigners. The latter were called "ede" ("dwarfs" and "dogs") or "sii" ("four barbarians").

Experts in the fields of sociology and jurisprudence believe that the causes of extremism lie in human psychology. It arose at the time of the formation of statehood. However, modern extremism in Russia is caused by many social, legal, political, religious, administrative, economic and other processes occurring in a certain geographical space over the last century. An analysis of specialized literature on this issue indicates that in any state extremism has different social and criminological characteristics. In addition, extremism, like every social phenomenon, is characterized by historical variability.

In fact, all conspiracies and rebellions, which are rich in both domestic and world history, were, from the point of view of the legislation in force at that time and the existing social structure, nothing more than peculiar types of criminal groups that sought to achieve political goals. But at the same time there were cases of group spontaneous-impulsive outbreaks of arbitrariness, vandalism and violence against the individual, and there were also criminal associations. The opinion that in the twenties of the last century organized crime (at least in its modern sense) did not take place can hardly be considered correct. After all, historical research indicates the presence of an extensive structure of criminal groups, for example, in pre-revolutionary and civil war Odessa, and it is indicated that the activities of these criminal extremist groups had the character and all the signs of power (along with the gubernatorial and French occupation). Extremism and crime are related phenomena. Only criminals strive for material gain or power, and extremists defend political, religious or racial beliefs, which also does not exclude the desire for material things.

Crime in the Soviet Union as the progenitor of extremist movements in Russia

During the twenties of the last century, during the implementation of the so-called New Economic Policy (NEP) by the leadership of the Soviet Union, organized criminal groups operated mainly in the economic sphere. They covered their activities under the guise of pseudo-cooperatives and other similar economic structures. Common crime was only regaining its influence after the harsh measures taken by the authorities to stop robbery and murder as mentioned above.

The winding down of economic reforms in the late 1920s and throughout the 1930s renewed the dominance of general organized crime. The same period is characterized by the emergence of a criminal community of “thieves in law”, and various assumptions regarding its formation are expressed in science and journalism - from spontaneous emergence to deliberate creation by state security bodies in places of deprivation of liberty in order to provide a counterbalance to possible associations of political prisoners and control over them . During World War II and the post-war years, there was a second surge of organized crime in the form of gangsterism. Scientific studies, which indicate that organized crime is not a new phenomenon for society, speak of its appearance in the 50s... Military units were involved in the fight against gangs, and special units were created in the internal affairs bodies to combat banditry , which operated successfully until the mid-50s, when the level of banditry, as a result of tough measures taken by the authorities, significantly decreased, and the units were eliminated.

Soon theses appeared about the extinction of crime under socialism and the elimination of professional criminals and banditry in the USSR. The latest postulates that dominated the criminology of Soviet times actually hid the real gradual latentization of organized crime of a general criminal nature, the emergence, against the backdrop of deformation of economic relations, of organized crime of an economic or, as scientists have long called it, “economically self-interested” nature.

Youth movements in the USA and USSR

In the 60s of the twentieth century. A new youth movement has emerged in the USA, which is closely associated with musical groups. Extremism among youth began precisely from this time. Members of the new movement were called hippies, or “flower children.” In the late 70s - early 80s, a similar phenomenon occurred in the USSR. Hippies in the USA showed themselves to be quite a viable force during the fight against retrogrades and conservatives. Unlike the American flower children, who protested and fought against the ongoing war in Vietnam, Soviet hippies fought against the communist repressive system. In contrast to the power system, Soviet youth created their own. Since the mid-70s, it has been in decline in the States.

The youth movement in the USSR, in fact, became the founder of all subsequent youth trends, including extremist ones.

The next wave of extremist organized crime emerged in the territory at the end of the twentieth century. due to well-known social upheavals and social transformations. This was largely facilitated by such factors as the release of a significant number of prisoners, the destruction of old police structures, the small number and low number of new ones, the decline of the economic sphere, the devaluation of established social values, and the disorientation of society. Racketeering and banditry swept society. Along with this, various youth movements began to appear: anarchists, metalheads, rappers, etc. Religious and political extremism has blossomed in full bloom in the national subjects of the federation. The wars in Chechnya further aggravated the situation. began to represent many Islamist terrorist groups. As a reaction from society to this, various nationalist extremist movements of the Slavic type began to emerge: skinheads, National Bolsheviks, nationalists, etc. In addition to all this, gangster and prison romance was mixed in. After some time, the fight against fascist extremism begins to gain momentum in society. The Antifa movement emerges. There is also a transformation of fan organizations of football clubs into “ultra” groups. The ideology and principles of this movement were borrowed from Britain (as well as from fans of almost all football clubs in the world). Since the mid-90s, the expansion of gangster social structures began to acquire a daring character. Organized crime groups have entered a period of rapid development. Good technical equipment and weapons, the establishment of international relations between organized crime groups and organized crime groups made the police virtually uncompetitive with them. The causes of extremism and banditry in the 90s are associated with socio-economic, political and military upheavals. Such a large-scale manifestation of extremism and banditry in the vastness of the country forced the state apparatus to take some measures.

Two thousand years

In the 21st century The situation changes with the beginning of the crisis of ideologies. Old forms of ideological politics have lost their significance. First of all, this means their restructuring, development and transition to new forms. The authorities were able to curb banditry and began to take measures to prevent extremism, especially Islamic movements. Skinheads and their opponents - Antifa and nationalists - boldly stepped into the new decade. The ultras movement gained even greater momentum. The state's counteraction to extremism was more concerned with Islamic terrorist organizations and organized crime. This is understandable, since they posed the greatest danger. Therefore, the prevention of extremism has had little effect on Slavic youth movements. At the same time, ideology leads to the formation of protest movements. It mobilizes a variety of opposition structures, namely active minorities, whose goal is to attract public attention to certain ideas and social problems. Here protest, not counter-ideology, plays the leading role. In response to this, pro-government organizations appear. There is also consumer extremism.

World trends

Around the world, radical protest movements are aimed at changing human consciousness. So, now there are three main types of such movements: anti-globalists, neo-anarchists and environmentalists. Anti-globalists are a separatist movement for national liberation and the preservation of ethnic uniqueness. Neo-anarchists advocate bottom-up resistance to the centralized state apparatus and the dominance of society over the state. Environmentalists, as English researcher John Schwarzmantel notes, are a movement aimed at solving one of the problems - survival. It is aimed at criticizing enlightenment and anthropocentrism, which received the highest level of development in industrial society, in which man is postulated as the highest being in nature. These movements can appear in two forms: as a super-ideology of the future or a narrowly focused environmental movement. The fight against extremism takes a lot of effort and time from all the world's intelligence services and law enforcement agencies.

Types of extremist movements

The distinction between extremist communities and criminal associations that encroach on the personality and rights of citizens should be based on the following criteria.

1) An extremist movement created for the purpose of committing crimes, as well as developing plans and/or conditions for their commission.

The purpose of creating a criminal association is violence against citizens, causing harm to their health, inducing them to refuse to perform civil duties or to commit other illegal actions.

2) An extremist community created to commit crimes of minor or medium gravity.

The activities of a criminal association are associated with the commission of crimes of all degrees of gravity.

3) An extremist movement created with the aim of preparing to commit extremist crimes based on ideological, racial, political, religious or national hatred.

The presence of these motives is a mandatory, constructive feature of an extremist community. A purely criminal association can be formed for various reasons, which are not decisive.

Results

So, to summarize, we can conclude that modern extremism is one of the most destructive phenomena. It affects not only legal consciousness, but also the way of thinking and life of people in general. For the necessary numerous reforms being carried out today in almost all segments of the state, extremism acts as a significant threat to achieving success. In this regard, any research in this direction is nothing more than a simple attempt to assess the situation and understand this phenomenon, and on the other hand, the development of effective measures to neutralize the most dangerous manifestations of the negative trend. Prevention of extremism of all types (including pro-government) is the key to the success of the development of any society. Any movement of this kind begins with a protest. When the mass of the protest electorate greatly increases in a society, the atmosphere in it becomes tense. The emergence of extremist organizations is the next stage. In essence, a certain valve is triggered in society. That is, in this way tension is relieved. However, there is a certain threshold beyond which a social explosion follows. The fight against extremism should not rely only on forceful methods. They usually provide only a temporary effect.

Extremism (from French extremisme, from Latin extremus - extreme) - commitment to extreme views and, in particular, measures (usually in politics). Such measures include provoking riots, civil disobedience, terrorist acts, and methods of guerrilla warfare. The most radical extremists often deny in principle any compromises, negotiations, or agreements. The growth of extremism is usually facilitated by: socio-economic crises, a sharp drop in the standard of living of the bulk of the population, a totalitarian political regime with suppression of the opposition by the authorities, and persecution of dissent. In such situations, extreme measures may become for some individuals and organizations the only opportunity to really influence the situation, especially if a revolutionary situation develops or the state is engulfed in a long civil war - we can talk about “forced extremism.”

1. The problem of defining the concept

In different countries and at different times, many different legal and scientific definitions of the concept of “extremism” have been given. There is no single definition today. Dr. Peter T. Coleman and Dr. Andrea Bartoli, in their work “Addressing Extremism,” gave a brief overview of the proposed definitions of this concept:

Extremism is actually a complex phenomenon, although its complexity is often difficult to see and understand. The easiest way to define it is as the activities (as well as beliefs, attitudes towards something or someone, feelings, actions, strategies) of an individual that are far from the usual generally accepted ones. In a situation of conflict - demonstration of a tough form of conflict resolution. However, labeling activities, people and groups as “extremist”, as well as determining what should be considered “ordinary” or “generally accepted” is always a subjective and political matter. Thus, we assume that any discussion on the topic of extremism addresses the following:

• Typically, some extremist actions are viewed by some people as just and virtuous (for example, pro-social “freedom fighting”), while other extremist actions are viewed as unjust and immoral (anti-social “terrorism”). This depends on the values, political beliefs, moral restrictions of the evaluator, as well as on his relationship with the actor.
• In addition, the same person’s moral assessment of the same extremist action (for example, Nelson Mandela’s use of guerrilla warfare tactics against the South African government) may change depending on the conditions - leadership, opinion of the world community, crises, “settling of historical scores” and so on. Thus, the contemporary and historical context in which an extremist act occurs shapes our views on it
• Power differences also matter in defining extremism. During conflict, the actions of members of a weaker group often appear more extreme than those of members of a stronger group defending its status quo. In addition, marginalized people and groups who view more normative forms of conflict resolution as inaccessible to them or are prejudiced against them are more likely to take extreme measures. However, dominant groups also often resort to extreme actions (for example, government-sanctioned violent paramilitary actions or the Waco attack carried out by the FBI in the United States).
• Extremist actions often involve violence, although groups of extremists may differ in their preference for violent or nonviolent tactics, the level of violence tolerated, and the preferred targets for their violent actions (from infrastructure and military personnel to civilians and even children). Again, weaker groups are more likely to use and undertake direct and episodic forms of violence (such as suicide bombings), while dominant groups are prone to more structured or institutionalized forms of violence (such as the covert use of torture or informal authorization of police atrocities).
• Although extremists and their groups (such as Hamaz or Islamic Jihad) are often seen as a united and concerted evil, it is important to understand that within them there can be conflict and ambivalent behavior among group members. Thus, for example, individual Hamaz members may vary widely in their willingness to negotiate with the Palestinian Authority and, ultimately, with certain factions in Israel.
• Finally, the main problem is that the extremism present in situations of protracted conflict is not the most brutal, but the most visible of the actions of the parties. The rigid and intolerant position of extremists is extremely difficult to change.

Another approach is demonstrated by the co-coordinator of the International Movement for the Protection of Peoples' Rights V. D. Trofimov-Trofimov. According to his definition, extremism is not associated only with politics and extends to all types of human activity:

Extremism is the ideology of the permissibility of using extreme measures, extremes of social behavior, to obtain the desired effect.

2. International legal definition

The “Shanghai Convention on Combating Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism” of June 15, 2001 gives the following definition of extremism (clause 3, part 1, article 1):

Extremism- any act aimed at the forcible seizure of power or forcible retention of power, as well as forcible change in the constitutional system of the state, as well as a violent encroachment on public safety, including the organization of illegal armed groups for the above purposes or participation in them, and those prosecuted criminally in accordance with the national legislation of the Parties.

This Shanghai Convention was signed by: the Republic of Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Republic of Uzbekistan. It was ratified in January 2003 and came into force in Russia on March 29 of the same year.

3. Legal definition in Russia
In Russia, the legal definition of what actions are considered extremist is contained in Article 1 of Federal Law No. 114-FZ “On Combating Extremist Activities.”

In accordance with the amendments of April 29, 2008, extremist activities (extremism) include:

• violent change in the foundations of the constitutional system and violation of the integrity of the Russian Federation;
• public justification of terrorism and other terrorist activities;
• inciting social, racial, national or religious hatred;
• propaganda of exclusivity, superiority or inferiority of a person on the basis of his social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion;
• violation of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of a person and citizen, depending on his social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion;
• obstruction of citizens' exercise of their voting rights and the right to participate in a referendum or violation of the secrecy of voting, coupled with violence or the threat of its use;
• obstruction of the legitimate activities of state bodies, local governments, election commissions, public and religious associations or other organizations, coupled with violence or the threat of its use;
• committing crimes for the reasons specified in paragraph “e” of part one of Article 63 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation;
• propaganda and public display of Nazi paraphernalia or symbols, or paraphernalia or symbols that are confusingly similar to Nazi paraphernalia or symbols;
• public calls for the implementation of these acts or mass distribution of obviously extremist materials, as well as their production or storage for the purpose of mass distribution;
• publicly knowingly falsely accusing a person holding a public office of the Russian Federation or a public office of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation of committing, during the performance of his official duties, the acts specified in this article and constituting a crime;
• organization and preparation of these acts, as well as incitement to their implementation;
• financing of these actions or other assistance in their organization, preparation and implementation, including through the provision of educational, printing and material and technical base, telephone and other types of communications or the provision of information services.

4. Legal definitions in the USA
Such crimes are classified as “hate crimes” in some US states. This is a special legal qualification of a special kind of crimes against the person, committed under the influence of hatred towards persons of a different race or nationality, religion, ethnic origin, political beliefs, gender and sexual orientation, and people with disabilities. Such additional qualifications, aggravating guilt and toughening punishment, exist in some states of the United States and in a number of countries in Western and Central Europe, but are absent in other states and countries.

5. Basic principles of countering extremist activities
Countering extremist activities is based on the following principles:

• recognition, observance and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms, as well as the legitimate interests of organizations;
• legality;
• publicity;
• priority of ensuring the security of the Russian Federation;
• priority of measures aimed at preventing extremist activity;
• cooperation of the state with public and religious associations, other organizations, citizens in countering extremist activities;
• the inevitability of punishment for carrying out extremist activities.

6. Main directions of countering extremist activities
Countering extremist activities is carried out in the following main areas:

• taking preventive measures aimed at preventing extremist activity, including identifying and subsequently eliminating the causes and conditions conducive to extremist activity;
• identification, prevention and suppression of extremist activities of public and religious associations, other organizations, individuals.

7. Subjects of countering extremist activities
Federal government bodies, government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and local government bodies participate in countering extremist activities within the limits of their competence.

In the Russian Federation, issues of countering extremist activities fall within the competence of the Department for Countering Extremism of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.

8. Prevention of extremist activities
In order to counter extremist activities, federal government bodies, government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and local self-government bodies, within their competence, prioritize preventive, including educational, propaganda measures aimed at preventing extremist activities.

9. Responsibility of officials, state and municipal employees for their implementation of extremist activities
Statements by an official, as well as another person in the state or municipal service, about the need, admissibility, possibility or desirability of carrying out extremist activities, made publicly, either in the performance of official duties, or indicating the position held, as well as failure to accept the official in accordance with with its competence to take measures to suppress extremist activities entails liability established by the legislation of the Russian Federation. The relevant state bodies and higher officials are obliged to immediately take the necessary measures to bring to justice persons who committed the actions specified in part one of this article.

10. Responsibility for carrying out extremist activities
For carrying out extremist activities, citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons bear criminal, administrative and civil liability in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation. In order to ensure state and public security on the grounds and in the manner provided for by federal law, a person who has participated in extremist activities may, by a court decision, be limited in access to state and municipal service, contract military service and service in law enforcement agencies, and also to work in educational institutions and engage in private detective and security activities. In the event that the head or member of the governing body of a public or religious association or other organization makes a public statement calling for extremist activities, without indicating that this is his personal opinion, as well as in the event that a sentence comes into force in relation to such person court for a crime of an extremist nature, the relevant public or religious association or other organization is obliged, within five days from the day on which the specified statement was made, to publicly declare its disagreement with the statements or actions of such a person. If the relevant public or religious association or other organization does not make such a public statement, this may be considered as a fact indicating the presence of signs of extremism in their activities.

11. International cooperation in the field of combating extremism
On the territory of the Russian Federation, the activities of public and religious associations, other non-profit organizations of foreign states and their structural divisions, the activities of which are recognized as extremist in accordance with international legal acts and federal legislation, are prohibited. A ban on the activities of a foreign non-profit non-governmental organization entails:

a) cancellation of state accreditation and registration in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation;

b) prohibition of foreign citizens and stateless persons staying on the territory of the Russian Federation as representatives of this organization;

c) a ban on conducting any economic or other activities on the territory of the Russian Federation;

d) prohibition of publication in the media of any materials on behalf of a banned organization;

e) prohibition of dissemination on the territory of the Russian Federation of materials of a banned organization, as well as other information products containing materials of this organization;

f) a ban on holding any mass actions and public events, as well as participation in mass actions and public events as a representative of a prohibited organization (or its official representatives);

g) a ban on the creation of its successor organizations in any organizational and legal form. After the entry into force of a court decision to ban the activities of a foreign non-profit non-governmental organization, the authorized state body of the Russian Federation is obliged to notify the diplomatic mission or consular office of the relevant foreign state in the Russian Federation within ten days about the ban on the activities of this organization on the territory of the Russian Federation, the reasons for the ban, as well as consequences associated with the ban.

The Russian Federation, in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation, cooperates in the field of combating extremism with foreign states, their law enforcement agencies and special services, as well as with international organizations fighting extremism.

12. Combating child extremism
The target program “Prevention of homelessness, neglect and juvenile delinquency for 2007-2009” adopted by the city parliament of Kaluga in 2006, in particular, contained measures designed to develop in adolescents a rejection of Nazi paraphernalia and participation in unauthorized meetings.

13. Criticism of Russian state policy in the field of combating extremism
According to a number of journalists, in Russia at the beginning of the 21st century, the term “extremism” acquired a clearly negative meaning and is mainly used in state media for the purpose of:

• creating a negative image and criminal prosecution of public activists, members of opposition movements, independent journalists;
• creating a negative image of nationalist and/or religious movements and organizations, discrediting their positions and views and legitimizing their prohibition.

On June 9, 2011, during a discussion of the draft resolution of the plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on criminal cases on extremism, the speaker, Supreme Court Judge Vladimir Davydov, expressed concern that the legislation does not spell out the definition of the controversial concept of “social group”, and suggested that by introducing such a term, “The legislator wanted to highlight weak, unprotected groups, but did it extremely unsuccessfully.” It was stated that the Supreme Court plans, pending assistance from the legislature, to recommend that courts interpret “social groups” restrictively rather than expansively - that is, violations may be in relation to “socially weak groups” - pensioners, disabled people, orphans. However, in the adopted resolution the term “social group” was not interpreted in this way. However, it was pointed out that criticism in the media of officials (professional politicians), their actions and beliefs should not in itself be considered in all cases as an act aimed at humiliating the dignity of an individual or group of individuals, since in relation to these individuals the limits of acceptable criticism are wider than for private individuals.

This Resolution “On judicial practice in criminal cases involving extremist crimes” was adopted on June 28, 2011 and published in Rossiyskaya Gazeta on July 4.

Ushakov's Dictionary

Extremism

extreme zm, extremism, pl. No, husband.(from lat. extremus - extreme) ( books). Tendency and commitment to extreme views and measures, preim. in politics.

Political Science: Dictionary-Reference Book

Extremism

(lat. extremus - extreme)

commitment to extreme views, measures and actions. (usually in politics). Literally understood, there is nothing more than an extreme manifestation of something - actions, statements, views, etc. Extremism can be political, religious, economic, social, etc., even everyday. Consequently, political extremism is the implementation of politics by extreme methods. It gives rise to a variety of factors of socio-economic crises, a sharp drop in the standard of living of the bulk of the population, deformation of political institutions and structures, their inability to solve pressing issues of social development, a totalitarian regime. suppression of the opposition by the authorities, the desire of social or political groups to accelerate the implementation of the tasks they put forward, the political ambitions of their leaders, etc.

Political science. Glossary of terms

Extremism

(from Latin extremus - extreme) - commitment in politics to extreme views and measures.

Extremism is generated by various factors: the breakdown of established social structures; impoverishment of mass groups of the population; economic and social crisis worsening the living conditions of the majority of the population; weakening of state power and discrediting its institutions; decline in executive discipline; increase in antisocial manifestations; the collapse of the previous value system; growing feeling of infringement of national dignity, etc.

There is a whole complex of contradictions that underlie the emergence and development of extremism in Russia. These include contradictions of an economic nature, among which the discrepancy between the results of economic reform and the expectations of various groups of the population stands out; extremely high cost of transformation (fall in production, growing unemployment, marginalization of the population, etc.).

Social contradictions have intensified. This is an increase in wealth inequality; slowing down the pace of formation of the middle layer, which is able to ensure social stability in society; expansion of criminal circles due to the number of marginalized and lumpen people.

Conflict situations of an industrial, national or ethnic nature in modern conditions have acquired not only special social significance, but also political urgency.

Signs have formed that characterize social tension: a) imbalance in the functioning of various spheres of public life; b) decline in the standard of living of the population; c) the formation of social opposition groups, one of the parties of which are the authorities; d) the possibility of unpredictable, spontaneous mass behavior and the formation of an aggressive crowd.

All of these factors stimulate political extremism and weaken the ability of government agencies to effectively counter it.

Social and political mood is used by extremism to dismantle established social structures. Extremist organizations and movements carry out their political actions, regardless of constitutional and other legislative acts.

Extremism is legal nihilism. If we take Russian reality, then the anti-constitutional activities of extremist-minded individuals and associations have acquired widespread proportions. Moreover, illegal armed and paramilitary groups have been created that associate themselves with some trade union, commercial, financial, and also criminal structures.

In order to prevent a threat to the foundations of the constitutional order, public security and state integrity, in March 1995, a decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On measures to ensure coordinated actions of public authorities in the fight against manifestations of fascism and other forms of political extremism in the Russian Federation” was adopted.

The most extreme expression of political extremism is terrorism - systematic intimidation, provocation, and destabilization of society through violence. These include terrorist attacks that took place in 1995-1996. in Budennovsk, Kizlyar, Pervomaisky, and received wide resonance in the world.

In the ideological aspect, extremism uses demagogic slogans and appeals that create the image of an enemy and appeal to a person’s base feelings. He also organizes terrorist acts, deliberately provokes riots, calls for civil disobedience, etc. Extremism promises people a quick elimination of difficulties, the implementation of guaranteed order and social security. This requires a decisive suppression of dissent, a rigid affirmation of one’s system of political, ideological and other values.

Today, Western countries have accumulated experience that can be used in Russia: a mechanism has been created for coexistence or cooperation with these forces when they act as right-wing and left-wing radicals; suppressing them when they act as extremists and sharply intensifying the struggle and intimidation during their activities as neo-fascists.

Konovalov V.N.

Philosophical Dictionary (Comte-Sponville)

Extremism

Extremism

♦ Extreme

The desire to go all the way in a given direction, forgetting that there may be legitimate interest or meaning in other directions. If the right is wrong, then it is not the left that is right, but the extreme left.

In the same way, if we consider the left to be evil, it will not be the right that will be good, but the extreme right. Otherwise, what is the point of classifying yourself as right or left? Thus, extremism is a temptation for the most convinced or filled with the most violent hatred - double danger and double strength.

“Good thoughts are born only in extremes,” said Louis Althusser, and, in all likelihood, there is some truth in this statement. When a Marxist or ultra-liberal talks about economics, his ideas, from the point of view of their intellectual value, almost always look more interesting than the arguments of a centrist or social democrat. However, reality is not the same as ideas, and it offers its own resistance. “The people are mistaken,” wrote Montaigne, “it is much easier to drive along the sides of the road, where the edges indicate a possible boundary and seem to guide the traveler, than along the wide and open middle, no matter whether it was created by nature or laid down by people. But, of course, everywhere on the sidelines there is less nobility and merit” (“Experiences”, book III, chapter 13). But few thinkers were as radical as Montaigne. And few living people behaved more moderately in life. Good thoughts are born in extremes. But a good life is only possible between them.