Priority directions of state scientific and technical policy. Scientific potential and its impact on the development of the national economy

29.07.2019

The subject of research in the article is the scientific and technical policy of the state. The purpose of the article is to review the scientific technical policy state as an element national security countries. Methods used in the work: general scientific – observation, comparison, generalization, analysis. The results of the work are: determination of the essence and purpose of the state’s scientific and technical policy; analysis of the foundations of state scientific and technical policy and study of the state of the innovation environment in the Russian Federation. The authors identify 5 reasons for the backwardness of the innovation system despite relatively good progress in the field of education and infrastructure, as well as in the field of public financing of R&D: low return on R&D costs, weakness of the fundamental layers of the system does not allow effectively searching, supporting and promoting projects; First of all, this is the limiting influence of the following factors in three key areas: the low receptivity of business to technology does not generate demand for innovation as the main factor of production and a source of growth and competitiveness, private investors do not support the state in R&D costs, and as a result, Russia lags significantly behind in terms of indicators of the number of innovative companies and high-tech exports, “brain drain”, “glass ceilings”.

science and technology policy

innovation sphere

strategy for scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation for the long term

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4. Kurushina E.V. Problems of accelerated development of the fuel and energy sector of the economy until 2030. // Oil and gas Western Siberia Materials of the International Scientific and Technical Conference dedicated to the 55th anniversary of the Tyumen State Oil and Gas University. – Tyumen, 2011. – pp. 208–212.

5. Draft Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation for the Long-Term Period” (prepared by the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia on June 21, 2016). GARANT.RU [Electronic resource]. – URL: http://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/56574109/#ixzz4g5d4Zug3 (date of access: 05/04/2017).

Analysis of scientific, technical and technological components of leading national security strategies foreign countries(VZS - USA, UK, France) and the Russian Federation showed that research priorities and so-called “critical technologies” are formed in the form of lists that are relevant for a given perspective, and within this perspective they can be adjusted as necessary. For Russia, they are adjusted once every four years, in accordance with the Rules for the formation, adjustment and implementation of Priority Directions for the Development of Science, Technology and Engineering in the Russian Federation and the List of Critical Technologies of the Russian Federation.

The critical technologies contained in these lists, implemented in the State Armament Program (SAP) and other state programs, are part of the regulatory documents that determine the priority areas for creating a scientific and technical basis for advanced and non-traditional weapons. In connection with the adoption of the federal law “On Strategic Planning,” it is planned to expand the list of basic forecast documents that should be included as components in the strategic forecast of the Russian Federation. In the context of optimizing the formation and adjustment of scientific and technological priorities for research and critical technologies, the most important are scientific, technical and industrial and technological forecasts. It is these forecasts that should provide the necessary and sufficient information and uniform initial data for carrying out expert procedures.

Research results and discussion

Priority directions innovation policy states in the period from 2010 to 2015 there were (in addition to self-organization and improvement of the public administration system as such) the academic environment and startups, while mature businesses were not specifically targeted.

In terms of public administration, the Strategy was adopted innovative development(SIR-2020), which determined many further directions of action.

The goal of SIR-2020 was to transfer the Russian economy to an innovative path of development by 2020. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set:

Development of human resources in the field of science, education, technology and innovation;

Increasing innovative business activity and accelerating the emergence of new innovative companies;

The widest possible introduction of modern technologies into the activities of government bodies;

Formation of a balanced and sustainably developing research and development sector;

Ensuring the openness of the national innovation system and economy, as well as the integration of Russia into the global processes of creating and using innovations;

Intensification of activities to implement innovation policy carried out by government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities.

To achieve the assigned tasks, the SIR-2020 formulated areas for improving legislation, methods and target amounts of financial support, the main directions of action of the Government and ministries and a list of activities.

Over the years, several new programs and organizations have been created aimed at modernizing and supporting science and education. The largest initiatives include the following:

Reorganization completed Russian Academy Sciences (“RAN”), the main goal of which is to organize the financing of institutes, laboratories and individual scientists on new principles, as well as to reform the personnel system in science;

A number of government programs to support education and research have been initiated, for example, “Applied Bachelor's Degree”, “Global Education”, “5-100”, Basic Scientific Research Program, Talent Identification Program;

Created Federal agency scientific organizations, Russian Science Foundation, Foundation for Advanced Research, National Research Center named after. Zhukovsky.

Improving the business environment, conditions for doing business and establishing start-ups has been another focus of innovation policy in recent years:

Innovative territorial clusters, the Skolkovo innovation center, and the Innopolis special economic zone (in Tatarstan) were built; under construction Technology Valley Moscow State University;

A system of development institutions has been formed (Skolkovo Foundation, RVC JSC, RUSNANO JSC, Innovation Promotion Fund, Infrastructure and educational programs”, VEB Innovations Foundation, etc.), which have already financed hundreds of innovative projects and startups, and also acted as organizers of communications between funds and entrepreneurs;

As part of the National Entrepreneurial Initiative (“NPI”), a number of measures have been implemented to reduce administrative barriers to business activity; state programs “Economic development and innovative economy”, “Development of science and technology”, “Development of industry and increasing its competitiveness”, etc. have been developed.

In terms of improving public administration, work on strategic documents continued.

Work is underway to adjust and update the SIR-2020; the corresponding order from the Prime Minister was received in December 2014. The reason for the need to update the SIR-2020 is significant changes in the socio-economic situation and the lag behind the set goals for many key indicators. The time has come to update both the target values and the strategy itself.

In addition, in 2015-2016. work began on a new document - the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development until 2035 (NTR-2035). The NTR-2035 strategy was given goal-setting status - along with the National Security Strategy and the Strategy for the Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation. NTR-2035 states the following goals:

The main efforts and resources should be concentrated on scientific research and innovative technological developments of “big challenges” that are relevant for the state and society;

Combining technology, science and innovation in the Russian Federation, forming a comprehensive unified social institution “science - technology - innovation”;

Development of breakthrough fundamental developments and research in the Russian Federation, formation of a scientific and technological reserve for the future.

To achieve the goals, NTR-2035 proposes the implementation of a number of tasks, a full list of which can be found in the project document. NTR-2035 also formulates the principles, mechanisms and stages of implementation of work to achieve the assigned tasks, as well as scenarios for scientific and technological development, characterized by certain parameters that formed the basis of target indicators and a monitoring system.

In the field of science and education for 2015-2016. The following significant changes have occurred, including in terms of the continuation of already started initiatives):

Amendments have been made to Federal Law No. 127 regarding financing mechanisms scientific activity and the work of funds to support scientific activities. Three new terms have been introduced into the law: science project, a center for the collective use of scientific equipment and a unique scientific installation - and the regulations for their financing and other support are described. This measure will facilitate the import of knowledge, technologies and means of their implementation from abroad;

As part of the state program “Development of Science and Technology,” 187 billion rubles were allocated in 2016 (in 2015 - 167 billion rubles) to conduct fundamental research, create laboratories, and grants to leading scientists. The state program was developed in 2013 and provides funding until 2020;

The implementation of the “5-100” program continues, aimed at increasing the global competitiveness of Russian universities. The seven-year program began in May 2013 with the stated goals: entry of at least five Russian universities into the top hundred of global educational rankings (Times Higher Education, QS, ARWU); achieving at least 15% of foreign students from total number students at each university; achieving at least 10% of foreign specialists from the total scientific and teaching staff of each university.

The state, as part of the implementation of scientific and technological policy, is mainly focused on: supporting science and education; providing conditions for entrepreneurs and venture investors; targeted financial and non-financial support for startups.

IN last years The state began to show noticeable activity in stimulating innovation in large companies.

Until 2015, significant activity occurred primarily in the field of supporting science and startups - these are initiatives that changed the innovation landscape, such as reforming the Russian Academy of Sciences, creating development institutes, building technology parks, developing and implementing research and development institutes and scientific and technological innovations. At the same time, significant activity in relation to a mature business is for the most part planning (“PIR”).

It should be noted that over the past few years the state has created a large number of tools aimed at developing innovation, including increasing the export of high-tech products. Such instruments include the Russian Export Center (REC), which is part of the REC EXIAR Group, the adoption of a number of government programs, for example, “Development of industry and increasing its competitiveness,” within which, for example, it is planned to support R&D and develop production competencies.

Innovative development institutions independently establish key indicators corresponding to the main regulations and internal documents governing their work. For example, in RVC there are three levels of setting key performance indicators (KPIs): long-term (until 2020), medium-term (for three years) and short-term (annually). When developing a set of medium- and long-term indicators, RVC takes into account the priorities of the SIR-2020. Similarly, Skolkovo independently forms strategic goals and KPIs, which are approved by the Foundation Board. In this case Starting point for the formation of KPIs is the subprogram “Creation and development of the Skolkovo innovation center” of the state program “Economic development and innovative economy”, which includes eight key indicators.

The main task of an effective model of the National Innovation System (NIS) is to organize conditions for creating an innovative product that is competitive in the external and internal markets.

Currently, the presence of university-based business incubators is no longer the only condition for the development of a modern and effective national innovation system; the determining factor is the integration of research universities into the international scientific and educational space. Increasing competitiveness and integration of Russian universities into global scientific and innovation processes are relevant in this context. The transformation of Russian universities into international research centers that create new knowledge, generate ideas, and conduct large-scale applied and fundamental research is a priority task for the development of NIS Russia. IN Lately There is constant talk about this integration, but, unfortunately, the goal has not yet been achieved.

The ever-increasing disagreements between the needs of the international innovation system and the quality and structure of domestic training of professional personnel are slowing down the development of the Russian NIS. In the Russian Federation there are specialists in the field of nano- and biotechnologies, genetic engineering, fine chemistry, microelectronic components, etc. very few.

The main reasons for the backwardness of the innovation system, despite relatively good progress in the field of education and infrastructure, as well as in the field of public financing of R&D, are:

1. Low return on R&D costs: government spending on research and development is indeed significant, but it does not lead to the advancement of projects; projects are not transformed into competitive and in-demand inventions.

2. The weakness of the fundamental layers of the system does not allow effective search, support and promotion of projects; First of all, this is the limiting influence of the following factors in three key areas:

Innovative markets, characterized by low intensity of competition, high barriers to the development and implementation of innovative solutions;

Innovative culture, characterized by weak public demand for innovation, low prestige of the professions of scientist, inventor and entrepreneur;

The quality of institutions, characterized by weak mechanisms for protecting the rights of owners and investors, a poor reputation for the effectiveness of public administration and law enforcement practice, and, as a consequence, short planning horizons on the part of economic agents.

3. Low business sensitivity to technology does not generate demand for innovation as the main factor of production and a source of growth and competitiveness; private investors do not support the state in R&D spending, and as a result, Russia lags significantly behind in terms of the number of innovative companies and high-tech exports.

4. “Brain drain”: weak, in comparison with leading countries, the ability of the Russian Federation to retain and attract talent, i.e. the work of state investments in human capital on the competitiveness of foreign economies and, thus, the formation of an “open innovation system”.

5. “Glass ceilings”: innovative startups and venture investors are faced with a lack of growth and/or exit mechanisms: business projects from local venture markets do not find growth or exit opportunities within the country and, as a result, leave it.

Government organizations usually focus their activities either on one of certain groups of participants in the innovation system (research institutes, universities, medium and large companies, start-ups), or on planning, coordination, forecasting results and control of innovation policy. In his activities state organizations use a specific set of tools:

Direct action (grants, subsidies, loans, etc.),

Indirect (various benefits) and organizational and legal (international cooperation,

Stimulating demand, providing infrastructure, etc.).

The need to create a favorable innovation climate in Russia, declared in strategic documents, mainly comes down to direct financing of R&D. In strategic documents it is extremely rare to find some semblance of a mechanism for federal target programs or at least fragmentary support for small enterprises engaged in innovative activities. Indirect support for innovation, which could be achieved at least through the current tax regime by including part of R&D costs in the cost price, also remains quite weak. As a result, we can conclude that Russian state science and technology policy is not yet able to stimulate the demand for innovation from the business community, which is a key element in the development of an effective NIS.

Bibliographic link

Pecheritsa E.V., Testina Y.S., Kashirova D.A. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL POLICY OF THE STATE AS AN ELEMENT OF THE NATIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM // Fundamental Research. – 2017. – No. 5. – P. 189-193;
URL: http://fundamental-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=41532 (access date: 03/03/2019). We bring to your attention magazines published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural Sciences"

The dynamism of scientific and technological progress depends to a decisive extent on scientific and technical potential and the state and development of state policy that determines its state. Scientific and technical potential refers to the resources and capabilities that the country has for the development of the scientific and technical sphere, and the level achieved here.

The scale and level of scientific potential is characterized by such parameters as the amount of costs for science and their share in GDP, the number of people employed in the scientific field and the equipment of their work with fixed assets, the structure of costs and scientific personnel by branches of science, stages of the research cycle and types of scientific institutions , information support for scientific activities, the number of discoveries and inventions, their significance and effectiveness. The main parameters characterizing the technical potential are the volume of production and use of advanced technology, the level of mechanization, automation, electrification, chemicalization in the national economy, the timing of the introduction of scientific and technical achievements, etc.

In the structure of scientific and technical potential, several subsystems are distinguished: personnel, material and technical, information, and organizational.

In conditions market economy regulation of the scientific and technical sphere is carried out on the basis of the principle of combining self-organization with public administration. Free producers organize research at their own expense and implement its results, being responsible for the consequences. Scientific and scientific-technical activities are carried out in a competitive environment and are subject to the law of supply and demand. However, the state intervenes in key areas. The main objectives of such intervention in the scientific and technical sphere are the concentration of resources in socially significant areas, ensuring unity of action, social orientation of scientific and technical progress, and integration of the country into world processes. The goals, directions, forms of activity of government bodies in the field of science, technology and the implementation of their achievements are determined by scientific and technical policy, which is the most important integral part socio-economic policy. The Russian Federation has adopted the Federal Law “On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy,” according to which government bodies, scientific organizations, and representatives of broad circles of the scientific and scientific-technical community participate in the development of scientific and technological policy. The content of scientific and technical policy is currently being formed on the basis of a package of documents, including “Fundamentals of the policy of the Russian Federation in the field of development of science and technology for the long term”, “Priority directions for the development of science, technology and technology for the long term”, “List of critical technologies of the Russian Federation” . The Fundamentals set the task of forming a National Innovation System and increasing the efficiency of using the results of scientific and scientific-technical activities. The main content of scientific and technological policy is a list of priority areas of scientific and technical progress and a system of measures to support them by the state. Currently, the priority areas in the Russian Federation are socially oriented research and development, breakthrough technologies, environmental and defense R&D. The most important forms of state support for scientific, technical and experimental activities are budget financing and a system of economic benefits.

FUNDAMENTALS OF PLANNING METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PROGRESS

Macroplanning is the main means of implementing the scientific and technical policy of the state. Its basis is forecasts. In the process of their development, an assessment is made of the likelihood of the emergence of new scientific ideas, theories, discoveries and inventions. The scale of innovations, technological revolutions, the formation and dissemination of new scientific and technical directions and technological principles, revolutions in leading branches of technology, changes in generations of equipment and technology within one direction, the pace and scale of the spread of new technology in the areas of its production and application are predicted.

End-to-end forecasting along technological chains is also carried out. Forecasts are discussed in commissions and committees formed on the basis government agencies management with the participation of the scientific and engineering community. Taking into account the results of the discussions, a Comprehensive Forecast is prepared, which provides a socio-economic assessment of the achievements of science and technology, draws conclusions about the advisability of their use in the national economy, determines priority areas and priority of tasks, proposes several options for ways and means of solving them, and evaluates socio-economic consequences of scientific and technical progress.

The specifics of scientific and technological progress as an object of forecasting (the lack of knowledge of many phenomena and processes, the complexity of relationships, cyclical development, etc.) predetermine the features of the methodology for developing forecasts. Forecasting is interdisciplinary in nature; qualitative methods for assessing indicators are widely used: system analysis, expert methods, simulation modeling.

Based on forecasts, targeted programs are developed to solve scientific and technical problems, which in market conditions are the main form of implementation of the scientific and technical strategy. Programs are developed at all levels of management - national economic, sectoral, territorial, local. The process of forming scientific and technical programs includes 4 stages:

Definition and detailing of the main characteristics and goals;

Selection of performers;

· resource planning;

Evaluation of final results.

In the context of the transition to the market, the approach to financing scientific and technical progress is changing. Home distinctive feature its are the multiplicity of sources and program-target orientation. Fundamental research of a non-commercial nature is mainly financed from the budget. State funds should be allocated with the broad participation of experts and used strictly for its intended purpose in accordance with the estimate. Along with budgetary funds, grants (subsidies) provided on a competitive basis to research teams and individual scientists are used to finance fundamental research.

In financing applied research, government orders and shared government funding are used. A government order may take the form of a targeted contract with the exclusive right of the state to use the results obtained, or the form of a competitive contract with the distribution of ownership of the results between it and the contractor. Shared government financing can be used when creating consortia or attracting contractors on a competitive basis who are required to finance at least half of the investments in the project.

Financing of implementation work can be carried out in the form of government orders and preferential loans.

Self-test questions

1. Define the concepts “scientific and technological progress”, “scientific and technological revolution”.

2. Reveal the role of scientific and technical progress in modern society.

3. Describe the theory of cyclical development of scientific and technological progress.

4. List the main types of cycles in the development of scientific and technical progress. Give examples.

5. Explain what constitutes the scientific and technological potential of society. Describe the scientific and technical potential of the Russian Federation.

6. Name the most significant parameters of scientific potential. Provide digital data for the Russian Federation.

7. List the indicators characterizing technical potential. Illustrate them with actual data using the example of Russia. Draw conclusions.

8. Draw a diagram of the structure of scientific and technical potential.

9. Argue for the need for state participation in the management of scientific and technological progress.

10. Formulate a definition of the state’s scientific and technological policy.

11. What is the main content of scientific and technological policy?

12. What areas of scientific and technological progress are priority in modern Russia? Give reasons for your answer.

13. Explain the connection between the state’s scientific and technical policy and the strategic planning of scientific and technological progress.

14. Describe the content of forecasts for the development of science and technology.

15. Indicate the features of the methodology for forecasting scientific and technical progress. What are they due to?

16. Explain why, in a market economy, the main form of implementation of scientific and technological strategy is targeted programs.

17. Formulate a definition of a target scientific and technical program.

18. Name the main stages of the formation of a scientific and technical program.

19. From what sources is the development of science and technology financed in the Russian Federation?

20. How is fundamental science financed in the Russian Federation?

Practical tasks

State scientific and technical policy

State scientific and technical policy - component socio-economic policy, which expresses the state’s attitude to scientific and scientific-technical activities, determines the goals, directions, forms of activity of government bodies in the field of science, technology and the implementation of scientific and technological achievements.

Science and technology policy has become important element domestic and foreign policy of the state. In the countries of the Organization economic cooperation and Development (OECD), which includes most developed capitalist countries, conducts surveys of R&D organization practices in order to develop a scientific and technological strategy.

The goals of scientific and technical policy are: state support for national science; stimulating the development of its priority areas of national importance; providing conditions for the introduction and effective use of scientific achievements in the field of production.

The ultimate goal of scientific and technological policy is to ensure economic growth and competitiveness of the country in the world market, the solution social problems, ensuring economic security.

The degree and forms of government intervention in the development of science and its applied use depend on many factors: the stage of economic development; socio-economic internal and external conditions economic policy pursued by the government as a whole.

According to American experts, without appropriate government support for the scientific sphere in the 21st century economic security countries may be subject to serious challenges in areas such as high-power computing, biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, new types of weapons.

Within the framework of integration unions, interstate scientific and technological policy begins to be developed. The EU policy in the field of fundamental research, applied development, in particular technical standardization, technology, information, etc. is characteristic.

State scientific and technical policy can act as:

Active, moderate or passive;

Restrained, giving scope to market processes;

Protectionist in relation to the domestic scientific complex or extremely open to foreign science and technology;

Relying on one’s own scientific potential or borrowing foreign ideas and technologies;

Highly selective or frontal, all-encompassing;

With an expressed priority of fundamental and strategic applied research or with a priority of applied R&D and implementation work.

Real state scientific and technical policy combines these alternative forms, depending on the current situation, the actual state of the economy and the activity of the scientific community.

An example of a highly effective science and technology policy is the measures taken by the Japanese government to restore the economy after the Second World War.

The development of science and technology on our own required enormous costs and, most importantly, many years, which threatened serious economic backwardness. Over 30 years, since 1949, Japan acquired a total of 34 thousand licenses and patents from Western colleagues, which were creatively modified by the Japanese and, most importantly, quickly put into production.

As a result, the creation of scientific and technical potential cost Japan only 78 billion dollars, and scientists met the as soon as possible. The effectiveness of such a strategy is estimated from 400% - in general, to 1800% - in certain industries.

Today, Japanese science occupies a leading position in the field of new technologies. Taking into account the experience of the past, the country uses most of its developments to improve the quality of life of people and protect environment. New, environmentally friendly car engines, robots and effective medicines are being created and improved to make life easier for disabled citizens; energy resources and valuable metals are saved and reused.

The need for state regulation of science is associated with the characteristics of scientific “production” and its products. Among them are the unpredictability of the economic results of scientific research, the difficulty of making a profit even from commercially effective projects with existing systems copyright protection. The main thing is that the market is not able to provide adequate investment of resources in science - the so-called “market failure”. the main task states in such a situation - the development and implementation of measures to compensate for “market failure”, reduce the risk associated with conducting scientific research and other facts of the innovation process.

In practice, three main schemes are implemented to overcome the noted “weakness” of the market mechanism:

Direct participation of the state in the production of knowledge through the organization of large laboratories that are funded by the budget and provide the results free of charge to a wide range of potential users. Typically, such laboratories are engaged in solving problems of defense, energy, healthcare, and agriculture. A variation of this form of participation can be considered government funding of research in laboratories or research centers in the private sector if they fulfill a government order (usually for the production of weapons systems or space technology).

Providing free subsidies for basic scientific research to scientists located outside government laboratories (mainly in universities). The condition for receiving subsidies is full reporting on the progress of research, open publication of the results obtained, i.e. waiver of special rights to acquired knowledge.

Providing tax breaks or subsidies to private businesses that invest in scientific research.

In the first two cases, the volume and structure of spending on science are a direct result public policy, in the third, economic responsibility for the development of science, their scale and priorities lies entirely with private sector companies and the state does not directly lay claim to these results.

The use of state budget funds is the main financial instrument of the scientific and technological policy of developed countries. Fundamental science at universities, defense research and contract research in the private sector, as well as the creation of the most complex and expensive experimental installations of “big science” (accelerators, telescopes, space stations etc.).

The share of costs for science in the total amount of budget expenditures has been quite stable over the past 20 years: 6-7% in the USA, 4-5% in France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, 3-3.5% in Japan.

The main recipients of budget funds can be not only government laboratories or universities, as is typical for Japan, Germany, and Canada, but also private sector companies, as is the case in the United States.

The interaction between the private and public sectors and the transfer of funds from the budget to corporations are ensured by a number of organizational mechanisms, in the development and implementation of which the legislative and executive branches of government, ministries, agencies and special departments participate. The main instrument for placing government orders for research work, which is usually an integral part of federal programs, is contracts and projects. Both of these instruments in the United States, for example, are part of the federal contracting system.

The federal contract system serves as the main instrument for organizing and managing the state market of goods and services, regulating economic activity more than 22 thousand various government bodies or its representatives who act as customers for these goods and services. It is through this economic and economic, extremely competitive mechanism that the American state has a decisive influence on regulating the economy, accelerating the pace of scientific and technical progress and updating the fixed assets of corporations - government contractors, on state support for R&D and personnel training, the formation of a uniform “geography” of industrial, military-technical and scientific and technical potential and implementation of a unified patent and licensing policy of the state.

Increasing the efficiency of using budget funds is going in different directions. One of them, popular in many developed countries, is the redistribution of the scientific budget in favor of small innovative companies. The historical concentration of budget funds in a limited circle of large corporations is considered as a factor inhibiting scientific and technical progress.

Tax incentives as a type of government support for science have been used relatively recently. Increasing the share of benefits that provide a favorable innovation climate is general trend. The main advantage of tax support is that the benefits are not provided in advance, but as an incentive for real innovation.

The main principle of the Western system is that tax benefits are not provided scientific organizations, and for enterprises and investors. Incentives plus competition ensure high demand for research and innovation. Regular revision of benefits allows the state to purposefully stimulate innovative activity in priority sectors, influence not only the structure and number of scientific and innovative organizations, but most importantly - the structure of production.

Important For the development and implementation of an effective state scientific and technological policy, there is a theory of the cyclical nature of economic development, including the theory of the cyclical nature of technological revolutions, developed by many domestic and foreign experts. IN modern environment Among the integral set of factors, economic science identifies innovative factors ( new technology, new materials, new technologies, new organization of production and labor, new motivation). Their most complete and effective use allows economic system achieve maximum overall results.

These factors exhibit the greatest transformative potential when they are used in an economic system of any level in a certain ratio and their action is supported by other factors (investment, intellectual, entrepreneurial and human resources, innovative management, legal framework, etc.). An analysis of the various states of the results of scientific and technical activity shows that all of them can be divided into the main phases of the scientific and reproduction cycle.

Recently, in the leading industrialized countries, a new scientific and technical (or technological) policy has been actively formed, including a coordinated set of actions on the part of the state, private business and the education system to improve the mechanism and accelerate the pace of development and dissemination of critical technologies as the basis for economic and national security .

Most characteristic features of this policy are:

Strengthening state regulation of R&D in the field of critical technologies and the creation in this regard of unified ministries coordinating the development of science, industry and foreign trade in order to more closely link scientific, technical and industrial development;

Development of general technological principles of critical technologies as a key stage of the innovation process in modern conditions;

Stable or increasing government funding for basic research as the basis for long-term technological and economic development. Priority financing of areas that determine the development of critical technologies;

Move toward an increasingly even distribution of research facilities throughout the country to promote regional economic development and the widespread dissemination of critical technologies. The use of such organizational forms as technopolises, science parks, etc.;

Orientation of the military R&D system towards the development of “dual-use” technologies. Replacement of military standards with “dual-use” standards used in the creation of both military and civilian products;

Improving the training system to meet industry needs for qualified engineering and technical personnel.

An important area of scientific and technological policy is measures aimed at stimulating research and development (R&D).

Thus, we can conclude that scientific and technical policy is an integral part of state policy, necessary for the implementation of projects to regulate and develop the scientific activity of the state. There are three main mechanisms by which the state influences science: direct participation in the creation of scientific knowledge, financing of scientific activities, and tax benefits.

An analysis of the mechanisms of scientific and technological policy in Western countries does not allow us to draw clear conclusions about which practice is the most effective. Each state, using a set of tools, solves its own, often unique, problems, the range of which is very wide - from strengthening the country’s defense power to increasing the competitiveness of individual industries. What is common is the search for a rational combination of budget subsidies and tax breaks.

Summarizing the above in the first chapter, we can determine the essence of science and scientific activity in the state. Science is an important component of the development of society and the economy of the state; its development directly affects the development of production, contributing to economic growth in the country. As a productive force of society, science forms technological structures that constitute a set of technologies characteristic of a certain level of production development. Changes in technological structures occur cyclically, with changes in the level of technology development; this factor determines the cyclical nature of the economy in the long term.

The totality of the means of production and use of new knowledge forms the national scientific potential. The effectiveness of the functioning of scientific potential determines the quality of scientific activity in the state. The state itself influences science in the country through scientific and technological policy. This policy state is extremely important for the development of the national economy.

The state has a set of various measures to regulate scientific potential, but the main ones are budgetary and tax policy in the field of science.

State scientific and technical policy

scientific technical policy state

The most important factor in economic growth is scientific and technological progress. However, the development of science and the use of its achievements cannot be ensured by the market mechanism. Comprehensive government support is needed here, because research, dictated by the purely commercial interests of individual private enterprises, rarely corresponds to national economic interests, and is conducted in narrower areas. In addition, private firms and enterprises do not always have sufficient capital to conduct R&D.

State measures in the field of R&D act as state scientific and technical policy. It represents a set of principles and methods aimed at the formation and development of the country's scientific and technical potential to achieve the strategic goals of society.

The ultimate goal of scientific and technological policy is to ensure economic growth, the country's competitiveness in the world market, solving social problems, and ensuring economic security.

The degree and forms of government intervention in the development of science and its applied use depend on many factors: the stage of economic development; socio-economic internal and external conditions of the economic policy pursued by the government as a whole.

Individual manifestations of state regulation of scientific and technological development were observed back in the 19th century, when the governments of developed countries legally protected their science, helped universities conduct scientific research, and took care of the growth of scientific personnel. In modern conditions, when the international division of labor is deepening, economic life is becoming internationalized and, at the same time, competition between countries is intensifying, the problem of developing national scientific and technical potential comes to the fore. And government support in the field of R&D is becoming one of the decisive factors in its development. According to American experts, without appropriate government support for the scientific sphere on the eve of the 21st century, the country’s economic security may be seriously tested in such areas as especially high-power computer technology, biotechnology and genetic engineering, new types of weapons, etc.

State scientific and technical policy can act as:

- active, moderate or passive;
- restrained, giving scope to market processes;
- protectionist in relation to the domestic scientific complex or extremely open to foreign science and technology;
- relying on one’s own scientific potential or borrowing foreign ideas and technologies;
- highly selective or frontal, all-encompassing;
- with an expressed priority of fundamental and strategic applied research or with a priority of applied R&D and implementation work.

Real state scientific and technical policy combines these alternative forms, depending on the actual situation, the state of the economy and the activity of the scientific community. A typical example is the scientific and technological policy of the Japanese state. Japan, as is known, after the Second World War was an imitator of foreign inventions. In the early 70s, it decided to change its previous strategy and move from a policy of importing scientific and technical knowledge and technologies to developing its own R&D. Moreover, the state focuses on fundamental research, since this area noticeably lags behind the development of applied science.

In most developed countries, state scientific and technological policy is enshrined in law. In the USA, it is implemented on the basis of the National Science and Technology Policy, Organizations and Priorities Act, adopted in 1976. The law sets out an approximate list of priority goals, the implementation of which should contribute to the progress of science and technology. When implementing science and technology policy, the federal government must maintain elements of central planning.

Since October 1983, Switzerland has had a federal law on the development of scientific research. Its provisions apply to research institutions that use funds from the federal treasury for their work. These are, in particular, the National Foundation for the Promotion of Scientific Research, the Natural Sciences and Technology Society, the Society for the Humanities, and the Academy of Medical Sciences.

In France, according to the law of December 23, 1985, scientific research and technological development are recognized as national priorities. The law provides for priority provision of government funding to promote work in the field of basic research, promote scientific development in enterprises, and transfer technology to small and medium-sized enterprises.

There are no such laws in Russia. Russian legislators will have to develop and adopt laws on science and state science and technology policy. They should become the basis that defines legal norms relating to subjects of scientific activity, determining priorities in the distribution of resources with the help of federal, industry, regional programs as tools for using resources in the field of R&D.

The implementation of state scientific and technical policy is carried out through financing R&D, financing and improving the system of secondary and higher education, and implementing a number of organizational and institutional measures.

The increasing role of fundamental science and the need to finance long-term research lead to an increase in government spending on research and development in developed countries. The share of R&D expenditures now ranges from 2 to 4% of GDP. In Russia in 1995 this figure was 0.4% of GNP.

The structure of government spending on R&D varies. Funding is allocated for civilian R&D and military. Government funding of military space programs predominates in the USA and England (59 and 49% of the total funding, respectively). In Japan and Germany, the bulk of funding goes to civilian R&D (3 and 10%).

Currently, due to the chronic deficit of state budgets, the governments of leading Western countries are taking measures to stimulate research and development directly by firms. US companies are given a “discount” for increased R&D expenses. It is deducted from the accrued amount of income tax and amounts to 20% of the increase in R&D expenses in the reporting year.

In France, enterprises received the right to reduce the amount of tax on joint stock companies up to 50% of the increase in R&D expenses compared to the previous year, up to 5 million francs.

Particular attention is paid to conducting research work in small enterprises. On a legislative basis, allocations from the budget funds of ministries and departments to small enterprises are carried out. In the US these deductions are 1%. In general, 5% of federal funds for innovation activity falls on small businesses. They cover 1/3 of small enterprises' R&D expenses. Small business support centers exist partially at the expense of the state budget. In addition, small enterprises are included in the number of subcontractors in the contract system for conducting R&D.

Technology park structures (technopolises, technology parks, technology and innovation centers), which are unique incubators of small businesses at the regional level, also enjoy state support.

The development of the scientific field is impossible without highly qualified personnel. Therefore, the focus on raising the intellectual level of all science and training highly qualified specialists is implemented through budget funding in most developed countries.

In the 1980s, Sweden ranked first in the world in terms of per capita spending on education, followed by Norway - second. The share of spending on education in Sweden was 13.5% of the state budget, or 8% of GDP, in Norway it was just over 8%.

In the Nordic countries, with the exception of Finland, all universities are public and financed from the budget.

IN federal budget In the USA, under the heading “education, vocational training, employment, social services”, 1/3 of expenditures go to financing higher education.

Recently, the form of state support for research and development in industrialized countries has been a number of organizational measures in relation to large corporations aimed at implementing the principle of “cooperation - at the stage of R&D and the introduction of ideas and developments into production, competition - during sales and warranty service for consumers of products.”

In fact, this means removing associations of the largest corporations from antimonopoly laws. In the USA, for example, in 1984, a law on cooperation in national scientific research was adopted. Its purpose is to remove the obstacles that antitrust laws pose to the cooperative research needed to support the competitiveness of American industry. Thus, obstacles to the formation of temporary monopolistic structures, in particular ventures, have been removed.

An example of such a venture is the MCC Corporation (microelectronic and computer technology corporation), created by 20 leading American corporations in the computer and electronics industry to carry out fundamental and applied scientific research.

Similar venture associations are being created in Europe and Japan.

These are the essence and main measures for the implementation of state scientific and technical policy.

Ph.D. , Professor Gelmanova Z.S.

Ph.D. in Economics, Associate Professor B.Zh. Spanova

Karaganda State Industrial University

Main goals and principles of state scientific and technical policy.

Innovation activity is traditionally considered an area of support and active government policy.

State scientific and technical policy - an integral part of socio-economic policy, which expresses the state’s attitude to science and scientific and technical activities, determines the goals, directions, forms of activity of public authorities of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of science, technology and the implementation of the achievements of science and technology.

Basic goals state scientific and technical policy:

1. Development, rational placement and effective use of scientific and technical potential.

2. Increasing the contribution of science and innovation to the development of the state’s economy.

3. Structural transformations in the field of material production.

4. Improving the socio-economic situation.

5. Improving the environmental situation.

6. Strengthening the country's defense capability.

7. Ensuring personal security.

8. Strengthening the connection between science and education.

State scientific and technical policy is carried out based on the following basic principles:

1. recognition of science as a socially significant industry;

2. publicity, examination, competition;

3. guarantee of priority development of fundamental research;

4. integration of various forms of activity and structures;

5. support for competition and entrepreneurship in the field of science and technology;

6. concentration of resources on priority areas;

7. stimulation;

8. development of science, scientific, technical and innovative activities;

9. development of international cooperation.

The main directions of state innovation policy are:

1. Governmental support and stimulating investors in knowledge-intensive, high-tech industries.

This can be done by combining efforts on the part of the state and private investors, interaction with countries near and far abroad.

Stimulation of such cooperation can be carried out through the introduction of certain tax benefits regarding funds financing innovation activities, government guarantees and loans.

2. Creation of a mechanism for foreign economic support to create conditions for joint activities domestic and foreign organizations for the production of domestic high-tech products, taking into account their further sale on the foreign market.

3. Planning in budgets of different levels of direct public investment for innovative programs and projects that have government priorities.

4. Development of a leasing system to attract high-tech equipment.

5. Stimulating the participation of innovatively active enterprises in international competitions.