The state's internal policy regarding. The relationship between domestic and foreign policy

The activities of the state are carried out in two directions. First, these are internal social relations, which are called domestic politics. Secondly, these are relations beyond the borders of the state - foreign policy. Both of these directions are focused on one task - to strengthen and strengthen the system in the state public relations. Foreign policy has its own specifics. Its formation occurs later, and it is realized in other conditions. Foreign policy state is engaged in regulating relationships with other countries and peoples, ensuring the fulfillment of their needs and interests in international sphere.

Main directions of foreign policy

There are several important directions in the policy of any state. The first is the security of the country. This direction is considered one of the main ones, since without its implementation, politics outside the country cannot exist. Secondly, this is the growth of the state in the areas of economics, politics and defense. Thanks to foreign policy, it is possible to increase the country's potential. The next goal is to establish and strengthen the position of the state, its international relations and connections. In order for the prestige of the state to be at high level, it is mandatory to fulfill the first two directions.

Foreign policy: functions

There are three priority functions that policy outside the country should perform: security, representative-information and negotiation-organizational. The security function implies the protection of the rights of citizens, their interests outside the country, prevention possible threats for the state and its borders. The essence of the representative and information function lies in representing the country in the international sphere through its representative offices, which express the interests of the state. The organization and use of contacts through diplomatic channels at external levels are the tasks of the negotiation and organizational function.

Foreign policy and its means

The main political means are considered to be: informational; political; economic; military. With the help of the economic potential of the state, the policies of other countries are influenced. Military equipment, new weapons developments, exercises and maneuvers clearly show how great the state’s potential is. Well-established diplomatic relations are one of the necessary tools that foreign policy must have.

Functions of the state

Depending on the political orientation distinguish two functions of the state. External - aimed at activities outside the country. Domestic - represents activities within the country. These two functions are interconnected, since foreign policy often depends on the internal factors under which the state operates. External functions include such areas as integration of the world economy, national defense, foreign economic partnership, interaction and cooperation with other countries in solving environmental, demographic and other global problems modern world.

Politics is the purposeful activity of the state to solve public problems, set and implement generally significant goals for the development of society or its individual spheres. At the same time, policy is also a means that allows the state to achieve certain goals in a specific area.

There are many classifications of politics. According to the criterion of directionality, they distinguish, as you know, internal

internal and external politics. Domestic policy is related to solving problems within the country, and foreign policy is related to solving problems in the international arena. Depending on what area public life has an impact, the following stand out directions of domestic policy: eco-comic, social, state-legal, cultural. Sometimes cultural policy is considered as a component social policy. Each of the areas of domestic policy is divided, in turn, according to industry. So, economic policy includes industrial, agricultural, tax, monetary, etc. policies.

Social politics represented by health policy, demographic, national, youth policy, etc. Components public policy are legislative, administrative, judicial, personnel, legal policy. Cultural policy- this is a policy in the field of education, cinema, theater, etc. Based on the completeness of coverage and impact on society, the following types of policies are distinguished: scientific and technical, environmental, information. They permeate all spheres of public life and therefore do not belong to any of them. Policy directions have their own structure and objects of influence. For example, agricultural policy includes the following elements: agricultural policy, agro-industrial policy, foreign agricultural policy. The objects of agricultural policy are agro-industrial associations, farms, etc.

Foreign policy also has areas: defense, foreign (between individuals and legal entities of different states), foreign economics, etc.

Structural detailing of state policy allows for more targeted implementation of programs and projects in a specific area.

According to the criterion of longevity there are strategic and tactical (current) policy. Strategic policy by time interval can be long-term (10-15 years), medium-term (3-5 years) and short-term (1.5-2 years). Tactical policy is an activity aimed at achieving the intended strategic goals.

IN modern world has a great influence on domestic politics external factor- international politics.

The process of development of public policy includes four main stages, representing a kind of political cycle: identification of public problems and policy goals; policy development (formation); implementation

Formation of public policy; evaluation of the results of public policy.

At the first stage socially significant problems and their causes are identified. For example, the deterioration of the demographic situation in Russia is associated with two factors: low fertility and high mortality, which, in turn, depend on other factors (remember the facts you know). To develop policy in this area, it is necessary to understand the main reasons for this situation: the ineffectiveness of domestic healthcare, poverty, poor ecology, the growth of alcoholism, drug addiction, etc.

Second phase. Based on the analysis, goals (tasks) are determined. Thus, in the given example of a demographic situation, policy objectives are aimed at eliminating these causes. A hierarchy of goals is built in each area of ​​public life. State institutions play a certain role in this process. For example, the general strategy of foreign and domestic policy is determined by the President of the Russian Federation. He also sets general goals for the federal executive authorities, which is reflected in his annual Message Federal Assembly Russian Federation on the situation in the country and the main directions of the state’s domestic and foreign policy. The Government of the Russian Federation determines general specific goals, as well as a state policy strategy in individual areas. The main document of the Government is the medium-term program for the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation. Parliament also takes part in policy formation by discussing current issues, during the adoption of the budget, and legislative acts related to individual areas of public policy. The complexity of public problems means that when developing policies, authorities state power(political leaders) resort to the help of not only professional officials (experts, analysts, speech writers, etc.), but also special research organizations - “think tanks” aimed at developing new ideas, approaches or programs.

Third stage. With acceptance government programs The policy development phase ends and the implementation phase begins. Here the executive authorities, primarily ministries, services and agencies, come to the fore. Their work is coordinated by the Government of the Russian Federation and the President of the Russian Federation. Federal ministries adopt by-laws (directives, orders, instructions, etc.). Federal services exercise control and supervision over their implementation. They are also involved in issuing permits

Licenses (licenses) to carry out certain types of activities legal entities and citizens, register acts and documents. Federal Agencies exercise the powers of owners in relation to state property provide services to others federal authorities(for example, in the development of standards), legal entities, citizens. Rendering quality services population - one of the pressing problems government controlled in all countries, including Russia. The main thing in the provision of services is continuous service and speed of response to the needs of the population. Disruptions in the work of transport, criminal police, housing and communal services, etc. are unacceptable. Currently, many states are guided in their work by the list basic services, adopted in the European Union countries. It provides, for example, For citizens, payments from the social insurance fund (student scholarships, family benefits, etc.), actions in response to applications for assistance (in particular, theft, car theft), issuance of documents (passports, driver's licenses), civil registration. Public services for business include registration of new companies, etc.

In general, the policy implementation stage is a system of results-oriented activities, which is reflected in the work plans of ministries. They think through in advance a program of action to implement the assigned tasks: goals of activity, main performers, standards of implementation ( technical specifications), resource allocation, standards and performance criteria. When executing plans, they are used various methods, first of all legal. Social-psychological (persuasion, agreements) and administrative (control, restrictions, quotas) methods are also widely used. Economic (taxes, tariffs, subsidies) and organizational methods acquired great importance. For example, to identify suppliers of goods or performers of works and services, open competitions are held to help improve government orders.

At the fourth stage the results and consequences of government policy are analyzed. A final assessment is given of the ongoing policy (program), work government agencies. Thus, the activities of UK ministries are assessed on the basis of a unified methodology in the following areas: efficiency, effectiveness and economy. In the USA, it is recommended to evaluate the work of the city administration according to such indicators as the implementation of planned goals, unplanned effects, volume of services, time to complete the work, and the degree of satisfaction of the population.

It should be noted that various interest groups, including lobbying groups, whose activities will be disclosed in subsequent paragraphs, have a great influence on public policy.

Theoretical information

The internal policy of the state is a series of measures, laws, orders, decisions, and government actions that regulate economic, cultural, and spiritual life within the state. Her department includes the development of the infrastructure of society, control over ensuring that all rights of citizens are strictly observed, in order to stabilize economic processes, grew spiritually, morally and scientific potential so that society, together with its state, steadily moves along the path of progress.

From theory to practice

The internal policy of any country, in theory, should be aimed at improving its citizens. The USA can serve as an example of this. Their economy is the largest economy in the world, just as the same country is considered the world's largest consumer. The state and its citizens consume almost 50% of all goods, services and other things produced in the world.

The question arises: how can such needs be satisfied? What measures is the American government taking? What is characteristic of the external and domestic politics USA?

If we mention this, her pronounced aggressive character attracts attention. Just to satisfy your internal needs America is forced to maintain the largest and most combat-ready army in the world. US military spending is incomparable to that of any other country.

The aggressiveness of the United States is expressed in the fact that this superpower unleashes armed conflicts for the sake of capturing strangers, as was done in Iraq, in order to get Iraqi oil. The states are organizing “color” revolutions around the world with the goal of bringing a government loyal to America to power in other countries. A recent example is the invasion of Libya against all odds international law, the overthrow of the Libyan government, and all with one goal - again, to open access to oil, this time Libyan.

But America itself is far from poor in terms of natural resources. Her reserves are enviable. However, Americans treat them extremely carefully, and the country’s internal policy is aimed at preserving and increasing them. For example, mining is not carried out on the mainland, with the exception of Alaska. The American government thus ensures that future generations of citizens will have enough of their resources, while the world will become scarce.

Another wise step towards strengthening its own economy and stabilizing the lives of the population can be considered the fact that the American government managed to force the rest of the world to work for American dollars. In other words, oil and gas for the United States are no more expensive than the cost of paper and ink that went into printing their currency, which has become the equivalent of the world banknote...

Naturally, the American population is protected by such wise internal policies of its leadership. The most important thing is that it doesn’t matter at all who becomes the next president in the country. In any case, he, the Senate and Congress will think about the good of the American people.

What do we have?

The internal policy of the Russian Federation is structured completely differently. It is unique in that a Russian citizen economically feels like a foreigner in his own country. Considering that the main and only owner of all natural resources is the people, then, according to any healthy logic, every Russian should receive a return from, for example, the country’s oil and gas windfalls. But the oligarchic system led by President Putin is pursuing a completely different policy. And one of its negative manifestations was the principle of equal profitability in relation to the activities of the same Gazprom. The essence of this principle is this: no matter where and to whom gas is sold - to Germany, Ukraine or to Smolensk, Kursk, Vologda and other regions - the profitability from sales should be the same. Those. Russian citizens are not only excluded from receiving returns from the export of Russian wealth, but are also placed in a position equal to foreign buyers.

Let's go further. Every year, all tariffs for housing and communal services are growing rapidly. They are raised by private management companies, on which all residents of the country are made dependent. Only this year some exceptions were made, and at Putin’s command prices did not jump up. This is due to the fact that in December parliamentary elections, and presidential ones were expected in March. As soon as the elections were over, a rapid increase in tariffs began on July 1st. Now there is an intention to raise them again, in the fall, without even waiting for the next new year.

Summary

What does this internal policy of the Russian Federation, pursued by its leadership, mean? It seems that the people at the helm of power do not consider this country their Motherland. Their children study and live in the West, their money is in Western banks and works for the economies of other countries. The officials themselves, having retired, also rarely stay in their native lands. Russia for them is nothing more than a means for personal enrichment, and Russian people- nothing more than the electorate, and it needs to be cajoled a little before the elections. On the one hand, one can only sympathize with the citizens, and on the other, one must never forget that every nation has the government it deserves. Russian government elected by the very people who do not consider it necessary to go to elections, are not interested in politics, sincerely believing that their 1 vote will not decide anything. And as long as this state of affairs, this level of consciousness continues, Russians will never live like Americans. Moreover, the Americans have a clear understanding that they hired the president, the governor, the Senate and the Congress, that their money - taxpayers' money - goes to cover the presidential expenses and the bureaucracy. And therefore, when something goes wrong, they defend their rights. This is called developed civil society. Russians look at the president as a father-tsar, a benefactor, and at deputies as celestial beings. Naturally, with such a mentality one cannot count on a different life. And the state’s internal policy will not change its course.

DOMESTIC POLITICS - a set of areas of economic, demographic, social integration, socio-cultural, repressive, etc. activities of the state, its structures and institutions aimed at preserving or reforming the existing socio-political system. In the implementation of domestic policy goals. the state uses a wide range of means: consolidating existing property relations or transforming them on its territory; tax levers and benefits; creation of socially prestigious and socially non-prestigious social statuses by economic, propaganda, ideological and repressive means; regulation of employment by creating jobs in the public sector of the economy; directed organization of social education, general and special education; events in the field of health and sports; organization of investigative, judicial and penitentiary system; regulation of the readaptation service for persons found in deviant behavior etc. The foundation of domestic policy. is the relationship between the socio-economic structures that have developed at a given stage of development of society, and the resulting relationship between the dominant classes in society and other community groups, which determines the priority of goals, the choice of methods and means, and the degree of satisfaction intermediate results internal political development. www.georoot.ru

FOREIGN POLICY - the activities of the state in the international arena, regulating relations with other entities foreign policy activities: states, foreign parties and others public organizations, world and regional international organizations. Foreign policy is based on the economic, demographic, military, scientific, technical and cultural potential of the state; the combination of the latter determines the foreign policy capabilities of the state in certain areas, the hierarchy of priorities in setting and implementing foreign policy goals. The form of traditional implementation of foreign policy is the establishment diplomatic relations(or a decrease in their level, suspension, rupture and even a declaration of war when relations with the former partners) between states; opening of state representative offices at global and regional international organizations or state membership in them; cooperation with foreign countries friendly to the state political parties and other public organizations; implementation and maintenance at different levels episodic and regular contacts with representatives of states, foreign parties and movements with which a given state does not have diplomatic relations or friendly ties, but is interested in dialogue with them for one reason or another. The presence of stable communication channels with foreign partners allows the state to diversify the combination of methods and means of foreign policy activities: regular exchange of information, exchange of visits to different levels; preparation and conclusion of bilateral and multilateral treaties and agreements on a wide range of issues, including treaties and agreements of a confidential and secret nature; promoting the development of opportunities for the domestic and foreign policy activities of some states and blocking similar opportunities for others (in one direction or another); preparation and implementation of partial or complete blockade; preparation for war and ensuring favorable conditions for conducting military operations, etc.

Generally foreign policy of a given state is determined by the character, class nature of its internal policy. At the same time, the foreign policy situation significantly influences domestic policy. Ultimately, both foreign and domestic policies solve one problem - to ensure the preservation and strengthening of the existing given state systems of social relations. But within the framework of this fundamental community, each of the two main policy directions has its own important specifics. Methods for solving internal political problems are determined by the fact that the state - even with pronounced opposition - has a monopoly on political power V given society. And on the international stage single center there is no power, there are states that are, in principle, equal in rights and relations between them are formed as a result of struggle and negotiations, various kinds of agreements and compromises.

Politics is one of the social sciences, namely the doctrine of ways to achieve state goals. There are internal and external P. The first is determined by the content of the goals that the government and the ruling classes of society set for themselves, and the means by which these goals are achieved. The goals of internal politics can be dynastic in nature (protecting the interests of the ruling family), aristocratic (protecting the rights and benefits small group noble families), military (bringing to the forefront the power of the armed forces), popular (caring for the spiritual and economic interests of the entire population); according to the form of means: conservative (protection of the old system of institutions and privileges of individual classes), progressive (striving for transformations of the state and social system), liberal (government’s trust in social elements), etc. Dismembering the state. management into individual sectors, we can talk about financial, customs, railway, tariff, land, trade, industrial, etc. External control includes questions about the relations of states among themselves, about war and peace, about alliances and agreements between states in business international trade, questions about the division of spheres of influence in border countries, about ownership of the sea, about colonies, etc.

Ext.p. implements various functions state: ensuring the unity, independence, sovereignty and security of society and satisfying its interests that go beyond its borders, affecting the interests of other countries. This is its connection with internal p. External p. value increases when society is threatened by an external enemy, and the rest of the time it comes down to creating favorable externalities. conditions for solving internal problems.

Policy (external and internal) is determined by the prevailing political force. Each force has its own ideas about the interests of society and the capabilities of the state, its external purposes and ways to solve international problems. But when developing and carrying out external activities. she is forced to take into account the positions of others political forces, which are capable of influencing external As a result, external p. may correspond to, deviate from, or even contradict the common interests of heterogeneous sections of society. But in any case, it expresses the state’s attitude towards international problems and its position in international political processes.

In Russia, the basis of external p. – use of the country’s human and natural resources for more efficient production and meeting the needs of the population. The people are not recognized as one nation and its “ general interest"cannot be called national. There are various watered. forces that put forward different external sexes. priorities and concepts. Communist party - the revival of the USSR and its tasks external.p. Russian-national. forces - for expansion of territory, access to the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea. Liberal Democratic – Development market economy, inclusion of the country in the world economy. Now the influence of the Russian Federation on the world stage is weakened by a shortage of capital and high technology. Insufficient efficiency of government, slowness and costs of reforms, bloody wars(Chechnya) and ambitions make it difficult to strengthen international positions and achieve foreign policy. goals.

Internal functions: 1. Security. 2. Economic. 3. Social. 4. Cultural and educational. 5. Environmental protection.

External functions: 1. Protection of the state from armed attacks of other states. 2. Maintaining international political relations(diplomatic activities), economic and cultural relations. 3. The fight against international crime. 4. Participation in international protection environment.