Wide use of socio-political vocabulary. Various groups and segments of the population

26.08.2019

The content of a political speech predetermines the use of a special group of words in it (as well as phraseological units, compound names) - political vocabulary(parliament, deputy, head of administration, voting, voter, mayor, opposition, decree, etc.). It is necessary to distinguish between political vocabulary and political science terminology. Political science terminology, like any terminology, is fully known only to specialists; it does not belong to commonly used vocabulary and is used only in scientific and other texts aimed at specialists. Political vocabulary is a thematic combination of commonly used words that should be understandable to everyone (the absolute majority of citizens).

Political vocabulary is constantly enriched by political science terminology: for example, a decade and a half ago, words and compound names such as consensus, subject of the Federation, impeachment were understandable only to specialists, but now they have become generally known, that is, the term has become despecialized. On the other hand, many commonly used Soviet era words and expressions (executive committee, councils, party committee, drummer of communist labor) are already turning into special terms of political history. At the same time, some words that in the Soviet era seemed associated only with the distant past of our country or with the political system of other countries (governor, State Duma, department, mayor) have become relevant again. Therefore, the boundaries between political vocabulary and political science terminology, between political neologisms and political archaisms are quite arbitrary: we are not always able to accurately determine the line at which a word becomes commonly used or ceases to be so, turns into an archaism, or again turns out to be completely modern.

In political speech, a particular word can acquire special semantic connotations; Often the leading, main (least dependent on the context, most frequent) meaning is the one that is marked in dictionaries as secondary or not recorded at all. For example, in modern Russian political speech, an agrarian is primarily a member of the agrarian faction in the State Duma (or a supporter of this faction), and not a “specialist on the agrarian issue” (this meaning is presented as the only one in the four-volume academic “Dictionary of the Russian Language” in 1981 ). The words right and left in modern political texts primarily characterize Political Views, and supporters of a market liberal economy during the period of “perestroika” were considered leftists, and in last decade of the last century they began to be called right-wing; Accordingly, their political antipodes - adherents of communist ideology - were first called right in our country, but over time, in accordance with international practice, they began to be called left. Another example is the adjectives red, brown, pink and green, which in modern Russian political discourse usually characterize a person's political beliefs, rather than their preferred color. Accordingly, during the Civil War in Russia, the main “color” opposition was the opposition between whites and reds.

IN totalitarian states Often attempts are made to directly or indirectly regulate the use of certain words and expressions. For example, in the Russian-Soviet language, the political allies of the USSR were called countries of people's democracy, states of the world socialist system, or socialist commonwealth (there were some semantic differences between these designations). Such word usage is often interpreted as a manifestation of “newspeak”, a means of creating some kind of illusory reality (according to George Orwell). However, if desired, elements of “newspeak” can also be found in countries considered to be models of democracy.

The concept of new socio-political vocabulary

New vocabulary (neologisms) appears in the language to designate some new concept or phenomenon. Examples of neologisms of the twentieth century include the words junior, performance, PR, marketing, management, etc.

Most neologisms are associated with the development of science, technology, culture, economics, and industrial relations. Many of these words become firmly established in life, lose their novelty and become part of the active vocabulary. For example, in the 50-70s, a large number of terms related to the development of astronautics appeared: cosmonaut, cosmodrome, cosmovision, telemetry, spaceship, etc.; Most of these words, due to their relevance, very quickly became commonly used and entered the active vocabulary.

Classification of new socio-political vocabulary by areas of use

Socio-political vocabulary was previously defined as a group of words characteristic of periodicals and a functional journalistic style.

We can distinguish two main types of borrowed words based on the time of borrowing. The first type is relatively old borrowing, updated in recent years in connection with changes in the political and economic system of Russia. The second type is new borrowings made directly in recent years.

A typical example of the first type is, for example, the word “president”. Let us remember that M. S. Gorbachev, back at the Congress of People’s Deputies, corrected one of the speakers who addressed him with the words “Mr. President,” calling for accuracy and explaining that “president” is a different position, a different reality, etc. . The borrowed word “president” was relevant, while the name of foreign political and social realities (for example: “President of the USA”, “President of France”). Since then, the situation has changed, and extralinguistic factors have made the word “president” relevant for Russia (“President Russian Federation", "President of Tatarstan", etc.). The words mayor (French maire), prefect (Latin praefectus - chief), prefecture, municipality have the same fate. If in the early eighties of the twentieth century the chairman of the city executive committee, for example, and were called mayor in private conversations, today the word mayor has become the official title of the head executive power in some cities of Russia (“mayor of Moscow”, “mayor’s office of Moscow”). However, in some places the word mayor has retained its slang connotation: in some Russian cities the head of the city executive authority bears the title of “head of the city”, “chairman of the city government”, etc., but local media often call him mayor, either setting the fashion or or, on the contrary, following the already established one. The same applies, for example, to the word municipality, which is often used in the sense of “executive body of the city level,” although officially these bodies, as a rule, have other names: “administration of the head of the city,” “mayor’s office,” “city government,” "city administration" (for an example of such use of the word "municipality" see // "Evening Stavropol", No. 35, February 23, 2001).

Borrowings that were made long before the October Revolution and that lost their relevance with the establishment of Soviet power have now become relevant again. Such, for example, is the word governor (Latin gubernator - helmsman, ruler), which not only regained its relevance, but also acquired a new relevant compatibility: governor of the Stavropol Territory, for example.

The borrowed word oligarch (from the gr. oligarchia - power of the few), already familiar, is now very often mentioned in the media and in the speeches of public politicians to the Soviet people from history books ancient world(cf. Spartan oligarchic union) and the works of the classics of Marxism-Leninism (cf. financial oligarchy). Today this is the name given to large domestic capitalists who have great personal influence on the political process. As a rule, oligarchs are primarily the owners of majority stakes in large media outlets.

Some borrowings that were previously known only to specialists and recorded in dictionaries as relating to “bourgeois” law and “bourgeois” reality, but which became widespread in the Russian language in the last decade of the twentieth century due to their actualization for Russian reality, are also perceived as new by the mass consciousness today. the concepts they denote.

These are the words legitimate (Latin legitimus - legal; for example: “Was the dissolution of the CPSU constitutional? No, but it was legitimate..." // New Time, No. 40, 1993, p. 11), electorate (Latin . elector - choosing; for example: “He has a strong electorate” (about Cherepkov) // TVNZ, April 28, 2001, p. 5) etc.

Speaking about socio-political vocabulary today, we can divide it into the following groups according to the spheres of human activity from which certain words are taken into political speech, according to the areas of primary use:

Economic terms used in the socio-political discourse of the media

Religious terms used in the socio-political discourse of the media

Let us consider the selected types of socio-political vocabulary using specific examples.

The words of the actual political discourse:

Nomenclature names of persons:

- President ("...the acting president's rating is consistently high and is now at the level of 48-52 percent..."; // "Stavropolskaya Pravda", 03/07/2000);

Terminology of electoral and related technologies (political marketing, etc.):

- to run ("... V. Putin, running for president..."; Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 06/23/2000; from "to run", French ballotter, - to decide the issue of someone's election by casting votes; initially - by lowering in an urn of balls called points);
- impeachment ("...to put on the agenda the issue of impeachment of the president..."; // Komsomolskaya Pravda, 04/28/2001; impeachment is the early termination of the powers of the highest state elected official);
- inauguration (“After his inauguration...”; “Rossiyskaya Gazeta”, 06/23/2000; inauguration - ceremonial assumption of office);
- lobbyists (“Representatives of political parties and various kinds of lobbyists have already actively rushed to conquer the upper house of parliament...”; “Stavropolskaya Pravda”, 01/27/2001);
- rating ("...the rating of the acting president is consistently high and is now at the level of 48-52 percent..."; "Stavropolskaya Pravda", 03/07/2000);
- referendum ("...referendum on trust..."; "New Time", No. 40, 1993);

Names of political parties, movements, ideological currents and their members (participants):

- national-separatist ("...one of the most obvious examples of the formation of national-separatist aspirations on the basis of a public organization can be the activities of the International Circassian Association..."; "Literary Gazette", April 28 - May 1, 2001);
- pluralists ("...what will our pluralists choose..."; "Literaturnaya Gazeta", April 28 - May 1, 2001);

Political jargon:

- clan-oligarchic system (“V. Putin received an obvious mandate to dismantle the clan-oligarchic system...”; “Rossiyskaya Gazeta”, 06/23/2000);
- mandate (“V. Putin received an obvious mandate to dismantle the clan-oligarchic system...”; “Rossiyskaya Gazeta”, 06/23/2000);
- oligarch (“Autumn of the Oligarch”; “Some observers have already called the RSPP “a trade union of oligarchs”; The New York Times fears that, having been burned by Gusinsky, Putin has not forgotten his promise to destroy the Russian oligarchs “as a class”; “ Rossiyskaya Gazeta", 06/23/2000);
- parliament (“Representatives of political parties and various kinds of lobbyists have already actively rushed to conquer the upper house of parliament..”; “Stavropolskaya Pravda”, 01/27/2001; unofficial);
- Prime Minister (“If Putin had hired Primakov as prime minister and given him carte blanche...”; // Komsomolskaya Pravda, 04/28/2001; unofficial);
- speaker (// "Komsomolskaya Pravda", 04/28/2001; unofficial);
- tricolor (“If we are to be objective, then for seven years – from 1993 to 2000 – the tricolor, the double-headed eagle and Glinka’s “Patriotic Song” were against the Constitution”; Literaturnaya Gazeta, April 28 - May 1, 2001; tricolor - slang name for the tricolor Russian flag);

Among these words there are words that are quite old borrowings, but were updated in the last decade of the twentieth century and acquired new meanings or shades of meaning. The word oligarch, for example, means a representative of big capital who has a serious influence on the government, politics and economy of the country. Previously, this word was not used outside of works on the history of the ancient world, where it denoted each of the co-rulers of ancient Sparta individually. Let us assume that the word oligarch, used in recent years in the press (for example: “The Communist Party of the Russian Federation spoke on behalf not so much of representatives of communist ideology, but of the electorate protesting against the dominance of the oligarchs...”; “Rossiyskaya Gazeta”, 06/23/2000), strictly speaking , is not the result of development additional value the word oligarch means a Spartan ruler, and is derived from the word oligarchy in the phrase financial oligarchy - the political and economic domination of a handful of exploitative financiers. This phrase was present in almost every Soviet textbook on new history, the fundamentals of state and law, political economy, but there was no need to allocate a special word to designate an individual representative of the financial oligarchy. We admit that this word could have appeared in some special works, but it was not a fact public consciousness. In the last decade of the twentieth century, the existence of such individual representatives of the domestic financial oligarchy became a significant and noticeable fact for Russia and was immediately reflected in the language, primarily in the language of the press.

The situation is similar with the word electorate (the people as electors). This lexeme is not recorded in the old Soviet dictionaries of foreign words, although the words elektor (elector) and electoral (elected, electoral) are already present in the 1949 dictionary of Lekhin and Petrov. It is easy to assume that in some special works the word electorate, which has the same root as the words elector and electoral, was encountered even then, but the absolute fact remains that it entered the active vocabulary of literate Russian-speaking people precisely in the nineties of the twentieth century, when they began to conduct real elections and the electoral function of the population have become truly relevant. An example of a specific use of the word “electoral”: “One of the main ratings is electoral; the situation is worse with electoral anti-rating...”; // "Komsomolskaya Pravda", 04/28/2001).

It was in connection with the replacement of fictitious Soviet elections with a real electoral system, with the establishment of democracy in Russia, that the words run for office, rating, and populism were updated and acquired new meanings, shades of meaning and new compatibility. IN Soviet time it was unthinkable to talk about the rating of this or that politician, because... Soviet politicians and political figures of “fraternal” countries were revered almost as saints, and a saint cannot have a rating, while bourgeois politicians were perceived as enemies, which also did not imply that they had a rating. Current public competition Russian politicians and their dependence on voters (electorate) made possible combination the words rating with the names of specific Russian politicians updated the word populism (“But he doesn’t need such populism...; about Putin; “Stavropolskaya Pravda”, 03/07/2000) and filled the word to stand (nominate oneself in elections) with real meaning.

The word “federal”, which had long been derived from the borrowed stem, also received a new meaning. The same can be said about the words region, regional. The federal-regional opposition replaced the former union-republican (local). The word federal was previously used primarily when talking about the United States of America (federal law, Federal Bureau of Investigation, etc.). Due to the new state structure In Russia, the word federal began to be used in relation to Russian realities (federal law, federal troops). The actualization of the word region occurred due to the need for a common short designation for territories (federal subjects) having different nomenclature names: republics, territories, regions, autonomous okrugs and so on.

The words legitimate and illegitimate were found in the works of Russian publicists at the beginning of the twentieth century, but after the establishment of Soviet power they became the property of only a narrow circle of specialists. At the end of the twentieth century, in connection with the revival of political processes in Russia, these words appeared on the pages of Russian periodicals. The literal meaning of the word legitimate is legal, but in recent years in the press it is more often used to mean “supported by the majority of the politically active population.” For example: “Was the dissolution of the CPSU constitutional? No, but it was legitimate...” (New Time, no. 40, 1993). If we adhere to the original meaning of the word legitimate, then it turns out that this statement contains an oxymoron.

The word separatists (supporters of the separation of a territory from the state to which this territory officially belongs) could previously only be used when talking about Punjab, Kashmir, Ulster or, for example, the “Shan State” in Myanmar. Events in Chechnya made this word one of the most used borrowed words in the Russian press of the nineties.

The word inauguration, denoting the official (often ceremonial) assumption of office by the head of state, is also new to socio-political vocabulary Russian media.

Economic terms used in the socio-political discourse of the media:

- business (“...account for the “game without rules” in big business...”; “Rossiyskaya Gazeta”, 06/23/2000);
- brand (“Recently, Putin’s name has become almost a trademark, a brand...”; “Stavropol Provincial Gazette”, No. 59-60, April 2001);
- voucher (“...the idea of a land certificate, a voucher of a special kind, has not spent the night here yet...”; “New Time”, No. 45, 1993);
- default ("...consequences of default..."; // "Komsomolskaya Pravda");
- dealer (“We are an official dealer...”; “Stavropol Business”, No. 7/291, 2001);
- investment ("...attract Western investment..."; Gazeta.Ru);
- inflation (“This component of inflation, of course, also occurs, but, in my opinion, the results of the ruble issue are much more significant...”; // “Literary Gazette”, April 28-May 1, 2001);
- commercialization (“Law enforcement agencies of the Novoaleksandrovsky district do not want to condone the commercialization of power...”; // “Stavropolskaya Pravda”, 06/16/2000);
- consulting ("...employees of a consulting company..."; // "Komsomolskaya Pravda", 04/26/2001);
- minority (majority) shareholder ("Association for the Protection of the Rights of Minority Shareholders..."; // "Komsomolskaya Pravda", 04/26/2001);
- market (“Not in every market you can buy everything you need...”; “Stavropol Business”, No. 7/291, 2001);
- margin lending (ibid.);
- privatization ("...total plunder of the people's property under the banner of "privatization"..."; "Rossiyskaya Gazeta", 06/23/2000);
- company (“I would become a teacher, a social studies teacher at school, or a political science teacher at a university. A manager in some company...”) (Zhirinovsky, in response to the question of what he would have become if he had not become a politician); "Rossiyskaya Gazeta", 06/23/2000);
- holding (“The Archelik company is the largest of those included in the Koch holding...”; // “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, 04/26/2001);
- emission ("...the results of the ruble emission are much more significant..."; // "Literary Gazette", April 28-May 1, 2001).

A special place among these terms is occupied by the words privatization (transfer to private ownership) and voucher (privatization check). The opposition press uses the first of them, as a rule, with the stable epithet predatory, and, interestingly, the loyal press often agrees with it on this, occasionally only replacing this epithet with clumsy, mediocre or wild.

Since August 1997, after a serious crisis of non-payments, the economic term default (from the English default - failure to fulfill obligations, especially monetary ones) has firmly entered the Russian language.

The terms investment, inflation, emission, business, firm, commercialization have long been present in the Russian language, but have been updated in the last decade.

Completely new to the Russian language is the word brand (from the English brand - brand, mark, factory mark) - trademark. The word brand is also used in political discourse. For example: “...Putin’s name has almost become a trademark, a brand...” (SGV)

Names of enterprises, organizations, trusts, associations of various forms of ownership, specializing in different areas of activity and management. For example: consulting, holding - these are new words for the Russian language that came from English. Consulting - consulting. Holding - leased land, ownership of shares.

The word dealer - commercial representative - is also new.

Technical terms that denote realities of great social significance:

The Internet is a global non-centralized computer information network, which has recently become a very important factor in social and political life.

Language development occurs with the help of vocabulary, which instantly responds to any changes occurring in public life, and is a special form of accumulation of social-cognitive experience and its transmission in the chain of generations. A native speaker functions in society with the help of language, and the life of society influences the language through a native speaker. OPL, which fully reflects the peculiarities of the state structure, the socio-political structure of society and its history, is “one of the main areas of maximum concentration of nationally colored vocabulary, reflecting the characteristics of the life of the people.” Political vocabulary is a thematic community of commonly used words that should be understandable to everyone (the absolute majority of citizens).

It is obvious that the lexical-semantic system of language is more influenced by social factors. For example, in the 90s of the twentieth century, according to researchers, the English language was replenished annually by 15,000-20,000 new units. But even during relatively stable periods in society, the political vocabulary is constantly evolving and updating.

A political text, first of all, expresses a certain point of view on any issue. He is urged to create a certain mood, to refute certain beliefs, to strengthen adherence to any principles, to break prejudice. In other words, “a political text is intended for agitation and propaganda impact on the audience.” The concept of OPL should be understood as the ideological part of the dictionary, which reflects the concepts of public, political and social life of society and is used in the media of mass (socio-political) communication. OPL, like other lexical-semantic categories, has its own features and characteristics. OPL reflects those concepts and phenomena of socio-political life (socialism, fascism, liberalism, conservatism) that for a certain time become socially significant and relevant.

Socio-political vocabulary directs representatives of society to discuss and solve government problems, to carry out various public functions. OPL is also included in everyday colloquial speech, thereby becoming an integral part of the actively used vocabulary of the modern language.

The sphere of use of OPL is the media, public speeches of politicians and public figures.

To summarize the above, we can name the following signs of OPL:

reflection of those concepts and phenomena of socio-political life that for a certain time become socially significant and actively discussed;

for the most part it is close and understandable to participants in all ongoing social phenomena;

has a social-evaluative nature;

is ideologically driven;

widely used in the media and journalism.

Socio-political vocabulary of the English language and features of its composition

The main semantic feature of OPL is the presence of the semantic component “political, social”. This approach is typical of the Western lexicographical tradition with a large set of political glossaries and dictionaries. Foreign linguists interpret political terminology as the language used by politicians both officially and behind the scenes in the process of communicating about politics. Determining the composition of OPL is very challenging task, because “The definition of the very concepts of “political, social” is complex and multifaceted. It is in this regard that linguists begin the analysis of the OPL by determining the meanings of the components this term. So, L.A. Muradova quite extensively characterizes the composition of the OPL, including lexical units from various fields public life, for example, from economics, diplomacy, culture, which characterize state policy in a particular area. “State policy is applicable to a large number of spheres of social life of society, because it affects all areas of human activity.” Muradova L.A. Semantic-functional characteristics of the socio-political vocabulary of the modern French language. - M.: Education, 1986. - P. 61.

However, at the same time, politics is a field of activity that is associated with relations between classes, nations, social groups. Its core is the problem of conquest, retention and use of state power, participation in state affairs. It can be noted that the core of the OPL is a very complex phenomenon, and the boundaries of the OPL are arbitrary, because language is living, moving matter. It is the OPL that quickly responds to changes occurring in the world. When translating it, not only traditional grammar is used, but also a large number of clichés.

The OPL consists of 4 zones: Zhdanova L.A. Socio-political vocabulary: Structure and dynamics: dissertation of a candidate of philological sciences: 10.02.01. - Moscow, 1996. - 224 p.

Zone 1 - OPL proper (OPL in the narrow sense). Actually, OPL is political vocabulary. This group includes direct nominations of persons, places, phenomena, structures that shape the political life of society.
Zone 2 - ideological vocabulary. The expression of a power relationship is associated with an evaluative meaning and a pragmatic component of meaning, designated as “engagement,” reflecting the attachment of the word to a specific historical era. Ideological vocabulary - marker political position speaker and ideological orientation of the text.
Zone 3 - thematic vocabulary. First of all, this vocabulary denotes the spheres and forms of manifestation of social life (army, economy, administrative sphere, foreign policy and etc.)
Zone 4 - non-specific OPL (so-called “peripheral” OPL). Such vocabulary describes power relations in general, regardless of the sphere of implementation, or a specific (but not state-political) sphere of implementation of power relations. Traditionally, this vocabulary is not included in the OPL. But semantics and the systematic correlation of non-literate OPL with socio-political life, including metaphorical transfers, branched relationships between all words denoting a power relationship, are the basis for considering this vocabulary within the framework of OPL.

It should be noted that the term “socio-political vocabulary” (SPL) is used by domestic linguistics to designate a set of lexical units that name the concepts and realities of socio-political life and are widely used in the media. Foreign science, in turn, operates with a different terminological apparatus:

“social life, political life, political discourse, political discourse analysis, political dictionary, language of politics, political language, political cognition, political communication, political opinion classification, political economy words, political quotations, political slang, dictionary of social sciences, political terms, social issues dictionary, social science terminology".

but never socio-political life or socio-political words/lexis. In the West, there is a tendency to distinguish between political and social spheres s, therefore, variants of social and political life/language/vocabulary/lexis are possible (cf. public life - is understood in English language in a different context). According to the definition in many English-language dictionaries, socio-political is understood as “relating to, associated with, or implying a combination of both social and political factors» URL: http://www.dictionary.com/browse/sociopolitical (access date: 04/28/2013).

Socio-political vocabulary can be divided into groups according to areas of use. Let's look at the types of socio-political vocabulary using specific examples.

I. Words of the actual political discourse:

1. Nomenclature names:

president (“The day before, the prime minister presented to the president proposals on the structure and personalities of the Cabinet...”; “Komsomolskaya Pravda” 05/17/2012);

Prime Minister (“The day before, the Prime Minister presented to the President proposals on the structure and personalities of the Cabinet...”; Komsomolskaya Pravda, 05/17/2012);

speaker (“The speaker also recalled that the nuclear energy development program until 2030 provides for the construction of 38 new power units in Russia...”; “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, 05/12/2012);

b) departments, bodies, etc.

parliament (“...in his address to parliament in 2011, Dmitry Medvedev also promised to submit a law for consideration by deputies...” “Rossiyskaya Gazeta” 04/11/2012);

c) territories

region (“Head of Karelia Andrei Nelidov, who led the region for less than two years, left his post”; “Gazeta.Ru”, 05/22/2012);

2. Terminology of electoral and related technologies (political marketing, etc.):

to run (“... only Khakamada, she suddenly decided to run for office in the Sverdlovsk region...”; “Literaturnaya Gazeta”, 12.12. 2011; from “to run”, French ballotter, - to decide the issue of someone’s election by casting votes; originally - by dropping balls called points into the urn);

impeachment (“...The State Duma is preparing an “impeachment” for the head of the Central Election Commission...”; “Rossiyskaya Gazeta”, 01/25/2012; impeachment is the early termination of the powers of the highest state elected official);

inauguration (“There were rumors that for Yeltsin’s inauguration one poet wrote something like a welcoming ode...”; Literaturnaya Gazeta, 08/10/2011; inauguration - ceremonial assumption of office);

lobbyists (“Lobbyists can be individuals or companies working on the basis of an agreement...”; Literaturnaya Gazeta, 12/27/2011);

populism (“Mironov’s words are populism and PR”; “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, 04/03/2011);

referendum (“...referendum on trust...”; “Rossiyskaya Gazeta”, 01/22/2011;

electoral (“... intra-elite conflicts, the activity of opponents and insufficient electoral controllability..."; "Gazeta.Ru", 05.22.2012);

electorate (“Are the electorate tired?”; Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 04/13/2012);

Names of political parties, movements, ideological movements and their members (participants):

national-separatist (“...one of the most obvious examples of the formation of national-separatist aspirations on the basis of a public organization can be the activities of the International Circassian Association...”; “Literary Gazette”, 12.12.2011);

pluralists (“...what will our pluralists choose...”; Literaturnaya Gazeta, 12.12.2011);

clan-oligarchic system (“Putin is the guarantor of the peace of the clan-oligarchic power nomenklatura...”; “Rossiyskaya Gazeta”, 06.23.2011);

mandate (“Former Chairman of the Federation Council Sergei Mironov finally received the long-awaited mandate of a State Duma deputy...”; “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, 06/08/2011);

oligarch (“Some observers have already called the RSPP “a trade union of oligarchs”; Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 06/23/2011);

tricolor (“Actually, all the main ideologies of the Russian population are expressed by the Russian “tricolor” ...”; Literaturnaya Gazeta, 04/19/2012; tricolor is a slang name for the tricolor Russian flag);

charisma (“...what kind of unique charisma a person should have in order to attract young people to himself...”; “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, 01/27/2001);

charismatic (“... Primorye residents, disillusioned with the long-term games of “charismatic leaders” ...”; “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, 03/28/2012);

II. Terms of law used in the socio-political discourse of the media:

1. The actual terms:

legitimate (“...The diploma of the press secretary of the Investigative Committee of Russia Vladimir Markin is recognized as legitimate...”; “Gazeta.Ru”, 01/10/12; the word “legitimate” literally means “legitimate”, but is used in the sense of “supported and understood the broad masses of the people");

federal (“Federal Law “On the Police” ...”; “Rossiyskaya Gazeta”, 08/27/2011);

extradite, extradition (“Ziyavudinov will be extradited to Russia...”; “Borodin was extradited to Switzerland”; “Gazeta.Ru”);

2. Legal jargon:

green card (“Spitting on the long-awaited green card (residence permit) that I just received...”; “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, 04/26/2001);

privacy (“...The famous “privacy”, the right to privacy and inviolability...”; “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, 04/26/2011);

Among these words there are words that are quite old borrowings, but were updated in the last decade of the twentieth century and acquired new meanings or shades of meaning. The word oligarch, for example, means a representative of big capital who has a serious influence on the government, politics and economy of the country. Previously, this word was not used outside of works on the history of the ancient world, where it denoted each of the co-rulers of ancient Sparta individually. Let us assume that the word “oligarch” has been used in recent years in the press (for example: “The Communist Party of the Russian Federation spoke on behalf not so much of representatives of communist ideology, but of the electorate protesting against the dominance of the oligarchs...”; “Rossiyskaya Gazeta”, 04.11.2011), strictly speaking, it is not the result of the development of an additional meaning for the word oligarch, meaning a Spartan ruler, but is derived from the word oligarchy in the phrase financial oligarchy - the political and economic domination of a handful of exploitative financiers. We admit that this word could have appeared in some special works, but it was not a fact of public consciousness. In the last decade of the twentieth century, the existence of such individual representatives of the domestic financial oligarchy became a significant and noticeable fact for Russia and was immediately reflected in the language, primarily in the language of the press.

It was in connection with the replacement of fictitious Soviet elections with a real electoral system, with the establishment of democracy in Russia, that the words run for office, rating, and populism were updated and acquired new meanings, shades of meaning and new compatibility. In Soviet times, it was unthinkable to talk about the rating of this or that politician, since Soviet politicians and political figures of “fraternal” countries were revered almost like saints, and a saint cannot have a rating, while bourgeois politicians were perceived as enemies, which also did not imply the presence they have a rating. The current public competitiveness of Russian politicians and their dependence on voters (electorate) have made it possible to combine the word rating with the names of specific Russian politicians, and have updated the word populism (“Mironov’s words are populism and PR”; “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, 04/03/2011); and filled the word to stand (nominate oneself in elections) with real meaning.

We have already spoken about the actualization of the word president above. The same applies to the word referendum (plebiscite, popular vote on any issue).

The words “prime minister” and “speaker” were also borrowed a long time ago, but they have become particularly widespread in the language of the press in recent years. Note that, unlike, for example, the word president, they did not become the official nomenclature names of Russian officials, but became, not least through the efforts of the press, elements of the so-called general jargon. The Prime Minister is the name given to the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. The word speaker is used to describe the heads of the chambers of the Federal Legislative Assembly(speaker of the upper house - about the chairman of the Federation Council).

Actually, the word parliament is also not a nomenclature name for the Russian legislative body, but is a generally accepted designation in the press and in everyday speech (in fact, slang).

The words lobbyist, lobby (from the English lobby - sidelines) have also been found in the Russian language for a long time, but, like those mentioned above, they were not previously relevant for Russian reality and were used only in scientific works and rare newspaper feuilletons about Western parliamentarism. Today, the lobby is as much a part of Russian reality as the parliament, and therefore the words lobby, lobbyists have become part of the active vocabulary of the media. Note that the meaning of this word has somewhat departed from its original meaning - agents of large banks and industrial monopolies, influencing parliamentarians behind the scenes. Today, the term lobby refers directly to deputies of the legislative body, secretly or openly representing (lobbying) the interests of a particular financial, industrial or national group.

The word “federal,” long ago derived from a borrowed stem, also received a new meaning. The same can be said about the words region, regional. The federal-regional opposition replaced the former union-republican (local). The word federal was previously used primarily when talking about the United States of America (federal law, Federal Bureau of Investigation, etc.). In connection with the new state structure of Russia, the word “federal” began to be used in relation to Russian realities (federal law, federal troops). The actualization of the word region occurred due to the need for a common short designation for territories (federal subjects) with different nomenclature names: republics, territories, regions, autonomous okrugs, etc.

The words charisma, impeachment, and tricolor are new to the language of Russian media.

Charisma is a gift from God, a spark from God, charm, the ability to lead, genius. A complex characteristic of a politician or religious leader, consisting of many personal qualities and PR techniques.

Impeachment is the “recall” of a senior official (president), forced resignation.

Tricolor (three-color) is the name of the tricolor white-blue-red Russian State Flag belonging to the general jargon.

Pluralism, pluralists are words recorded in Russian dictionaries for a long time, but defined as an idealistic philosophical movement (and its adherents, respectively), opposite to monism and allowing the existence in the world of several spiritual entities independent of each other. A new meaning - the presence of many equal opinions - was introduced into active circulation by M. S. Gorbachev.

The words “legitimate” and “illegitimate” were found in the works of Russian publicists at the beginning of the twentieth century, but after the establishment of Soviet power they became the property of only a narrow circle of specialists. At the end of the twentieth century, in connection with the revival of political processes in Russia, these words appeared on the pages of Russian periodicals. The literal meaning of the word “legitimate” is legal, but in recent years it has been more often used in the press to mean “supported by the majority of the politically active population.”

The word inauguration, denoting the official (often ceremonial) assumption of office by the head of state, is also new to the socio-political vocabulary of the Russian media.

Extradite, extradition (from ex - from, outside and traditio - transfer) - extradition foreign country person who has violated the laws of this state. A term of international law that became widely used in the Russian language (including in the language of the Russian press) only after the fall of the Iron Curtain, when Russian citizens were able to freely travel to foreign countries and conduct business outside their domestic jurisdiction.

Green card - residence permit in the USA. The word was borrowed in connection with the very high standard of living in the USA, the already mentioned American cultural expansion and, in connection with this, the problem of emigration to the USA, which is relevant for many Russian citizens (especially at the beginning of the period of interest to us).

Privacy is a term taken from English and American law, meaning the individual’s right to privacy and inviolability. Used in the media to shorten this concept.

Economic terms used in the socio-political discourse of the media.

business (“...Meeting of the President with representatives big business..."; "Rossiyskaya Gazeta", 04/25/2012);

brand (“Recently, Putin’s name has become almost a trademark, a brand...”; Rossiyskaya Gazeta, April 25, 2012);

voucher (“...the idea of a land certificate, a voucher of a special kind, has not spent the night here yet...”; “Rossiyskaya Gazeta”, 04/25/2012);

default (“...consequences of default...”; “Komsomolskaya Pravda”; 04/20/2011);

dealer (“We are the official dealer...”; “Gazeta.Ru”, 01/10/2012)

investment (“...attract Western investment...”; Gazeta.Ru, 01/10/2012);

inflation (“Today monetization is subject to manipulation, which causes inflation and imaginary wealth...”; “Gazeta.Ru”, 12.28.2011);

commercialization (“The Sabbath against the commercialization of education took place in St. Petersburg...”; “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, 04/27/2012);

consulting (“...employees of a consulting company...” “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, 04/27/2012);

minority (majority) shareholder (“...a minority shareholder has the right to appeal in court the decisions of management bodies, including those regarding the approval of major transactions...”; Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 06.28.11);

market (“Not in every market you can buy everything you need...”; “Rossiyskaya Gazeta”, 05/12/2012);

margin lending (ibid.);

privatization (“... total plunder of the people’s property under the banner of “privatization” ...”; “Rossiyskaya Gazeta”, 04/25/2012);

company (“I would become a teacher, a social studies teacher at school, or a political science teacher at a university. A manager in some company...” (Zhirinovsky, in response to the question of what he would have become if he had not become a politician); “Rossiyskaya Gazeta” , 06/23/2011);

holding (“AAR believes that due to BP’s actions, the Russian-British holding has lost the opportunity to work in the Arctic...”; “Gazeta.Ru”, 04/12/2011);

issue (“The issue of bonds is carried out in the form of separate issues by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation...”; “Rossiyskaya Gazeta”, 03/21/2012).

The terms investment, inflation, emission, business, firm, commercialization have long been present in the Russian language, but have been updated in the last decade.

Completely new to the Russian language is the word brand (from the English brand - brand, brand, factory mark) - trademark. The word brand is also used in political discourse.

The word dealer - commercial representative - is also new.

IV. Religious terms used in the socio-political discourse of the media:

Wakhi (slang abbreviated from Wahhabis; “And ten guys were captured by Wakhi..."; “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, 04/26/2011);

Taliban (“The UN asks the Taliban to conclude a truce with their opponents...”; “Gazeta.Ru”);

Wahhabis are an Islamic fundamentalist movement that played a significant role in the escalation of the armed conflict in the North Caucasus/

V. Ethnographic terms used in the socio-political discourse of the media:

teip (“Today, it seems, only the lazy don’t talk about Chechen and Ingush teips...”; “Gazeta.Ru”, 05/22/2012);

Turkmen-bashi (“Turkmen-bashi himself recently quit smoking at the insistence of cardiologists”; “Gazeta.Ru”);

Teip is a clan among the Chechens and Ingush. Unit of communal clan organization. Until recently, the word was used only in isolated ethnographic works. It appeared in the mass Russian periodical press for the first time after the election of Dzhokhar Dudayev to the post of president of the Chechen Republic. In connection with the notorious Chechen events, it has become quite firmly entrenched in the language of the Russian media.

VI. Technical terms that denote realities of great social significance:

Internet (“Russia has entered the top ten most developing countries in the world in terms of broadband Internet access...”; “Rossiyskaya Gazeta”, 12/01/2011);

The Internet is a global non-centralized computer information network, which has recently become a very important factor in social and political life.

VII. Philosophical, cultural, sociological, linguistic and psychological terms denoting realities of great social significance:

the establishment (“The Wall Street Journal” writes about “the moral depravity and general disrespect for the law of the Russian establishment”; “Rossiyskaya Gazeta”, 06/23/2009);

mentality (“...still a soviet mentality with its incurable atavisms”; “New Time”, no. 50, 1993);

psi factor (“Psi factor with stolen doses...”; “Rossiyskaya Gazeta”, 06/23/2011; psychol.);

populism (“But he doesn’t need such populism, says V. Gaevsky (about Putin)..."; “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, 03/07/2008);

teenager (“Dear teenagers, you are in terrible danger...”; “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, 04/22/2011).

The establishment is the elite, the educated and wealthy part of society, the high society.

Teenager - this word is usually translated as teenager. Why, in this case, it would seem, not to use the actual word teenager? Why is this borrowing necessary? There are two main reasons. The first is that the teenager is not a completely authentic translation English word teen-ager. Teen-ager, strictly speaking, is a person under twenty years of age, while teenagers are usually called young people under sixteen years of age. The second reason is American cultural expansion. Teenagers in the modern Russian linguistic consciousness are probably not just teenagers, but teenagers who cultivate some elements of the mass youth subculture that are common to American teenagers and have American roots.

Mentality is a term used in social psychology, political science and others social sciences. It entered the active vocabulary of Russian media and politicians in the late 80s - early 90s of the twentieth century and is used to this day. It means a set of certain patterns of thinking that are common to a particular social group (nation, adherents of a particular religious denomination, etc.).

Psi factor is a factor in the psychological state of people. Consists of the most different conditions. It is taken into account in election and other political technologies, in the art of management.

Some socio-political terms are difficult to place in a specific thematic group. For example, the lexeme “corruption” is related both to politics itself and to economics, and in addition to this (and even to a greater extent) to criminal law.

The word “manager” is also difficult to classify, since it is widely represented in the socio-political (and not only) media discourse.

Conclusion to the second chapter: classifying the words of the socio-political layer in the language of the Russian media according to spheres of use, we see that, in addition to words of the political context itself, the lexical paradigm of interest to us also includes some borrowed terms of law, legal jargon, economic terms, names of religious movements, ethnographic terms, technical terms denoting realities that have received great social significance (in our examples - “Internet”, “rating”, “manager”), philosophical, cultural, sociological and psychological borrowed terms denoting realities of significant public or political significance.

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

GOU VPO "ORYOL STATE UNIVERSITY"

DEPARTMENT OF FRENCH LANGUAGE

O.V. DUST

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL VOCABULARY AND FEATURES

ITS TRANSLATION FROM FRENCH INTO RUSSIAN

COURSE WORK

Scientific adviser:

Ph.D. assistant professor

S.V. Trofimova

EAGLE – 2007

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1 The concept of “socio-political vocabulary”

1.2 Socio-political vocabulary and features of its composition

CHAPTER 2 Features of the translation of socio-political vocabulary

2.1 Words and phrases belonging to the core of the OPL

2.2 Common vocabulary

2.3 Terms

2.4 Clichés and cliches

2.5 Stylistically colored vocabulary

2.5.1 phraseological units

2.5.2 aphorisms

2.5.3 realities

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPLICATION

INTRODUCTION

The study of socio-political vocabulary (hereinafter SPL) is of great linguistic interest. Due to the increased role of political communication and communicative activities, attention to the study of socio-political vocabulary is currently increasing. Despite the large number of works, the variety of topics and areas of study of socio-political vocabulary, a number of problems remain unsolved. Moreover, the process of transformation of the lexical space is almost continuous, which is the connection of the language system with other spheres of public life (political, socio-economic, state). It is quite obvious: the more intense the changes in policy, the more intense the changes in vocabulary at each stage of its development. It is in the sphere of political vocabulary that significant changes are observed due to socio-political processes. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the features of translation of such a layer as socio-political vocabulary in each new political or public period, analyzing the trends of the modern moment. OPL is distinguished by its high “dynamism” and variety of genres. socio-ideological differentiation of terminology, abundance of various ellipses and metaphors. One of the most important characteristics of OPL is its standardization and the presence of stable words to designate organizations, blocs, unions, etc.

Socio-political vocabulary is the main background of the economic, political and social spheres of life, and semantic changes resulting from language contact are considered both at the level of the lexical meaning of the word and its semantic structure within the framework of intercultural communication of the French language.

Object This course work is the translation of socio-political vocabulary from French into Russian.

Item The research covers the features of translation transformations of socio-political vocabulary from French into Russian.

Purpose The work is to determine the mechanism of translation transformation of socio-political vocabulary and the degree of influence of the media on the semantics of socio-political terminology.

The set goal involves solving the following tasks :

1) consider the concept of OPL and highlight its components;

2) analyze translation transformations.

Material research served as socio-political vocabulary recorded in various media sources and French language textbooks.

Methods The research was defined by goals and objectives: to collect linguistic facts, a continuous sampling technique was used from the French media and French language textbooks; descriptive and comparative methods - to present the selected material.

CHAPTER 1 The concept of “Socio-political vocabulary”

The development of language is primarily ensured by vocabulary, which instantly responds to any changes in social life and is a special form of accumulation of social and cognitive experience and its transmission in the chain of generations. It is thanks to the language that the native speaker functions in society, and the life of society influences the language through the native speaker. One of the main areas of maximum concentration of nationally colored vocabulary, reflecting the characteristics of the life of a native speaker, is OPL, in which the peculiarities of the country’s structure, the socio-political structure of society, and its history are fully manifested. OPL includes not only a linguistic reality, as a materialized product of socio-political activity, but is also a connecting layer with the era.

Studies of OPL in historical terms make it possible to talk about a certain style of political direction of a historical era. No matter how different the “idiolects” are politicians of a certain era, in general, the OPL of a given era is characterized by some invariant parameters. The study of OPL against a historical background with the involvement of regional data occurs due to the fact that OPL reacts especially sharply to changes occurring in modern world. In this regard, linguists prefer to analyze OPL periods corresponding to turning points in the life of society, when whole line new phenomena, political parties emerge, methods of government leadership change, and at the same time new lexical units (hereinafter referred to as LE) emerge to denote concepts in this area, for example: power - la puissance, state - l ’État, monarchism – le monarchisme, republic – la republique. Changes in social and political life occur constantly, therefore, the composition of the OPL is constantly changing. The relationship between the APL and extra-linguistic reality is manifested in the degree of activity of the LE in speech. Sometimes a LE that appears on the pages of a newspaper, created to reflect a phenomenon, a process in the socio-political life of a particular country, appears in the press of other states within a few days; such an example is most often LE, denoting geographical names indicating territorial changes, such an example would be the transition from the USSR to the name Russia. This fact indicates close contacts between countries and languages (especially in the field of OPL). An example of OPL activity can be Sovietisms, words that reflect the specific features of Soviet reality. For example: party committee, city committee, Komsomol organizer etc. The words of this group at the moment can be considered historicisms, which at one time characterized the era of socialism. Thus, OPL is an important element in the development of society. It is in the OPL that all changes typical for vocabulary in general are reflected.

1.2 OPL and features of its composition

Exploring OPL , Linguists usually share the same opinion that within this lexical layer there is a clearly visible core - a word of a “narrow political” category such as “state”. Although this is a controversial issue, researcher R.M. Koroleva says that the core of OPL is socio-political terminology and book vocabulary, but the affiliation of a word or phrase (hereinafter referred to as s/s), according to L.A. Muradova, the core of the OPL can be defined as follows: if the structure of the meaning of the LE includes the component “political”, “social”, then it can be considered as an integral part of the core of the OPL. For example: « la class politique de droite » . When the belonging of a unit to the LE is obvious, dictionaries do not list the label “pol”, but the definition indicates the fact that LE denotes a socio-political concept. For example: « L ’ university é c ’ est l ’ entreprise publique" The leading semantic feature of the LE is the presence of the semantic component “political, social” in the structure of the LE meaning. The presence of this component is determined using dictionary definitions.

Determining the composition of the periphery of the APL is also very difficult, because The definition of the very concepts “political, social” is complex and multifaceted. That is why linguists begin their analysis of OPL by determining the meanings of the components of a given term. Thus, L.A. Muradova quite broadly characterizes the composition of the periphery, including LE from the fields of economics, diplomacy, and culture. characterizing state policy in a particular area. State policy can be applied to a large number of spheres of social life of society, because it affects all areas of human activity. Let us give an example of several sectors of social life in which French policies are implemented: le développement économique et politique, la gestion du patrimoine départemental, aménagement du territoire, l’urbanisme et le logement, l’enseignement, la culture, le tourisme, la solidarité et la santé.

But at the same time, politics is a field of activity that is associated with relations between classes, nations, social groups and its core is the problem of gaining, retaining and using state power, participation in state affairs. The political system of society includes, along with the state, parties, churches, organizations and movements pursuing political goals, so we can say that the core of the OPL and its periphery are complex phenomena, and the boundaries of the periphery of the OPL are quite arbitrary, because language is living, moving matter. It is the OPL that quickly responds to changes occurring in the world. When translating it, not only traditional grammar is used, but also a large number of cliches, because socio-political vocabulary constitutes the lexical layer of the newspaper-journalistic style - the style of newspapers and magazines, advertising and news. And accordingly, therefore, for correct translation, it is not a literal translation that is necessary, but a selection of correspondence in the translating language. Due to the fact that it is defined as a group of words characteristic of periodicals and journalistic functional style, which is characterized by brevity, clarity, the use of neutral words along with stylistically colored ones (metaphors, idioms), it is necessary to highlight the components of a socio-political text (SPT) and consider some of them. Trofimova S.V. identifies the following composition of the socio-political text:

1. Words and phrases belonging to the core of the OPL,

2. Common vocabulary,

3. Terms

4. Occasionally used terms,

5. precision vocabulary,

6. Various kinds of cliches and stamps.

CHAPTER 2 Features of OPL translation

Socio-political materials are very diverse in stylistic and genre terms. IN general outline they can be divided into three groups:

1)documentary and business materials (constitutions and legislative acts);

2) information and descriptive materials (information notes, reference materials, historical descriptions and reviews, etc.);

3) journalistic materials in the narrow sense of the word (speeches, articles, etc.).

Each of these groups of materials has its own special vocabulary, so documentary and business materials are characterized by a large number of clichés, special terminology, and realities; informational and descriptive materials are related to messages about current events, accordingly they contain many terms, historical realities, proper names, etc.; Journalism is characterized by an abundance of emotionally charged elements, figurative expressions, syntactic figures, quotes, etc.

Accordingly, it should be noted that when translating it is very important to identify and convey adequate meaning, as well as the expressive features of the text. In this connection, the features of socio-political vocabulary as part of the OPT are considered.

2.1 Words and phrases belonging to the core of the OPL

Due to the fact that words and phrases belonging to the core contain such elements in the structure of the LE as political or social, it should be noted that in the context the fact of belonging is indicated either directly or indirectly, for example:

Les revenues de l'Etats sont constitués par:

· Les quotes sociales (social contributions)

· Revenues des entreprises publiques ( state enterprises )

La loi de finances ( law O state budget ) - la repartition des recettes et des dépenses de l’Etat – est préparé annuellement par le ministére des finances. So in the first case, two adjectives translated into Russian as public - sociales and publiques - directly indicate belonging to the layer of vocabulary. And in the second case (Laloidefinances (law on the state budget) in the French version there is no direct indicator. A more striking example is the French word grade, the meanings of which in the dictionary are 1) title; rank 2) academic degree 3) degree, but in a certain context it will mean the rank of a civil servant, for example: La grille de traits est en fonction du grade et de l ’ anciennet é (Grid wages government officials are determined depending on rank and length of service). Accordingly, it should be noted that the characteristics of the socio-political vocabulary of L.A. Muradova are correct.

2.2 Common vocabulary

Commonly used vocabulary is the backbone of the national literary dictionary, the most necessary lexical material for expressing thoughts, the foundation on the basis of which, first of all, further improvement and enrichment of vocabulary takes place. The vast majority of words included in it are stable in their use and are used in all styles of speech.

The vocabulary of the French language includes words that are known and understood by everyone and can be used both orally and in writing. Among these words, words that stand out are stylistically neutral, i.e. such words that can be heard equally in a scientific report and in everyday conversation, which can be read in a business document and in a friendly letter. There is an overwhelming majority of such words in the Russian language. They can also be called commonly used in the full sense of the word. For example: Au courses d ’ une journ é e type , enseigne l ’é tude de l ’ INSEE , hommes et femmes retrait é s consacrent le m ^ eme temps aux activit é s physiologiques ( sommeil , repas ) soit 13 h environ – During the day, according to research by the National Institute of Statistics and Economic Research, men and women allocate the same number of hours to physiological everyday problems (sleep, food), which is approximately 13 hours a day.

The use of expressive-emotional words is limited to certain styles of speech: more often they are used in a conversational style, often in a journalistic style, for example: Les affections du continent noir - Diseases of the dark continent(meaning bad ecology).

However, the above does not mean that commonly used vocabulary constitutes a closed group of words that is not subject to any influences.

On the contrary, it can be replenished with words that previously had a limited (dialectal or professional) scope of use, which in turn shows that the boundaries between commonly used vocabulary and various terminology are poorly defined.

2.3 T Ermins

Terminology (from term and... logic), area of vocabulary , a set of terms of a certain branch of science, technology, production, field of art, social activity, associated with the corresponding system of concepts. The formation of terminology is determined by social and scientific-technical development, since any new concept in a special field must be designated by a term. The terminological system must correspond to the level of modern development of this branch of science and technology, the field of human activity; it is historically changeable and has different sources during its formation. For example, with the development of philosophy and science in the Middle East, Arabic terminology became the basis for the terminology of the countries of the Muslim East. In Europe, since the Renaissance, the tendency to form terminology based on Greek and Latin languages has prevailed. In later times, the number of terms created on a national basis with the use of terms from other languages increased.

A term is a word or phrase that is a precise designation of a specific concept of any field of knowledge.

Therefore, for an adequate translation, in in this case it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the branch of science in which the translation takes place, because In the text intended for translation, the term acts as a unit of translation, then it must be conveyed as accurately as possible. The main way to translate terms is to use the existing Russian equivalent, however, if this is not in the target language, then the translator must choose the appropriate concept himself. In the practice of translating terms V.G. Hak identifies four methods of translation - transcription ( Ecole Normale – Ecole Normal); literal translation, or tracing paper, ( Ecole Normale Sup é rieure – Higher Normal School); the use of a Russian term denoting something similar in content ( Ecole Normale Sup é rieure – Pedagogical Institute); and explanatory translation ( aust é rit é – austerity policy). The same four methods apply to the translation of realities and scientific terminology, for example: Le 11 et le 15 d é cembre 1984, c ’ est le lancement r é ussi ... - On December 11 and 15, 1984, a successful launch was carried out. It should also be noted that the use of French terminology is often based on the metaphorical use of a word of general meaning, for example: se degrader – go down (about the standard of living, the value of the euro, etc.). Accordingly, it should be said that when translating terms, the use of already existing equivalents is of great importance, however, only the context makes it possible to distinguish the terminological meaning of a word from its general meaning, and to clarify the semantics of the word.

2.4 Clichés and stamps

Stamps are hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness. Stamps can be words, phrases and even entire sentences that appear as new, stylistically expressive speech means, but as a result of too frequent use they lose their original imagery. Speech cliches become widely spread figurative or “fashionable” words and expressions, the originality of which is lost due to frequent use, in other words, these are stereotyped metaphors with a faded meaning. And if the first time a successful metaphor embellishes the speech, then repeating the phrase for the hundredth time deprives it of originality. The influence of a stamp on people should not be underestimated. Those who do not have a taste for language easily succumb to the power of the stamp. After a while, people, accustomed to speaking in cliches, forget how to think and express thoughts in an original way. A type of stamps are universal words. These are words that are used in the most common and undefined values: question, task, raise, provide, etc. Usually universal words are accompanied by stencil pendants: advocate for peace - s ’ affirmer la paix , go to war - enterr en guerre. There are numerous journalistic cliches ( city on the Volga - La ville sur Volga), literary studies ( angry protest - la protestation violante).

Clichés - speech stereotypes, ready-made phrases used as a standard that is easily reproduced in certain conditions and contexts - are constructive units of speech and, despite frequent use, retain their semantics. Clichés are used in official business documents ( during negotiations - lors des pourparler , high-level negotiations – sommet) ; in journalism ( Moscow says - ici Moscow ! ); V different situations colloquial speech ( Hello! Goodbye!- Bonjour ! Au revoir ! ).

Based on the above, it can be noted that although cliches and cliches are universal words and ready-made figures of speech, when translating them, it is necessary to take into account both the context and the stylistic features of the translating language.

2.5 Stylistically colored vocabulary

The national-cultural connotation of a word is distinguished from semantically comparable words in other languages by the peculiarity of that reality, which depends on the uniqueness of the surrounding linguistic environment and in the meaning of the word reflects the result, the regional and cultural component. And it, in turn, is inherent, first of all, in non-equivalent vocabulary, which is revealed when comparing two cultures. This includes personal names, geographical names, and names of organizations that do not have constant correspondence in the lexicon of another language.

In texts of a socio-political nature, the sociocultural factor is manifested primarily in phraseological units, aphorisms and realities.

2.5.1 Phraseologisms

A phraseological unit is a phrase whose general meaning is not derived from the independent meanings of each word included in it. Phraseologisms have a nominative meaning, i.e. direct focus on objects, phenomena, actions and qualities of reality. Phraseology is the most vibrant and living part of the vocabulary of any language. The overwhelming majority of phraseological units in the French and Russian languages belong to different functional styles and have expressive colors. It has been established that phraseological units perform not only a nominative and communicative, but also an expressive emotional function. This is due to the fact that most phraseological units have expressive and emotional qualities that allow them to effectively influence people’s feelings and evoke the necessary reaction in them, i.e. desired communication effect. French phraseological units of a socio-political text are usually translated into similar phraseological units, taking into account their usage And naturalness in Russian texts of the same genre. For example: regime mode. Regime politique political mode , regime sec- dry law , regime du bon plaisir- despotism. In French there are a number of units with the stem word arme - weapon. Some of them have already been rethought so much that they have lost touch with the reference word. For example: faire ses armes - gain experience, passer l ’ arme à gauche - resign, verb faire - faire les frais - bear expenses, donner card blanche - provide complete freedom of action. However, when a phraseological unit has multiple meanings, the equivalent is selected according to the context, for example: La police est sur les dents , et a rrete à tort et à travers toute personne collant des affiliates antigouvernementales - The police have lost their feet and indiscriminately grab anyone who posts anti-government leaflets. And if the unit does not have a dictionary equivalent, or the equivalent is nationally specific, then one should resort to literal translation, so the phrase qui langue a à Rome va will be translated the tongue will lead to Rome, instead of the Russian version, the language will be brought to Kyiv, because it is not always appropriate. Also in some cases explanatory translation is used ( Cette politique tourne le dos à la coop é ration entre les peuples – This policy does not create conditions for cooperation between peoples.) Summarizing the results of the research of the above examples, we can say that when translating phraseological units, it is necessary to take into account not only semantic correspondence, but also the context, time and place of use.

2.5.2 Aphorisms

Aphorisms, like phraseological units, are part of the OPL. This is the part of the vocabulary that has been most influenced by culture and society “A linguistic aphorism is a phrase that is known to everyone and therefore is not created anew in speech, but is retrieved from memory” - this is the definition given by E.M. Vereshchagin and V.G. Kostomarov . Linguistic aphorisms include:

1. Proverbs- short oral sayings dating back to folklore

2. Sayings, Unlike proverbs, which contain folk wisdom in a generalized form, to express emotions and enliven speech, they have a rather specific and private meaning.

3. Winged words- brief quotes included in speech and literary sources, sayings of historical figures: “Seriously and for a long time,” “Apresnousledeluge.”

4. Appeals, mottos, slogans, which express certain philosophical, social and political beliefs. Aphorisms are signs of certain situations. relationships between things and properties of things. All the diversity. The entire multi-subject nature of aphorisms can be considered as different ways expressions of situations depending on culture. Conditions, specifics of life of a particular people. " Libert é , Egalit é, Fraternit é " - "Liberty, equality and fraternity."

2.5.3 Realities

Realia is the name of objects of material culture and historical facts inherent only to certain nations and peoples. state institutions, names of national folk heroes. According to M.I. Skvortsov’s definition, the term “realities” denotes everyday and specific national words and phrases that do not have equivalents in everyday life, therefore, in the languages of other countries. Non-equivalent words are words that serve to express concepts that are absent in another culture and, as a rule, cannot be translated into another language in one word and have no equivalents outside the language to which they belong. Non-equivalent vocabulary is relatively easily recognized when comparing languages, because it most clearly reveals the specificity of the division of reality in a given language.

For example: LeLuxembourg - Luxembourg Palace, where the Senate meets,

L’Elysee - Elysee Palace, where the office of the President of the French Republic is located,

LaBastille - a prison in Paris, was destroyed during the French Revolution,

HLM - council house with moderate rent.

L'Hotel Matignon - office, Matignon Palace.

LeQuaidesOrfevres – Criminal Police

LePalaisBourbon - Bourbon Palace, National Assembly.

Thus, we can say that phraseological units, aphorisms and realities of the French language can be transmitted word by word ( r é gime sec - no alcohol law), equivalents that are suitable in meaning, but give a different image ( Bouche de miel , Coeur de field .-Softly lays, but hard to sleep), descriptive translation ( Pour un point Martin perdit son ^ ane . – because of a trifle, Martin lost his donkey.), equivalent in meaning, but having a different lexical composition ( faire les frais - bear expenses), as well as a free phrase or one word ( r é gime du bon plaisir - despotism, Couper la password - interrupt), metonymy ( l ’ Hexagone - France) or abbreviation ( L ’ Int é rieur – Ministry of Internal Affairs).

CONCLUSION

To summarize, we can say that when studying the features of the translation of socio-political vocabulary, there is a problem of the need to take into account specific features mentality of native speakers, because socio-political vocabulary is the main background of the economic, political and social spheres of life.

When using OPL, it is important to take into account and analyze regional knowledge, some translation features, and, of course, your high lexical level, because semantic changes resulting from language contact are considered both at the level of the lexical meaning of the word and its semantic structure within the framework of intercultural communication of the French language. As a result of the study, we can draw the following conclusions:

1. The core of the OPL and its periphery are complex phenomena, and the boundaries of the periphery of the OPL are quite arbitrary. 2. OPL is one of the areas of maximum concentration of nationally colored vocabulary, demonstrating the characteristics of the native speaker people. The OPL reflects the features political system, socio-political structure of society, its history. In the appendix we offer two texts of a socio-political nature from the newspaper LeFigaro (2006, 24 aout. – P18) and offer their translation into Russian in order to trace the features of the translation of socio-political vocabulary.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Gak V.G., Grigoriev B.B. Theory and practice of translation. French language M.: Interdialect+, 1999

2. Gorshkova V.E., Gorshkova M.A. Specialization course for French translators. Modern macroeconomics, M.: VOSTOK – WEST, 2005

3. Lotte D.S., Fundamentals of constructing scientific, technical and other terminology. Questions of theory and methodology, M., 1961

4. Muradova L.A. Semantic-functional characteristics of the socio-political vocabulary of modern French. M.: Nauka, 1986

5. Ponyatin E.Yu. France at the turn of the millennium. - M.: EAST – WEST, 2006

6. Reformatsky A. A., What is term and terminology, M., 1959

7. Trofimova S.V. Socio-political translation and its specifics. О.: GO VPO OSU, 2005

8. Arouh Haim, Mercou Thierry, Le Pole Commercial et Comptable des Bep Paris: Bertrand - Lacoste, 2001

9. Audits de modernization: Matignon promet la transparence // Le Figaro, - 2006, 24 aout. – P18

10. La Lituanie annoncera une date d’entrée dans l’euro en septembre // Le Figaro, - 2006, 24 aout. – P18

APPLICATION

Audits de modernization: Matignon promet la transparency

Reforme de l'Etat! Réagissant à des articles parus dans les quotidiens Les Echos et Le Parisien accusant le gouvernement d'étouffer les conclusions des audits de modernisation, Matignon a indiqué hier que tous les rapports lancés depuis fin 2005 pour passer au crible les dépenses publiques seraient publiés dans le cour ant de l'automne.

"Le principe de transparence est au coeur de cette démarche", affirme Matignon, qui ajoute que certain rapports "nécessitent néanmoins des travaux complémentaires et des échanges avec les services concernés." Une dizaine de rapports n’ont pas encore été rendus publics alors qu’ils auraient du l’etre. De là à conclure à l’opacité de cette démarche…

Le rapport consacré à la télédéclaration des impots a été publié sans retard en début d'année alors meme que ses auteurs formulaient de vives critiques à l'encontre des décisions prizes sur ce sujet par le minister délégué au Budget.

Financial audit of modernization: Matignon Palace promises transparency

State reform! Responding yesterday to articles that appeared in Les Echos and Le Parisien that accused the government of trying to suppress the findings of a financial audit of modernization, the office noted that reports that have been provided since the end of 2005 to track public spending will be published during the fall.

“The principle of transparency is at the very heart of this path,” confirmed the Matignon Palace, and added that some reports “however, require additional processing and exchange of data with the services concerned.” Dozens of reports have not yet been published publicly when they should have been. We need to move away from the opacity of this path...

The report on the televised tax return was published without delay at the beginning of the year, at the same time that critical views were formed on the decisions taken by the Minister of Finance on this project.

La Lituanie annoncera une date d'entrée dans l'euro en septembre

Monnaie. La Lituanie, qui n'a pas pu adherer à la monnaie unique européenne dés 1 January 2007 comme elle le souhaitai, annoncera le mois prochain une nouvelle date cible de son entrée dans la zone euro, a annoncé hier son premier minister, Gediminas Kirkilas.

"L'introduction de l'euro est un processus sérieux et doit etre planifié soigneusement afin de ne pas changer une nouvelle fois de date et de permettre à la population et au monde d'affaires de s'y preparer convenablement", a-t-il déclaré à la presse.

Le premier minister, Kirkilas avait déclaré en juin que la Lituanie pourrait etre prete à adopter l’euro en 20-09-2010. Le taux d'inflation trop élevé du pays a été l'obstacle à l'adhesion du pays à la monnaie unique dés 2007.

In September, Lithuania will announce the date of entry into the euro.

Money. Lithuania, which failed to join the single monetary space on January 1, 2007, will announce a new target date for joining the euro zone next month, Prime Minister Zediminas Kirkilas said yesterday.

“The introduction of the euro is a serious process that must be carefully planned so that the date does not have to be changed again, and to allow the population and the entire business world to prepare properly,” he told the press.

In June, Prime Minister Kirkilas said that Lithuania could be ready to adopt the euro in 2009-2010. Too much high level inflation was an obstacle for the country to enter the euro zone.