The form of government of the Duchy of Luxembourg is a constitutional monarchy. The main document of the state is the Constitution, which was created back in 1868, but since that period it has been amended many times. Since 2000, the country has been headed by Grand Duke Henri. According to the laws of the state, the Duke performs following functions: represents the country in the international arena, concludes treaties, and, together with Parliament, can introduce military action or declare a truce. The Duke is responsible for appointing and dismissing members of the Government, approving and promulgating bills. The Duke appoints ministers, convenes sessions of Parliament, and, if necessary, can dissolve it. He also has some legal obligations. The Royal Family Luxembourg is a symbol of stability, unity, and independence.
Form of government of Luxembourg
The government has the right, if it wishes, to renounce part of national sovereignty and transfer it to so-called supranational bodies. “The exercise of the prerogatives,” it was written in the law, “granted by the Constitution to the legislative, executive and judicial authorities, may be temporarily entrusted to institutions international law" The Constitution of 1868 declared the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg a constitutional monarchy. The head of state is the Grand Duke. His powers were very extensive.
However, amendments to the Constitution introduced in 1919 significantly curtailed his rights. The Grand Duke represents the country in foreign relations, concludes international treaties, has the right, with the consent of parliament, to declare war and make peace. He appoints and dismisses members of the government.
State structure. Luxembourg is a unitary state
USD Form of government: unitarism Form of government: constitutional monarchy Legislative body: unicameral parliament Head of state: Grand Duke Head of government: prime minister Party structures: multi-party system Fundamentals of government Since the 10th century. the territory of modern Luxembourg was integral part County of Luxembourg, separated from the Frankish kingdom, and from the 14th century. - the Duchy of Luxembourg, which, having fallen under the rule of the Habsburgs, in the 15th century. became one of the provinces of the historical Netherlands. After the revolution of 1566–1609 the Duchy of Luxembourg remained part of the Spanish Netherlands, which, as a result of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1714, passed to Austria (Austrian Netherlands). In 1794, Luxembourg was incorporated into France.
Luxembourg
The members of the Council (twenty-one people) are appointed by the Grand Duke. The country has a regime of parliamentary democracy. Members of parliament (sixty people), which is called the Chamber of Deputies, are elected for a period of five years through direct general elections using the system of proportional representation. Suffrage provided to citizens over eighteen years of age.
Important
All executive power belongs to the government, appointed by the Grand Duke, consisting of a chairman (minister of state) and ministers. The Constitution requires that the government consist of at least three people. Currently, fifteen people, including the Prime Minister, exercise leadership functions.
The administration of the districts is entrusted to the commissioners, and the administration of the cantons to the burgomasters. The bodies of self-government in communes are elected councils.
Government structure and political system of Luxembourg
Luxembourg domain zone: .lu Luxembourg telephone code: 352 (how to call Luxembourg) Which countries does Luxembourg border with: Belgium, Germany, France Domestic policy Luxembourg is a constitutional monarchy. The head of the country is the Grand Duke. According to the main document of the country, it is he who exercises executive power, approves laws, appoints members of the government, commands the army of Luxembourg, and concludes all international treaties. But in fact, the main power belongs to the government of the state, and not to the duke.
The highest legislative body is the parliament, consisting of one chamber. Deputies are elected to their positions by the population through direct elections for a period of five years. The number of deputies from the canton is proportional to the population.
Voting rights in Luxembourg from the age of 18.
Luxembourg is a unitary state. The country is divided into 3 districts, the districts, in turn, into cantons. Representative bodies in these administrative units there are no, and the functions of local administration are performed by senior officials appointed by the Government: in districts - commissars, in cantons - burgomasters. The current Constitution of Luxembourg was adopted on October 17, 1868.
Since then it has included important changes. Thus, in 1919 it was established that sovereign power comes from the people, all secret treaties were annulled, and universal suffrage based on proportional representation was introduced. In 1948 the list was significantly expanded democratic rights and freedoms of Luxembourg citizens. In particular, new socio-economic freedoms were proclaimed.
Declaration on the Revision of the Constitution of April 29, 1954
Luxembourg form of government
Luxembourg is a constitutional monarchy. The country has a Constitution of 1868 (additions and corrections are made to it from time to time). Administratively, the country is divided into three districts: Diekirch, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg. The largest cities (1999): Luxembourg, Esch zur Alzette (24.9 thousand).
people),
Dudelange (17.1 thousand people). Head of State - legal heir P. Gyulloim - ascended the throne on October 7, 2000. Elections of 60 deputies to the unicameral parliament (Chamber of Deputies) take place through direct popular vote (for a period of 5 years, the last took place on June 13, 1999). Also valid State Council(21 members), providing recommendations to the Chamber of Deputies.
This body is staffed by the head of state, but on the recommendation of the prime minister.
Attention
Legal systems of the countries of the world: Encyclopedic reference book Luxembourg Grand Duchy of Luxembourg State in Western Europe. Territory - 2.6 thousand square meters. km. The capital is Luxembourg. Population - 441 thousand people. (1998). Official languages are French, German, Luxembourgish.
Religion - Catholicism. From the 1st century AD part of the Roman province of Belgica. In the 7th century The territory of the country was included in the Frankish state. In 963, the independent county of Luxembourg was formed, in the 14th century.
- duchy
Luxembourg. Later it was under the rule of various European powers. In 1815, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg was created. The country's modern borders were established in 1839 by the Treaty of London. State structure Luxembourg is a unitary state.
The country is divided into 3 districts, the districts, in turn, into cantons.
To a certain extent, he participates in the exercise of legislative power by exercising his right of legislative initiative, approval and promulgation passed laws. The Grand Duke also has a number of rights in relation to Parliament. He opens and closes its sessions, may postpone its meetings, and, if necessary, convene an emergency session; he has the right to dissolve parliament.
The Grand Duke appoints ministers. He also has some judicial powers. Legislature carried out by the Luxembourg Parliament, the Chamber of Deputies. It is a representative unicameral body elected for a term of 5 years by general elections on the basis of proportional representation. The Chamber of Deputies has 60 members. Its main function is the adoption of laws.
The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, despite its pompous name, is one of the dwarf states of Europe, but this in no way detracts from its beauty, historical role in the development of neighboring countries and its current influence.
Country informationLuxembourg is very small, with an area of only 2586 square meters. km., but this does not prevent it from placing 220 bank offices on it and being one of the.
The Grand Duchy is a member of 49 international organizations, including the UN, WTO, NATO, Benelux, etc., and has in them heavy weight. The country of Luxembourg lies at the crossroads of important transport directions, which makes it attractive and convenient for tourism. In addition, in Luxembourg, about 65% of treasury income is provided by banking and registration of foreign companies; Luxembourgers also enjoy raising livestock, planting vineyards and making fine wine.
Since 2002, the national currency in Luxembourg has been the euro. The capital of the duchy is the same name.
Where is Luxembourg located?
The state of Luxembourg was formed in Western Europe and has no access to the sea. Northern and western border it shares with Belgium, the south with France, and borders with Germany in the east. Geographically, Luxembourg is a hilly plain, abutting the Ardennes Mountains in the north.
Weather and climate in Luxembourg
The climate in the country is temperate, changing from maritime to continental. Average winter temperatures hover around 0 degrees, usually positive. But in the north of the country, at the foot of the Ardennes Mountains, real winter often sets in with frosts down to -15 degrees. Summer is warm and comfortable, average temperatures remain at +17.
Precipitation falls mainly in winter, about 760 mm, and even in the form of snow, and in the north of the country snowfalls are becoming more common and are considered a common winter occurrence.
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Population of Luxembourg
The distant ancestors of the modern inhabitants of the duchy are considered to be multiple Germanic tribes, Franks and Celts, who lived in the area both before and after the rule of the Roman Empire.
In 2013, the country's population exceeded 500 thousand inhabitants, most of whom live in the southern part of the country. It is worth noting that both men and women have an average life expectancy of about 80 years, and this figure is growing positively.
You can say that it has preserved its own language - a certain mixture of Germanic dialects and numerous borrowed words from the French language. By the way, French and German are also recognized official languages Luxembourg. In addition, many residents speak fluent English.
Religion
Most of believers are Catholics, but since freedom of religion is guaranteed in the country, in the cities of the small country, mostly large ones, there are Protestant organizations and Jewish communities.
Government structure of Luxembourg
The head of the Duchy of Luxembourg is the Grand Duke, the form of government is a constitutional monarchy, and the right to inherit power belongs to the Nassau family. In 2000, Grand Duke Jean abdicated the throne in favor of his son Henri. According to the Constitution, the head of state appoints the government and the prime minister. The Chamber of Deputies (60 people) is elected by residents for 5 years. The monarch has his own assistants - an advisory council, whose membership is for life.
Administratively, the country has three districts: Luxembourg, Grevenmacher and , which are then divided into 12 cantons, and these, in turn, into 118 different communes.
History of LuxembourgLuxembourg is perhaps one of the few countries that, throughout the history of Europe, passed from one conqueror to another, and as a result gained own way and independence.
The history of the state begins with a small fortress, which, according to assumptions, was the first to be built and fortified by the Romans. After the decline of the Roman Empire, the lands were conquered by the Franks and became part of new empire Charlemagne. The ruler of this territory were the descendants of Charles, one of whom was Conrad. In the 11th century, he took the title of Count of Luxembourg, thereby becoming the founder of a dynasty that ruled until the 14th century.
Upon the marriage between Conrad's relative and the German King Albert II, the territory of the future Luxembourg went to the Habsburg dynasty as a dowry. And then a series of medieval wars began, in which the duchy repeatedly passed ownership from Spain to France and back. The two powers were constantly at war with each other. And only after French Revolution and even after Napoleon, who proudly walked across Europe, the Congress of Vienna of 1814-1815 determined the Duchy separate territory and profitably exchanged it from the Netherlands for the possessions of interest. From then on, the borders of Luxembourg were somewhat reduced, and in May 1867 the small country became completely independent, led by the Nassau dynasty.
Both the First and Second World Wars passed through the borders of Luxembourg in a bloody trail, and since then ruling dynasty actively takes part in all post-war agreements and plays an important role in the life of Europe.
Nature of Luxembourg
The natural landscapes of the country are mesmerizing, especially in the north, where the mountainous terrain and weather changes are more pronounced. The highest point of the duchy is located here - Mount Burgplatz with a height of 559 meters. Largest river The Sur comes from Belgium, crossing the entire country and merging with local rivers. WITH east side Luxembourg is washed by the waters of the Moselle River.
Oaks and beeches grow everywhere, but these, as throughout Europe, are already secondary forests. Mountain slopes are covered coniferous trees, spruce and larches are often found, and in some places there are even wetlands of forest. More delicate plants are planted and cultivated in parks: apricot, dogwood, boxwood, barberry and even walnut.
The fauna has become greatly impoverished over the past 500 years, but there are many hares and squirrels here, and in the forests you can find chamois, wild boar or roe deer. Among the birds you can see jay or pheasant, wood grouse and hazel grouse. Trout is also found in local rivers, which, however, does not prevent it from being bred artificially.
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Sights of Luxembourg
The first and oldest is the ancient Roman fortress, where it all began, but only the watchtower has survived to this day. The second most important fortress was built in the 10th century by Marshal Vauban. And although it was partially destroyed in 1868, many buildings have been preserved for posterity: these are towers on the cliff itself, they are called casemates, fragments of walls, gates, tunnels and much more. There was once a park on a cliff next to the castle; today it is a must-see for tourists and a beautiful observation deck to admire the surroundings.
Country with rich history boasts countless interesting and mysterious sights, including some of the most beautiful ones. This list also includes castles from the 17th century with the tomb of the Grand Dukes, secret passages and labyrinths of the National Museum, Mansfeld Garden, the Chapel of St. Krivin, the Bastion of the Holy Spirit, and the Ministry itself, and other historical and cultural monuments.
La Petrousse, and next to it the ruins of an ancient fortress, are also considered a stunning place for fans of the history of the Second World War. In the city of Wormeldange you can see the chapel of Saint-Donatienne, and in Henin - the Museum of Luxembourg Wine.
Those who love a secluded holiday will love the Essling area with its vast pastures and forests. And the most beautiful city in Luxembourg is the city of Echternach. In addition to architecture, you can admire the Basilica of St. Willibror, fragments of the fortress wall, the market square and visit the Wolf's Mouth Canyon. Its surroundings are called “Luxembourg Switzerland”. And there is a resort near the border with France mineral waters Mondorf.
The cities themselves and their buildings, streets and parks, squares with gothic architecture and tiles are also a kind of beauty and monuments; there are always many tourists walking on the streets of any city.
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In a tourist country, problems with finding housing are extremely rare, except during national and international periods. But in any case, in Europe it is customary to book a hotel in advance, and if you are going to Luxembourg directly, this is already required condition upon receipt of a visa.
Despite the dwarf size of the country, in almost every city you can find hotels of excellent comfort and high service - this is common feature everyone, regardless of star status and distance from the center. Most of it is located in the capital of the Grand Duchy of the same name. Fans of comfortable rooms and a buffet will like Hotel Le Royal 5* and Parc Hotel Alvisse 4* in Luxembourg. There are even simpler accommodation options: the difference in room rates at local hotels lies in the range of services they offer. It is worth noting the cozy hotels (Hotel Auberge Aal Veinen 3*, Hotel Oranienburg 3*), (Hotel Anciennes Tanneries 3*) and Echternach (Hotel Du Commerce 3* and Hotel Au Vieux Moulin 4*).
In Luxembourg there are absolutely simple hotels for tourists who decide to spend the night in a specific place once and continue their journey in the morning.
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Restaurants and cuisine of the Duchy of Luxembourg
Although it contains a plexus culinary tastes its neighbors, but also has its own aromatic traits, carried through centuries of history.
The menu of restaurants in the Grand Duchy is replete with fish and pork dishes. Perch and trout, pike and crayfish are very popular - you can try all this in one of the specialized fish restaurants, for example, Brasserie Guillaume. From meat dishes Jellied suckling pigs and Ardennes ham, blood sausage and smoked pork backbone are famous throughout Europe. For example, the menu of the Mousel Cantine restaurant is simply replete with local Luxembourg delicacies.
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Shopping in Luxembourg
In a special country there are special shops and, as a result, interesting for everyone. There are no crazy sales of expensive designer collections or knock-down prices on foreign new items. Life flows smoothly and tastefully, boutiques and branded stores are located en masse, which is very convenient.
Among the expensive purchases, it is popular men's clothing and accessories, as well as various jewelry, crystal, leather goods, watches and electronics - all of this often has tourist discounts of 15-20%.
Most travelers want to bring back mementos, souvenirs and treats - such goods are sold in abundance throughout the country of Luxembourg. The first in the ranking of delicious purchases are chocolate, beer and wine, followed by tobacco products, Ardennes ham and cheeses. Tourists like to buy figurines, whistles and kites. Various symbols and paintings, studies and sketches by local artists are very popular.
Almost all stores are open on weekdays from 9.00-20.00, on Saturday – until six in the evening.
Transport Luxembourg
It is not for nothing that they say that the wealth of a country is reflected in its roads. And the country of Luxembourg is no exception: little duchy very developed.
Firstly, Luxembourgers have their own airport near the capital. Secondly, the country is crossed by two main railway lines, France-Belgium and Germany-Belgium, which form a large railway junction in the Grand Duchy. In addition, 270 km of their own directions run from the main branches throughout the dwarf country. Thirdly, all communes are connected by more than 5,000 thousand km of good, safe road surfaces. Using regular buses, you can easily get to even the most remote town or village.
How to get to Luxembourg?
There are no direct flights from cities in the CIS countries to Luxembourg, but there are many connecting options with transfers in Vienna, Istanbul, Munich and other major European cities. Many European and international airlines fly to Luxembourg; choosing the most convenient option will not be difficult. As a rule, the total flight time does not exceed 4 hours.
Most tourists come to this country from neighboring countries by car, bus or train for a few days to see the rich region and its attractions. There are plenty of underground parking lots built in Luxembourg, so visiting car owners often leave their cars there and transfer to a city bus, from where it can be much easier and more interesting to see the horizons.
When crossing the Luxembourg border, keep in mind that:
- there are no restrictions on the import and export of any currency;
- Personal belongings and items in reasonable quantities (1-2 units per person) are not subject to duty when declaring: photo and video equipment, Sports Equipment, receivers, binoculars, etc.;
- It is prohibited to import antiques, weapons, and family heirlooms.
Do I need a visa to enter Luxembourg?
The Grand Duchy is part of the Schengen zone, i.e. To enter you will need a visa, a passport, life and health insurance and proof of your residence reservation.
As a rule, it takes about 10-14 days; for this, in addition to the mandatory entry documents specified above, you must provide application forms with photos in three languages: English, German and French. Depending on the length of stay, the consular fee varies in the range of $23-38. There are no discounts for children, but if a child is included in the parent’s passport, but due to age does not yet have an independent identity card, then the fee is not paid for him.
Note to touristsLuxembourgers certainly do not come across as sociable and cheerful people, but this is a tribute to family and upbringing. They are always polite to strangers and will come to your aid in a difficult situation.
In Luxembourg, all the “nightlife” is created for tourists, local population participates in such events extremely rarely. Tips, as a rule, are 10% everywhere, and taxi services are always rounded up.
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.
The name comes from the High German lucilinburch - "small town".
Capital of Luxembourg. Luxembourg.
Luxembourg Square. 2586 km2.
Population of Luxembourg. 443 thousand people
Location of Luxembourg. Luxembourg is a state in Western Europe. In the north and west it borders, in the east - with and in the south - with.
Administrative division Luxembourg. 3 districts, which, in turn, are divided into cantons, and those into communes.
Form of government of Luxembourg. .
Head of State of Luxembourg. Grand Duke of Luxembourg.
Higher Legislature Luxembourg. Chamber of Deputies (parliament), elected for a period of 5 years.
Higher executive agency Luxembourg. Government.
Major cities of Luxembourg. No.
The official language of Luxembourg. Luxembourgish, German and French.
Ethnic composition of Luxembourg. 71% are Luxembourgers, 15% - , 5% - .
Currency of Luxembourg. Euro = 100 cents.
Luxembourg. The climate is transitional from maritime to continental - it is characterized by wet winters and cool summers. average temperature January - 0 °C, July - about + 17 °C. Snow often falls in the Ardennes in winter. The sunniest months are from May to August, but it is also sunny in the first half of September. 750-800 mm falls per year. In early spring You can observe the wild flowering of wild plants.
Flora of Luxembourg. One third of the country's territory is occupied by forests. The flora is represented by the following species: beech, oak, spruce, pine, fir. Orchards and vineyards grow in river valleys. Protected areas have been designated.
Fauna of Luxembourg. Animal world The state is extremely poor, mainly preserved in, deer, hares, squirrels and forest birds live here.
Rivers and lakes of Luxembourg. The river network is dense and branched. Home - Mosel.
Sights of Luxembourg. Church of Saint-Michel, Ducal Palace (XVI century), Palace of Justice, Town Hall, Notre Dame Cathedral (XVII century), Vianden Castle, Vitrange and Wiltz castles, ruins of Roman fortifications. Located in the capital National Museum and the municipal theater.
Useful information for tourists
They give the impression of being reserved and overly reserved (most local residents live in small families and prefer own houses), although this is not entirely true. When communicating with visitors, the residents of the country are extremely polite and correct; they also easily come to the aid of tourists in any difficult situation.
There are practically no traditions in Luxembourg" nightlife”, and the entertainment industry mainly targets foreigners.
In spring, the country widely celebrates Shepherds' Day with a colorful procession and carnival. Luxembourg is famous for its Mosel wines. Flower exhibitions are held annually.
You can move freely throughout the country, but you should carefully monitor the observance of the rights of private property - crossing the latter, and even more so, settling on private territory for the night, fishing or collecting plants is possible only with the permission of the owner or tenant. Otherwise, the police have the right to take any measures, including detention and deportation from the country.
Tips in most establishments are 10%; in taxis the amount is rounded up.
Luxembourg
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Date of creation of an independent state: 1890
Square: 2586 sq. km
Administrative division: 3 districts (Luxembourg, Diekirch, Grevenmacher), 12 cantons, 126 communes
Capital: Luxembourg
Official languages: German, French, Luxembourgish
Currency unit: Euro
Population: 462.7 thousand (2005)
Population density per sq. km: 178.9 people
Proportion of urban population: 89 %
Ethnic composition of the population: Luxembourgers (90% of the population), immigrants from other European countries
Religion: Catholic Christianity dominates
Basis of the economy: industry
Employment: in the service sector – 51%; in industry – approx. 40%; in agriculture - approx. 9 %
GDP: 32.3 billion USD (2007)
GDP per capita: 70 thousand USD
Form of government: unitarianism
Form of government: a constitutional monarchy
Legislature: unicameral parliament
Head of State: Grand Duke
Head of the government: Prime Minister
Party structures: multi-party system
Fundamentals of government
Since the 10th century. the territory of modern Luxembourg was an integral part of the county of Luxembourg, separated from the Frankish kingdom, and from the 14th century. - the Duchy of Luxembourg, which, having fallen under the rule of the Habsburgs, in the 15th century. became one of the provinces of the historical Netherlands. After the revolution of 1566–1609 the Duchy of Luxembourg remained part of the Spanish Netherlands, which, as a result of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1714, passed to Austria (Austrian Netherlands). In 1794, Luxembourg was incorporated into France. Grand Duchy of Luxembourg as part of the German Confederation and in a personal union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands, it was formed by the decision of the Congress of Vienna in 1814–1815, which summed up the wars of the European coalition with Napoleonic France. In 1866, the German Confederation was liquidated, and in 1867 the London Conference of five powers - Russia, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and France declared Luxembourg an independent and “eternally neutral” state (the article on neutrality was removed from the Luxembourg constitution in 1948). The personal union of Luxembourg with the Netherlands ended in 1890. From that time on, Luxembourg was ruled by dukes from the Nassau dynasty.
The current Constitution of the Grand Duchy, the third in its history, was adopted on October 17, 1868. The eleven chapters of the Basic Law are divided into one hundred and twenty articles. Amendments to the Constitution are adopted by Parliament at two sessions, the interval between which must be at least three months. In special cases, a repeat vote is replaced by a referendum. Changes to the text were made several times.
The head of state is the Grand Duke of the Nassau dynasty. Duke Adolf was the first to ascend the throne in 1890 (reigned until 1905). Currently (since October 2000), the country is ruled by Grand Duke Henri, born in 1955. The Constitution of 1868 gives the head of state the right of legislative initiative. In addition, he reviews all bills coming from parliament and promulgates them.
Functions under the head of state State Council– an advisory body that gives qualified opinions on various issues, including on draft laws. The members of the Council (twenty-one people) are appointed by the Grand Duke.
The country has a regime of parliamentary democracy. Members of parliament (sixty people), which is called the Chamber of Deputies, are elected for a period of five years through direct general elections using the system of proportional representation. The right to vote is granted to citizens over eighteen years of age.
All executive power belongs to the government, appointed by the Grand Duke, consisting of a chairman (minister of state) and ministers. The Constitution requires that the government consist of at least three people. Currently, fifteen people, including the Prime Minister, exercise leadership functions.
The administration of the districts is entrusted to the commissioners, and the administration of the cantons to the burgomasters. The bodies of self-government in communes are elected councils.
The Luxembourg judicial system is headed by Supreme Court, to which the district districts are subordinated (in small state there are only two of them: one in Luxembourg, the other in Diekirch) and magistrates’ courts. The system also includes special courts that consider labor and administrative disputes, disputes on social insurance issues, etc.
The highest body of administrative justice and at the same time an advisory body on legal issues is Legal Committee of the State Council
Supervision of compliance with the Basic Law is carried out by constitutional Court(created in 1997).
Leading political parties
The political life of the country is determined by the Christian Social people's party and the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party. They are the ones who, as a rule, create coalition governments.
Christian Social People's Party(KHSNP) was founded in the late 1870s. Initially it expressed the interests of large industrialists. The number of HSNP in beginning of XXI V. amounted to 9.5 thousand people. Party Chairman – Francois Biltgen, general secretary– Jean-Louis Schiltz.
Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party(LSRP) appeared in the mid-1890s. In addition to workers, it is currently supported by many members of the middle class. In total, the party consists of 5.5 thousand people. Chairman - Jean Asselborn, Secretary General - Lucien Lux.
In 1947 it appeared Democratic Party Luxembourg(DPL; Chairman - Claude Maisch, Secretary General - Agni Durdu), and in 1988 -
Action Committee for Democracy and Pensioners' Rights(Chairman - Robert Melen, Secretary General - Ferdinand Greiser). Both parties are currently represented in parliament.
Founded in January 1921 on the basis of the left wing of the LSRP Communist Party Luxembourg(KPL), although it still exists, does not enjoy the support of voters. Its leader is Ali Ruckert.
For "democratic constitutional state", as stated in the program, has been fighting since 2004 Free Party of Luxembourg(SPL; chairman - Jean Ersfeld), but she has not yet managed to gain the trust of the electorate.
Traditional for Europe Green Party appeared in Luxembourg at the end of 1994. Chairman - Francois Bausch.
Grand Duke
Since October 2000 – Henri Nassau
Minister of State (Chairman of the Government)
Since 1995 – Jean-Claude Juncker (HSNP)
From book encyclopedic Dictionary(L) author Brockhaus F.A. From the book Thoughts, aphorisms and jokes of outstanding women authorLuxembourg Luxembourg (Luxemburg, formerly Lutzeiburg, even earlier Lucilinburch) is the capital of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, in the narrow beautiful valley of the river. Alzette, with fortifications, mostly carved into the rocks and destroyed in 1867. The magnificent palace of Ernst Mansfeld, Spanish governor (1545 – 1604),
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