ABSTRACT

Discipline: Political Science

Topic: Main threats to Russian security

Introduction

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The security of the Russian Federation is a state of vital security important interests its citizens, society and state from internal and external threats.

By security threats we mean potential threats to the political, social, economic, military, environmental and other, including spiritual and intellectual values ​​of the nation and the State. Security threats are closely related to the national interests of the country, including outside its territory. In each specific case, their elimination requires special forms and methods of activity of the State: the use of relevant special bodies, forces and means of the state.

The main security objects include:

personality - its rights and freedoms; society - its material and spiritual values;

the state - its constitutional system, sovereignty and territorial integrity

A threat to the security of the Russian Federation is a set of conditions and factors that create a danger to the vital interests of the individual, society and the state.

The real and potential threat to security facilities emanating from internal and external sources determines the content of activities to ensure internal and external security depending on the spheres of life of society and the state to which security threats are directed. they can be divided into political (threats to the existing constitutional order), economic, military, informational, man-made, environmental and others.

security threat economic russia

1. Security threats: external, internal, cross-border

Today there are several types of threats to the national security of the Russian Federation: external, internal and cross-border. External threats include the deployment of groups of armed forces and assets near the borders of the Russian Federation and its allies, territorial claims against the Russian Federation, threats of separation from the Russian Federation individual territories; interference in the internal affairs of R.F. from foreign countries; build-up of troop groups leading to a disruption of the existing balance of power near the borders of the Russian Federation; armed provocations, including attacks on Russian military facilities located on the territory foreign countries, as well as on objects and structures on the State border of the Russian Federation and the borders of its allies, actions that impede Russia’s access to strategically important transport communications; discrimination, non-compliance with the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation in some foreign countries

The main external threats to national security are:

.the decline of Russia’s role in the global economy due to the targeted actions of individual states and interstate associations, for example the UN, OSCE;

2.reduction of economic and political influence on processes occurring in the global economy;

.increasing scale and influence of international military and political associations, including NATO;

.emerging trends towards the deployment of military forces of foreign states near the borders of Russia;

.the widespread proliferation of weapons of mass destruction in the world;

.weakening of the processes of integration and establishment of economic ties between Russia and the CIS countries;

.creating conditions for the formation and occurrence of military armed conflicts nearby state borders Russia and CIS countries;

.territorial expansion in relation to Russia, for example, from Japan and China;

.international terrorism;

.weakening of Russia's position in the field of information and telecommunications. This is manifested in a decrease in Russia’s influence on international information flows and the development by a number of states of information expansion technologies that can be applied to Russia;

.a sharp decline in the country's military and defense potential, which does not allow it to repel a military attack if necessary, which is associated with systemic crisis defense complex of the country.

.intensification of the activities of foreign organizations engaged in exploration and collection on Russian territory strategic information;

Experts include internal threats as follows: attempts to forcibly change the constitutional system and violate the territorial integrity of Russia; planning, preparation and implementation of actions to disrupt and disorganize the functioning of public authorities and management, attacks on state, economic and military facilities, life support facilities and information infrastructure; creation, equipment, training and activities of illegal armed groups; illegal distribution of weapons, ammunition and explosives on the territory of the Russian Federation; large-scale activities organized crime, threatening political stability in some regions of the Russian Federation. Activities of separatist and radical religious national movements.

The main internal threats to national economic security are:

1.increasing the degree of differentiation in living standards and incomes of the population. The formation of a small group of the rich population (oligarchs) and a large part of the poor population creates a situation of social tension in society, which can ultimately lead to serious socio-economic upheavals;

2.deformation of the sectoral structure of the national economy. The orientation of the economy towards the extraction of mineral resources creates serious structural changes;

.increased unevenness economic development regions. The sharp difference in the level of socio-economic development of regions destroys existing connections between them and impedes interregional integration;

.criminalization Russian society. In society, there has been a sharp increase in the tendency to obtain unearned income through direct robbery and seizure of property, which negatively affects the overall stability and sustainability of the national economy. Great importance there is total penetration of criminal structures into the state apparatus and industry and an emerging trend of merging between them;

.a sharp decline in Russia's scientific and technical potential. The basis of economic growth is scientific and technical potential- over the past decade, practically lost, due to a reduction in investment in priority scientific and technical research and development, the mass departure of leading scientists from the country, the destruction of knowledge-intensive industries, and increased scientific and technological dependence;

.strengthening the isolation and desire for independence of the subjects of the Federation. Russia has significant territories that operate within the framework of federal structure;

.increasing interethnic and interethnic tension, which creates real conditions for the emergence internal conflicts on national grounds;

.widespread violation of the unified legal space leading to legal nihilism and non-compliance with legislation;

.a decrease in the physical health of the population, leading to degradation due to the crisis of the healthcare system;

.a demographic crisis associated with a stable tendency for the overall mortality rate of the population to prevail over the birth rate.

Taken together, domestic threats to national security are closely intertwined and interconnected.

The environmental situation in the world is characterized by negative trends. Its characteristic features are the depletion of natural resources, the periodic occurrence of vast zones of environmental disasters and disasters, and the degradation of renewable natural resources. Most countries are characterized by the use of environmentally imperfect technologies in industry, agriculture, energy, transport. A real threat to Russia’s interests is the tendency to use its territory to dispose of hazardous waste from the chemical and nuclear industries. developed countries Europe.

Negative trends in the world are growing social sphere. There is an increase in the proportion of sick, disabled people, people suffering from hunger and malnutrition, consumption poor quality water. The proportion of illiterate and unemployed people remains high (according to the official unemployment rate, Russia is still one of the most prosperous countries, ranking approximately 7th in the world). However, according to the classification International Organization Labor in Russia there are more than 5 million unemployed. Approximately the same number of people work part-time or are on forced leave, and the level of material security for the population is declining. Migration processes are expanding to alarming proportions. Indicators of physical and mental development of people.

The threat to the physical health of the nation is manifested in the crisis state of health care systems and social protection population. There is widespread alcoholization of the population. Consumption of recorded and unrecorded alcohol per capita in terms of pure alcohol ranges from 11 to 14 liters, while the situation is assessed as dangerous at an indicator of 8 liters

Transboundary threats are manifested in the following:

Creation, equipment and training of armed formations and groups on the territory of other states for the purpose of their transfer for operations on Russian territory;

The activities of subversive separatist, national or religious extremist groups supported from abroad, aimed at undermining the constitutional order of Russia, creating a threat to its territorial integrity and the security of its citizens. Cross-border crime, including smuggling and other illegal activities on an alarming scale;

Drug trafficking activities that create a threat of drug penetration into Russian territory or the use of its territory for the transit of drugs to other countries;

Activities of international terrorist organizations.

Terrorism, having a very complex content, affects the national security of the country at all its levels - interstate, state, interethnic, national, class and group. In addition, domestic and international terrorism disrupts a nation's ability to self-preserve, self-reproduce and self-develop.

Domestic and international terrorism pose a threat of a similar nature. In general, the border between these types of terrorism is so fluid (according to most scientists, Act of terrorism committed in Russia are manifestations of precisely international terrorism), that a clear separation of threats from them, as the author sees it, is very difficult.

Terrorism poses a threat to the country’s interests in the social sphere, which consist in ensuring high level life of the people. Destroying the economic and political system life of society, terrorism prevents the achievement of the highest value of society, which lies in its own well-being.

Terrorism violates the main inalienable right of every person - the right to life. The result of two Chechen wars and the activities of all pro- and anti-Russian administrations - a full-scale humanitarian catastrophe. For 12 years of the anti-terrorist war in Chechen Republic total losses amounted to about 45 thousand people. Over half a million residents of Chechnya and surrounding areas were forced to leave their homes

The process of identifying sources of hazards and threats requires a clear understanding of their general and specific characteristics. Sources of danger to the security of the state are found in various spheres of society. It seems that the most significant of them are hidden in the areas political relations states, classes, social groups society; economic relations; spiritual-ideological, ethno-national and religious, as well as in the environmental sphere and the sphere of information security, etc.

2. Threats to national economic security

Economic threats are contained in economic relations, in economic categories - changes in exchange rates, interest rates, prices, violations of contractual obligations, etc. Objects economic threats are the economies of entire countries, regions, industries, individual economic systems, enterprises, population groups, families, or more precisely - family budgets (households - in Western terminology) as economic systems of the lower hierarchical level. Thus, economic threats are threats economic systems, generated by economic relations and phenomena. However, the root causes of economic threats usually lie not in the economy itself, but in other areas

In the economic sphere, the threats are complex in nature and are caused primarily by a significant reduction in gross domestic product, a decrease in investment, innovation activity and scientific and technical potential, stagnation of the agricultural sector, imbalance of the banking system, growth of public debt, a tendency towards the predominance of fuel and raw materials in export supplies. energy components, and in imported supplies - food and consumer goods, including essential items. Weakening of the country's scientific, technical and technological potential, reduction in research in strategically important areas of scientific and technological development, outflow of specialists and intellectual property threaten Russia with the loss of its leading positions in the world, the degradation of high-tech industries, increased external technological dependence and the undermining of Russia's defense capability

Disorganization of the national economy - up to its bankruptcy (as a result of targeted and large-scale speculation in the market valuable papers or massive presentation of payment demands that the Russian Federation, as a debtor country, will not be able to fulfill, followed by the seizure of foreign property and the freezing of bank accounts, etc. negative consequences).

Economic blockade, or “soft embargo” (in the form of intense, targeted competition).

Food vulnerability. Russia risks crossing the “red” line in food imports: the critical level for the country’s food independence is about 30%, while in a number of industrial areas the share of foreign food is up to 60%. This scenario is accompanied by the problem of biological degradation of the population due to the consistent deterioration of the nutritional structure and the quality of consumer products.

There is not only the possibility of degradation of the Russian economy to the level of a natural resource enclave of the world economy, but also the possible prospect of a gradual withdrawal of the country from the world trade in resources.

The threat of criminalization of society is the loss of state control over economic and financial activities.

According to some estimates, criminal groups in one form or another control 20-30% of commercial and banking structures. A manifestation of this threat is large-scale corruption in all echelons of power.

3. Principles of ensuring the security of the Russian Federation

The basic principles of safety are:

legality;

maintaining a balance of vital interests of the individual, society and the state;

mutual responsibility of the individual, society and the state to ensure security;

integration with international systems security.

Respect for the rights and freedoms of citizens while ensuring the security of the Russian Federation

When ensuring the security of the Russian Federation, restrictions on the rights and freedoms of citizens are not permitted, except in cases expressly provided for by law.

Citizens, public and other organizations and associations have the right to receive explanations regarding restrictions on their rights and freedoms from security agencies. At their request, such clarifications are given in writing within the time limits established by law.

Officials who exceed their powers in the course of security activities are liable in accordance with the law

4. Basic functions of the security system

The security system is formed by the legislative, executive and judicial authorities, state, public and other organizations and associations, citizens participating in ensuring security in accordance with the law, as well as legislation regulating relations in the field of security.

The main functions of the security system are:

identifying and forecasting internal and external threats to the vital interests of security facilities, implementing a set of operational and long-term measures to prevent and neutralize them;

creation and maintenance of security forces and means;

management of security forces and means in everyday conditions and in emergency situations;

implementation of a system of measures to restore the normal functioning of facilities without

dangers in regions affected by the emergency;

participation in security activities outside the Russian Federation in accordance with international treaties and agreements concluded or recognized by the Russian Federation

Forces and means of ensuring the security of the Russian Federation

The forces and means of ensuring the security of the Russian Federation are created and developed in accordance with the decisions Federal Assembly RF, decrees of the President of Russia, short-term and long-term federal programs ensuring security.

Security forces include:

Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, federal authorities security, internal affairs bodies, foreign intelligence, ensuring the security of legislative, executive, judicial authorities and their senior officials, the tax service;

emergency response services, formations civil defense Ministry of Emergency Situations;

FPS border troops, internal troops Ministry of Internal Affairs;

bodies ensuring safe work in industry, energy, transport and agriculture;

communications and information security services, customs, environmental authorities, public health authorities and others government bodies security

Conclusion

Ensuring national security at a sufficient level necessitates constant monitoring of external and internal threats, and therefore their list is constantly changing depending on specific political, social, legal and economic conditions.

IN modern conditions Both domestic and foreign policy successes of countries are determined not only by their military and economic power, but also by their success in establishing actual control over basic information and cultural processes. The gap in information technology is becoming serious global threat security. because it creates real opportunities to exploit intellectual potential other countries for their own purposes, to spread and introduce their ideological values, their culture and language, to slow down the spiritual and cultural development of the rest of the world, to transform and even undermine its spiritual and moral foundations. Instead of “hot” wars, information warfare methods have increasingly begun to be used to achieve their political goals.

System international security, created after the end of the Second World War, initially did not provide for measures to counteract such threats, therefore one of the main tasks facing humanity is to erect a strong barrier to such dangerous phenomena.

Bibliography

1.Law of the Russian Federation "On Security" M. 1992

2. Smirnov A.T.,Shakhramanyan M.A., Kryuchek N.A. Life safety. M 2009

3. Koshelev A.N.National economy. M 2008

4. Prokhozhev A.A.General Theory of National Security 2005

.. Belykh V.S.Problems of Russia's national economic security "internal and external factors"Business, management and law Scientific and practical economic and legal journal No. 2 2007

6. Zagashvili V.S.Economic security of Russia. - M.: Gardarika, 2004.

7. Zelenkov M.Yu.Legal basis general theory security Russian state in the 21st century - M.: Legal Institute of MIIT, 2002.

8. Kulikov. A The anti-terrorist fight requires systemic coordination //Guardian, October 19, 2006

| Military threat to Russia's national security

Basics of life safety
9th grade

Lesson 8
Military threat to Russia's national security

IN beginning of XXI V. Russia is at a new stage in its historical development. The foundations are being reformed government structure, the process of reassessing national values ​​and coordinating the interests of the individual, society and state, and the further development of socio-economic, political, legal, ethnic ties and relations is underway. Approaches to ensuring national security are changing, which, in turn, allows us to reconsider Russia’s place and role in the world.

At the beginning of the new century, processes of increasing the role of military force to ensure political and economic interests states of the world. Currently, the strong Russian Armed Forces are acquiring geopolitical significance.

In this regard, the organization of the defense of the state - the Russian Federation - is of particular importance.

State defense is a system of political, economic, social and legal measures to prepare for armed defense and armed defense of the Russian Federation, the integrity and inviolability of its territory. It is organized and carried out in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws, the Federal Law “On Defense”, other laws of the Russian Federation and regulatory legal acts.

For defense purposes, the country establishes military service for citizens and creates the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation defines legal basis and the most significant norms on the organization of state defense and the leadership of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Article 59 of the Constitution states: “Defense of the Fatherland is the duty and responsibility of a citizen of the Russian Federation.”

The measures that the state takes to organize defense stem from existing external and internal threats to Russia’s national security.

In the modern international situation, there are three types of threats to Russia’s national security, the neutralization of which is, to a certain extent, the function of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation:

External;
internal;
cross-border.

The main external threats include:

Deployment of groups of forces and means aimed at a military attack on the Russian Federation or its allies;
territorial claims against the Russian Federation, the threat of political or forceful separation of certain territories from the Russian Federation;
interference in the internal affairs of the Russian Federation by foreign states;
build-up of troop groups leading to a disruption of the existing balance of power near the borders of the Russian Federation;
armed provocations, including attacks on military installations of the Russian Federation located on the territories of foreign states, as well as on objects and structures on the state border of the Russian Federation or on the borders of its allies;
actions that impede Russia's access to strategically important transport communications;
discrimination, suppression of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation in foreign countries.

The main internal threats include:

Attempts to forcibly change the constitutional system and violation of the territorial integrity of Russia;
planning, preparation and implementation of actions to disrupt and disorganize the functioning of public authorities and management, attacks on state, national economic, military facilities, life support facilities and information infrastructure;
creation, equipment, training and functioning of illegal armed groups;
illegal distribution of weapons, ammunition and explosives on the territory of the Russian Federation;
large-scale activities of organized crime that threaten political stability throughout the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
activities of separatist and radical religious national movements in the Russian Federation.

The main cross-border threats include:

Creation, equipment, support and training of armed formations and groups on the territories of other states for the purpose of their transfer for operations on Russian territory;
activities of subversive separatist, national or religious extremist groups supported from abroad, aimed at undermining the constitutional system of the Russian Federation, creating a threat to the territorial integrity of the Russian Federation and the security of its citizens;
cross-border crime, including smuggling and other illegal activities on a scale that threatens the national security of Russia, and information activities hostile to the Russian Federation;
drug trafficking activities that create a threat of drug penetration into the territory of the Russian Federation or drug transit to other countries:
threat from the activities of international terrorist organizations: currently there has been a merging of domestic and international terrorism, and its threats are increasing, including with the use of weapons components mass destruction.

Based on all that has been said, it should be emphasized that currently ensuring military security Russian Federation has become the most important area of ​​state activity. The main goal in this area is to ensure the ability to adequately respond to threats that may arise for Russia in the 21st century, taking into account rational costs for national defense.

Militants from illegal armed groups in a populated area on the territory of the Republic of Chechnya. 90s XX century

Liquidation of a warehouse of weapons and ammunition belonging to illegal armed groups. The village of Starye Atagi. Republic of Chechnya, February 2002

Remember! The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation play a major role in ensuring the military security of the state.

Everyone should know this

The Russian Federation is considering the possibility of using military force to ensure its national security, based on the following principles:

The use of all forces and means at its disposal, including nuclear weapons, if necessary, to repel armed aggression if all other measures to resolve the crisis situation have been exhausted or have proven ineffective;
the use of military force within the country in strict accordance with the Constitution and federal laws in the event of a threat to the lives of citizens, the territorial integrity of the country, as well as a threat of violent change to the constitutional order.

Testing of the Igla MANPADS at the training ground of the Air Defense Forces training center. Krasnodar region, April 2001

A checkpoint of the Ministry of Internal Affairs troops on the border with Chechnya. Stavropol region, late 90s.

Currently, ensuring Russia's national security from military threats only through political opportunities(membership in international organizations, partnerships, opportunities for influence) becomes ineffective.

Analysis of existing threats to Russia's national security, taking into account changes that have occurred in the field of military and military confrontation, put on the agenda the issue of the need to reassess the prospects for military development in Russia, taking into account the role and place of our country in modern world. In this regard, the country is planning to carry out measures to strengthen and equip modern weapons Armed forces of the Russian Federation.

Questions

1. What role does state defense play in ensuring Russia’s national security?

2. What external threats to Russia’s national security currently exist?

3. What threats are internal threats to Russia’s national security?

4. What threats are the main cross-border threats to Russia's national security?

5. What role are the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation currently called upon to play to ensure national security?

Exercise

Give an example of involving the Armed Forces within the country to ensure the safety of citizens and the territorial integrity of Russia.

National interests, including basic ones, may be exposed to a diverse range of threats.

In the current international environment there is three types of threats to Russia: external, internal and cross-border, the neutralization of which is to one degree or another the function of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The main external threats include:

1. Deployment of groups of forces and means for a military attack on the Russian Federation and its allies;

2. Territorial claims against the Russian Federation, the threat of political or forceful separation of certain territories from the Russian Federation;

3. Implementation by states or socio-political structures of programs to create weapons of mass destruction;

4. Interference in the internal affairs of the Russian Federation by foreign states or organizations supported by foreign states;

5. Demonstration of military force near the borders of the Russian Federation, conducting exercises with provocative purposes;

6. The presence of hotbeds of armed conflicts near the borders of the Russian Federation or the borders of its allies that threaten their security;

7. Instability, weakness of state institutions in border countries;

8. Build-up of troop groups leading to a disruption of the existing balance of power near the borders of the Russian Federation or the borders of its allies and sea waters adjacent to their territory;

9. Expansion of military blocs and alliances to the detriment of the military security of the Russian Federation and its allies;

10. Activities of international Islamic radical groups, strengthening the positions of Islamic extremism near Russian borders;

11. Deployment of foreign troops (without the consent of the Russian Federation and the UN Security Council) into the territory of neighboring and friendly states of the Russian Federation;

12. Armed provocations, attacks on military installations of the Russian Federation located on the territory of foreign states;

13. Actions that impede Russia’s access to strategically important transport communications;

14. Discrimination, suppression of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation in foreign countries;

15. Distribution of dual-use technologies and components for the manufacture of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction.

The main internal threats include:

1. Attempts to forcefully change the constitutional system;

2. Planning, preparation and implementation of actions to disrupt and disorganize the functioning of public authorities and management, attacks on state, national economic, military facilities, life support facilities and information infrastructure;

3. Creation, equipment, training and functioning of illegal armed groups;

4. Illegal distribution (trafficking) of weapons, ammunition, explosives, etc. on the territory of the Russian Federation;

5. Large-scale activities of organized crime that threaten political stability throughout the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

6. Activities of separatist and radical religious-nationalist movements in the Russian Federation.

Cross-border threats

They combine the features of internal and external threats. While manifestations are internal in form, in essence (in terms of sources of stimulation, possible participants, possible participants) they are external. There is a tendency for the value to increase cross-border threats for the security of the Russian Federation.

Cross-border threats include:

1. Creation, equipment, support and training of armed formations on the territory of other states for the purpose of their transfer for operations on the territory of the Russian Federation and the territory of its allies;

2. Support from abroad of subversive separatist, national and religious extremist groups intended to undermine the constitutional order, creating a threat to the territorial integrity of the Russian Federation and the security of its citizens;

3. Cross-border crime, including smuggling and other illegal activities on a scale that threatens the military-political security of the Russian Federation or the stability of the territory of the allies of the Russian Federation;

4. Conducting information activities hostile towards the Russian Federation;

5. International terrorism, if its activities affect the security of the Russian Federation;

6. Drug trafficking activities, transportation of drugs into the territory or use of the territory of the Russian Federation as a transit territory for transporting drugs to other countries.

Threats to the national security of the Russian Federation include:

1. Terrorist threat. Significant fuel for terrorists, the source of their weapons and field of activity remain local conflicts, often on ethnic grounds, interfaith confrontation, which is artificially inflamed and imposed on the world by extremists of various stripes. From 1991 to 2004 390 kamikaze attacks were recorded. The leader so far is Israel, where from 2000 to 2004. 59 “live bombs” exploded.

2. A serious threat to the national security of the Russian Federation is the threat of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. If such weapons fall into the hands of terrorists, the consequences could be simply catastrophic. Nine states of the world now possess nuclear weapons (Russia, USA, England, France, China, India, Pakistan, Israel, North Korea), and another eight states are close to creating them.

3. The threat is spinning up the flywheel of the arms race, and she goes to a new one technological level, threatening the emergence of a whole arsenal of new destabilizing weapons. US military spending in 2006 exceeded Russian military spending by 23 times.

4. Lack of a guarantee against the withdrawal of weapons, including nuclear ones, into space. The launch of intercontinental ballistic missiles with non-nuclear warheads may provoke an inadequate response from nuclear powers, including counter attack using strategic nuclear forces. Development situation ballistic missiles in North Korea, Iran.

5. Saved threat of the block thinking stereotype. For example, in order to allegedly protect themselves from Russia, the Baltic countries, Georgia and a number of other countries of the former Warsaw Pact entered or have a desire to enter the NATO bloc. Composition of the NATO bloc: 1949 - 12 states; 1982 - 16 states; 1999 - 19 states; 2004 - 26 states.

6. Threat in the economic sphere. It manifests itself in a reduction in knowledge-intensive industries, a decrease in investment (in 2011, investments from foreign investors in the Russian economy amounted to 38 billion dollars, in the USA in the first quarter of 2012 more than 130 billion dollars), as well as innovative activity, the destruction of scientific -technical potential.

The export of foreign currency reserves, strategically important types of raw materials, and the outflow of qualified personnel and intellectual property outside Russia is increasing.

In industry, the share of the fuel and raw materials sector is increasing, economic model, based on the export of fuel and raw materials and the import of equipment, food and consumer goods, i.e., the country’s dependence on foreign manufacturers of high-tech equipment is growing, the Russian Federation is becoming technologically dependent on Western countries and the defense potential of the state is being undermined.

7. Available threat to Russia's security in the social sphere, due to the increase in the proportion of the population living below the poverty line, the stratification of society into a narrow circle of the rich and the predominant mass of low-income citizens. All this leads to a decrease in the intellectual and productive potential of Russia, a reduction in population, depletion of the main sources of spiritual and economic development, and can lead to the loss of democratic gains. Approximately 30% of the country's population now refuses to have children for economic and spiritual reasons.

8. The threat of depletion of natural resources and deterioration of the environmental situation. This threat is especially great due to the predominant development of fuel and energy industries, the underdevelopment of the legislative framework for environmental protection measures, and the lack of use of environmentally friendly technologies. There is a growing trend of using Russian territory as a burial site hazardous materials and substances placed on Russian territory hazardous industries.

9. The likelihood of man-made disasters is increasing. According to foreign researchers, the risk of man-made disasters and accidents in Russia is 2 orders of magnitude higher than this figure for Western countries. Share of man-made emergencies in total number is 91.8% in our country.

10. The threat to the physical health of the nation is alarming. This is most clearly manifested in the crisis state of the health care and social protection systems, in the growth of alcohol consumption (18 liters of pure alcohol per capita, and more than 12 liters is already a threat to the nation) and narcotic substances. 3% of the population of the Russian Federation are drug addicts, 70,000 people in the country every year. dies from a drug overdose. More than 500 thousand HIV-infected people are officially registered. The Russian Federation spends 3% of GDP on healthcare, and Germany and France - 8%. Life expectancy in the Russian Federation is now 71 years; the goal has been set to raise it to 75 years within 6 years.

A serious problem is demographic situation in the country: in a number of regions of the Russian Federation, mortality exceeds the birth rate, and people’s health is deteriorating. In Yaroslavl, for example, in 2011, 6,445 people were born, and 8,330 people died, i.e. the loss amounted to 1885 people.

11. In the international sphere threats are manifested through attempts by some states to counteract the strengthening of Russia as one of the centers of the emerging multipolar world. This is manifested in actions aimed at violating the territorial integrity of the Russian Federation, as well as in territorial claims.

12. There are threats in the military sphere. The importance of military force in the system international relations has not decreased recently. The military-political situation does not exclude the possibility of major armed conflicts arising near the borders of Russia, affecting the security interests of the Russian Federation.

13. A new threat has appeared - sea ​​piracy.

Introduction

The security of the Russian Federation is a state of protection of the vital interests of its citizens, society and the state from internal and external threats.

By security threats we mean potential threats to the political, social, economic, military, environmental and other, including spiritual and intellectual values ​​of the nation and the State. Security threats are closely related to the national interests of the country, including outside its territory. In each specific case, their elimination requires special forms and methods of activity of the State: the use of appropriate special bodies, forces and means of the state.

The main security objects include:

personality - its rights and freedoms; society - its material and spiritual values;

state - its constitutional system, sovereignty and territorial integrity

A threat to the security of the Russian Federation is a set of conditions and factors that create a danger to the vital interests of the individual, society and the state.

The real and potential threat to security objects emanating from internal and external sources determines the content of activities to ensure internal and external security, depending on the spheres of life of society and the state to which security threats are directed. they can be divided into political (threats to the existing constitutional order), economic, military, informational, man-made, environmental and others.

Security threats: external, internal, cross-border

Today there are several types of threats to the national security of the Russian Federation: external, internal and cross-border. External threats include the deployment of groups of armed forces and assets near the borders of the Russian Federation and its allies, territorial claims against the Russian Federation, threats of secession of certain territories from the Russian Federation; interference in the internal affairs of R.F. from foreign countries; build-up of troop groups leading to a disruption of the existing balance of power near the borders of the Russian Federation; armed provocations, including attacks on Russian military facilities located on the territory of foreign states, as well as on facilities and structures on the State Border of the Russian Federation and the borders of its allies; actions that impede Russia’s access to strategically important transport communications; discrimination, non-compliance with the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation in some foreign countries

The main external threats to national security are:

1. reduction of the role of Russia in the world economy due to the targeted actions of individual states and interstate associations, for example the UN, OSCE;

2. reduction of economic and political influence on processes occurring in the global economy;

3. strengthening the scale and influence of international military and political associations, including NATO;

4. emerging trends towards the deployment of military forces of foreign states near the borders of Russia;

5. widespread proliferation of weapons of mass destruction in the world;

6. weakening of the processes of integration and establishment of economic ties between Russia and the CIS countries;

7. creating conditions for the formation and emergence of military armed conflicts near the state borders of Russia and the CIS countries;

8. territorial expansion in relation to Russia, for example, from Japan and China;

9. international terrorism;

10. weakening of Russia’s position in the field of information and telecommunications. This is manifested in a decrease in Russia’s influence on international information flows and the development by a number of states of information expansion technologies that can be applied to Russia;

11. intensification of the activities of foreign organizations engaged in reconnaissance and collection of strategic information on Russian territory;

12. a sharp decline in the country’s military and defense potential, which does not allow it, if necessary, to repel a military attack, which is associated with a systemic crisis in the country’s defense complex.

13. intensification of the activities of foreign organizations engaged in reconnaissance and collection of strategic information on Russian territory;

Experts include internal threats as follows: attempts to forcibly change the constitutional system and violate the territorial integrity of Russia; planning, preparation and implementation of actions to disrupt and disorganize the functioning of public authorities and management, attacks on state, economic and military facilities, life support facilities and information infrastructure; creation, equipment, training and activities of illegal armed groups; illegal distribution of weapons, ammunition and explosives on the territory of the Russian Federation; large-scale organized crime activities that threaten political stability in some regions of the Russian Federation. Activities of separatist and radical religious national movements.

The main internal threats to national economic security are:

1. increasing the degree of differentiation in the standard of living and income of the population. The formation of a small group of the rich population (oligarchs) and a large part of the poor population creates a situation of social tension in society, which can ultimately lead to serious socio-economic upheavals;

2. deformation of the sectoral structure of the national economy. The orientation of the economy towards the extraction of mineral resources creates serious structural changes;

3. increasing uneven economic development of regions. The sharp difference in the level of socio-economic development of regions destroys existing connections between them and impedes interregional integration;

4. criminalization of Russian society. In society, there has been a sharp increase in the tendency to obtain unearned income through direct robbery and seizure of property, which negatively affects the overall stability and sustainability of the national economy. Of great importance is the total penetration of criminal structures into the state apparatus and industry and the emerging trend of merging between them;

5. a sharp decline in the scientific and technical potential of Russia. The basis of economic growth - scientific and technological potential - has been practically lost over the past decade, due to a reduction in investment in priority scientific and technical research and development, the mass departure of leading scientists from the country, the destruction of knowledge-intensive industries, and increased scientific and technological dependence;

6. strengthening the isolation and desire for independence of the subjects of the Federation. Russia has significant territories that function within the framework of a federal structure;

7. increased interethnic and interethnic tension, which creates real conditions for the emergence of internal conflicts on ethnic grounds;

8. widespread violation of a single legal space, leading to legal nihilism and non-compliance with legislation;

9. decline in the physical health of the population, leading to degradation due to the crisis of the healthcare system;

10. demographic crisis associated with a stable tendency for the general mortality rate of the population to prevail over the birth rate.

Taken together, domestic threats to national security are closely intertwined and interconnected.

The environmental situation in the world is characterized by negative trends. Its characteristic features are the depletion of natural resources, the periodic occurrence of vast zones of environmental disasters and disasters, and the degradation of renewable natural resources. Most countries are characterized by the use of environmentally imperfect technologies in industry, agriculture, energy, and transport. A real threat to Russia’s interests is the tendency to use its territory to dispose of hazardous waste from the chemical and nuclear industries of developed European countries.

Negative trends in the global social sphere are growing. There is an increase in the proportion of sick, disabled people, people suffering from hunger and malnutrition, and drinking poor-quality water. The proportion of illiterate and unemployed people remains high (according to the official unemployment rate, Russia is still one of the most prosperous countries, ranking approximately 7th in the world). However, according to the classification of the International Labor Organization, there are more than 5 million unemployed in Russia. Approximately the same number of people work part-time or are on forced leave, and the level of material security for the population is declining. Migration processes are expanding to alarming proportions. Indicators of physical and mental development of people are deteriorating.

The threat to the physical health of the nation is manifested in the crisis state of the health care and social protection systems. There is widespread alcoholization of the population. Consumption of recorded and unrecorded alcohol per capita in terms of pure alcohol ranges from 11 to 14 liters, while the situation is assessed as dangerous at -8 liters.

Transboundary threats are manifested in the following:

Creation, equipment and training of armed formations and groups on the territory of other states for the purpose of their transfer for operations on Russian territory;

The activities of subversive separatist, national or religious extremist groups supported from abroad, aimed at undermining the constitutional order of Russia, creating a threat to its territorial integrity and the security of its citizens. Cross-border crime, including smuggling and other illegal activities on an alarming scale;

Drug trafficking activities that create a threat of drug penetration into Russian territory or the use of its territory for the transit of drugs to other countries;

Activities of international terrorist organizations.

Terrorism, having a very complex content, affects the national security of the country at all its levels - interstate, state, interethnic, national, class and group. In addition, domestic and international terrorism disrupts a nation's ability to self-preserve, self-reproduce and self-develop.

Domestic and international terrorism pose a threat of a similar nature. In general, the border between these types of terrorism is so fluid (according to most scientists, terrorist acts committed in Russia are manifestations of international terrorism) that a clear separation of threats from them, as the author sees it, is very difficult.

Terrorism poses a threat to the country's interests in the social sphere, which include ensuring a high standard of living for the people. By destroying the economic and political systems of society, terrorism prevents the achievement of the highest value of society, which lies in its own well-being.

Terrorism violates the main inalienable right of every person - the right to life. The result of two Chechen wars and the activities of all pro- and anti-Russian administrations is a full-scale humanitarian catastrophe. Over the 12 years of the anti-terrorist war in the Chechen Republic, the total losses amounted to about 45 thousand people. Over half a million residents of Chechnya and surrounding areas were forced to leave their homes

The process of identifying sources of hazards and threats requires a clear understanding of their general and specific characteristics. Sources of danger to the security of the state are found in various spheres of society. It seems that the most significant of them are hidden in the spheres of political relations of the state, classes, social groups of society; economic relations; spiritual-ideological, ethno-national and religious, as well as in the environmental sphere and the sphere of information security, etc.

The main forms of use of the RF Armed Forces.

Purposes of use of the Russian Armed Forces and other troops.

Basic principles of development military organization states.

Factors determining the military-political situation.

External threats to national security.

Internal threats to national security.

Cross-border threats to national security.

Uncertainty factors in the field of construction and use of the RF Armed Forces.

Priorities of Russian foreign policy.

Basic goals military policy Russian Federation at the present stage.

Types of military conflicts and their brief characteristics.

Expand the concept of “Military organization of the Russian Federation” and its main tasks.

Composition of the military organization of the Russian Federation.

Types and branches of the RF Armed Forces.

What applies to conventional weapons?

Nuclear weapons: - types of ammunition;

Damaging factors of nuclear weapons;

Distribution of nuclear weapons by nature of use.

17. Chemical weapons. Groups of chemical agents according to the nature of their effects on the body.

18. Biological weapons. Concept and brief description.

19. Expand the concepts: quarantine, observation.

20. Non-lethal weapons. A brief description of.

21. Promising types of weapons of mass destruction.

22. Expand the concept of “Mobilization preparation”.

23. Expand the concept of “Mobilization”.

24. Special health care units: concept, classification.

25. Management bodies of special healthcare units:

purpose and rights.

26. Management bodies of special healthcare units:

27. Rear healthcare hospitals: purpose.

28. State material reserve: concept, purpose.

29. Mobilization reserve: concept, procedure for its formation, requirements for the shelf life of material assets.

30. The procedure for inventorying material assets of the mobilization reserve.

31. Military registration: concept. Categories of citizens subject and not subject to military registration.

32. Types of rear hospitals, their tasks and organizational structure.

33. Military duty of citizens.

34. What is military service?

35. Objectives and organizational structure of observational health care centers in the Russian Federation.

The main forms of use of the RF Armed Forces.

The main forms of use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other troops:

strategic operations, operations and fighting in large-scale and regional wars;

operations and combat operations - in local wars and international armed conflicts;

joint special operations- in internal armed conflicts;

counter-terrorism operations - when participating in the fight against terrorism in accordance with federal legislation;

peacekeeping operations.

Purposes of use of the Russian Armed Forces and other troops.

The purposes of the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other troops:

in a large-scale (regional) war if it is unleashed by any state (group, coalition of states) - protecting the independence and sovereignty, territorial integrity of the Russian Federation and its allies, repelling aggression, defeating the aggressor, forcing him to cease hostilities on the terms , meeting the interests of the Russian Federation and its allies;

in local wars and international armed conflicts - localizing a source of tension, creating preconditions for ending a war, armed conflict or forcing them to end in the early stages; neutralizing the aggressor and achieving a settlement on terms that meet the interests of the Russian Federation and its allies;

in internal armed conflicts - the defeat and liquidation of illegal armed groups, the creation of conditions for a full-scale settlement of the conflict on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal legislation;

in peacekeeping and restoration operations - breeding warring parties, stabilization of the situation, ensuring conditions for a fair peaceful settlement.

Basic principles of development of the military organization of the state.

Basic principles for the development of the military organization of the state:

adequate consideration of the conclusions drawn from the analysis of the state and prospects for the development of the military-political situation;

centralization of leadership;

unity of command on a legal basis;

the achieved compliance, within the economic capabilities of the country, with the level of combat and mobilization readiness, as well as the training of military command and control bodies and troops (forces), their structures, combat personnel and the size of the reserve, stocks of materiel and resources for the tasks of ensuring military security;

unity of training and education;

implementation of the rights and freedoms of military personnel, ensuring their social security, decent social status and standard of living.

Factors determining the military-political situation.

The military-political situation is determined by the following main factors:

reducing the risk of a large-scale war, including a nuclear one;

formation and strengthening of regional centers of power;

strengthening of national, ethnic and religious extremism;

activation of separatism;

the spread of local wars and armed conflicts;

intensifying regional arms race;

proliferation of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery;

worsening information warfare.

External threats to national security.

External threats include:

Deployment of groups of forces and means with the goal of a military attack on Russia or its allies;

Territorial claims against the Russian Federation, the threat of political or forceful separation of certain of its territories from Russia;

Implementation by states, organizations and movements of programs to create weapons of mass destruction;

Interference in the internal affairs of the Russian Federation by organizations supported by foreign states;

Demonstration of military force near the borders of Russia, holding exercises with provocative purposes;

The presence of hotbeds of armed conflicts near the borders of the Russian Federation or the borders of its allies that threaten their security;

Instability, weakness of state institutions in border countries;

A build-up of troop groups leading to a disruption of the existing balance of power near the borders of the Russian Federation or the borders of its allies and the sea waters adjacent to their territory;

Expansion of military blocs and alliances to the detriment of the military security of Russia or its allies;

The activities of international radical groups, the strengthening of the positions of Islamic extremism near Russian borders;

Deployment of foreign troops (without the consent of the Russian Federation and the sanction of the UN Security Council) into the territory of neighboring and friendly states of the Russian Federation;

Armed provocations, including attacks on military installations of the Russian Federation located on the territory of foreign states, as well as on objects and structures on the state border of the Russian Federation or the borders of its allies;

Actions that impede the operation of Russian state and military control systems, ensuring the functioning of strategic nuclear forces, warning of a missile attack, missile defense, control of outer space and ensuring the combat stability of troops;

Actions that impede Russia’s access to strategically important transport communications;

Discrimination, suppression of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens of the Russian Federation in foreign countries;

Proliferation of equipment, technologies and components used to make nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction, as well as dual-use technologies that can be used to create weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery.

Internal threats to national security.

Insider threats include:

Attempts to forcefully change the constitutional system and violate the territorial integrity of Russia;

Planning, preparation and implementation of actions to disrupt and disorganize the functioning of public authorities and management, attacks on state, national economic, military facilities, life support facilities and information infrastructure;

Creation, equipment, training and functioning of illegal armed groups;

Illegal distribution (trafficking) of weapons, ammunition, explosives, etc. on the territory of the Russian Federation;

Large-scale activities of organized crime that threaten political stability throughout the constituent entity of the Russian Federation;

Activities of separatist and radical religious-nationalist movements in the Russian Federation.

Cross-border threats to national security.

To the concept cross-border threats include political, military-political or force threats to the interests and security of the Russian Federation, which combine the features of internal and external threats. Being internal in form of manifestation, in essence (sources of origin and stimulation, possible participants, etc.) are external.

Such threats include:

Creation, equipment, support and training on the territory of other states, armed formations and groups for the purpose of their transfer for operations on the territory of the Russian Federation or the territories of its allies;

Activities of subversive separatist, national or religious extremist groups directly or indirectly supported from abroad, aimed at undermining the constitutional system of the Russian Federation, creating a threat to the territorial integrity of the state and the security of its citizens;

Cross-border crime, including smuggling and other illegal activities on a scale that threatens the military-political security of the Russian Federation or stability on the territory of Russia’s allies;

Conducting information (information-technical, information-psychological, etc.) actions hostile towards the Russian Federation and its allies;

Activities of international terrorist organizations;

Drug trafficking activities that pose a threat to the transportation of drugs to the territory of the Russian Federation, or the use of Russian territory to transport drugs to other countries.

Uncertainty factors in the field of construction and use of the RF Armed Forces.

Under factor of uncertainty refers to a situation, conflict or process of a political or military-political nature, the development of which can significantly change the geopolitical situation in a region that is a priority for Russia’s interests or create a direct threat to the security of the Russian Federation. The following are identified as uncertainty factors:

Reduced role of the UN Security Council, the formal and actual deprivation of its prerogatives to authorize the use of military force in the world. Expanding the practice of using military force for political or economic purposes on the basis of a national decision will significantly reduce the importance and effectiveness of political instruments for resolving crisis situations and will significantly lower the threshold for the use of the Armed Forces. This may require Russia to seriously adjust its military construction and deployment plans. Thus, the preservation of the UN Security Council's authority to authorize the use of military force in the world is considered as the most important instrument for maintaining international stability.

The possibility of returning nuclear weapons to the properties of a real military tool. Attempts have been noted to return nuclear weapons to the spectrum of acceptable military instruments through the implementation of “breakthrough” scientific and technical developments in new types of nuclear weapons, turning nuclear weapons into relatively “clean” ones, the use of which does not have such significant negative consequences as the use of earlier types of nuclear weapons. weapons. Carrying out similar R&D in a number of countries and making political decisions on the possibility of their expanded financing are considered by the Russian Ministry of Defense as a factor that can seriously change global and regional stability. In fact, the question is raised about the possibility of targeted use of nuclear weapons in regional conflicts against military and civilian targets in order to destroy large groups of armed forces and civilian infrastructure. Lowering the threshold for the use of nuclear weapons at the operational-tactical and tactical levels, devaluing the importance of conventional armed forces and weapons, transforms the threat of using nuclear weapons from political to military-political. This will require Russia to restructure its command and control system and create a deterrent capability, perhaps not only through changes in nuclear policy, but also through readiness to implement asymmetric measures.

Possibility of enhancing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear technologies, and delivery vehicles. The expansion of the practice of using armed force without the sanction of the UN Security Council may provoke a greater demand for weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons, among regional centers of power seeking to create an instrument of deterrence. In addition to the general destabilization of the international situation, this will also have whole line military-applied consequences. Emergence in regional power balances nuclear factor on both sides will significantly change the nature of the armed struggle. For Russia, this process, if fully implemented, will create the problem of expanding measures to counter the threat of the development and use of weapons of mass destruction in regional conflicts, both at the political and at the military-technical level.

Prospects and direction of development of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Currently, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) plays a vital role in ensuring regional stability in Central Asia and the western part of the Far Eastern region. In the event of further strengthening of the political and military-political potential of this structure, Russia will have a zone of peace and stability in the South-Eastern and Far Eastern directions, excluding the emergence of large-scale military threat, which Russia will have to confront alone. If there is a complete or partial renationalization of the security policy of the states in the region, Russia will be forced to consider the region as a potential source of ethnic conflicts, border disputes and general military-political instability. This can naturally make adjustments to Russian military planning, as well as to the principles of deploying groups of forces and assets of permanently ready units.

Possible directions for the development of the NATO enlargement process. In the event of NATO's transformation into a political organization with a historically formed military potential, the process of the Alliance's expansion to the east will remain within the framework of a political dialogue with Russia regarding the conditions for further interaction. In this dialogue, difficulties will inevitably arise related to the conditions for the integration of new member countries into the Alliance and their role in it, since Russia firmly advocates the absence of anti-Russian components not only in military planning, but also in the political declarations of the Alliance member countries. Otherwise, the partnership between Russia and NATO is devoid of functional meaning. However, if NATO remains as a military alliance with a predominantly offensive military doctrine, especially against the background of the weakening role of the UN Security Council in deciding on the use of force, this will require a radical restructuring of Russian military planning and the principles of building the Russian Armed Forces, including in the range of possible actions elements of a preventive strategy in the event of a threat to the Russian Federation. Moreover, such a restructuring will be required by the deployment of groups of foreign troops on the territory of states bordering Russia. A change in the Russian nuclear strategy and an increase in the importance of tactical nuclear weapons to ensure stability in the Western strategic direction are not excluded.

Priorities of Russian foreign policy.

The Concept of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation defines the main priorities of our state’s foreign policy in solving global problems:

Formation of a new world order;

Strengthening international security;

Providing favorable foreign policy conditions for Russia in the field of international economic relations;

Respect and protection of human rights at the international level;

Information support of foreign policy activities.

The main goals of the military policy of the Russian Federation at the present stage.

Based on the current situation and the fact that the highest priority of Russian state policy is to protect the interests of the individual, society and the state, it is necessary to outline the main goals of Russia’s military policy at the present stage.

1) Ensuring reliable security of the country, preserving and strengthening its sovereignty and territorial integrity, strong and authoritative positions in the world community, which best meet the interests of the Russian Federation as a great power, as one of the influential centers of the modern world and which are necessary for the growth of its political and economic , intellectual and spiritual potential.

2) Influencing global processes in order to form a stable, fair and democratic world order, built on generally accepted norms international law, including, first of all, the goals and principles of the UN Charter, on equal and partnership relations between states.

3) Creation of favorable external conditions for the progressive development of Russia, the rise of its economy, raising the standard of living of the population, successful implementation of democratic reforms, strengthening the foundations of the constitutional system, respect for human rights and freedoms.

4) Formation of a belt of stability along the perimeter of the Russian borders, assistance in eliminating existing and preventing the emergence of potential hotbeds of tension and conflict in the regions adjacent to the Russian Federation.

5) Finding agreement and common interests with foreign countries and interstate associations in the process of solving world security problems determined by the national priorities of Russia, building on this basis a system of partnerships and allied relations that improve the conditions and parameters of international interaction.

Types of military conflicts and their brief characteristics.

Armed conflict. One of the forms of resolving political, national-ethnic, religious, territorial and other contradictions using means of armed struggle, in which the state (states) participating in hostilities do not go into a special state called war. In an armed conflict, the parties, as a rule, pursue private military-political goals.

An armed conflict may result from the escalation of an armed incident, a border conflict, an armed action and other armed clashes of a limited scale, during which means of armed struggle are used to resolve contradictions.

An armed conflict can be international in nature (involving two or more states) or internal in nature (involving armed confrontation within the territory of one state).

Local war. A war between two or more states, limited by political goals, in which military actions will be conducted, as a rule, within the borders of opposing states and primarily affect the interests of only these states (territorial, economic, political and others).

A local war can be waged by groups of troops (forces) deployed in the conflict area, with their possible strengthening through the transfer of additional forces and assets from other directions and the partial strategic deployment of armed forces.

Under certain conditions, local wars can develop into a regional or large-scale war.

Regional war. A war involving two or more states (groups of states) in the region by national or coalition armed forces with the use of both conventional and nuclear weapons in the territory limited by the boundaries of one region with the adjacent waters of oceans, seas, air and outer space, during in which the parties will pursue important military-political goals. To wage a regional war will require the full deployment of the armed forces and the economy, and high tension of all the forces of the participating states. If states possessing nuclear weapons or their allies participate in it, a regional war will be characterized by the threat of a transition to the use of nuclear weapons.

Large scale war. War between coalitions of states or the largest states of the world community. It can result from the escalation of an armed conflict, local or regional war by involving a significant number of states from different regions of the world. In a large-scale war, the parties will pursue radical military-political goals. It will require the mobilization of all available material resources and spiritual forces of the participating states.

Expand the concept of “Military organization of the Russian Federation” and its main tasks.

The protection of Russia's national interests in the military sphere is decided first of all, military organization of the state, which represents the totality of state and military administration bodies, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies, as well as allocated parts of scientific and production complexes, the joint activities of which are aimed at ensuring defense and military security, protecting the vital interests of the state.

The main task of the military organization of the Russian Federation is to implement deterrence in the interests of preventing aggression of any scale, including the use of nuclear weapons against Russia and its allies.

Composition of the military organization of the Russian Federation.

Organizationally, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation consist of centralized military command and control bodies, associations, formations, military units, institutions and organizations, as well as military educational institutions, which are included in the types and branches of troops, the Logistics of the Armed Forces and troops that are not included in the types and branches of troops of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Military authorities are intended to lead troops (forces) at various levels in both peacetime and wartime conditions. These include commands, headquarters, departments, departments and other permanently and temporarily created structures. To locate and operate control elements in combat conditions, control posts are deployed.

Associations- these are military formations that include several smaller formations or associations, as well as units and institutions. The associations include the army, flotilla, military district - operational-strategic territorial combined arms association and fleet - naval association.

Military district is an operational-strategic territorial combined arms association of military units, formations, educational institutions, military institutions of various types and branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. A military district, as a rule, covers the territory of several constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Fleet is the highest operational-strategic formation of the Navy. District and fleet commanders direct their troops (forces) through the headquarters subordinate to them.

Connections are military formations, consisting of several units or formations of a smaller composition, usually various branches of troops (forces), special troops (services), as well as support and service units (units). Formations include corps, divisions, brigades and other military formations equivalent to them.

Military Unit- an organizationally independent combat and administrative-economic unit in all branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Military units include all regiments, ships of ranks 1, 2 and 3, individual battalions (divisions, squadrons) and individual companies that are not part of battalions and regiments.

TOinstitutions of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation These include such structures for supporting the life activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation as military medical institutions, officers' houses, military museums, editorial offices of military publications, sanatoriums, rest homes, tourist centers, etc.

To military educational institutions include: military academies, military universities and institutes, higher and secondary military schools, military faculties at civilian universities, Suvorov and Nakhimov schools, training and retraining courses for officers.

Types and branches of the RF Armed Forces.

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation include the branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation:

The branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is like a component unit, distinguished by special weapons and intended to carry out the tasks assigned to them. The branches of the Armed Forces include: Ground Forces, Air Force(Air Force), Navy (Navy).

Ground Forces, Air Force and Navy. Each branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation consists of branches of troops (forces); to comprehensively support the combat activities of the branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, they include special troops and logistics.

To the branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation include: Space Forces. Strategic Missile Forces, Airborne Forces. The branch of the armed forces is understood as part of the branch of the Armed Forces. distinguished by its main weapons, technical equipment, organizational structure, nature of training and ability to perform specific combat missions in interaction with other branches of the military.

Special troops serve to support types and branches of troops and assist them in carrying out combat missions. These include: engineering troops, chemical troops, radio engineering troops, communications troops, automobile troops, road troops and a number of others.

What applies to conventional weapons?

Regular weapons constitute all fire and strike weapons using artillery, aviation, small arms and engineering ammunition, missiles in conventional ammunition, precision weapons, volumetric explosion ammunition (thermobaric), incendiary ammunition and mixtures.

It should be emphasized that the term “conventional weapons” is relative, since the use of this type of weapon can result in massive casualties among the population. This is evidenced by the experience of wars and armed conflicts of the 20th century.

In recent years, there has been a sharp increase in the combat potential of developed countries due to the quantitative and qualitative buildup of conventional weapons. Thus, having accumulated significant stocks of weapons of mass destruction, the United States and its allies increased the production of conventional weapons. Their destructive properties and combat effectiveness have increased sharply.

Fire and impact weapons include firearms (small arms, artillery, bombs, mines, grenades), jet and missile weapons.

Firearms - a weapon in which the energy of an explosive is used to eject a projectile (mine, bullet, other fillers). Firearms include artillery weapons (howitzers, cannons, mortars) and small arms (machine guns, machine guns, rifles and pistols).

Relatively new types of firearms, Ammunition with ready-made submunitions that found widespread use in military conflicts of the 20th century. In particular, we are talking about ball bombs, needle-filled ammunition and the more modern, fragmentation-beam projectile.

Ball Bombs contain up to 300 and. more metal or plastic balls with a diameter of 5-6 mm. During an explosion, the balls scatter at high speed in all directions and cause multiple injuries to soft tissues and internal organs, as well as fragmented bone fractures. During the aggression in Vietnam, the US military used ball bombs in cluster form (approximately 600 bombs per cluster).

Needle-filled ammunition contain from 5 to 12 thousand thin steel needles or arrows, which, when exploded and scattered, are bent in the shape of a hook and cause multiple severe wounds, most often leading to death. These ammunition can conditionally be classified as means of mass destruction, since when they explode, the range of dispersion of the destructive elements reaches 500 m with an affected area of ​​up to 70-80 hectares.

Beam fragmentation projectile with ready-made destructive elements, simultaneously throws out 1500 2 gram bullets, destroying all living things over an area of ​​3000-5000 m²

Jet weapons – ground, aviation and sea installations (10-45 barrels) for salvo fire with unguided rockets delivered to the target by the thrust of a jet engine (Grad, Buratino systems).

Missile weapons (in conventional equipment) - a system in which weapons are delivered to a target by missiles: a complex that includes a missile with a conventional launcher, a launcher, means of targeting the target, test and launch equipment, means that control the flight of the missile, vehicles, etc. devices.

The most effective type of conventional weapon is precision-guided weapon (HPT).

Accepted for precision weapons include various types of devices and means intended for delivering “precision” remote strikes in automatic mode. The concept of high-tech weapons includes a complex of weapons (missiles, aerial bombs, landmines), their delivery systems (launchers, aircraft), guidance and navigation means. High accuracy (up to 10 m) and high charge power make it possible to strike well-protected objects and shelters. High-precision weapons are often called reconnaissance-strike systems (RUS) or reconnaissance-strike complexes (RUK).

Volumetric explosion ammunition (thermobaric ammunition)

Thermobaric ammunition – devices capable of producing detonating gas-air or air-fuel mixtures. As a result of the detonation of a gas-air or air-fuel mixture flowing into cracks, trenches, dugouts, military equipment, ventilation hatches and communication ropes of leaking engineering structures, buildings, protective structures and buried objects can be completely destroyed. Moreover, explosions in a confined space are highly effective not only in causing damage (destruction) to fortifications (protective) structures, but also in defeating enemy personnel and the population.

The named ammunition has the following damaging factors: shock wave, thermal and toxic effects.

Incendiary agents (mixtures)

Incendiary mixtures are pyrotechnics containing napalm (incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products with a combustion temperature of up to 1200 ° C), phosphorus (metalized incendiary mixtures - pyrogens, with a combustion temperature of up to 1600 ° C) or thermite (thermite mixtures with a combustion temperature of up to 2000 ° C ). They can be equipped with aerial bombs, mines, land mines, and flamethrowers. Incendiary mixtures were widely used during the Korean War (1950-1953) and American aggression in Vietnam (1964-1974). The damaging effect of incendiary mixtures is caused by thermal burns of the skin and mucous membranes, infrared radiation and poisoning by combustion products. The burning fire mixture can affect not only the skin, but also subcutaneous tissue, muscles and even bones: deep third- and fourth-degree burns occur in 70-75% of cases. Phosphorus burns can be complicated by poisoning of the body when phosphorus is absorbed through the burn surface. The impact of incendiary mixtures on the human body often causes combined lesions, leading to the development of shock, the occurrence of which is possible in more than 30% of those affected.

The unifying link for the considered destructive weapons is the presence of a single leading damaging factor - the ability to cause mechanical (wounds) and traumatic injuries to people.

Nuclear weapons: - types of ammunition;

- damaging factors of nuclear weapons;

- distribution of nuclear weapons by nature of use.

Nuclear weapon – ammunition, the destructive effect of which is based on the use of intranuclear energy released during explosive nuclear reactions (fission, fusion, fission and fusion simultaneously).

Distinguish atomic, thermonuclear and neutron ammunition. Depending on the power of the ammunition(energy of a nuclear explosion in TNT equivalent (kilotons, megatons)), are distinguished: ultra-small (up to 1 kt), small (1-10 kt), medium (10-100 kt), large (100 kt-1 mt) and super-large (over 1 mt) nuclear weapons.

By the nature of the use of nuclear weapons allocate : ground, underground, underwater, surface, air and high-altitude explosions.

The damaging factors of the reference ground explosion include (Film No. 2/2 ORP): light radiation(30-35% of the energy of a nuclear explosion is used for formation), shock wave (50%), penetrating radiation (5%:), radioactive contamination of the area and air,electromagnetic pulse, as well as a psychological factor, i.e. moral impact of a nuclear explosion on personnel.