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Social system and church organization in Rus' What were the features of the structure of society in Ancient Rus'? What role did the Orthodox Church play in the life of the country? Until now, we have studied mainly the political history of our Fatherland - the unification of the East Slavic tribes under the rule of the Prince of Kyiv. At the same time, they found out that the unity of the Old Russian state would have been impossible without the unification of the people who lived on its territory into a cohesive society, which is called the people. A people (nationality) is a large group of people formed on the same territory, speaking the same language, bound by the same faith, common spiritual values, common economic activity Remember what signs are used to judge that people belong to the same nation?

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“There are 6420 per year. Oleg sent to make peace and establish an agreement between the Greeks and Russians. [The ambassadors of Prince Oleg the Prophet declared in Constantinople]: “We are from the Russian family, from Oleg, the Grand Duke of Russia, and from everyone who is under his hand.” A Tale of Bygone Years 1. Formation of the Old Russian Nationality What factors, in your opinion, contributed to the unification of the East Slavic tribes into a single Russian people?

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Study the first paragraph of § 9 of the textbook (pp. 69 – 70) “Formation of the Old Russian Nationality”, find out what factors contributed to the process of formation of the Old Russian Nationality. Fill out the diagram: United Old Russian nationality Spiritual factor Military factor Military factor (defense) The common goals of the campaigns fostered a sense of kinship and unity of the Motherland Economic factor Economic factor (common affairs, trade) A single ancient Russian language was formed Spiritual factor (Christianity) Common faith, common standards of behavior, holidays, traditions

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2. The main layers of the population of Ancient Rus' So, all the people in the Old Russian state rallied in united people, which, however, as in other countries, consisted of different layers, which we call classes. Remember, on what grounds are people united into one class? What are the main classes of Western Europe? Estates are large groups of people who have general signs(occupations, rights and responsibilities) The population of ancient Rus' is divided into free and dependent. Name the layers of the population of Ancient Rus' known to you

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On the top Old Russian society there were princes from the Rurik family. The prince's power rested on the squad, which was divided into senior and junior. The senior squad (boyars) was closest to the prince. The prince consulted with them, appointed them to the highest government positions(governors, thousand - heads people's militia, put him at the head of the embassies). The junior squad are warriors and executors of princely orders. With the spread of Christianity, it gains increasing influence Orthodox clergy Free population (Upper classes)

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Name your main activity Eastern Slavs? What do you think is the most numerous class in the Old Russian state? The bulk of the population are people (free peasants - community members). They lived in villages - small settlements. Residents of several nearby villages formed a neighboring (territorial community) - (rope or world) What are the main features of a neighboring community? Peasants - community members jointly paid tribute to the state for the right to use the land and protection. The land was considered the joint property of the community, land suitable for arable land was divided into plots for each family

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From the 9th century fortified settlements, enclosed by fortress walls, called cities, appeared. In Scandinavia, Rus' was called “Gardarika” - the country of cities. Name the ones you know Old Russian cities. What are the main occupations of city residents? Cities: Fortifications where people from nearby villages could take refuge in case of danger; 2. Administrative centers - control centers, here the will of the prince was voiced, justice was carried out; 3. Centers of craft and trade The main population of cities were merchants and artisans. The princes collected myto - trade duty - from trading people, which brought in a lot of income. Peasants brought the products they grew to the cities and bought handicrafts

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People from different lands came together at the city trade, common traditions developed in communication between them, and a single ancient Russian language was formed. Free population (Lower classes)

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Patrimonies, unlike communal lands, were the personal property of feudal lords (landowners). The estate consisted of the prince's estate, adjacent arable land and villages in which dependent peasants lived and worked for the prince. The princes began to grant land holdings to their warriors for their service, as well as to the Church. This is how boyar and church estates appear. A special place among ancient Russian settlements was occupied by estates located near large cities (from the word “otche” - father; estate - land of the father) - the hereditary land ownership of the prince (passing from father to son). A. Vasnetsov. Prince's Court Remember what duties in favor of the feudal lord were borne by dependent peasants in Western Europe? 3. Land relations Which classes of Ancient Rus' were feudal lords (landowners)?

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Working with paragraph 3 § 3 (p. 71), fill out the table: Dependent population of Ancient Rus' Dependent population Characteristics Slaves (Servants) Smerda Purchases Ryadovichi Prisoners of war (servants) or those who sold themselves into slavery for debts (slaves) Dependent peasants who carried duties in favor of the prince Ruined peasants - community members who received from the prince a “kupa” - a loan with livestock, tools and working off the debt People who entered into a “row” agreement with the prince (or other landowner), agreeing to live and work for the master

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4. Church organization. Temples and services Why did the Church play a huge role in the lives of people in the Middle Ages? After the adoption of Christianity in Rus', a clear church organization developed. Until the middle of the 15th century. The Russian Church was subordinate to the Patriarch of Constantinople, who appointed a metropolitan to Rus' - the head of the Russian Orthodox Church, whose residence was in Kyiv. Hilarion, a contemporary of Yaroslav the Wise, became the first Russian metropolitan. Yaroslav the Wise placed him on the metropolitan throne without the consent of Patriarch of Constantinople, because Rus' was at that moment in a state of war with Byzantium. The metropolitan appointed bishops to large cities. Subordinate to the bishops was the local clergy, which was divided into white and black. Remember who is classified as black and black. white clergy? Saint Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kyiv. Icon of the 11th century. Make a diagram: Organization of the Russian Orthodox Church

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Temples (churches and cathedrals - central city churches) Parish (built with the money of city or rural residents - parishioners of this temple) House (built in the houses and estates of wealthy people for their families) Hagia Sophia - the main one Orthodox church Veliky Novgorod, created in 1045-1050. Under which prince was the cathedral built?

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5. Monasteries Remember what were the reasons for the emergence of monasteries in Western Europe? Provide facts confirming that monasteries in Western Europe were not only spiritual centers, but also cultural ones. Monks founded their own religious communities - monasteries, headed by abbots. One of the first monasteries in Rus' was founded by monk Anthony from Lyubech. He settled near Kyiv in a cave, lived alone, but news of his holiness spread and other people began to come to him. This is how Kiev arose - Pechersky Monastery(“Pechersky” – from the word – “cave”). The monks ran the household together, translated church books from Greek, wrote icons and chronicles. Remember the name of the most famous chronicler - the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery? Kiev – Pechersky Monastery

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United Orthodox faith united disparate tribes - the ancestors of Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians into a single people. The Orthodox faith has been cementing the friendship of our fraternal peoples for more than a thousand years with common Christian values, which are fundamentally different from pagan ones. Remember, Olga (then still a pagan) took cruel revenge on the Drevlyans - according to the pagan tradition of blood feud. Remember what Vladimir, a Christian, said about himself, a pagan: “I was a beast, not a man.” Study paragraph 6, § 9 (p. 75) “Spiritual values. Old Russian ascetics and saints", explain what values ​​flourished in paganism, what values ​​brought Orthodox Christianity? Paganism is the cult of strength and cruelty. Orthodoxy is the cult of humility and good deeds.

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Homework: Textbook paragraph 9. Questions and assignments p. 76. Message (presentation) The first Russian saints

History test Social system and church organization in Rus' for 6th grade students with answers. The test includes 2 options, each with 11 tasks.

1 option

1. Select from list three provisions that contributed to the emergence of the Old Russian people. Write down the numbers. under which they are indicated.

1) adoption of Christianity
2) development of trade
3) preservation of tribal customs
4) maintaining differences in language
5) gathering people's militia from all lands
6) assertion of blood feud

2.

The bulk of the population of Ancient Rus' were free landowners. who paid taxes to the authorities are __________.

3.

A) prince
B) stinks
B) ryadovich doing work
D) fiefdom

Values

1) hereditary land ownership
2) a person who has entered into a contract to perform work
3) ruler in the Old Russian state
4) a free peasant in Ancient Rus', who later bore duties and paid tribute

4. Select from list three categories of the population belonging to the ruling part of society. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) peasants
2) artisans
3) squad
4) boyars
5) prince
6) stinkers

5. The land in the community was

1) jointly owned by community members
2) in the personal property of the head of the community
3) owned by the church
4) in private property the richest members of the community

6. Position church ministers in order of service hierarchy (starting from the top level).

1) monk
2) metropolitan
3) patriarch
4) bishop

7. Write down the term in question.

Head of the church in Novgorod in the 12th century. received a special title - __________.

8. Select three terms from the list that relate to church organization. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) arrival
2) profit
3) cathedral
4) abbot
5) servants
6) vigilante

9. Founder Kiev-Pechersk Monastery counts

1) Prince Vladimir
2) Reverend Anthony
3) Theodosius of Kursk
4) Saint Demetrius of Thessalonica

10. Write down the term in question.

The part of the clergy who lived in monasteries and took monastic vows was called __________.

11. What is the name of the most famous work of Metropolitan Hilarion?

Option 2

1. Select from list three provisions that contributed to the emergence of the Old Russian people. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) preservation of pagan beliefs
2) development of crafts and trade
3) participation of the tribal nobility in resolving national issues
4) maintaining tribal conflicts
5) adoption of Christianity
6) division of lands as a result of princely strife

2. Write down the term in question. Servants of a religious cult who profess faith in one God are __________.

3. Establish a correspondence between the term and its meaning.

A) procurement
B) boyars are businessmen
B) rank and file
D) slaves

Meaning

1) upper class of the population, landowners
2) completely dependent population
3) people who took out a loan and are obliged to work it off
4) people who have entered into an agreement to perform work

4. Select from list three categories of the population who lived in the cities of Ancient Rus'. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) artisans
2) peasants
3) vigilantes
4) community members
5) merchants
6) stinkers

5. The prince transferred the land to the warriors on the condition

6. Metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church until the middle of the 15th century. obeyed

1) church council
2) synod
3) Patriarch of Constantinople
4) bishops

7. Write down the missing word.

Until the end of the 13th century. The residence of the Metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church was the city of __________.

8. In what language were services conducted in the churches of Ancient Rus'?

1) Greek
2) Latin
3) Old Slavonic
4) English

9. Select from list three the most influential and famous monastery in Ancient Rus'. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Alexander Nevsky Lavra
2) Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg
3) Yuriev Monastery in Novgorod
4) Yeletsky Monastery in Chernigov
5) St. Basil's Cathedral
6) Mother of God Nativity Monastery in Vladimir-on-Klyazma

10. Write down the term in question.

The part of the clergy who served in cathedrals and churches and did not take monastic vows was called __________.

11. Name the metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church of the 11th century, the author of the essay “The Sermon on Law and Grace.”

Answers to a history test Social system and church organization in Rus'
1 option
1-125
2. people
3-3421
4-345
5-1
6-3241
7. archbishop
8-134
9-2
10. black
11. A Word about Law and Grace
Option 2
1-235
2. clergy
3-3142
4-135
5-3
6-3
7. Kyiv
8-3
9-346
10. white
11-Hilarion

Lesson. Social system and church organization in Rus'

DURING THE CLASSES

1. Organizing time

So far we have talked about political history The Old Russian state, about the strengthening of princely power, about the relations of our country with its neighbors. It is these issues that the chronicle pays priority attention to. However, history is not only about wars and campaigns. It is impossible to objectively judge the development of a society without knowing about the customs and traditions operating in it. The topic of our lesson is “Social system and church organization in Rus'.”

What do you think we will talk about?

What questions do we have to answer?

Problematic issues:

- What were the features of the structure of society in Ancient Rus'?

What role did the Orthodox Church play in the life of the country?

Today we will talk about social order and the church organization of Ancient Rus'. What changes have occurred in public life during the period under study? What layers did Russian society consist of? What role did the Church play in people's lives? What were the spiritual values ​​of the Russian people? We will discuss these and other questions with you in our lesson.

1. Learning new educational material

Task No. 1. Working in groups, study the first paragraph of § 9 of the textbook “Formation of the Old Russian Nationality” and guesswhat factors contributed to the process of formation of the ancient Russian people.

Submission to the power of the Kyiv prince;

Participation of tribes in national affairs;

Joint military campaigns;

Smoothing out linguistic differences, forming a single Old Russian language;

Acceptance of Christianity, belief in one God;

Identifying oneself with the Russian people.

Grand Dukes collected tribute from all state lands, although the population was not personally dependent on them. Some scientists define such a system as “state feudalism.” The younger offspring of the princely family ( appanage princes ) received small towns as rulers and turned into feudal lords. Princely vigilantes for faithful service they received lands for management. They collected tribute from them on behalf of the prince, keeping part of the collected funds for themselves.Tribal nobility- these are rich community members. Some of them, by lending money in times of famine, could make their fellow citizens dependent.

Purchases - these are people who took out a kupa (borrowed) and are working off the debt itself and the interest on it. Ryadovichi - these are persons who served landowners under a series (agreement) and, as a rule, became dependent on him for monetary debt, help with seeds or tools. servants called captive slaves, who over time became the object of purchase and sale. Smerda - this is a dependent population in a princely or boyar estate.

Pay attention to the diagram we have compiled. The bulk of the population consisted of free farmers who paid tribute and carried out duties in favor of the state.

Most historians believe that by the middle of the 11th century. the land belonged to free communal peasants. Scientists believe that the ancient Russian communities independently owned the land, and their dependence on the princes was limited to the payment of tribute. Princes and warriors received income from collecting tribute and had almost no need for private land ownership.

Historians believe that in the 10th century. and in the first half of the 11th century. Among the many peasant communal lands, only occasionally there were individual princely villages. Thus, in the main legislative document of that time - “Russian Truth” - there is not a word about princely arable land. Some scientists suggest that the princely economy was originally cattle-breeding or horse-breeding. The princes needed horses for military purposes.

In those days, subsistence farming dominated, trade within the country developed poorly, and agricultural products were not produced for sale. How did the process of formation of landowners go? Let's try to trace this with specific examples.

The princes appropriated empty lands or took the lands of neighboring communities. In the middle of his possessions, the prince built a well-fortified estate, where he and his retinue could hide from enemies. The prince's personal household was managed by a trusted servant - tiun.

Task No. 2. Look at the illustration on page 71, § 9 of the textbook.Guess what is happening at the princely court.

The warriors and the Church received lands as a gift from the prince. For this they supported the prince in all his affairs.

The time of the emergence of the feudal estate in Ancient Rus' is the subject of many years of debate among historians. Most scientists believe that this happened at the beginning of the 11th century.

Task No. 3. Working with the third paragraph of § 9 of the textbook “Land Relations”,Give a definition of the concept “patrimony”.(Votchina (father) is a hereditary land holding passed from father to children).

Now let's move on to studying the issue “Church organization. Temples and worship." Questions for the class:

Why did the Church play big role in the lives of people in the Middle Ages?

After the adoption of Christianity in Rus', a clear church organization developed.

Task No. 4. Working with the fourth paragraph of § 9 of the textbook “Church Organization. Temples and worship",draw up a diagram of the organization of the Russian Orthodox Church.

By the middle of the 11th century. in Rus' there were already 16 dioceses - according to the number of large Russian principalities. The Church had its own court, at which clergy were tried for heresies (various deviations from Orthodox doctrine) and moral offenses.

Task No. 5. Now let's talk about spiritual values. Working with the sixth paragraph of § 9 of the textbook “Spiritual Values. Old Russian ascetics and saints",fill out the comparison table:

1. Reinforcing educational material

What system of government existed in Rus' in the 11th century?

How was princely and boyar ownership of land formed in Rus'?

What are the main spiritual values ​​of Ancient Rus'? Which of them seem fair to you? What do you disagree with?

1. Homework

Paragraph 9 retelling

Using the textbook text and the Internet, compose abstracts for the message “Life in a Monastery”

2. The socio-political role of the Church

2.1 Ecclesiastical jurisdiction

2.2 Clash and demarcation of ecclesiastical and secular jurisdictions

3. Political position and activities of the Church

3.1 International status of the Old Russian Church

3.2 Church pulpits in political conflicts

3.3 Church land ownership as a subject of conflict

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The problem of relations between the state and the church in specific Rus' is of undoubted scientific interest for studying the past of our country. The history of Russia, as well as the Old Russian state and feudal principalities that preceded it, is characterized by a close connection between secular political organization power and administration and the church.

The church appeared on the initiative of the princely power relatively late and had to adapt to the level of development of society and to the economic system that it found here at that time.

If we try to define the areas of activity medieval church in the country, we will be able to identify at least six such large areas. Firstly, this is activity directly related to cult - liturgical (cult) activity: service in church, confessional practice, performance of sacraments and requirements. Missionary activity can also be attributed to this area: conversion to Christianity, in particular the Christianization of the state of Rus' itself and the surrounding peoples who were or were not part of it. Perhaps, monastic activity in the narrow sense of the word also belongs here.

Another sphere of activity of the church can be considered cultural and ideological.

To the third sphere church activities we consider its role in the socio-economic life of the country as a land owner, a participant in the production relations of feudal society, who used the labor of church peasants and other groups of workers.

The fourth, public law, sphere is associated with the broad jurisdiction of the church as an integral part of the state organization.

The special, fifth sphere of activity of the church was internal management the church organization itself - from the metropolitan, bishops and abbots of monasteries to priests, deacons and ordinary monks.

Finally, the last area includes political activity churches both domestically and internationally.

Church leaders received Active participation in the life of their city and principality, carrying out political assignments that were given to them secular authorities; their duties were to meet the princes and table (enthronement) during their enthronement, to participate in the kissing of the cross when concluding treaties as state act etc.

From the indicated large spheres in this work to one degree or another, only those that are related to the relationship between church organizations and princely power and city administration are considered: the formation and development of the church structure, the metropolitan system, bishoprics, the socio-economic sphere: sources of material support for the church, church jurisdiction, implementation by church organizations some city control functions, domestic and foreign policy positions and activities of the church.

1. Formation and development of the church administrative structure and management

1.1 Formation of the original church organization in Rus'

Random and fragmentary information about the church organization in Russian sources makes it possible with great difficulty to reconstruct its history in the first half century after Vladimir adopted Christianity. This lack of information has led some researchers to the opinion that the church organization itself arose only 50 years after Rus' officially became Christian.

An important evidence of the emergence of the metropolitanate in Rus' in the first years after the adoption of Christianity is the mention of the Russian metropolitan see in the Byzantine list of sees (Notitia episcopatuum).

In several editions of the list of metropolitanates, which dates back to the end of the 11th century, the department of “Rosia” occupies permanent place with number 60 after the Metropolitanate of Serra and Pompeiopolis and before the Metropolitanate of Alanya.

To justify the existence of the metropolis from the time shortly after the adoption of Christianity, a general assessment of the nature of the relationship between Rus' and Byzantium until 1037 - 1039 is also essential. and after them.

The reign of Yaroslav was marked by a significant increase in the political authority of the country, which was expressed in the establishment of trade ties and marriage alliances with many countries, in the rise of national self-awareness, which was perfectly manifested in the “Sermon on Law and Grace” by Metropolitan Hilarion. This can also be seen in a certain freedom, both political and church relations with Byzantium itself, noticeably Russian-Byzantine war 1043, and according to the princely appointment of Hilarion to the Kyiv Metropolis in 1051. The obligations of a prince who has just established in his country church diocese, subordinate to Constantinople, in relation to the emperor and patriarch, they would not have allowed him to do this. Byzantine lists of metropolitan sees contain indirect indications that the Kiev Metropolis was founded no earlier than 970. and no later than 997/98. Adoption of Christianity in Rus' in 988-990. narrows this period of time to 990-997/98. It is possible to make it even narrower. This is an indication from the Tale of Bygone Years for the consecration of the princely Tithe Church in Kyiv, which, according to the Tale of Bygone Years, happened in 6504 (996/97), and according to Memory and Praise to Prince Vladimir - in the ninth year after his baptism and 19 years before his death, i.e. in the same 996 .

Since in this act of creating the church and in the appointment of Anastas Korsunyanin and the Kherson and Tsarina priests, the participation of the metropolitan was not noted in any way, but the role of Vladimir was emphasized in every possible way, we can assume that at that time this highest church institution in Rus' did not yet exist. And the very organization of the princely Tithe Church presupposes a different status of the church organization without that single administrative center within the competence of the patriarchy, which became the Sofia department. Thus, the establishment of the Tithe Church preceded the establishment of the metropolitanate, but, as the data from the list of metropolitanates shows, not by much.

Closely connected with the court of Constantinople through Princess Anna, the emperor’s sister, Vladimir, in search of an optimal solution to the question of the administrative structure of the local church organization, a few years after the change of state religion, accepted in principle the form of church governance that existed in the empire and the countries belonging to its cultural circle . In connection with the formation of the early church organization in Kyiv shortly after the adoption of Christianity, the question arises about the role of the Tithe Church of the Virgin Mary, both before the emergence of the metropolitanate and after it. By its nature, it was a princely church, through which the prince’s initiative in Christianizing the population and carrying out the political and economic program that was associated with it was carried out. The church was officially dedicated to the Mother of God and was probably the first in Rus' Christian temple, dedicated to this widespread cult with deep pagan traditions.

1.2 Development of the church-administrative structure

The system of episcopal sees in Rus' is closely connected with the emergence of the metropolitan see in Kyiv. This very title of the see - metropolitan - in Byzantium implied the subordination to the metropolitan of other hierarchs, bishops, of which he was the head. The metropolis, which did not have any episcopal sees subordinate to it, was only titular, i.e. differed from the bishopric in title, and not in the volume and content of power. Accordingly, the metropolitan diocese included all dioceses of episcopal sees.

The establishment of the metropolitanate in Rus' thus presupposed the simultaneous creation of episcopal sees. Chronicles of the XVI-XVII centuries. indicate that four or six (different in different chronicles) bishops came to Rus' together with the metropolitan.

The question of the number and place of organization of episcopal sees must be resolved taking into account the fact that by the time the first stage of the formation of the church structure was completed, by the end of the reign of Yaroslav, their jurisdiction, practically or only theoretically, ideally, should have covered the entire territory of the state. Outside the created dioceses, at least their distant peripheries, there should have been no ancient Russian lands. In development government structure and the expansion of Christianization, the territories of some large episcopal dioceses were divided and new sees were created, to which these dioceses were subordinate. According to the rules adopted in eastern church, the creation of new bishoprics subordinate to the metropolitan was the responsibility of the latter, and not of the patriarch and the synod. In practice, it depended on the desires and material support of local princes. At the same time, the very organization of the system of bishops with their dioceses could not be a one-time act, for example, one year. It was formed over several decades and continued to develop later.

The process of inclusion in orbit church authority and the associated court of the main territory of the state and the emerging ancient Russian nation in the middle and second half of the 11th century. was supplemented by another, also very important in the conditions of the state-ethnic development of the country. It was important to form dioceses headed by bishops in the territories that were being developed Kyiv princes and where missionary activity was very relevant.

By the middle of the 13th century. in Rus' there were 16 dioceses, in large part corresponding to large Russian principalities, equal in territory to Western European states.

Question to point I. What changes in the life of the Eastern Slavs contributed to the formation of the Old Russian people?

Changes:

All tribes entered into a single state;

The militia of all tribes went on campaigns;

The prince's squad included warriors from all tribes;

IN single state were uniform laws(Russian Truth);

The tribes were also united by a common Orthodox faith;

The tribes were connected by trade both with each other and with foreign merchants.

Question for point II. What strata did the population of Western Europe consist of in the Middle Ages?

In Western Europe, monarchs, the highest nobility (dukes, marquises, counts, barons, etc.), knighthood and the common people stood out. The common people were divided into townspeople and peasants. In addition, there was a clergy, which was also divided by rank.

Question for point IV. Why did the Church play a big role in people's lives in the Middle Ages? What was the organization of the Catholic Church?

At that time, people had a religious worldview, they saw the world and their lives through the prism of religion, and the church explained the norms of religion.

The Catholic Church was led by the Pope. Large ecclesiastical areas were under the control of archbishops, these areas were divided into bishops' territories. Priests preached to the believers in church parishes. In monasteries, monks lived under the control of abbots.

Question to point V. What role did monasteries play in the life of Western Europe in the Middle Ages?

People placed their main hopes in monasteries for the salvation of their souls. Monks were needed to pray to the Lord for all people.

In addition, monasteries played a large role in the economy: they owned big lands. These holdings were constantly increasing. For example, many rich and noble people bequeathed part of their estates to monks so that they would pray for their souls. Thanks to familiarity with books, it was often the monasteries that introduced advanced technologies: they built water mills, drained swamps, etc.

There were also monasteries cultural centers, at one time the main ones, although later they began to cede this role to universities. Books were rewritten here, and new ones were often written. Many architects, sculptors, jewelers and other craftsmen worked at the request of the monasteries, creating true masterpieces of the Middle Ages.

Large monasteries sometimes influenced politics. Or rather, it was influenced by the abbots with the support of their monasteries. This refers to both secular and ecclesiastical politics. For example, the monasteries of the Cluny movement several times sought to ensure that their man became Pope. We must not forget that monasteries often united into orders and in this case acted together.

Finally, we must remember that the Inquisition was also in the hands of the monks (Dominicans), and the Inquisition decided the destinies of people, sending many to the stake.

Question to paragraph No. 1. What system of government existed in Rus' in the 11th century?

The Old Russian state had a monarchy: it was ruled by Grand Duke. However, at the same time, the prince was forced to consult with his squad, especially the eldest (boyars) and could not do anything against her will. Thus, the power of the Grand Duke was limited.

Question for paragraph No. 2. Using a computer, compile and fill out a table in the notebook “Categories of the population of Rus' and their characteristics.”

Question for paragraph No. 3. How was princely and boyar ownership of land formed in Rus'? When answering, use the terms “transfer of land into private hands”, “princely possessions”, “patrimony”.

Initially, all land belonged to the communities. But its supreme owner was the prince. Initially, the prince built his courtyards and planted slaves only on empty lands, which became princely possessions. But gradually he began to reward his boyars with land, which they passed on to their descendants. This is how fiefdoms (that is, the possessions of fathers) appeared - the land began to pass into private hands. Sometimes the prince, as the supreme owner of all the land, transferred the possessions of the communities to the boyars. However, this did not cause indignation. At that time, in the Old Russian state there was a lot of free land; peasants could always move to a new plot. The main wealth was the workers.

Question to paragraph No. 4. Explain why in Western Europe Rus' was sometimes called the “country of cities.”

Many cities arose on the trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks,” as well as on the way to the Volga (from where merchants headed to the Caspian Sea). In addition, the Russian lands were called the country of cities (Gardariki) in the Scandinavian sagas, and Scandinavia was not at all the most developed region of Europe; there were really few cities there.

Question for paragraph No. 5. Draw a diagram of “Church organization in Rus'” in your notebook.

Question for paragraph No. 6. What role did monasteries play in the life of Rus'?

Monasteries were cultural centers. It was here that books were copied, here they were translated from other languages, and new ones were created. For example, it was there that chronicles and lives of saints were written - this is the main part of the literature of that time. Monastery churches and their decorations also played an important role in the development of culture.

Monasteries made a great contribution to economic life. They belonged vast lands, and the princes and boyars constantly donated new ones.

Monasteries also helped in the defense of the state: walls around them were built to protect not only from worldly vanity, but also in case of war. It is clear from the monks buried in the caves of the Kiev-Pechora Lavra that some were killed in battle.

Finally, the large monasteries in major cities also influenced politics. Their abbots gave urgent advice to the princes, and they were forced to listen to this either out of fear of punishment from the Lord, or out of fear of an uprising, because the people at that time also believed in the clergy.

We think, compare, reflect: question No. 1. Using the text of the textbook and the Internet, compose a thesis statement for the message “Life in a Monastery” (choose one of the monasteries mentioned in the paragraph).

Life in the Kiev-Pechora Lavra:

General plan of the monastery;

The dwellings of the monks are their cells;

Food of monks, restrictions in this area;

Prayers of monks, stories about saints from among them;

The work of monks;

The book work of the monks, the creation of “The Tale of Bygone Years, etc.”;

Sermons, the influence of the monastery among the people.

We think, compare, reflect: question No. 2. Suggest an article title for scientific journal on one of the topics in this paragraph. Be sure to use the word “problem” in the title.

The problem of the influence of monasteries on princely politics

We think, compare, reflect: question No. 3. Prove that landowners (princes, boyars) and ordinary farmers had both common and different interests.

All residents of the Old Russian state faced troubles that united them. The attacking enemies killed and robbed both rich and poor. Crop failures meant trouble for everyone. True, for the poor it was often death by starvation; noble people died for this reason less often.

But at the same time, farmers and landowners had different interests. The princes and boyars wanted to get people to work in their fields, preferably dependent ones, that is, those who could not leave for at will and start processing a new area. Ordinary farmers, on the contrary, sought to preserve their freedom and work only for themselves.

The place and role of Rus' in Europe

(Material for independent work and project activities)

Question to point I. What states existed in Western Europe in the 9th-11th centuries? What were the names of the rulers of these states?

In those centuries, such states as Norway, Denmark, France, England, Scotland, Great Moravia, Poland, the Czech Republic, the Papal State, the Holy Roman Empire and others already existed in Europe. Most of the rulers of these states were called kings, some were called dukes. There were also states of archbishops. For the whole Catholic world there was one emperor (of the Holy Roman Empire) and one pope (who also headed his own state).

Question to paragraph No. 1. What types of transport were used in the 9th-12th centuries? for transporting goods?

First of all, they traded along rivers and lakes on boats. Land roads at that time remained too poor.

Question for paragraph No. 2. With which of European countries did Rus' trade?

They traded along the Baltic Sea with Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Poland, the Slavs and the Germans on the Baltic coast of modern Germany.

Question for paragraph No. 3. Which steppe peoples were opponents of Rus'?

At first, Russian squads fought with the Pechenegs, later the Polovtsians took the place of the Pechenegs. Also, at one time, Kyiv was threatened by the Khazars and Volga Bulgars; although these peoples cannot be considered completely steppe: their states included large trading cities on navigable rivers.

Question to paragraph No. 4. Select quotes from the text of the paragraph that speak about the equal nature of relations between Rus' and other states.

“The special relationship between Rus' and Byzantium found expression in dynastic marriages... Many daughters of Russian princes married representatives of the Byzantine imperial house.” At the same time, the textbook lists the wives of Russian princes from Byzantium.

“Rus' had constant relations with Germany, Norway, Sweden, and with distant England and France.”

We think, compare, reflect: question No. 1. Prove that in the 9th-12th centuries. Rus' was part of a single European political and economic space.

Proof:

Dynastic marriages of the Russian princely house;

Participation of Europeans (Poles) in wars between Russian princes;

Trade relations with European countries;

Acceptance of oneness with Europe Christian faith(at that time there was no division between Catholicism and Orthodoxy).

We think, compare, reflect: question No. 2. Find out what influence Byzantium had on the development of Rus'.

It was from the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) that a culture came to the Old Russian state after baptism, replacing the former pagan one. Therefore, Constantinople became for Kyiv and other Russian cities an example of architecture, painting, books and other achievements of civilization. All Orthodox culture The Kyiv state originates in Greek land; most often, the masters who brought it to Russian lands were Greeks and taught local students only here. Therefore, the influence of Byzantium can be called decisive.

We think, compare, reflect: question No. 3. Write a short essay in your notebook on the topic “The role of Rus' in international trade in the 9th-12th centuries.”

Suggested essay outline:

Level of development of world trade in IX-XII centuries, Great Silk and other trade routes;

Trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks”, its significance;

Trade of ancient Russian merchants in the Baltic Sea;

Trade of merchants of other countries with Novgorod;

Trade route along the Volga and the Caspian Sea, other states along this route, such as Volga Bulgaria;

The most active trade with the Arabs (archaeologists find most of all Arab coins in the layers of that time);

The attitude of the Slavs of that time to trade transactions and money (in particular, you need to remember about the cut: Arab coins were cut and paid for simply as pieces of silver, by weight, thus showing a complete lack of understanding of the essence of the coin as a product).