Control system, or control system, serves as an instrument for implementing state policy. This is understandable if we consider that the concepts of “politics” and “political” are characterized by polysemy. But to the question: “What is politics?” - People tend to answer differently. They talk, for example, about the monetary policy of banks, the policy of trade unions during a strike, the school policy of city authorities, the policy of the management of an enterprise or school, even the policy of a smart wife who seeks to control her husband.
What exactly is politics?
What content is included in the concept of “politics”?
Politics in the proper sense of the word is, on the one hand, a sphere of human activity where interaction takes place between various, often opposing or conflicting, socio-political forces regarding power and power relations between these forces. In this regard, politics is closely connected with the political world. Moreover, these concepts are often used as synonyms.
On the other hand, politics is understood as the form of activity of the state and its institutions, society, political parties, organizations, movements and even an individual in managing various areas public life: economics, social sphere, culture, education, science, healthcare, etc.
Politics in one form or another affects all citizens of the state. Huge masses of people take part in it, pursuing their social, economic, cultural and other interests. The degree of complexity and versatility of politics depends on the scale of economic, social, ethno-national, religious and other forms of pluralism in society.
Policy is designed to solve everyday and strategic problems vital for society, to develop and implement programs to ensure the viability, effective functioning and further development of both society as a whole and its individual subsystems. In this regard, they talk about economic, industrial, agricultural, social, military policies, policies in the field of education, health care, etc.
In other words, with the help of targeted policies, social processes are managed. It is no coincidence that politics is sometimes called the art of governing. In this sense, politics includes both conflicts, struggle and competition for power and influence, and joint actions of people in search of optimal ways for the functioning and development of society and the state. That is why they talk about political conflicts, political struggles, political course, political programs etc.
From this point of view, the resource of power is of particular importance. Without power there can be no normal, effective politics. Those researchers are right who believe that any social problem acquires political character, if her decision is in one way or another connected with power.
Politics is closely connected with decision-making. It embodies the interconnection and interdependence, the dialectic of internal and external conditions and factors of development of society and the state. Therefore, it is natural that politics is divided into internal and external.
Domestic policy
Domestic policy is a set of activities of the state in economic, social, scientific, educational, demographic, law enforcement, military and other important spheres of public life. To implement the goals of domestic policy, the state uses a wide range of means, such as the state budget, taxes, the social security system, financing of science, education, healthcare, judicial and law enforcement agencies.
State policy in various fields social life is by no means limited to the national level central authorities. As mentioned above, government in the state is carried out at three levels: national, regional and local. Accordingly, policy is also implemented at all these three levels.
Various directions of the state's internal policy are highlighted. They talk about economic, industrial, agricultural, social, military, employment, labor relations, education, health, law enforcement, etc. policies.
For example, it is the state that plays the main role in creating and maintaining in proper order infrastructure in key areas of public life: economics, transport, energy, social sphere, science, education, etc. It serves as a guarantor of freedom of entrepreneurial activity, protection of owner rights and consumer rights, etc.
The role of the state is especially indispensable as a guarantor of maintaining a competitive environment, where antimonopoly or antitrust legislation is of decisive importance. The state plays an indispensable role in monetary and financial sector, ensuring the reliability of the national currency and stability monetary system. A key place in state policy is occupied by the preparation, adoption and distribution of the state budget.
One of the most important areas of state activity is social policy, which is a set of measures taken and implemented by the state to ensure the well-being of the general population, prevent disproportions in the income of various groups of the population, reduce and mitigate the consequences of social inequality, create decent living conditions for the poor and low-income, old people and disabled people, etc.
In this direction, state policy in the field of science, education, and health care is of particular importance. In general, social policy performs the function of stabilizing society, preventing and overcoming social and political instability, which is crucial for the viability and effective functioning of society and the state. It is obvious that social policy covers a very wide range of issues relating to almost all spheres of public life and the vast majority of citizens of a given state.
In this area, the effectiveness of policies cannot and cannot be assessed by indicators of profitability and competitiveness.
In this regard, of no small importance is the existence of such spheres and institutions, the results of which cannot be measured in terms of material payback or non-payback, profitability and competitiveness of products, as is customary in the economic sphere. Here the criteria for ensuring social justice and spiritual health of society are of fundamental importance.
These are, in particular, the education and health systems, social help disabled population, basic science, maintaining the country's defense capability, maintaining law and order, etc. Of particular importance is the management of various kinds of conflicts that arise in society. Here the main goal is to prevent, neutralize, resolve, and resolve conflicts.
Interethnic relations are an independent object of state policy. They are of particular importance in multinational states. As is known, in modern world most countries are multinational. In conditions when the ethno-national factor came to the fore and became a catalyst for many contradictions and even armed conflicts, this problem is becoming increasingly important.
State policy in this direction is designed to ensure legal, social, cultural, political regulation interethnic relations. It is important to take into account that the state has a special responsibility for protecting and ensuring the interests of the rights and freedoms not only of an individual person or citizen, but also of ethno-national, religious, cultural and other minorities, regardless of their social status, race, nationality, religion.
An important part of domestic policy is the policy aimed at protecting and improving environment, or environmental policy. It aims at rational use and renewal natural resources, preservation and development of the bio- and sociosphere, ensuring normal life activity and environmental safety person.
Military policy is part general policy state, serving to ensure national security countries from external and internal threats, protection and implementation of national interests, territorial integrity and sovereignty, etc. Here, the main goal of state policy is to develop and implement measures to strengthen the country's defense capability, primarily by maintaining at the proper level and, if necessary, increasing the armed forces.
The rights and freedoms of man and citizen are the highest value, which is entrusted to the state, and the state, through its functions, is obliged to ensure the protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens and the safe existence of society. The importance of this function of the state is evidenced by the fact that it is enshrined in Art. 2 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. In this domain key role belongs to the law enforcement system: police, prosecutor's office, judicial system.
The law enforcement system is a set of state legal means, methods and guarantees that ensure the protection of a person from illegal actions on the part of other citizens or representatives of the state. Its task is to implement measures to prevent violations social connections and relations, protection of public order, rights and legitimate interests citizens, their collectives and organizations, reproduction and strengthening of the entire complex of institutions and relations of civil society. In this context, the effectiveness of state policy in the law enforcement sphere is determined by the degree of minimization of coercion and the activation of means directly related to the encouragement of positive legal behavior of citizens, their compliance with existing laws and regulations.
Of course, the internal policy of the state is by no means limited to these areas, but they can be called key, from effective solution which determine the condition, well-being and prospects of society and the state. In general, it can be said that the internal policy of the state plays a decisive role in the creation and protection of social and economic infrastructure, the protection of all institutions of civil society and ensuring proper conditions for their viability and effective functioning.
3. The essence of internal and foreign policy states.
Connected by one chain.
Let us dwell in more detail on the domestic and foreign policies of the state.
DOMESTIC POLITICS - a set of areas of economic, demographic, social integration, socio-cultural, repressive, etc. activities of the state, its structures and institutions aimed at preserving or reforming the existing socio-political system. In the implementation of domestic policy goals. the state uses a wide range of means: consolidating existing property relations or transforming them on its territory; tax levers and benefits; creation of socially prestigious and socially non-prestigious social statuses by economic, propaganda, ideological and repressive means; regulation of employment by creating jobs in the public sector of the economy; directed organization of social education, general and special education; events in the field of health and sports; organization of investigative, judicial and penitentiary system; regulation of the readaptation service for persons observed in deviant behavior, etc. The foundation of domestic policy. is the correlation of socio-economic structures that has developed at a given stage of development of society, and the resulting correlation of the dominant classes and other social groups in society, which determines the priority of goals, the choice of methods and means, and the degree of satisfaction with the intermediate results of internal political development.
FOREIGN POLICY - the activities of the state in the international arena, regulating relations with other entities foreign policy activities: states, foreign parties and others public organizations, world and regional international organizations. Foreign policy is based on the economic, demographic, military, scientific, technical and cultural potential of the state; the combination of the latter determines the foreign policy capabilities of the state in certain areas, the hierarchy of priorities in setting and implementing foreign policy goals. The form of traditional implementation of foreign policy is the establishment diplomatic relations(or a decrease in their level, suspension, rupture and even a declaration of war when relations with the former partners) between states; opening of state representations at world and regional international organizations or state membership in them; cooperation with state-friendly foreign political parties and other public organizations; implementation and maintenance at different levels episodic and regular contacts with representatives of states, foreign parties and movements with which a given state does not have diplomatic relations or friendly ties, but is interested in dialogue with them for one reason or another. The presence of stable channels of communication with foreign partners allows the state to diversify the combination of methods and means of foreign policy activities: regular exchange of information, exchange of visits at different levels; preparation and conclusion of bilateral and multilateral treaties and agreements on a wide range of issues, including treaties and agreements of a confidential and secret nature; promoting the development of opportunities for the domestic and foreign policy activities of some states and blocking similar opportunities for others (in one direction or another); preparation and implementation of partial or complete blockade; preparation for war and ensuring favorable conditions for conducting military operations, etc.
In general, the foreign policy course of a given state is determined by the character, class nature of its domestic policy. At the same time, the foreign policy situation significantly influences domestic policy. Ultimately, both foreign and domestic policies solve one problem - to ensure the preservation and strengthening of the existing given state systems public relations. But within the framework of this fundamental community, each of the two main policy directions has its own important specifics. Methods for solving internal political problems are determined by the fact that the state - even with pronounced opposition - has a monopoly on political power in given society. And on the international stage single center there is no power, there are states that are, in principle, equal in rights and relations between them are formed as a result of struggle and negotiations, various kinds of agreements and compromises.
4. Subjects and objects of policy, characteristics of functional components of policy. Subjective about objective.
Politics as a social activity is aimed at gaining, retaining and realizing power, and is associated with relationships between people. Therefore, the objects and subjects of politics are people with their own experience, needs, interests, ideals and value orientations.
In the political practice of the authoritarian-bureaucratic system, the individual was not recognized as an independent and free subject of political action. In the role political subjects could only perform masses, classes, parties. The individual had the right to participate in political life only as a member of an official structure with strict regulation political function. Such a stereotype political behavior was implanted by all institutions of political socialization, starting with school politicized organizations: Pioneer, Komsomol, ending with the party.
Alienated from politics soviet man was shaped by the system in such a way that it was not ready for the changes that began in the country in 1985 and were associated with the hope for the democratization of society, its renewal, and a way out of the state of stagnation. People are not accustomed to the situation of choice, diversity of interests, and multiple solutions. The state decided a lot for them: it provided them with wages, work, housing, education, etc., taking away in return the opportunity to independently establish themselves in life. The habit of living under a strict regime with a certain level of social security atrophied the sense of freedom for many and gave rise to a readiness for voluntary slavery. The passivity and apoliticality that have spread in society indicate that the personal level of democratization in society remains low and does not meet the requirements of the time. The problem of the individual as a subject of political activity is becoming increasingly relevant.
In political science, a political subject is understood as a bearer of subject-matter practical activities, a source of activity directed towards an object. In politics, subject and object are divided into individual and group: person, collective, social group, organization, class, state, society. They are interconnected and interdependent, capable of changing places. In relation to politics, a person can be both an object and a subject. The problem of the individual as a subject of politics is to determine the possibility and degree of its influence on political power, as well as the possibility of achieving power and methods of its implementation.
The measure of a person’s political subjectivity is his political activity, participation in political life. It is amenable to quantitative measurements, therefore it is studied using sociological methods. For example, in recent years, public opinion polls on current political events have become widespread in our country, the results of which give an idea of the degree of politicization of the masses and their readiness for certain political actions. Participation in political life is the norm of democracy. The personality becomes a true subject political relations only in democratic society, where a person is given wide political rights and opportunities to satisfy their political needs, for full-fledged political activity.
The conditions for the formation of an individual as a political subject also include: development political consciousness, level of education, culture, political thinking, collective activity, etc.
But the term " political process"is often used not only by researchers; it is also used in the media and in everyday speech. In Russia, the political process is often understood as a series of events in political life associated with the use of the judicial and punitive apparatus by the authorities. This is due to the fact that in everyday consciousness this phrase has long been associated with Stalinist political trials, with show trials of dissidents, with repressions in Hitler's Germany and so on. When describing such phenomena, political scientists also use this expression, but in political science The concept of political process is used, as a rule, to designate one of the basic categories of political analysis.
The activities of political institutions, citizens, interested groups (subjects or actors), associated with the implementation of power interests, form political reality. In the process of activity, subjects interact with each other.
Sometimes the interactions of political subjects can be purely random, sometimes natural. As a result of performing such “expected” actions, stable connections and relationships are created, rules, norms, organizations, etc. arise, that is, they are created and reproduced political institutions. The actions and interactions of political subjects are carried out in time and space - as a result, an ordered sequence of actions and interactions appears that has a certain meaning. This sequence can be designated by the term “political process”.
Therefore, the political process can be defined as an ordered sequence of actions and interactions of political subjects associated with the implementation of power interests and goal achievement and, as a rule, creating and recreating political institutions. The political process is the unfolding of policy in time and space in the form of an ordered sequence of actions and interactions.
In political science, there are different points of view on what the political process is. Thus, some researchers believe that the concept of a political process can have two meanings depending on what level of policy deployment we are talking about - the micro level, that is, directly observable activity or even individual actions of individuals, or the macro level, that is, the phases of functioning institutions, for example, parties, states, etc. In the first case, the political process is understood as a certain resultant activity of socio-political subjects. In the second case, the political process is defined as a cycle of political changes, a consistent change in the states of the political system.”
Conclusions regarding the nature and content of the political process are made on the basis of who researchers or analysts choose as the main subjects of interaction, what the nature of the interaction of these subjects is, and also on the basis of what time unit is taken as the basis for measuring this process. It also matters whether the influence of the environment on the interaction of political subjects is taken into account, and if so, which one (social, cultural, economic, political) and how.
Thus, the political process is a dynamic characteristic of politics.
Mastery of opportunities for political action; b) the ability to guess, grope, catch the right way actions; c) the ability to maneuver and find ways to compromise. Politics as an art presupposes the timely detection of contradictions and finding the most effective ways their permissions. Quick response to change political situation, Adoption...
Benefits for doing work. 6) Catholic ( Latin America). 7) Paternalistic). 8) Nordic. 9) Anglo-Saxon. 12. Forms and methods social work. SR ( International Federation social workers) – the totality of activities of professional or non-professional social workers, the result of which is: ensuring every person's social well-being and...
Functions. For politics, these functions are the implementation of relations of power/subordination, maintaining order, managing social processes, streamlining social interactions. Defining policy as social institution focuses on the sustainability of policy, this definition allows us to understand why policy arose, and why the need for it is constant, constantly renewed...
Data collection and processing, information analysis techniques. There is a need for theoretical scientific understanding of accumulated practice. 3 The English scientific school of political arithmeticians At the origins of statistics as a science, and not just a practical activity, there were two schools: the English scientific school of political arithmeticians and the German descriptive school. English scientific school of political...
Domestic policy
Domestic policy
a set of activities of the state, its structures and institutions for the organizational, concrete and substantive expression of the interests of the people in order to create conditions for normal human life; maintaining or reforming existing public and political system. The areas of domestic policy are diverse: economic, demographic, cultural, agricultural, social, etc. One of these areas is political. Domestic policy in political sphere is aimed at modernization, improvement of the political system of society, its individual institutions, political relations and relationships between institutions, rules, norms, laws governing these interactions, and in general, the creation of a stable, effective policy. This policy is based on real human interests, fundamental constitutional principles: the exercise of human rights and freedoms should not violate the rights and freedoms of others; the rights and freedoms of man and citizen are directly applicable; everyone is equal before the law and court; the state guarantees equality of rights and freedoms of man and citizen, regardless of gender, race, nationality, language, origin, property and official status, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, membership of public associations, as well as other circumstances; the dignity of the individual is protected by the state; citizens have the right to participate in the management of state affairs, both directly and through their representatives; elect and be elected to government bodies and local government, participate in a referendum, etc. The internal policy of the state achieves success when its goals, methods and achievements are understandable, clear and approved by the majority of the population. As time has shown, Russian domestic policy, especially at the initial stage of reform, was incomprehensible to the masses, as a result of which it not only did not achieve the planned results, but the idea of the harmfulness of democratic reforms and their anti-human orientation was strengthened in people’s minds. Therefore, the internal policies of many institutions of state power are alienated by people and assessed negatively. The activities of people and the activities of institutions in different spheres of domestic policy are organically interconnected, and only their unity is the key to its effectiveness.
Shpak V.Yu.
Political science. Dictionary. - M: RSU. V.N. Konovalov. 2010.
Domestic policy
activities of the state and its institutions, which are aimed at preserving or reforming the existing socio-political system.
Political Science: Dictionary-Reference Book. comp. Prof. Science Sanzharevsky I.I.. 2010 .
Political science. Dictionary. - RSU. V.N. Konovalov. 2010.
See what “Domestic Policy” is in other dictionaries:
This page needs significant revision. It may need to be Wikified, expanded, or rewritten. Explanation of reasons and discussion on the Wikipedia page: For improvement / December 9, 2012. Date of setting for improvement December 9, 2012 ... Wikipedia
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INTERNAL POLITICS- - the sphere of relations between political subjects (classes, etc. social groups, in batches, social movements etc.), the core of which is the conquest, retention and use of power. V. p. is carried out by power structures... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy
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Books
- Domestic policy of Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740), N. N. Petrukhintsev. The monograph examines the process of formation of INTERNAL POLITICS DURING THE REIGN OF ANNA IOANNOVNA (1730-1740) and analyzes the largest internal political actions of Anna’s…
Politics is the purposeful activity of the state to solve public problems, set and implement generally significant goals for the development of society or its individual spheres. At the same time, policy is also a means that allows the state to achieve certain goals in a specific area.
There are many classifications of policies. According to the criterion of directionality, they distinguish, as you know, internal
internal and external politics. Domestic policy is related to solving problems within the country, and foreign policy is related to solving problems in the international arena. Depending on what sphere of social life is affected, the following are distinguished: directions of domestic policy: eco-comic, social, state-legal, cultural. Sometimes cultural policy is considered as a component social policy. Each of the areas of domestic policy is divided, in turn, according to industry. So, economic policy includes industrial, agricultural, tax, monetary, etc. policies.
Social politics represented by health policy, demographic, national, youth policy, etc. Components public policy are legislative, administrative, judicial, personnel, legal policies. Cultural policy- this is a policy in the field of education, cinema, theater, etc. Based on the completeness of coverage and impact on society, the following types of policies are distinguished: scientific and technical, environmental, information. They permeate all spheres of public life and therefore do not belong to any of them. Policy directions have their own structure and objects of influence. For example, agricultural policy includes the following elements: agricultural policy, agro-industrial policy, foreign agricultural policy. The objects of agricultural policy are agro-industrial associations, farms, etc.
Foreign policy also has areas: defense, foreign (between individuals and legal entities of different states), foreign economics, etc.
Structural detailing of state policy allows for more targeted implementation of programs and projects in a specific area.
According to the criterion of longevity there are strategic and tactical (current) policy. Strategic policy by time interval can be long-term (10-15 years), medium-term (3-5 years) and short-term (1.5-2 years). Tactical policy is an activity aimed at achieving the intended strategic goals.
In the modern world, domestic politics has a great influence external factor- international politics.
The process of development of public policy includes four main stages, representing a unique political cycle: identification of public problems and policy goals; development (formation) of policy; implementation
creation of public policy; assessment of the results of public policy.
At the first stage socially significant problems and their causes are identified. For example, the deterioration of the demographic situation in Russia is associated with two factors: low fertility and high mortality, which, in turn, depend on other factors (remember the facts you know). To develop policy in this area, it is necessary to understand the main reasons for this situation: the ineffectiveness of domestic healthcare, poverty, poor ecology, the growth of alcoholism, drug addiction, etc.
Second phase. Based on the analysis, goals (tasks) are determined. Thus, in the given example of a demographic situation, policy objectives are aimed at eliminating these causes. A hierarchy of goals is built in each area of public life. State institutions play a certain role in this process. For example, the general strategy of foreign and domestic policy is determined by the President of the Russian Federation. He also sets common goals for federal authorities executive power, which is reflected in his annual Message Federal Assembly Russian Federation on the situation in the country and the main directions of the state’s domestic and foreign policy. The Government of the Russian Federation determines general specific goals, as well as a state policy strategy in individual areas. The main document of the Government is the medium-term program for the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation. Parliament also takes part in policy formation by discussing current issues, during the adoption of the budget, and legislative acts related to individual areas of public policy. The complexity of social problems leads to the fact that when developing policies, public authorities (political leaders) resort to the help of not only professional officials (experts, analysts, speech writers, etc.), but also special research organizations - “think tanks” aimed at developing new ideas, approaches or programs.
Third stage. With acceptance government programs The policy development phase ends and the implementation phase begins. Here the executive authorities, primarily ministries, services and agencies, come to the fore. Their work is coordinated by the Government of the Russian Federation and the President of the Russian Federation. Federal ministries adopt by-laws (directives, orders, regulations, etc.). Federal services exercise control and supervision over their implementation. They are also involved in issuing permits
tions (licenses) to carry out certain types of activities legal entities and citizens, register acts and documents. Federal agencies exercise the powers of owners in relation to state property, provide services to other federal bodies (for example, in the development of standards), legal entities, and citizens. Providing quality services to the population is one of the pressing problems government controlled in all countries, including Russia. The main thing in the provision of services is continuous service and speed of response to the needs of the population. Disruptions in the work of transport, criminal police, housing and communal services, etc. are unacceptable. Currently, many states are guided in their work by the list basic services, adopted in the European Union countries. It provides, for example, For citizens, payments from the social insurance fund (student scholarships, family benefits, etc.), actions in response to applications for assistance (in particular, theft, car theft), issuance of documents (passports, driver's licenses), civil registration. Public services for business include registration of new companies, etc.
In general, the policy implementation stage is a system of results-oriented activities, which is reflected in the work plans of ministries. They think through in advance a program of action to implement the assigned tasks: goals of activity, main performers, standards of implementation ( technical specifications), resource allocation, standards and performance criteria. When executing plans, they are used various methods, first of all legal. Social-psychological (persuasion, agreements) and administrative (control, restrictions, quotas) methods are also widely used. Economic (taxes, tariffs, subsidies) and organizational methods acquired greater importance. For example, to identify suppliers of goods or performers of works and services, open competitions are held to help improve government orders.
At the fourth stage the results and consequences of government policy are analyzed. A final assessment is given of the ongoing policy (program), work government agencies. Thus, the activities of UK ministries are assessed on the basis of a unified methodology in the following areas: efficiency, effectiveness and economy. In the USA, it is recommended to evaluate the work of the city administration according to such indicators as the implementation of planned goals, unplanned effects, volume of services, time to complete the work, and the degree of satisfaction of the population.
It should be noted that public policy is greatly influenced by various groups interests, including lobbying groups, whose activities will be disclosed in subsequent paragraphs.
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Each of the directions (traditionalism, political idealism, Marxism - and such modern varieties as neorealism and neo-Marxism, theories of dependence and interdependence, structuralism and transnationalism) proceeds in its interpretation of the problem under consideration from its own ideas about the sources and driving forces of politics. So, for example, for supporters of political realism, foreign and domestic policies, although they have a single essence - which, in their opinion, ultimately comes down to the struggle for power - nevertheless constitute fundamentally different areas government activities. According to G. Morgenthau, many of whose theoretical positions remain popular today, foreign policy is determined by national interests. National interests are objective, since they are associated with unchanging human nature, geographical conditions, sociocultural and historical traditions of the people. They have two components: one constant - this is the imperative of survival, the immutable law of nature; another variable which is specific form, which these interests take in time and space. The definition of this form belongs to the state, which has a monopoly on communication with outside world. The basis of national interest, reflecting the language of the people, their culture, natural conditions its existence, etc., remains constant. Therefore, the internal factors of the country’s life (political regime, public opinion etc.), which can and do change depending on various circumstances, are not considered by realists as capable of influencing the nature of national interest: in particular, national interest is not related to the character political regime. Accordingly, domestic and foreign policy have significant autonomy in relation to each other.
From the point of view of representatives of a number of other theoretical directions and schools, domestic and foreign policies are not only related to each other, but this connection is of a deterministic nature. There are two versions of this determinism. One of them is characteristic of orthodox Marxism, from the standpoint of which foreign policy is a reflection of the class essence of the domestic political regime and ultimately depends on those who determine this essence economic relations society. Hence international relationships in general, they are of a “secondary” and “tertiary”, “transferred” nature. Another version of determinism is held by supporters geopolitical concepts, theories of the “rich North” and “poor South”, as well as neo-Marxist theories of dependence, “world center” and “world periphery”, etc. For them, in fact, the exclusive source of domestic politics is external coercion. So, for example, from the point of view of I. Wallerstein, in order to understand internal contradictions and political struggle in a particular state, it must be considered in a broader context: the context of the integrity of the world, which is a global empire based on laws capitalist way production - "world-economy". "Center of the Empire" - small group economically developed states - consuming the resources of the “world periphery”, is a producer of industrial products and consumer goods necessary for the existence of the underdeveloped countries that make up it. Thus, we are talking about the existence of relations of asymmetrical interdependence between the “center” and the “periphery,” which is the main field of their foreign policy struggle. The developed countries are interested in maintaining this state (which, in essence, is a state of dependence), while the countries of the “periphery,” on the contrary, strive to change it, to establish a new world economic order. Ultimately, the main interests of both lie in the sphere of foreign policy, on the success of which their internal well-being depends. Meaning internal political processes, the struggle of parties and movements within a particular country, is determined by the role that they are able to play in the context of the “world-economy”.
Another version of determinism is characteristic of representatives of such theoretical trends in international political theory as neorealism and structuralism (acquiring relatively independent significance). For them, foreign policy is a continuation of domestic policy, and international relations are a continuation of intra-society relations. However, in their opinion, the decisive role in determining foreign policy is played not by national interests, but by internal dynamics international system. At the same time, the changing structure of the international system is of main importance: being ultimately an indirect result of the behavior of states, as well as a consequence of their very nature and the relations established between them, it at the same time dictates its laws to them. Thus, the issue of determinism in the interaction of the state’s domestic and foreign policies is ultimately resolved in favor of foreign policy
Concluding our consideration of the problem of the relationship between domestic and foreign policy, we can draw the following conclusions.
First, deterministic explanations of the relationship between domestic and foreign policy are unfruitful. Each of them - whether we are talking about the “primacy” of domestic policy in relation to foreign policy or vice versa - reflects only part of the truth and therefore cannot claim universality.
Secondly, in modern conditions this connection becomes so close that sometimes the very use of the terms “domestic” and “foreign policy” loses its meaning, leaving the possibility of ideas about the existence of two separate areas, between which there are impassable borders, while in reality, we are talking about their constant mutual interweaving and “flowing” into each other.
Thirdly, the growth in the number of actors “outside sovereignty” does not mean that the state as an institution of political organization of people has already lost its role or will lose it in the foreseeable future. In turn, it follows that domestic and foreign policy remain two inextricably linked and at the same time irreducible “sides of the same coin” to each other: one of them is turned inside the state, the other - outside it.
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