Topic 2.1
Military security as an integral part of the national interests of the Russian Federation

First study question
National Security Concept of the Russian Federation

1.1. National security and national interests of Russia

Russia is one of the largest countries in the world, with rich historical and cultural traditions. Its economic, scientific, technical and military potential, unique geographical position on the Eurasian continent allow the Russian Federation to play an important role in the modern world. Objectively, the common interests of Russia and other states remain on many security issues, including countering the proliferation of weapons mass destruction, combating terrorism and drug trafficking, solving environmental problems and ensuring nuclear safety. At the same time, a number of states are intensifying efforts aimed at weakening Russia as a whole and its influence on international politics. In this regard, the need to protect the national interests of the Russian Federation and ensure the national security of the state is increasing.

The basic concepts of national security are formulated in the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2009 No. 537.

National security is understood as the state of protection of the individual, society and state from internal and external threats, which allows us to ensure constitutional rights, freedoms, decent quality and standard of living for citizens, sovereignty, territorial integrity and sustainable development of the Russian Federation, defense and security of the state.

National security is inextricably linked with the state’s ability to realize its national interests.

The national interests of the Russian Federation are the totality of the internal and external needs of the state to ensure the security and sustainable development of the individual, society and state.

The country's national interests exist in various spheres of life: economic, domestic political, social, international, information, military, border, environmental and others (Table 1.1).

Table 1.1
National interests of the Russian Federation in some areas

Areas of existence of national interests	The meaning and content of national interests
Economic	They are key to ensuring all other interests, because their implementation is possible only on the basis of sustainable economic development
Internal political	Preserving the stability of government institutions, ensuring civil peace and harmony, territorial integrity, unity of the country's legal space. Neutralization of the causes and conditions for the emergence of political and religious extremism, ethnic separatism. Universal respect for human rights and freedoms, inadmissibility of double standards
Social	Ensuring a high standard of living for the population
Spiritual	Preservation and strengthening of the moral health of society, traditions of patriotism and humanism, cultural and scientific potential of the country
International	Ensuring the country's sovereignty, strengthening the state's position as one of the centers of the multipolar world. Development of mutually beneficial relations with all countries and their associations
Information	Respect for rights and freedoms in the field of obtaining information and its use, development of modern communication technologies, protection of information resources
Military	Protection of independence, sovereignty, state and territorial integrity of the country. Preventing aggression against Russia and its allies. Providing conditions for the peaceful democratic development of the country
Border	Ensuring a reliable state border. Compliance with the procedure and rules for carrying out economic and other activities in the border area
Ecological	Preservation and improvement of the environment

In addition, the most important component of Russia’s national interests is the protection of individuals, society and the state from terrorism, natural and man-made emergencies and their consequences, and in war time– from dangers arising during the conduct of military operations or as a result of these actions.

Thus, The national interests of the Russian Federation are:

• development of democracy and civil society;
• increasing competitiveness national economy;
• ensuring the inviolability of the constitutional order, territorial integrity and sovereignty of the Russian Federation;
• transforming the Russian Federation into a world power whose activities are aimed at maintaining strategic stability and mutually beneficial partnerships in a multipolar world.

National interests are long-term in nature and determine the strategic goals and current tasks of internal and foreign policy Russian Federation.

The internal and external sovereign needs of the state to ensure national security are implemented through strategic national priorities.

Strategic national priorities are the most important areas of state activity in the field of ensuring national security, which allow the realization of the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens of the Russian Federation, the sustainable socio-economic development of the country, and the preservation of its sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity.

The main priorities of the national security of the Russian Federation are:

1. National defense.
   The strategic goals for improving national defense are:
   • preventing global and regional wars and conflicts;
   • implementation of strategic deterrence in the interests of ensuring the country's military security.


2. State and public security.
   The strategic goals of ensuring national security in the field of state and public security are:
   • protection of the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation;
   • protection of fundamental rights and freedoms of man and citizen;
   • protection of the sovereignty of the Russian Federation, its independence and territorial integrity;
   • preservation of civil peace, political and social stability in society.

1.2. Main threats to the national security of the Russian Federation

A threat to national security is a direct or indirect possibility of causing damage to constitutional rights, freedoms, decent quality and standard of living of citizens, sovereignty and territorial integrity, sustainable development of the Russian Federation, defense and security of the state.

The National Security Strategy identifies sources of threats to the security of the Russian Federation in the military sphere, as well as in the sphere of state and public security.

Sources of threats to the military security of the Russian Federation

The main source of threats to military security is the policy of a number of leading foreign countries aimed at achieving predominant superiority in the military sphere, primarily in strategic nuclear forces. This policy is implemented:

1. The development of high-precision, information and other high-tech means of warfare.
2. Improving strategic weapons in non-nuclear equipment.
3. The unilateral formation of a global missile defense system.
4. Militarization of near-Earth space.
5. Dissemination of nuclear, chemical, biological technologies.
6. Production of weapons of mass destruction, or their components and delivery vehicles.

Sources of threats to national security in the field of state and public security

The main sources of threats to national security in this area are:

1. Intelligence and other activities of special services and organizations of foreign states, as well as individuals, aimed at harming the security of the Russian Federation.
2. Activities of terrorist organizations, groups and individuals aimed at:
   • violent change in the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation;
   • disruption of the normal functioning of government bodies (including violent actions against government, political and public figures);
   • destruction of military and industrial facilities, enterprises and institutions that ensure the functioning of society;
   • intimidation of the population, including through the use of nuclear and chemical weapons or dangerous radioactive, chemical and biological substances.
3. Extremist activities of nationalist, religious, ethnic and other organizations and structures aimed at:
   • violation of the unity and territorial integrity of the Russian Federation;
   • destabilization of the internal political and social situation in the country.
4. Activities of transnational criminal organizations and groups related to the illicit trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, weapons, ammunition, and explosives.
5. Criminal attacks directed against the person, property, state power, public and economic security, as well as those related to corruption.

1.3. National security system

For development and implementation public policy In the field of national security, a system for ensuring national security has been created in the Russian Federation.

The system for ensuring national security is a state structure that unites governing bodies, forces and means of ensuring national security of legislative, executive and judiciary Russian Federation, as well as organizations.

The direct implementation of tasks to ensure national security is carried out by national security forces, using for this purpose the means of ensuring national security.

National Security Forces - the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies in which federal legislation provides for military and (or) law enforcement service, as well as federal government bodies taking part in ensuring the national security of the state on the basis of the legislation of the Russian Federation .

Means of ensuring national security - technologies, as well as technical, software, linguistic, legal, organizational means, including telecommunication channels, used in the system of ensuring national security for collecting, generating, processing, transmitting or receiving information about the state of national security and measures to strengthen it .

The state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of national security is ensured by the coordinated actions of all elements of the national security system with the coordinating role of the Security Council of the Russian Federation through the implementation of a set of measures of an organizational, regulatory, legal and informational nature. The activities of the Security Council are managed by the President of the Russian Federation through the Chairman of the Security Council.

Forces and means of ensuring national security concentrate their efforts and resources on ensuring national security in the domestic political, economic, social spheres, in the sphere of science and education, in the international, spiritual, information, military, military-industrial and environmental spheres, as well as in the public sphere security.

Conclusions on the first educational question

1. Of primary importance for the functioning and development of the country is the implementation of the national interests of the state in various spheres: economic, international, domestic political, social (medicine, science, education, culture, etc.), spiritual, informational, military, border, environmental and etc. The set of external and internal conditions that ensure the state of protection of the individual, society and the state from various threats, as well as the implementation of national interests, characterizes the level of national security of the state.

2. In order to maintain national security at a given level, ensuring the satisfaction of the country’s national interests in various fields, a system for ensuring national security has been created in the Russian Federation, including the relevant governing bodies, forces and means. The coordination of the activities of elements of the national security system is carried out by the Security Council of the Russian Federation under the President of the Russian Federation. The activities of the national security system are carried out on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the National Security Strategy, the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation, the federal law of May 31, 1996 No. 61 “On Defense”, and other legal acts of the Russian Federation.

3. The main sources of threats to the national security of the Russian Federation are in the military sphere, as well as in the sphere of state and public security. In this regard, the main national priorities of the national security of the Russian Federation are national defense, as well as state and public security.

Thesis

Tripolsky, Vladimir Borisovich

Academic degree:

PhD in Political Science

Place of thesis defense:

HAC specialty code:

Speciality:

Political institutions, ethnopolitical conflictology, national and political processes and technologies

Number of pages:

Chapter 1. Methodological foundations political science analysis of the activities of public authorities in the system of ensuring national security.

1.1 National security as an object of political science analysis.

1.2 The state as the main subject of the national security system

Chapter 2. Activities of government bodies of the Russian Federation to ensure national security d^

2.1 Ensuring national security as a priority area of ​​activity of government bodies of the Russian Federation: status and prospects for implementation ^

2.2 Main ways to improve the activities of bodies state authorities to ensure the national security of the Russian Federation in modern conditions. j

Introduction of the dissertation (part of the abstract) On the topic "Activities of government bodies of the Russian Federation as a factor in ensuring national security"

At the turn of the XX-XXI centuries, the problems of ensuring national, as well as global and regional security, not only did not lose their significance, but became even more urgent. The current socio-political situation in the country and abroad is characterized by the presence of serious contradictions in many areas of activity, acute political and economic confrontation in interstate relations, an increase in the number and scale of conflicts of various types, an increase in the range of threats and the emergence of new security challenges.

Social tension, the growth of intolerance, xenophobia, religious radicalism, increased aggressiveness, and the spread of violence and terror have become integral features of the development of modern political processes. These phenomena, as well as other threats, are becoming increasingly dangerous for Russia, which has the longest land and sea borders in the world and unites the subjects of the Federation with a multinational and multi-religious population. Effective counteraction to modern threats is becoming an important function of the foreign and domestic policy of the Russian state, a guarantee of preserving its sovereignty and territorial integrity, a condition for expanding and deepening mutually beneficial cooperation with all subjects of international relations, a guarantee of protecting national interests and comprehensively ensuring the security of Russian citizens.

The threats and challenges of the 21st century required a radical restructuring of the entire national security system of Russia. Over the past ten to fifteen years, the system of bodies, forces and means of ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation has been virtually re-formed. Issues of ensuring national security are regulated in a number of regulatory documents, including at the level of federal constitutional laws.

All this made it possible to prevent the collapse of Russian statehood and create conditions for the transition to stable foreign and domestic political development of the country.

However, problems of ensuring national security are still quite acute. This, in turn, predetermines the need for constant attention to scientific and theoretical understanding of problems associated, among other things, with increasing the effectiveness of public policy and the activities of government bodies in this area.

The relevance of this dissertation research is due to:

Firstly, the increased importance of security as a global value of the human community, the need to clarify the modern content of national security, as well as to determine its specificity in relation to modern stage developments of the political situation in the country and the world;

Secondly, the real existing threats to the national security of the Russian Federation, the needs to improve the state system of parrying, localizing and preventing these threats;

Thirdly, the urgent need to rethink and adjust the content of the main directions of state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of ensuring national security;

Fourthly, the emergence of new, higher requirements, both for the results and for the political content of the activities of state authorities and management of the Russian Federation to ensure national security.

Due to the above circumstances, as well as in view of the high socio-political significance of improving the national security system in the Russian Federation, the study of theoretical and methodological problems associated with the study of the activities of public authorities in this area is among the most important research tasks.

The degree of scientific development of the topic. Problems of ensuring national security attract the close attention of scientists of various specialties - philosophers, political scientists, sociologists, historians, economists, and systems analysts.

General theoretical and political science aspect of the problem is presented in the publications of A.V. Vozzhenikova, M.I. Dzlieva, V.N. Kuznetsova, A.A. Prokhozheva, A.D. Ursula and other authors exploring the conceptual and practical aspects of ensuring Russia’s national security in the context of the political process, transformation and globalization factors of modern social development1.

Important safety aspects such as

1 See: Vashchekin N.P., Dzliev M.I., Ursul A.D. Security and sustainable development of Russia. - M., 1998; Vakhrameev A.V. On the issue of ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation (declarations and reality) // Social and humanitarian knowledge. - 2002. -No. 1-3; Vozzhenikov A.V. The national security paradigm of a reforming Russia. - M., 2000; Dzliev M.I., Romanovich A.L., Ursul A.D. Security problems: theoretical and methodological aspect. -M., 2001; Dzliev M.I., Ursul A.D. Fundamentals of ensuring the security of Russia. - M., 2003; Zolotarev V.A. Revealing the Russian national security paradigm. - M., 1999; Kuznetsov V.N. Sociology of safety: formation of a culture of safety in a transforming society. -M., 2002; General theory of national security / Ed. A.A. Prokhozheva. - M., 2002; Ter-Akopov A.A. Human security: Social and legal foundations. - M., 2005 and other informational, military, geopolitical, humanitarian, synergetic, sociological, general theoretical and others are considered in the works of E.G. Andryushchenko, V.V. Barabina, O.A. Belkova, O.N. Bykova, V.A. Vinogradova, A.N. Guseva, S.F. Zybina, N.D. Kazakova, B.M. Kozhokina, E.G. Kochetova, V.I. Krivokhizhi, A.N. Kurilo, M.A. Leskova, V.K. Levashova, I.I. Lukashuka, L.P. Malysheva, N.G. Meheda, S. Mitrokhina,

A.M. Nikonova, V.L. Obolensky, G.V. Osipova, Yu.V. Petrova, A.I. Pozdnyakova, V.M. Popova, K.N. Rybalkina, V.L. Semenova, V.K. Senchagova,

B.V. Serebryannikova, L.V. Skvortsova, S.V. Smulsky, A.A. Streltsova, V.I. Tepechina, L.O. Ternova, Zh.T. Toshchenko, P.I. Fisenko, I.P. Fominsky, K.V. Frolova, V.V. Chebana, A.Kh. Shavaeva, V.L. Shchipkova, N.N. Shcherby, R.P. Yanovsky, O.N. Yanitsky, V.A. Yazev and other authors1.

1 See: Andryushchenko E. Globalization: the boundaries of reality and new mythology // Security of Eurasia. - 2001. - No. 4; Gusev A. Security of the individual, society and state in the context of the new humanitarian paradigm of the 21st century // Security of Eurasia. - 2001. -No. 3; Kochetov E. Geoeconomic (global) explanatory dictionary. - M., 2003; Krivozhikha V. Some methodological foundations for developing the concept of national security of Russia // Foreign policy and security of modern Russia. - M., 2002. T.2; Lukashuk I. Politics and geo-economics // Security of Eurasia. - 2001. - No. 4; Modestov S. Information confrontation as a factor of geopolitical competition. - M., 1997; Panarin I. Information war USSR and USA // Security of Eurasia. - 2003. - No. 12; Rubanov V. Defense-industrial complex and military security of Russia // Security of Eurasia. - 2001. - No. 4; Senchagov V.

Economic security: geopolitics, globalization, self-preservation and development. - M., 2002; Serebryannikov V. Sociology of war. - M., 1997; Smulsky S. Methodological principles and the main ways of forming a strategy for managing military conflicts // Strategic Stability. - 1999. - No. 1; Cheban V. Militarization of consciousness:

For the study of state security and the political factors influencing it, the works of M.G. Anokhin, K.S. Gadzhiev, V.S. Komarovsky, G.S. Kotanjyan, S.V. Rogachev, V.P. Pugacheva, L.I. Solovyov, O.F. Shabrov, as well as dissertation research by O.I. Arshba, V.L. Suvorov, A.A. Kotenev and other scientists1. Issues of prevention and de-escalation of conflicts, as well as countering terrorism, are deeply covered in the works of O.A. Belkova, A.I. Gushera, V.Z. Dvorkina, A.V. Kortunova, V.A. Kremenyuk, A.I. Nikitina, A.E. Safonova, armed conflicts and security of Russia // Argument. - 1994. - No. 1; Shershnev L. Universal Declaration of Responsibility and Human Rights - XXI Century // Security of Eurasia. - 2000. - No. 2; Yavchunovskaya R. Global problems in the human dimension (fundamentals of human security). -M., 2001; Yanitsky O. Russia: environmental challenge. - Novosibirsk, 2002; Yanovsky R. Social dynamics of humanitarian changes: sociology of Russia’s chance for a decent and safe life for its peoples. - M., 2001.

1 See: Anokhin M. Mechanisms for ensuring political stability // Political science views on modernity: Sat. articles. - M., 1996. -Issue Z.; Gadzhiev K. Political science. - M., 1995; Pugachev V., Soloviev A. Introduction to political science. - M., 1995; Komarov V. Political conflict And political values: comparative analysis; Kotanjyan G. Ethnopolitical science of consensus - conflict: civilizational problems of theory and practice. - M., 1992; Arshba O. Ethnopolitical Conflict: essence and technology of management: Author's abstract. diss. . Ph.D. polit, science -M., 1996; Suvorov V. Political regulation of interethnic conflicts: modern experience, problems, trends: Author's abstract. diss. Ph.D. polit, science - M., 1997; Kotenev A. Ethnic conflictology: ethnic aspects of local conflicts near the Asian borders of Russia in last quarter XX century Author's abstract. diss. . Doctor of Political Sciences. - M., 1996.

IN AND. Slipchenko, J.I.B. Shebarshina and others1

Issues of national identity and national interests are revealed in the works of A.G. Arbatova, J.I.M. Drobizheva, V.V. Ilyina, V.K. Kantora, V.V. Koroteeva, V.N. Kuznetsova, B.JI. Lobera, A.M. Migranyan, M.A. Muntyan, N.A. Narochitskaya, Yu.S. Pivovarova, E.A. Pozdyakova, S.V. Chugrova, A.S. Tsipko et al.2

1 See: Belkov O.A. Terrorism is a challenge to national and international security // Security of Eurasia. - 2001. - No. 4; Goucher A. Terrorism -general security in the 21st century // Analytics Bulletin. - 2001. - No. 2; It's him. The face of the modern international terrorism// Analytics Bulletin. -2002. - No. 7; Dvorkin V. Prevention instead of retribution // Russia in global politics. - 2002. - No. 1; Kremenyuk V. Establishing peace: the light and shadows of modern peacekeeping // Foreign policy and security of modern Russia. - M., 2002; Nikitin A. Peacekeeping operations: concepts and practice. - M., 2000; Safonov A. A global system of countering terrorism is needed // International life. - 2003. - No. 1; Slipchenko V. War of the Future. - M., 1999; Shebarshin L. Reflections on an Islamic theme // Bulletin of Analytics. - 2001. - No. 5.

See: Arbatov A. National idea and national security. -M., 1996; Drobizheva L. Russian ethnic identity: confrontation or compatibility // Security of Eurasia. - 2003. - No. 12; Ilyin V., Akhiezer A. Russian civilization: content, boundaries, possibilities. - M., 2000; Kantor V. Russian European as a phenomenon of structure. - M., 2001; Kuznetsov V. Russian dream in the geocultural dimension // Security of Eurasia. - 2003. -№11; Luzhkov 10.

Renewing history: humanity in the 21st century and the future of Russia. - M., 2002; Muntyan M. Post-industrial society and sustainable development in the 21st century // Security of Eurasia. - 2001. - No. 3; Narochnitskaya N. Russia and Russians in world history. - M., 2003; Pivovarov Yu. Serious complete destruction

As for Western works, from which one can most adequately judge the perception of the development of national security policy in Russia in the last 10-15 years, these primarily include the books of Z. Brzezinski, I. Wallerstein, S. Garnett, J. Goodby , G. Kisinger, S. Cohen, J. Chiesa, A. Papa, S. Talbott, M. Thatcher, S. Huntington, etc.1

Watered. - 2003. - No. 4; Pozdnyakov E. Philosophy of politics. - M., 1994; Pozdnyakov E. Nation, nationalism, national interests. - M., 1994; Tsipko A. Is it possible to form a new Russian identity? // Analytics Bulletin. - 2002. - No. 8.

1 See: Brzezinski 3. The Great Chessboard: American Dominance and Its geostrategic imperatives / Transl. from English - M., 1998; Brzezinski 3. How to build relations with Russia // Pro et Contra. - 2001. - T.6. - No. 1-2; Wallerstein I. Analysis of world systems and the situation in the modern world / Transl. from English - St. Petersburg, 2001; Garnett S. "" or restrictions Russian power// Pro et Contra. - 1997. - T.2. -No. 1; Goodby J. Undivided Europe. New logic of peace in American-Russian relations / Transl. from English - M., 2000; Graham Th. Russia's Decline and Uncertain Recovery. Washington, D.C., 2002; Kissinger G. Does America need a foreign policy? Towards diplomacy for the 21st century / Translated from English - M., 2002; Kissinger G. Diplomacy / Translated from English. - M., 1997; Cohen S. The failure of the US crusade and the tragedy of post-communist Russia / Translated from English - M., 2001; Russian Roulette - M., 2001; Pro et Contra. - 2001. - T.6, No. 1-2; Thatcher M. Strategies for a changing world / Translated from English - M., 2003; The end of history. . - M., 2000; Fukuyama F. Our posthuman future / Translated from English - M., 2004; Clash of civilizations and the formation of world order / Translated from English.

Despite the significant volume of publications on the topic of the dissertation, it should be noted that the problem of ensuring national security, in terms of search optimal ways improving the activities of government bodies of the Russian Federation in this area is not sufficiently developed. No generally accepted position on this issue has yet been formed in the scientific community.

Thus, the relevance of the topic, the insufficient degree of its development, the objectively increasing needs for it political science comprehension and were the motivation for the dissertation research.

The object of the study is national security as a complex phenomenon and a phenomenon of modern socio-political life.

The subject of the study is the activities of government bodies of the Russian Federation in the system of ensuring the security of individuals, society and the state and ways of its further improvement.

Working hypothesis of the study. The author believes that the existing national security system played a significant role in stabilizing the internal political situation in the country, protecting the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state at the stage of global transformational changes. However, Russia’s current position in the world and the internal political situation are influenced by a whole range of threats and challenges to its national security, and the existing system of government bodies does not fully meet the interests of effectively ensuring national security.

The national security system currently operates in a reflexive response to threats and challenges to national security and, according to the dissertation author, needs to be improved on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of activities, optimal structure, distribution of functions and powers, assessment of the qualitative composition of government bodies, the level competence and professionalism of its subjects.

The purpose of the study is to, on the basis of existing approaches to the study of national security and the practice of ensuring it, expand scientific ideas about its essence, specificity and content of the main directions of state policy in this area, to identify and justify the priority areas of activity of public authorities and management to ensure national security of Russia.

The implementation of this goal in the dissertation research is achieved by setting and solving the following specific tasks.

1. Study the main scientific approaches to the study of national security as a phenomenon of modern political reality.

2. Clarify the essence and content of national security, as well as factors influencing the state of national security of the Russian Federation.

3. Identify the place and role of the state as the main subject of ensuring national security in modern conditions of development of Russian society.

4. Analyze the effectiveness of existing mechanisms for implementing the national security policy of the Russian Federation.

5. Justify the priority areas of activity of government bodies of the Russian Federation to ensure national security.

Solving these problems, according to the author, will make it possible to develop specific recommendations of a scientific, theoretical and practical nature aimed at improving public policy and practical activities government bodies of the Russian Federation in the field of ensuring national security.

The scientific novelty of the dissertation research lies, first of all, in the very formulation, justification and methods of solving an urgent scientific problem - a political science analysis of national security as a phenomenon of modern reality, the practice of functioning of the national security system of the Russian Federation, as well as in identifying the main directions for improving the activities of government bodies and Department for ensuring national security in relation to the current stage of development of Russian statehood.

Based on the results of the study, the following provisions are submitted for defense:

1. The author's interpretation of the essence and content of national security as a system that includes a set of interconnected and interdependent elements, within the framework of which activities are carried out to ensure the security of the individual, society and the state. The national security system is designed to prevent or minimize internal and external threats of various nature, as well as to identify ways, determine methods and methods of activity of subjects to ensure national interests and achieve a safe state of the entire system.

2. Results of the analysis and assessment of the nature of real and potential threats to national security and interests of the Russian Federation.

3. Identification and assessment of resources and capabilities for neutralizing or fending off actual and potential challenges and threats to the national security of the Russian Federation.

4. The main directions for improving the activities of government bodies to ensure the national security of the Russian Federation, which are determined by the vital interests of Russia and the need to develop and use effective means of countering internal and external threats. First of all, this is legal support for national security, the adoption and implementation of necessary measures to neutralize emerging and prevent emerging threats, preserve and develop the potential of Russian society, and improve the quality of life of the country's population. Achieving long-term goals of ensuring national security is realized by solving a set of subordinate tasks in all spheres of activity of the Russian state and society.

The methodological basis of the study was the conceptual provisions of political science and conflictology, the theory of national and military security, their legal and conceptual-theoretical implementation in the Russian Federation.

The study used methods political science, historical, functional and systemic analysis, theoretical generalization and others.

The empirical basis of the study consisted of monographs, scientific works, publications of domestic and foreign authors on national security issues, as well as legislative and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation on security issues, factual material and results sociological research conducted by domestic and foreign scientists on topics related to the subject-object area of ​​the dissertation work.

The reliability of the research results was ensured by the formal logical consistency and correctness of the initial methodological positions, the use of proven methods and tools, and a reasonable choice of monitoring data for the development of the internal political situation in the Russian Federation and the foreign policy situation. To ensure the objectivity of the research results, consultations with experts on the problem under consideration were used.

The theoretical significance of the results of the dissertation lies in the fact that it further developed the provisions of the theory of national security, explored its essence and specificity in relation to the modern stage of development of Russian statehood, reflected the experience and problems of functioning of the national security system of the Russian Federation, clarified the role and place of the authorities state power and management in this system.

The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that its main provisions can be used in developing the state’s domestic and foreign policy on issues of ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation. In addition, it consists in summarizing the experience of functioning of the national security system of the Russian Federation and identifying specific areas for improving the activities of government bodies of the Russian Federation to effectively solve problems in this area.

Implementation and testing of scientific results.

While working on his dissertation research, the author took part in a number of research projects on various aspects ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation, preparing scientific and methodological materials and analytical materials for the highest political leadership of Russia.

Structure of the dissertation. The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, including four paragraphs, a conclusion and a list of references.

Conclusion of the dissertation on the topic "Political institutions, ethnopolitical conflictology, national and political processes and technologies", Tripolsky, Vladimir Borisovich

1. The system for ensuring national security in the Russian Federation has been created and is developing in accordance with current processes in the field of ensuring national security and reflects the modern ideas of the country's political leadership about the need and possibility of realizing national interests in various spheres of activity of the state and society. It is enshrined in the Constitution of Russia, federal and regional legislation, as well as in regulatory legal acts of bodies local government. The main objectives of this system are the development and implementation of plans and other measures for advocacy; formation, functioning and development of bodies, forces and means of ensuring security; restoration of objects of protection damaged as a result of illegal actions.

All branches of government participate in ensuring national security in accordance with their jurisdiction and powers within their competence. The means of ensuring national security are entities that implement political, legal, diplomatic, economic, scientific, technical, information, military and other methods and methods of countering threats and challenges to the security of the individual, society and state, as well as weapons, military and special equipment, property and resources used to ensure national security in various spheres of life.

2. The current structure of the national security system is in many ways a reflection of the understanding of the essence and content of the realities in which the modernization of Russian statehood was carried out in the period from 1991 to 2005. At the same time, as the analysis carried out in the dissertation research shows, the participation of government bodies and civil society institutions in ensuring national security is extremely insufficient and requires significant changes. For these purposes, it is necessary to make adjustments in approaches and views on ensuring the country’s national interests in various fields of activity. In particular, to achieve real independence of the legislative branch, carry out a structural restructuring of the mechanisms for ensuring national security and increase the efficiency of the system of government bodies.

3. The current national security system of the Russian Federation is a set of state authorities and forces, the functional purpose of which is to ensure the security of citizens, public and state institutions, and their vital interests. The decisive functional subject on which the effectiveness and strength of national security depends is the military organization of the state, the activities of which also need to be improved.

Current and future problems in the field of security can be resolved only subject to the effective and interconnected activities of these structures within the framework of a unified system for ensuring national security, which implies the need to develop an appropriate mechanism that not only coordinates the activities of individual elements of the system, but also ensures the effectiveness of the implementation of national security by subjects coordinated tasks.

4. The main directions for improving the activities of government bodies to ensure the national security of the Russian Federation is the optimization of the structural, institutional and functional components of the mechanism for ensuring national security. At the same time, the concentration of all power on the highest state level does not contribute to the effective implementation of the powers of a number of key actors, since attempts to cover the solution to all problems in the field of national security lead to underestimation of individual threats and challenges, and therefore reduce the effectiveness of measures to eliminate uncertain threats and risks.

In this regard, the activities of the Security Council of the Russian Federation become important. Currently, the organizational and technical aspect of its activities prevails over the analytical, which contradicts the needs of an operational and qualitative analysis of the emerging situation within the country and the foreign policy situation. Resolution of national security issues is carried out by a narrow circle of officials, which is not entirely justified, since it revives the discredited practice of decision-making in Soviet times. In order to improve this activity, it is necessary to ensure the unity of society and government institutions in resolving the most important issues of national security.

5. Based on the functional purpose of security entities, the most important direction for improving the activities of government bodies should be the analytical study of issues of ensuring national security and the preparation of proposals for their implementation. In these conditions, it is extremely important to vest the Security Council with functions for coordinating research programs in the field of national security; the formation, under the auspices of the Security Council, of a non-state strategic network structure that could consolidate the country's intellectual elite to solve the most important strategic tasks; changing the very principles of the formation and functioning of the highest bodies of legislative and executive power; optimization of mechanisms for implementing powers in the field of national security.

Local governments, socio-political associations, the media, and the church must find their place in the institutional infrastructure of the national security system.

6. The discrepancy between the power and intensity of countering threats and security challenges and the scale, organization and diversity of forms of threats and challenges represents one of the main contradictions in existing system activities of government bodies. This contradiction cannot be resolved only by increasing the volume of budgetary funding for law enforcement agencies. A comprehensive targeted state program is needed to counter threats and challenges to national security in a wide range of areas. At the same time, the functional component of the mechanism for ensuring national security should consist of identifying, eliminating, localizing, neutralizing or minimizing the impact of factors that have a negative impact on the state of national security.

As part of an integrated approach, it is necessary to use legal (legislative); organizational and power; law enforcement; military-political; informational; socio-economic mechanisms to counter and prevent security threats and challenges. This approach should include a system of interrelated, complementary measures, united by one goal and involving state, public, political, professional, creative and other bodies and organizations in achieving it.

The main conditions for improving the activities of government bodies in this regard are the presence of political will; interaction and coordination of activities of security subjects; the presence of an efficient system for ensuring national security; dedication and even sacrifice of a significant circle of people in the name of the well-being and security of the people as a whole, and not of its individual social groups. There seems to be an urgent need to bring all legislation in the field of national security into line with the tasks being solved by government authorities in this area.

Thus, bringing the regulatory framework in line with the interests of ensuring national security is an important direction for improving the activities of public authorities. For these purposes, it seems necessary to codify regulations, including departmental ones, in order to eliminate contradictions in regulations and define clear priorities for the legal regulation of national security.

The qualitative characteristics of the activities of public authorities within the framework of the proposed areas of improvement are: the proactive nature of actions; activity; compliance of tasks, powers and resource support; variability, availability various models activities depending on the solution of tasks to prevent, suppress, respond and mitigate threats and challenges to national security; ensuring unity in actions on an international, interstate and state scale, as well as in the aspect of combining the efforts of departments on the basis of a clear delineation of the competence of bodies at the federal, regional and local levels; differentiation of tasks, forms and content of activities in normal and emergency situations.

CONCLUSION

The analysis of the activities of public authorities to ensure the national security of the Russian Federation allows us to state that since the radical transformations of Russian statehood in the early 90s of the 20th century, the structure and functions of public authorities exercising the main powers in the field of ensuring national security have undergone significant changes.

The departure from the implementation of the “state as a night watchman” model imposed from outside and the implementation of a set of measures to strengthen Russian statehood significantly stabilized the internal political situation in the country and contributed to increasing the authority and role of the Russian Federation at the international level. The most important achievement of this period was the creation of a system for ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation, the functioning of which contributed to overcoming and minimizing a set of threats and challenges to Russia’s national security, including those fraught with violation of its territorial integrity and loss of sovereignty.

However, despite the measures taken, the problems of ensuring national security still remain relevant, and threats to it not only have not disappeared, but are also being transformed into new ones. In these conditions, the activities of public authorities require constant adjustment and improvement in order to adequately respond to them.

The conducted dissertation research allows us to formulate a number of conclusions of a theoretical and methodological nature, as well as provisions and recommendations that are important for the further development of the theory and practice of public authorities

of the Russian Federation to ensure the national security of the Russian Federation.

1. The concept of “security” as the most complex social phenomenon objectively has a specific historical nature and is closely connected with all directions and forms of interaction in the system of personality - society - state. Their place and role are dynamic and determined by the nature of social relations, political structure, the degree of internal and external threats. In this case, personality acts as a stable system of socially significant traits that characterize the individual as a member of society or community. The state is a form of political organization of society. In the broad sense of the word, the internal component of the security of society means the protection of its main subjects (people and the state) from threats emanating from processes, organizations, persons and objects under the control of the Russian state or on its territory.

The analysis of the methodological foundations for studying the problems of ensuring the national security of Russian society clearly showed the relevance and scientific and practical significance of this phenomenon.

2. National security is a system in which processes of interaction between the interests of the individual, society, state and threats to these interests, both internal and external, continuously occur. The target function of this system is the degree of protection of these interests from threats. The priority of one or another type of national security of the country in this moment is determined by objective factors, which are primarily influenced by the specific natural-technogenic and socio-political situation in the country and the world, as well as the presence of a wide range of threats and dangers that the national security system must counter.

3. For Russia, systematically ensuring its security means the activities of the state, the entire society and each citizen individually, aimed at protecting national interests, national values ​​and their enhancement. In addition, the idea of ​​national security is closely related to the concept of sustainable democratic development, acts as its integral part and at the same time is a condition for its implementation. This means that ensuring security should be aimed not only at preventing threats, but also at implementing a set of measures to develop and strengthen individual rights and freedoms, material and spiritual values ​​of society, the constitutional system, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state. We are talking here about long-term government policy and strategy.

4. The main subject of ensuring national security is the state, the functions and role of which in the context of globalization are not weakening, but rather strengthening, which is confirmed by the realities of modern political practice. It is the state that is the broadest and most universal organization of power, the most important institution for the political socialization of society, ensuring its stability and security. The role of supranational international institutions, as a rule, is biased in nature and does not contribute to ensuring international, including regional, and especially national security of individual states.

This is of particular importance for the Russian Federation; the role of the state in ensuring the security of society and the individual has traditionally been of paramount importance. In the conditions of Russia’s integration into the world geopolitical and geo-economic system of relations, this role of the state not only does not decrease, but even increases.

With the sudden passing of the bipolar world into the past, Russia was faced with the need to understand its position in the changed geopolitical situation, assess the main directions of future shifts on the world stage, and determine the most optimal - from the point of view of self-preservation and development - ways of integrating into a new one, born from the ruins of a long confrontation East and West, world. The changes that have occurred have had the most direct and dramatic impact on Russia, to a much greater extent than on other states. It manifested itself on almost all aspects of its international and domestic position, including its approach to problems of national security.

5. In the Russian Federation, a system for ensuring national security has basically been formed and is functioning. It is based on legislative, executive and judicial authorities, state, public and other organizations and associations, citizens, as well as legislation regulating relations in the field of security. The functions of security subjects, the forces and means of their influence on internal security objects, the procedures for making and implementing decisions on these interrogations are quite specifically and clearly defined.

6. An analysis of the functioning of the system for ensuring the internal security of Russian society in modern conditions clearly showed that the system for ensuring the national security of Russia is in the process of its formation and implies the need to improve the activities of government bodies in this area.

7. The main directions for improving the activities of government bodies to ensure the national security of the Russian Federation are determined by the vital interests of Russia and the need to develop and use effective means of countering internal and external threats. First of all, this is legal support for national security, the adoption and implementation of necessary measures to neutralize emerging and prevent emerging threats, preserve and develop the potential of Russian society, and improve the quality of life of the country's population. Achieving long-term goals of ensuring national security is realized by solving a set of subordinate tasks in all spheres of activity of the Russian state and society.

In the Russian Federation, a system for ensuring national security has basically been formed and is functioning. It is based on legislative, executive and judicial authorities, state, public and other organizations and associations, citizens, as well as legislation regulating relations in the field of security. The functions of security subjects, the forces and means of their influence on internal security objects, the procedures for making and implementing decisions on these interrogations are quite specifically and clearly defined.

At the same time, an analysis of the functioning of the mechanism for ensuring the internal security of Russian society clearly shows that the mechanism for ensuring national security is not effective enough, will cause serious failures and requires improvement at all links.

Based on the theoretical conclusions and assumptions made in the dissertation, the author considers it necessary to formulate the following practical recommendations, summarized in several groups.

In our opinion, the problem of determining the essence and content of national security and its specificity in relation to the current stage of development of Russian statehood needs further development.

All of the above problems, due to their relevance, severity and scientific lack of development, can be studied not only in individual dissertations, but also become the subject of scientific, practical and theoretical conferences with the involvement of scientists from various fields, politicians and representatives of the public in order to agree upon in the process of joint discussion the most controversial positions and assessments of this phenomenon.

The problem of national security of the Russian Federation and improving the activities of state authorities in this area should become part of the practice of regular parliamentary hearings and socio-political discussions in the media so that in the process of its discussion the opportunity for objective and impartial coverage is realized modern practice state building in the Russian Federation, implementation of national security policy.

The most important condition for effectively solving problems in the field of ensuring national security is systematic monitoring of the development of the internal political situation and the international position of the Russian Federation, threats and challenges to its security, and a prompt response to them.

For this purpose, it seems necessary to put into practice the preparation and publication of annual analytical reviews of the Russian Security Council on national security issues.

Issues of national security should also be reflected in the annual messages of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly.

Separate reports to the Federal Assembly should be the annual final reports of the Ministry of Defense on problems of the state and development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Internal Affairs - on problems of public security, the Foreign Intelligence Service - on intelligence issues, the Federal Security Service and the National anti-terrorist committee - on issues state security and counter terrorism, director

The second group of recommendations includes proposals for the development and implementation of a set of measures to practically address issues of improving the activities of government bodies to ensure the national security of the Russian Federation.

The most important condition for effectively resolving issues in this area is to specify and clarify the functions and powers of public authorities.

It seems extremely important to ensure real independence and equal responsibility of all branches in ensuring national security. First of all, this concerns the legislative bodies of state power, which must acquire a fully representative character and take into account the interests not of individual ministries and departments, but of voters.

To this end, it is necessary to eliminate the practice of mandatory approval of bills on the most important areas of national security with representatives of the Government of the Russian Federation and restore full parliamentary control over the actions of law enforcement ministries and departments.

Taking into account the specifics and significance of the Security Council, it is planned to develop and implement a comprehensive program for its reform in the interests of increasing the efficiency and efficiency of its activities.

The composition of the Security Council, in our opinion, should fully correspond to its functional purpose and include only those officials who are competent to make decisions on the most important areas of ensuring national security.

To promptly and comprehensively study issues of ensuring national security, it is advisable to create an Analytical Center under the auspices of the Security Council with the involvement of a wide range of specialist analysts.

The composition and structure of the Government of the Russian Federation requires optimization. In this regard, eliminate duality in the subordination of heads of law enforcement agencies.

The most important direction for increasing the efficiency of executive authorities is to ensure the competence and responsibility of civil servants various levels implementing tasks in the field of ensuring national security.

In these cases, it is assumed that it is necessary to carry out systematic certification and retraining of this category of civil servants with the involvement of specialists from the Ministry of Defense and other law enforcement agencies.

Legislative regulation is also required by the activities of the State Council and the institution of plenipotentiary representatives of the President of the Russian Federation.

In the interests of its implementation, in our opinion, it seems necessary:

Conduct an audit of existing regulatory legal acts, as well as government documents and draft laws in the field of national security that have been prepared or are being prepared for adoption. The result of the work should be the presentation of recommendations for the preparation of bills, amendments and additions to legislation, based on scientific forecasts and analysis, suggesting unified government approaches to solving problems in the field of ensuring national security.

The development and adoption of the National Security Law, giving it constitutional status, is expected to be extremely important.

The Concept of National Security and the Military Doctrine should be given legal status and binding force for implementation by all government bodies. For this purpose, it is advisable to make appropriate changes to the decrees of the President of the Russian Federation approving them.

Increasing the effectiveness of organizational and government measures involves optimizing the system of governing bodies in such a way that it:

Provided scientifically based decision-making in the field of national security;

Was able to quickly develop adequate management decisions to implement measures to prevent and suppress threats and challenges to national security;

Combined coordinating and directive management functions.

The subject of close attention should be all spheres of public life: political, economic, social, spiritual, etc., as well as the latest means of communication, especially the Internet computer network, which will require the training of highly qualified specialists in this field.

For a reliable forecast of changes in the nature of threats and challenges to national security, a full-scale philosophical, political science, historical and socio-economic analysis of trends in global and domestic political development is required. For these purposes, it is necessary to create research structures, and their activities should become independent of government structures, which would make it possible to give their analytical and forecasting work a scientific, and therefore more reliable, character. At the same time, complete information support is necessary think tanks. Their activities, along with the creation of an unambiguous and actually functioning state-legal decision-making mechanism to suppress and prevent threats and challenges to national security, would allow us to proceed from the realities of the modern political process and the development of the internal political situation in the Russian Federation and the foreign policy situation.

It is necessary to analyze domestic and foreign experience in implementing national security policy, the practice of using the Russian military organization over the last decade in order to determine the basic most effective principles, forms and means used in the process of implementing tasks in the field of national security.

Taking into account the stated conclusions and practical recommendations, it is necessary to state that the problem of ensuring national security is the most important condition for the long-term development of Russian statehood. To solve it comprehensively and systematically, we need the consolidation of government bodies of the Russian Federation and Russian society on the basis of a national ideology and the development of an effective strategy, which should be carried out not from case to case, but continuously.

In conclusion, we note that the dissertation presents only the author’s completed view of the problem under study, which is a definite milestone that requires further study and understanding of the problems of ensuring national security and improving the activities of public authorities in this area.

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Introduction

Beginning of the 21st century was marked by a sharply increased interest of the world community in security problems. This is largely due to crisis phenomena ( natural disasters, man-made disasters, international terrorism, etc.) experienced by humanity. These problems have become especially aggravated in Russian society, which, having experienced profound upheavals in the last fifteen years associated with fundamental changes in politics, economics, social and spiritual spheres, has found itself face to face with real threats to the national security of the state in almost all spheres of life.

The national security of the Russian Federation means the security of its multinational people as the bearer of sovereignty and the only source of power in the Russian Federation.

The structure of national security of the Russian Federation conditionally consists of state and public security.

State security:

internal political security;

economic security;

military security;

border security;

international security and etc.

Public Safety:

personal security (rights, freedoms, health, life);

natural security;

technological safety;

environmental safety, etc.

State security is the state of protecting the foundations of the constitutional system, political, economic, defense, scientific, technical and information potential of the country from external and internal threats emanating from foreign intelligence services and organizations, as well as criminal communities, groups and individuals.

Public safety should be understood as the state of protection of the country's population from criminal attacks on the rights of citizens and their associations, as well as from natural and man-made threats.

The basis of national security is a unified state policy, which is part of the national policy of the Russian Federation and is subordinate to the main strategic goals of Russia, determined by Russian national interests.

Ensuring the national security of Russia is a systematic activity of government bodies, public institutions and individual citizens, aimed at reliable protection of the national interests of the Russian Federation from external and internal threats and effective counteraction to them. Ensuring the security of the individual, society and the state (national security) is achieved by state management of the national security system.

1. The role and place of local governments in the system of ensuring public security of the Russian Federation

The effectiveness of the functioning of government bodies of the Russian Federation with the heterogeneity of its economic space, multinational and multi-religious composition, characteristics and traditions, vast territory and rich natural resources largely depends on the relationship between the center and the regions, on the regional policy of the state. This policy has a number of levels of implementation: state strategy for regional development, interregional policy, regional policy of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government policy. The effectiveness of ensuring the security of citizens, society and the state largely depends on the activities of the entire system of government bodies, especially in the modern socio-economic conditions of Russia’s development, during the period of implementation of full-scale administrative reform.

Presentation of public security in the form of a system provides a unique opportunity to see all the constituent elements of the security of the individual, society and state, explore the connections between the elements of the overall system, model complex processes of ensuring public security, predict possible states of the system, and also helps to develop the necessary recommendations to government authorities.

The basic concepts used in the field of security are defined by the Law of the Russian Federation “On Security”. Thus, security is a state of protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and state from internal and external threats. Vital interests are understood as a set of needs, the satisfaction of which reliably ensures the existence and opportunities for the progressive development of the individual, society and state.

The main objects of security include: the individual - his rights and freedoms; society - its material and spiritual values; the state - its constitutional system, sovereignty and territorial integrity (Article 1).

The security system is formed by the legislative, executive and judicial authorities, state, public and other organizations and associations, citizens taking part in ensuring security in accordance with the law, as well as legislation regulating relations in the field of security.

The main subject of security is the state, which exercises functions in this area through the legislative, executive and judicial authorities. The state, in accordance with current legislation, ensures the safety of every citizen on the territory of the Russian Federation. Citizens of the Russian Federation located outside its borders are guaranteed protection and patronage by the state.

Legislative authorities determine the main directions and priorities in protecting the vital interests of security facilities; form the scope of legal regulation of security relations; establish the procedure for the organization and functioning of security bodies; exercise control over their activities, etc.

The implementation of the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, and other normative legal acts is entrusted to the executive power represented by the President and the Government of the Russian Federation.

The judicial authorities provide: protection of the constitutional order in the Russian Federation, administer justice in cases of crimes that infringe on the security of the individual, society and the state; provide judicial protection for citizens, public and other organizations and associations whose rights have been violated, etc.

Citizens, public and other organizations and associations are subjects of security, have the rights and responsibilities to participate in ensuring security in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, the legislation of the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, their regulatory legal acts adopted within their competence in this area. The state provides legal and social protection to citizens, public and other organizations and associations that provide assistance in ensuring security in accordance with the law.

The main tasks in the field of ensuring public safety are carried out by the President of the Russian Federation. He heads the Security Council of the Russian Federation, determines the strategy of internal and external security; controls and coordinates the activities of government security agencies; within defined by law competence makes operational decisions to ensure security; presents to the Federal Assembly an annual report on ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation and the main objectives of national security policy for the short, medium and long term.

The coordinating interdepartmental body of the national security system is the Security Council of the Russian Federation. It ensures the implementation of the functions of the President of the Russian Federation in governing the state, forming internal, external and military policy in the field of security, preserving the state sovereignty of Russia, maintaining socio-political stability in society, protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens.

state security local government

As noted earlier, the system of ensuring public safety should include legislation regulating relations in the field of security.

One of the main directions for improving the system of ensuring public safety is the creation of a scientifically based concept of legislation in this area, which should help strengthen systemic connections, develop strategic and tactical priorities for legislative activity in this area, determine the sequence of adoption and improvement of the necessary laws, based on the needs of citizens, society and the state as a whole. “Emergency” legislation should organically fit into the legislation to ensure public safety.

Behind last decade In the field of ensuring public safety, 50 federal laws, dozens of decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, more than 100 decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation, and a significant number of regulations of constituent entities of the Russian Federation have been adopted.

The legal basis for the formation of legislation in the area under study is the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which to a certain extent ensures the integrity of the entire public security system, the mutual consistency of multi-level normative legal acts, and the commonality of their initial principles. The system of status normative legal acts of the Russian Federation consists of federal constitutional laws. Federal laws cover a specific area of ​​public relations.

Today, a situation has arisen where not only does there not exist an integral system of legislation in the field of ensuring public safety, but also legal regulation covers only part of the social relations associated with countering various kinds of dangers and threats. To confirm this fact, we can cite only a few regulatory legal acts adopted and entered into force in last years.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993 reflects the changes that have occurred in the economy, politics, and ideology of Russia over the previous years. It secures the fundamental rights and freedoms of a citizen, organically includes them in all other constitutional institutions, creates structures, procedures and norms necessary for the protection and implementation of constitutional human rights and freedoms.

The main provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal constitutional laws in the field of ensuring public safety are revealed by the laws of the lower level.

It should be noted that this division is quite arbitrary, since some of the laws (“On the Government of the Russian Federation”, “On Security”, “On the Police”, “On internal troops ah of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation”, “On the State Border of the Russian Federation”, as well as a number of other laws) considers the problem, taking into account the whole range of problems of ensuring public safety.

But there's enough a large number of laws that can be confidently attributed to one or another part of the legislation to ensure public safety. These include the Laws “On the State of Emergency”, “On the Judicial System of the Russian Federation”, “On the Fight against Terrorism”, “On Combating Extremist Activities”, “On the Protection of the Population and Territories from Natural and Technogenic Emergencies”, “On fire safety”, “On emergency rescue services and the status of rescuers”, “On the use of atomic energy”, “On radiation safety”, “On information, informatization and information protection” and some others.

It seems necessary to briefly characterize some of the Laws listed above.

In accordance with the Federal Constitutional Law of December 17, 1997 “On the Government of the Russian Federation”, the Government of the Russian Federation is the highest executive body of state power of the Russian Federation, the principles of which are the supremacy of the Constitution, federal constitutional and federal laws, democracy, federalism, separation of powers, responsibility , transparency and ensuring the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

The Law of the Russian Federation of April 18, 1991 “On the Police” defines the tasks of the police; principles of its activities; responsibilities and rights of its employees; conditions of use physical strength, special means and firearms; procedure for service and guarantees of legal and social protection employees. The range of other tasks of police officers is determined by the duty to take emergency measures in case of accidents, disasters, fires, natural disasters and other emergency events to save people and provide them with first aid, as well as to protect property left unattended; participate in accordance with the law in ensuring legal regime a state of emergency or martial law in the event of their introduction, as well as during quarantine measures during epidemics and epizootics (clause 13, article 10).

The Federal Law of December 21, 1994 “On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies” is basic in the field of natural and man-made emergencies. It defines general organizational and legal norms for the Russian Federation in the field of protection of Russian citizens, foreign citizens and stateless persons located on the territory of the Russian Federation, all land, water, air space within Russia or its part, industrial and social facilities, and also the natural environment in emergency situations of a natural and man-made nature.

The Federal Law of May 31, 1996 “On Defense” establishes the foundations and organization of the defense of the Russian Federation, the powers of government bodies of Russia, the functions of government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the rights and obligations of citizens of the Russian Federation in the field of defense, forces and means attracted for defense, liability for violation of legislation in this area.

The Federal Law of February 12, 1998 “On Civil Defense” established a system of nationwide measures implemented to protect the population, material and cultural values, and the territory of the country from dangers arising in emergency situations, including during military operations and as a result of these actions .

The Federal Law of February 6, 1997 “On the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation” determined the purpose, legal basis, principles of activity, powers of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the procedure for their implementation of assigned tasks, established guarantees of legal and social protection of military personnel and members of their families .

The Federal Constitutional Law of December 31, 1996 “On the Judicial System of the Russian Federation” established the principles of the exercise of judicial power and the unity of the entire judicial system, determined its structure (federal courts, courts of constituent entities of the Russian Federation), the status of judges, etc. The law introduced the institution of justices of the peace, the implementation of legal proceedings with the participation of juries, people's and arbitration assessors, and provided for the establishment of specialized federal courts for consideration of civil and administrative cases.

The Federal Law of July 25, 1998 “On the Fight against Terrorism” is the basic law in the system of legal support for the fight against terrorism. It sets out the procedure for coordinating the activities of federal executive authorities engaged in the fight against terrorism, executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, public associations and organizations regardless of their form of ownership. The Law for the first time formulates the concepts of terrorism, terrorist activities and actions, counter-terrorism operations, etc.

The Federal Law of November 21, 1995 “On the Use of Atomic Energy” defines the legal basis and principles for regulating relations arising from the use of atomic energy, is aimed at protecting the health and life of people, protecting the environment, protecting property when using atomic energy, and is intended to promote development atomic science and technology, to promote the strengthening of the international regime for the safe use of atomic energy.

The Federal Law of December 29, 1994 “On State Material Reserve” establishes general principles formation, placement, storage, use, replenishment and renewal of state material reserves and regulates relations in this area.

The Federal Constitutional Law of the Russian Federation of May 30, 2001 “On a State of Emergency” determines the circumstances and procedure for introducing a state of emergency - a special legal regime for the activities of state authorities, local governments, organizations, regardless of organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership, and their officials , public associations, introduced throughout the Russian Federation or in its individual localities and allowing for individual restrictions on the rights and freedoms of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens, stateless persons, the rights of organizations and public associations, as well as the imposition of additional responsibilities on them.

2. System for ensuring public safety in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation

A significant part of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of ensuring public safety is the legislation of the constituent entities of Russia. Due to the limited scope of this work, we will consider only some regulatory legal acts of individual constituent entities of Russia.

Measures to ensure legality, law and order, public safety (clause “b”); on environmental protection and ensuring environmental safety (clause “e”); implementation of measures to combat disasters, natural disasters, epidemics, and the elimination of their consequences (clause “h”) are under the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities (Article 72 of the Constitution). Local government bodies (Article 132 of the Constitution) carry out the protection of public order, measures to ensure the rule of law, the rights and freedoms of citizens, the protection of property and the fight against crime.

Public security in the administrative-legal and managerial aspects is a state of protection by the norms of administrative and information law of a certain set of social relations developing in the field of life of the individual and society, the safe functioning of government bodies, public organizations (associations) and citizens, the implementation of their rights, freedoms and legitimate interests (Voronov A.M.).

Quite close to the concept of “public safety” is the concept of “public order” - a system of social relations, enshrined in the norms of law, morality and community rules, defining the rights and obligations of the participants in these relations, designed to ensure the life, integrity, honor, dignity and other rights of citizens, protection of state and public property, peace in public places, maintaining the necessary conditions for the normal functioning of enterprises, organizations and officials (A.P. Korenev). In addition, activities to protect public order are an essential part of ensuring public safety, since they are largely subordinated to the protection of the norms of the organization of social life, which, in essence, represent the conditions and factors of public safety.

In this regard, it seems necessary to adopt a special normative legal act that would determine the conditions, the procedure for organizing public order protection bodies, their goals, tasks and functions, operating conditions, etc.

The basis of the system of public order protection bodies in the Russian Federation should be public order protection bodies in municipalities as the most numerous part of the entire system, performing the main tasks and functions. They should be managed by local governments.

When organizing the interaction of municipal authorities for the protection of public order, the most difficult issue remains the issue of their relationship and interaction with federal and territorial authorities protection of public order, other bodies of the public safety system. Apparently, at the level of local self-government bodies, a management body should be created that would take on these and other management functions.

The main functions of municipal public order bodies should be the prevention and suppression of crimes, the protection of public order and security, especially in public places.

It is clear that in order to form municipal bodies for the protection of public order, it will be necessary to significantly change the current legislation, as well as adopt a number of new regulatory legal acts.

In conclusion, I would like to express a number of problems regarding the formation of a federal system for ensuring public safety.

When forming a multi-level system for ensuring public safety, it is necessary to take into account two seemingly contradictory principles: unity of command and distribution of powers. On the one hand, a top-level manager must be endowed with full power and responsibility, on the other hand, without transferring some functions to a lower level, without consultations and agreements, it is impossible to eliminate inevitable disagreements and conflicts in making and executing decisions. The higher the degree of threat to public safety, the more complex the system for ensuring it must be, the more levels of management are created, and, consequently, the process of ensuring public safety is more complex and lengthy.

Practice has shown that the systems created and temporary control bodies are not always adequate to the emerging threat. Sometimes the forces and means of one subject of the Russian Federation (one level) are enough to prevent or eliminate the threat itself, as well as possible negative consequences. At the same time, when creating a powerful grouping of forces and resources from various ministries and departments of the Russian Federation, one has to face numerous legal and organizational problems.

Practice has confirmed the opinion that the public safety system must have at least three levels of management.

The first level, the so-called tactical (territorial), is the simplest and includes the forces and means of territorial units stationed in this territory. This level should include municipal authorities for the protection of public order.

The second level, regional, is higher than the previous one, differs significantly from it and includes divisions of the subject of the Federation located within its borders. In our opinion, this is the main level, primarily in terms of the volume of tasks to be solved.

The third level of management, strategic (in some sources it is also called political), comes into play when a threat to the security of a significant part of the country’s population arises, additional and significant efforts are required to eliminate the threat or eliminate negative consequences.

The operational headquarters is headed by the President of the Russian Federation or the Chairman of the Government. It consists of representatives of ministries and departments involved in emergency response.

In recent years, more and more people have been talking and writing about yet another level of management. Today it is used extremely rarely in practice, although in recent years it has received increasing scientific elaboration and practical implementation. This is due to the introduction in the Russian Federation of the institution of plenipotentiary representatives of the President of the Russian Federation in the federal district, the creation of law enforcement structures in federal districts, etc.

In order to immediately and adequately respond to emerging threats that cover the territory of more than one constituent entity of the Russian Federation, structures should be created in the system of authorities of federal districts whose task would be to ensure public safety.

It should be emphasized once again that when creating various structures at all levels of the public safety system, the functional approach is of particular importance. All these structures should be primarily defined by tasks and functions. The process of forming a functional structure must come from below, from identifying the tasks facing the lower elements of the system, primarily in municipalities. The tasks and functions of the elements of ensuring public security in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, in turn, are determined by socio-political, socio-economic, etc. situation in the subject.

The system for ensuring public security as a whole must not only fully comply with the all-Russian system of national security, but also be an integral part of it. Moreover, the issue of organically integrating the public safety system into a single state system prevention and response to natural and man-made emergencies. RSChS, initially designed to counteract only emergencies of a natural and man-made nature, is now increasingly taking part in countering emergencies of a social nature.

3. Directions for improving the legal regulation of the activities of government bodies in the field of ensuring public safety

In order to resolve problems in the sphere of public administration of the system of ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation, we consider it necessary:

1. To legislate the central link of the system of ensuring national security - the National Security Council of Russia, which should be endowed with the right not only to give recommendations to the President of the Russian Federation on issues of national security, but also the right to give appropriate conclusions on these issues, mandatory for taking into account in the activities of all security entities national security. At the legislative level, permanent members of the Security Council of the Russian Federation should be determined by position.

2. Clarify in the Concept of National Security of the Russian Federation the range of main areas of national security, classifying them into two types: state security and public security.

3. Give the Concept of National Security of the Russian Federation the highest legal force through the adoption of the corresponding federal law by the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.

4. Develop and adopt for each component element of national security the corresponding doctrines and the main directions of development (strategy) of their components (for example, components military doctrine should be a defense strategy, a strategy of military-technical cooperation, etc.), as well as federal programs with appropriate financial support.

5. In order to improve the legal regulation of the system of ensuring national security, develop and adopt a federal constitutional law “On National Security”, which will consolidate the legislative basis for its provision, the system and functions, forces and means of ensuring national security, determine the powers and procedure for interaction of public authorities , establish the procedure for organizing and financing security forces, control and supervision of their activities.

6. Develop theoretical and methodological foundations for the formation of national security law as a complex branch of Russian legislation, which has its own object, subject and method of legal regulation.

7. In order to develop state policy and legal regulation, increase the efficiency of ensuring state security, create the Ministry of State Security of the Russian Federation with the following federal services and federal agencies under its jurisdiction: the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation (federal service), the Federal Border Service of the Russian Federation (federal service), federal Service of the Russian Federation for control over the circulation of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances (federal service), Federal Security Agency of the Russian Federation (federal agency).

8. Clearly delineate the powers of the subjects involved in ensuring national security, determine the legal status of Security Councils in the constituent entities of the federation.

9. Create an interdepartmental mechanism for cooperation in solving problems of ensuring national security in specific areas.

10. Improve the mechanism of interaction with foreign law enforcement agencies in the field of combating international terrorism and organized crime.

As a result, we can formulate the main conclusion: in modern conditions, threats to Russia’s national security in all spheres of life are more real than ever. In these conditions, the concept of national security must be completely rethought and, on this basis, new approaches must be developed in determining the strategy for ensuring it, building its system and legal support.

Conclusion

From all of the above, the following conclusions can be drawn:

Public security is an important component of national security and includes personal security (rights, freedoms, health, life); natural safety; technological safety; environmental safety, etc.

Legal regulation of the activities of government bodies in the field of their activities to ensure public safety includes a set of legal acts at both the federal level and regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Assistance in the field of ensuring public safety is undoubtedly currently one of the priorities in the activities of government bodies both at the federal and local levels.

Bibliography

1. The concept of national security of the Russian Federation // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 2000.18 Jan.

2. Law of the Russian Federation “On Security” // Vedomosti. 1992. No. 15. Art. 769.

3. Stepashin S.V., Shultz V.L. Security issues in the system of state and municipal government of the Russian Federation. St. Petersburg, 1994. P.123-251.

4. Constitution of the Russian Federation 1993

5. Legal reference system “Consultant-Plus”

System of organizational and legal social protection of Russian citizens

Abstract on state and law

System of Russian legislation "On the protection of intellectual property"

1. Russia overcame the consequences of the systemic political and socio-economic crisis of the late 20th century - stopped the decline in the level and quality of life of Russian citizens, withstood the pressure of nationalism, separatism and international terrorism, prevented discrediting the constitutional system, preserved sovereignty and territorial integrity, and restored the ability to build its competitiveness and defending national interests as a key subject of emerging multipolar international relations.
State policy is being implemented in the field of national defense, state and public security, sustainable development of Russia, adequate to internal and external conditions. The prerequisites have been created for strengthening the national security system, consolidated legal space. Priority tasks have been resolved economic sphere, the investment attractiveness of the national economy has increased. Original Russian ideals, spirituality, and a dignified attitude towards historical memory are being revived. Social harmony is strengthened on the basis of common values ​​- freedom and independence of the Russian state, humanism, interethnic peace and unity of cultures of the multinational people of the Russian Federation, respect for family traditions, patriotism.
In general, the prerequisites have been formed for the reliable prevention of internal and external threats to national security, dynamic development and transformation of the Russian Federation into one of the leading powers in terms of technical progress, quality of life of the population, and influence on world processes.
In the context of globalization of world development processes, international political and economic relations, which create new threats and risks for the development of individuals, society and the state, Russia, as a guarantor of successful national development, is moving to a new state policy in the field of national security.
2. The main directions of ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation are strategic national priorities, which determine the tasks of the most important social, political and economic transformations for the creation safe conditions implementation of the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens of the Russian Federation, implementation of sustainable development of the country, preservation of the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the state.
3. The National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020 is an officially recognized system of strategic priorities, goals and measures in the field of domestic and foreign policy that determine the state of national security and the level of sustainable development of the state in the long term.
Conceptual provisions in the field of ensuring national security are based on the fundamental relationship and interdependence of the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020 and the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020.
4. This Strategy is a basic document for planning the development of the national security system of the Russian Federation, which sets out the procedure and measures to ensure national security. It is the basis for constructive interaction between government bodies, organizations and public associations to protect the national interests of the Russian Federation and ensure the security of the individual, society and the state.
5. The main objective of this Strategy is to create and maintain, by national security forces, internal and external conditions favorable for the implementation of strategic national priorities.
6. This Strategy uses the following basic concepts:
“national security” is the state of protection of the individual, society and the state from internal and external threats, which allows for ensuring constitutional rights, freedoms, a decent quality and standard of living for citizens, sovereignty, territorial integrity and sustainable development of the Russian Federation, defense and security of the state;
“national interests of the Russian Federation” - the totality of the internal and external needs of the state to ensure security and sustainable development of the individual, society and state;
“threat to national security” - a direct or indirect possibility of causing damage to constitutional rights, freedoms, decent quality and standard of living of citizens, sovereignty and territorial integrity, sustainable development of the Russian Federation, defense and security of the state;
“strategic national priorities” - the most important areas of ensuring national security, along which the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens of the Russian Federation are realized, sustainable socio-economic development and protection of the country’s sovereignty, its independence and territorial integrity are carried out;
“national security system” - forces and means of ensuring national security;
“national security forces” - the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies in which federal legislation provides for military and (or) law enforcement service, as well as federal government bodies taking part in ensuring the national security of the state on the basis of legislation Russian Federation;
“means of ensuring national security” - technologies, as well as technical, software, linguistic, legal, organizational means, including telecommunication channels, used in the system of ensuring national security for collecting, generating, processing, transmitting or receiving information about the state of national security and measures to its strengthening.
7. The forces and means of ensuring national security concentrate their efforts and resources on ensuring national security in the domestic political, economic, social spheres, in the field of science and education, in the international, spiritual, information, military, military-industrial and environmental spheres, as well as in the field of public safety.

© Bulletin of the Military University. 2012. No. 2 (30). WITH. ?- ?.

Volodin Artem Viktorovich, Doctor of Political Sciences, independent expert-political scientist.

115404, Moscow, st. Lipetskaya, 18, apt. 84.

Tel.: 8-903-290-17-74. Email: [email protected]

Volodin A.V.

STATE SECURITY IS THE MAIN PRIORITY OF NATIONAL SECURITY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The “National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020” introduced, giving it the rank of a legal category, the concept of “state security” (in another, stylistically not better transcription, “national security in the field of state security”). At the same time, it is characterized as one of the three (along with national defense and public safety) main priorities of national security policy. The relevant provisions of this document convince us that the content of state security is not the same as “state security” - a concept that has long been firmly entrenched in political and scientific discourse.

Meanwhile, the content of these concepts is not revealed anywhere. Society has not yet developed a holistic and clear idea of ​​the content of the phenomena designated by these phrases. Well-known definitions seem to be insufficiently operational.

Thus, in one source the term “state security” is interpreted as “the protection of the constitutional system, sovereignty and national integrity of the state from external and internal threats.” “State security,” write V.F. Khalipov and E.V. Khalipov, - a situation in which the state is not threatened, and which is sought higher authorities authorities with the help of special state bodies operating for these purposes, as well as the entire population."

Another encyclopedic publication defines state security (a state of security that guarantees the creation of necessary and sufficient conditions for the state to fulfill

their functions in managing the affairs of society and ensuring the normal functioning of political power) and state security (a system of state and public guarantees that ensure sustainable development, protection of basic values, material and spiritual sources of life, protection of man, his rights and civil liberties, protection of the constitutional and state sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity from internal and external threats). However, their ratio is not specified.

Thus, the agenda included the issue of developing and consolidating the very concept of “state security” in scientific circulation and political lexicon.

In it, the adjective “state” has double meaning. And, accordingly, this phrase denotes two related, but different phenomena. When this adjective is relative (answers the question “whose?”), we are talking about the object of security, and it can be replaced by an addition: the security of the state, understood as the organic unity of population, territory and power. It has long been said: the state is a powerfully organized people. And if we assume that the population constituted into a state constitutes a nation, we can use another definition: national security. It is this concept - national security - that is now used when talking about the security of the individual, society and state.

If the adjective is qualitative (answers the question “what?”), then state security, along with economic, environmental, information and other security, appears as one of many and different types national security. In this regard, one involuntarily recalls that in Soviet times the phrase “state security” was used, if not exclusively, then predominantly in a securitological1 manner, in

1 According to explanatory dictionaries, security (English: “security” - security authorities, “secure” - safe) is a security service (usually in relation to foreign countries) and an employee of security authorities (in foreign countries), as well as (colloquial) generally a security guard, a bodyguard. Other sources clarify that the term “security” includes the whole variety of concepts related to security: defense, protection, protection, secrecy, counterintelligence, etc. and the following definition is given: securitology is the science of the safety of life of humanity and humans. See: URL:http://kiev-security.org.ua/b/x22/2.shtml.

plan to counter external and internal threats to Soviet power, in the context of “security and defense of the country.”

It is in this sense that in July 1934 the term “state security” received legislative recognition. Since then in our country long time security was spoken of as countering external military dangers and threats (military security), as well as countering the reconnaissance and sabotage activities of foreign states (state security). Fire, sanitary-epidemiological and some other types of safety were also recognized. Surprisingly, such a narrow interpretation of security still exists today. “Under the sphere of security,” they believe, for example, at the Institute modern development“They usually understand the activities of intelligence and counterintelligence agencies,” and clarify: “The activities of law enforcement services and the activities of special services overlap in many ways.”

With the change of state and social order New approaches emerged and a broader interpretation of security became established. Nowadays the entire set of security-related problems is called “national security.” Political, economic, scientific, technical, environmental, social and other problems occupy a large place in its content.

National security has received extremely multifaceted differentiation. The new Federal Law “On Security” defines the basic principles and content of activities to ensure state security, public safety, environmental safety, personal security, and other types of security provided for by law. They talk about the safety of various objects, different processes, in various areas. In this abundance of security, “state security” acts as a specific and completely independent category, characterizing not the state as a unity of territory, population and power, but the actual political mechanism of power, statehood.

Accordingly, state security can be defined as internal state political system and the external conditions of its functioning, under which the democratically elected and legitimate public authority is free, without external pressure, by its own decision

determines what the country’s national interests are, as well as the means and methods for their implementation. The essence of state security lies in such an organization and activity of the political system in which, while maintaining stability and developing, it ensures the achievement of priorities in the field of socio-economic development of society and countering threats of various kinds.

The strategic goals of ensuring national security in the field of state and public security are the protection of the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation, the fundamental rights and freedoms of man and citizen, the protection of the sovereignty of the Russian Federation, its independence and territorial integrity, as well as the preservation of civil peace, political and social stability in society . This formula of the “National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020” allows us to conclude that the objects of state security, safety, integrity, the development of which it is intended to ensure, are: sovereignty and independence of the state; territorial integrity of the state; the inviolability of the state border of the Russian Federation; unity of economic, political, legal, information space; constitutional order; constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens; bodies and officials of state power and other objects under state protection; state information resources, primarily information and telecommunication systems and information that make up state secret; spiritual and creative potential of the Russian population, moral values society, traditions of patriotism and humanism; social partnership, interethnic harmony and civil peace in society.

In the national security system, we repeat, state security is a priority. This status is due to the fact that it acts as a condition and basis for the successful activities of the state. Sustainable development society is impossible without a capable state. Without it, it is impossible to reliably provide citizens with the necessary conditions for life, development and self-expression, guarantees of their civil rights and social security, ensuring the political stability of society and the state and sustainable progress in the socio-economic development of the country.

It is mandatory and an indispensable condition effective protection of Russia's national interests in the international arena and progressive development, socio-economic progress within the country.

Otherwise, what our country faced in the 1990s is almost inevitable. Then, recalled V.V. Putin in one of his pre-election articles, under the banner of the reign of democracy, democratic forms states were occupied by local and central oligarchic elites, shamelessly using the state in their own interests, dividing the public property, we did not get a modern state, but a hidden struggle between clans and a lot of semi-feudal feeding. Not a fair and free society, but the arbitrariness of self-appointed “elites” who openly disregarded the interests of ordinary people.

Security in general, state security in particular, is a secondary phenomenon. In an ontological, causal sense, it is preceded by danger. “Only if there is a danger to any object,” writes V.N. Kuznetsov, “the phenomenon of security is taking shape and emerging.” The dependence of safety on danger was noted in the theoretical works of Russian specialists back in the 19th century. So, in the dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron noted that security in the country is created by preventing dangers. Consequently, it is impossible to understand or ensure state security without identifying dangers and threats that can deform, undermine, and destroy statehood.

At the same time, it must be borne in mind that not all misfortunes that can befall the country have a disturbing effect on it. Based on the characteristics of the threats, Russian specialists back in the 19th century. noted: “The dangers, the prevention of which creates security in the country, are represented by three categories: some of them can threaten both society and the state, others - directly to the government, and others - mainly to the individual citizen. Some dangers threaten the entire state, but they manifest themselves directly and directly in relation to the government.”

There are several sources of threats to Russian state security. These are, first of all, geopolitical competitors, rivals, adversaries of our country who would like to take possession and control our resources.

It is no coincidence that voices are already being heard today that the question will soon “objectively” arise that national sovereignty should not extend to resources of global significance. As D.O. says Rogozin, we must expect that in the 21st century there will be not just a struggle for resources, but a struggle for our resources, for establishing control over the riches of Siberia, the Urals, and the Far East. It is quite obvious that in this struggle one of the targets of hostile attacks will be the state.

This is the complex and internally contradictory structure of Russian society itself. The natural struggle for power that unfolds between the groups and currents existing within it can, in certain cases, acquire a destructive character. V.V. Putin recalled the words of the Russian philosopher and jurist P. Novgorodtsev, who warned at the beginning of the last century: “They often think that the proclamation of all freedoms and universal suffrage has in itself some miraculous power to direct life along new paths. In fact, what is established in life in such cases usually turns out not to be democracy, but, depending on the turn of events, either oligarchy or anarchy” [Cit. from: 6]. To this should be added the essentially anti-state orientation of the comprador-oriented part Russian elite, as well as separatist aspirations motivated by ethnic, religious, and economic considerations.

Finally, this is a crime. There was a time when organized criminal communities tried to establish control over strategic sectors of the economy and life support (fuel and energy complex, metallurgy, etc.). There was a clear desire of the leaders of criminal groups to become owners of industrial enterprises, banks, and commercial structures. Then, under the pressure of organized crime, the process of criminalization of power took place. However, not all is well here these days. So, in December 2011 V.V. Putin, at a meeting with the heads of his regional public reception centers, admitted: “In general, in the country as a whole, the situation with crime is not the simplest... Maybe this is not the criminalization of power, but still this is the territory where we still have these problems, Unfortunately, to put it mildly, they are far from being resolved, and there is a lot that needs to be done.” Nowadays, the criminal degeneration of power is corruption.

In these sources, their activity creates the following threats to national security in the field of state security: intelligence and other activities of special services and organizations of foreign states, as well as individuals, aimed at harming the security of the Russian Federation; activities of terrorist organizations, groups and individuals aimed at violently changing the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation, disorganizing the normal functioning of government bodies (including violent actions against government, political and public figures), destroying military and industrial facilities, enterprises and institutions providing the life of society, intimidation of the population, including through the use of nuclear and chemical weapons or dangerous radioactive, chemical and biological substances; extremist activity nationalist, religious, ethnic and other organizations and structures aimed at violating the unity and territorial integrity of the Russian Federation, destabilizing the internal political and social situation in the country; activities of transnational criminal organizations and groups related to the illicit trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, weapons, ammunition, explosives; the continued growth of criminal attacks directed against the person, property, state power, public and economic security, as well as those related to corruption.

Threats to state security are becoming increasingly diverse. Therefore, ensuring state security appears as a complex of political, economic, social, military and legal measures to protect the existing state and social system, territorial integrity and independence of the state from the subversive activities of intelligence and other special services of hostile states, as well as from opponents of the existing system within the country.

In the interests of ensuring state security in the Russian Federation, a system of legal norms regulating relations in this area is being developed, the main directions of activity of the bodies are being determined

state power and administration, security bodies and a mechanism for control and supervision of their activities are formed or transformed.

State security is achieved through joint, purposeful activities of state and public institutions, as well as citizens taking part in identifying, preventing and countering various threats. To directly perform special functions to ensure state security in the executive branch, state security bodies are formed in accordance with the law (Federal Security Service, Federal Security Service, Foreign Intelligence Service, etc.).

All work to ensure state security is carried out on a solid basis legal basis, which consists of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, generally recognized principles and norms of international law, international treaties of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws, federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.

Activities to ensure state security include: forecasting, identifying, analyzing and assessing security threats; determining the main directions of state policy and strategic planning in the field of security; legal regulation in the field of security; development and application of a set of operational and long-term measures to identify, prevent and eliminate security threats, localize and neutralize the consequences of their manifestation; organization of scientific activities in the field of security; coordination of the activities of federal government bodies, government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies in the field of security; financing of security costs, control over the targeted expenditure of allocated funds; international cooperation for the purpose of ensuring security and implementation of other activities.

Ensuring state security cannot be effective if it is carried out on a whim or in a direct and prompt response to a changing situation. It involves early development of proactive measures to identify and

predicting factors that may have an adverse impact on the state or operating conditions of a safety facility, determining

ways and means to counter them.

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