How does the diversity of the modern world manifest itself? Main types of countries in the modern world

1. Follow the political map of the world geographical position countries belonging to each of the typological groups highlighted in the text. What conclusions can you draw?

The main number of leading countries in terms of level economic development located in Central Europe. Countries with economies in transition – geographically located on post-Soviet space plus this is Eastern Europe. Underdeveloped countries are Africa and Oceania. An intermediate position between the leading countries and countries with transition economies is occupied by the countries of the Middle East, China, and India.

2. How is diversity expressed? modern world?

The diversity of the modern world is expressed in diversity climatic conditions, the level of development of countries, peoples inhabiting the Earth, their cultures, government system. The modern world is constantly changing under the influence of these factors.

3. What are the most significant features of the G7 countries?

a) leading world powers; b) large territory; c) population size; d) huge economic potential; d) large share in the global economy, global production; f) exemplary democracy; g) high standard of living; h) small difference in income between social structural elements society; formed so-called "middle class"; i) social structure society: a large class of entrepreneurs, a high percentage of intellectuals, workers and employees.

4. What are the newly industrialized countries?

The state policy of these countries includes a focus on attracting private (domestic and foreign) capital, reducing the public sector by expanding the private sector. National measures include raising the level of education of the population and spreading computer literacy. They are characterized by intensive industrial development, including high-tech, export-oriented industries. Their industrial products largely meet the level of world standards. These countries are increasingly strengthening their place in the world market, as evidenced by numerous modern production, which emerged and are dynamically developing in these countries with the participation of foreign capital and transnational corporations. The so-called new transnationals, competing with US TNCs, have appeared in countries such as South Korea, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Brazil, etc. New industrial countries are developing through skillful borrowing, selection of the undeniable achievements of Western civilization and their skillful application to national traditions and way of life.

5. How do you understand the expression “archaic economy”?

An archaic economy is an outdated economic system.

6. Try to give your typology of countries of the world, choosing some criterion for it, for example, the presence or absence of any natural resources, population indicators, etc.

The typology of countries in the world by area divides states into 7 groups: Giants, whose area exceeds 3 million square kilometers. These are Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia, India and Russia, which is the largest in territory with a total area of ​​17.1 million km2. Large ones - from one to three million km2. These are 21 countries, including Mexico, South Africa, Chad, Iran, Ethiopia, Argentina and others. Significant - from 500 thousand to 1 million km2. These are also 21 states: Pakistan, Chile, Turkey, Yemen, Egypt, Afghanistan, Mozambique, Ukraine and others. Medium – from 100 to 500 thousand km2. These are 56 states: Belarus, Morocco, Japan, New Zealand, Paraguay, Cameroon, Great Britain, Spain, Uruguay and others. Small - from 10 to 100 thousand km2. These are 56 countries: South Korea, Czech Republic, Serbia, Georgia, the Netherlands, Costa Rica, Latvia, Togo, Qatar, Azerbaijan and others. Small – from 1 to 10 thousand km2. These are 8 countries: Trinidad and Tobago, Western Samoa, Cyprus, Brunei, Luxembourg, Comoros, Mauritius and Cape Verde. Microstates – up to 1,000 km2. These are 24 states: Singapore, Liechtenstein, Malta, Nauru, Tonga, Barbados, Andorra, Kiribati, Dominica and others. This also includes the smallest country in the world - the Vatican. It covers an area of ​​only 44 hectares, located in the capital of Italy - Rome.

7. Give examples of countries that do not fit well into the typology of states given in the text of the paragraph. Explain the choice.

China and India are countries that can easily be classified as developing countries, to the 3rd group.

The incidence of various diseases, the level of medical care, the state of affairs with personal safety, education, social security, condition natural environment. Indicators are important purchasing power population, working conditions, employment and unemployment.

Task 1 (p. 22).

A) The seven largest countries by territory
world:

1. Russia 17075 thousand sq. km

2. Canada 9976 thousand sq. km

3. China 9572 thousand sq. km

4. USA 9363 thousand sq. km

5. Australia 7687 thousand sq. km

6. India 3288 thousand sq. km

7. Argentina 2777 thousand sq. km

B) Eleven countries in the world with the population
population of 100 million people:

2.India

4.Indonesia

5.Brazil

6.Pakistan

7.Russia

8.Bangladesh

9.Japan

10.Nigeria

11.Mexico

IN) Examples of island countries:

Madagascar, UK, Cuba,
Iceland, Ireland, Jamaica, Cyprus

Examples of peninsular countries:

Greece, Italy, Türkiye, Denmark,
Korea, India, Spain

Examples of archipelagic countries:

Japan, New Zealand,
Philippines, Papua New Guinea

G) Examples of landlocked countries:

Mongolia, Afghanistan, Czech Republic,
Austria, Hungary

Task 1 (p. 23).

How is the diversity of the modern world expressed?

The diversity of the modern world
is expressed in the diversity of climatic conditions, level of development of countries,
peoples inhabiting the Earth, their cultures, government systems. Modern
the world is constantly changing under the influence of these factors.

Task 2 (p. 23).

How do the countries of the world differ in their forms of government and
administrative-territorial structure?

There are two main forms
board:

1.Republic - form
government, at which the highest legislature
belongs to a free elected representative body- parliament, and
executive - to the government. Republics are also divided into presidential ones (where the president
- head of government) and parliamentary (where the main thing is not the president, but
head of the government).

2. Monarchy is a form of government under
whose head of state is considered to be the emperor, king, duke, prince, sultan and
etc. Monarchies are divided into constitutional (where the real legislative power
belongs to parliament, and the executive belongs to the government, the power of the monarch
limited) and absolute (the power of the monarch is not limited).

By form
The administrative-territorial structure of the country is divided into:

1. Unitary state - form
administrative-territorial structure, in which the territory of the state
is divided into administrative-territorial units (region, circle,
districts, departments, etc.). IN unitary state there is one
constitution, one highest representative body state power, one
government, etc., which creates organizational and legal prerequisites for
strengthening influence central government throughout the country.

2. Federation - a form of government
devices; single state, which is a union with respect to
independent regions ( state entities). The federation operates
a single constitution, single authorities, a single citizenship is established,
monetary unit, etc., however, members of the federation usually have their own
constitutions, legislative, executive and judicial bodies.

Several centuries ago, I am sure, the world was not as diverse and diverse as it is today. The population is growing inexorably, and the benefits of civilization have not spread to all corners of the Earth. Therefore, we are witnessing amazing contrasts. I will give several examples that I myself witnessed.

Such a huge and diverse world

I will not touch upon climate differences: they are obvious and independent of human activity. We will also ignore the ethnic diversity of the Earth. I am excited by the unevenness of civilization, which has developed historically.

Along with industrial giant countries, there are states with archaic economies. But even they are seen as developed against the background of the lifestyle of wild tribes.

I saw Chicago. This city amazes with its grandeur, brilliance and noise. But in the evening flickering lights no one is noticeable. I saw not people, but crowds on the streets night and day. However, this can be said about many megacities.

I also had a chance to visit Cambodia. In this country, which survives only on tourism, people crawl in the land and water to get their food. To me, who grew up in big city, it seemed that I was in another dimension or at another turn of history.

In the jungles of Indonesia or New Zealand there are tribes that are in a primitive state. There is no need to invent a time machine.

Religious differences

The faces of the modern world appear most clearly through the prisms of ancient religions. IN different parts praise the world different gods. The customs are amazing.

In one part of the world, traditions and faith are closely intertwined with everyday life and everyday life, for example, in India or Japan, somewhere they are more like a carnival or props, as in countries Latin America.

In the East, religion dictates the way of life and behavior. You can’t listen to “other people’s” music and watch Western movies. But in Europe, religiosity is not so obvious. Reminds me of some kind of reflex action.

I would like to add that when traveling around the world, you need to carefully study the culture of the country where you are going in order to avoid misunderstandings and troubles.

Main scientific knowledge topics 1

1. The diversity of the modern world and types of countries.
Until the early 90s, all countries of the world were usually divided into 3 types:
1) socialist;
2) developed capitalist;
3) developing.
After the actual collapse of the world socialist system This typology has been replaced by others.
One of them also divides countries into 3 types:
1) economically developed;
2) developing;
3) countries with economies in transition (these are primarily post-socialist countries of Eastern Europe and the CIS, as well as China).

2. A new stage of international relations and its reflection on the modern political map of the world.
In the second half of the 80s in international relations marked a transition from confrontation to mutual understanding and cooperation. And the following are reflected on the political map of the world: important processes and phenomena such as the unification of Germany, the formation of the CIS, the beginning of real disarmament, the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact Organization, the proclamation by NATO countries of the Partnership for Peace program, in which Russia also participates.

3. The main forms of government and administrative-territorial structure of the countries of the world.
There are 2 main forms of government: republican and monarchical.
A republic is a form of government in which the highest legislative power belongs to the elected representative body - the parliament, and the executive power - to the government.
Republics are either presidential or parliamentary. IN presidential republics(USA, Argentina, Brazil, Iran, etc.) the president, endowed with very great rights, himself heads the government. In parliamentary republics (Germany, Italy, Israel, etc.), the main figure is not the president, but the head of government.

Monarchy is a form of government in which the head of state is considered to be an emperor, king, duke, prince, sultan, etc. This supreme power is inherited. Among them prevail constitutional monarchies, where the real legislative power belongs to parliament, and the executive power to the government, while the monarch himself, one might say, “reigns, but does not rule.”

The main forms of administrative-territorial structure: unitary and federal.
A unitary state (from the Latin unitas - unity) has a form of administrative-territorial structure in which there is a single legislative and executive power in the country.
A federal state (from the Latin foederatio - union, association) has a form of administrative-territorial structure in which, along with unified (federal) laws and authorities, there are separate self-governing territorial units (republics, provinces, lands, states, etc.). ), having their own legislative, executive and judicial authorities.

4. Political geography and geopolitics.
Political geography is the science of territorial differentiation of political phenomena and processes.
Political geography studies:
a) formation political map the world and its individual regions;
b) change in political boundaries;
c) features of the political system;
G) political parties, groups and blocks;
e) territorial aspects of mass mass election campaigns(“electoral” geography).
An integral part political geography is also geopolitics, expressing public policy primarily in relation to the country’s borders and its interaction with other, primarily neighboring, countries.

5. Sovereign state (from the French souverain - highest, supreme) - politically independent state, possessing independence in internal and foreign affairs.
An economically developed country is a country with high level economic and social development and, accordingly, GDP per capita.
Developing country - countries that lag behind industrial development developed countries.
Political-geographical (geopolitical) position - the position of countries in relation to political allies and opponents, a hotbed of various kinds of political conflicts, etc.