What is the State Duma in brief? Who can be a deputy

1) the first body of national representation in the history of Russia, convened by the autocratic government under the pressure of the revolution of 1905-1907. In total, until 1917 there were four convocations of the State Duma. 1st The State Duma operated for only 72 days (April 27 - July 8, 1906); 2nd - 102 days (February 20 - June 3, 1907); 3rd - 5 years (November 1, 1907 - June 9, 1912); 4th - ok. 5 years (November 15, 1912 - October 6, 1917). The Duma was convened by decrees of the emperor, he determined the timing of breaks in its activities, and also had the right to dissolve it. On the basis of this right, he dissolved, or rather “dispersed” the 1st and 2nd Dumas. According to the law of February 20. 1906 on the establishment of G.D. she was elected for a term of 5 years. Its jurisdiction included: issues requiring the publication of laws, as well as their amendment, addition, suspension and repeal; list of income and expenses; report of state control on the implementation of state registration; loan resolution; cases of alienation of property; construction matters railways treasury; cases on the establishment of companies on shares, as well as a number of other less important cases. Suffrage, regulated by the law of 11 December. 1905, was not universal, not direct and unequal. Voters were distributed among four curiae: district landowners, volost peasants, urban voters and workers. The curiae at their congresses elected electors, and the latter elected directly to the Duma. However, practically for workers the elections were three-stage, and for peasants even four-stage (since both of them first elected electors authorized to elect, respectively, at enterprises and village and volost assemblies). From total number of electors to the 1st State Duma (7211 people), the landowners and big bourgeoisie received 4229 electors, i.e. 58%. Many categories of the population were deprived of the right to vote: women; persons under 25 years of age; students in educational institutions; military ranks army and navy in active service; “wandering foreigners”, foreign subjects; those who were punished for criminal acts that entailed deprivation or restriction of status rights or exclusion from service; those removed from office by court verdicts; those under investigation or trial on charges of criminal acts entailing deprivation or restriction of status rights or exclusion from service; subject to insolvency pending determination of its properties; insolvent, except for those whose insolvency is recognized as unfortunate; deprived of clergy or dignity for vices, or excluded from society and noble assemblies by class verdicts; convicted of evading military service. The election campaign was in charge of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, within which the Ministry of Internal Affairs, created in September, acted. 1905 Special paperwork for elections to the State Duma and State Council. A circular from the Ministry of the Interior ordered that no speeches should be made at workers' meetings that were not directly related to the election procedure. During election campaign In the 2nd Duma, Senate clarifications to the electoral law were published, which curtailed the rights of voters, commissioners and electors. The electoral law of June 3, 1907 (which actually meant a coup d'etat, because according to Article 86 of the Fundamental state laws this law was supposed to be considered by the Duma) sharply reduced the voting rights of the population. Thus, the number of electors from peasants decreased by 56%, and the number of electors from landowners increased by almost 33%. The rights of voters of the second city curia were curtailed ( petty bourgeoisie); The representation of the national outskirts has noticeably decreased. The voting rights of workers were subject to greater restrictions. As a result of these changes, the number of members of the 3rd Duma decreased from 524 to 442, because in fact, more than half of the country's adult population was deprived voting rights. The emperor received a State Duma obedient to him, in which landowners, bourgeois and right-wing parties (Black Hundreds and nationalists) clearly predominated. Fundamental provisions on the structure of the Duma, its functions and partly the Duma procedure were contained in such acts as the “Establishment of the State Duma” dated February 20, 1906 and the “Basic State Laws” as amended on April 23, 1906. In development of the rules of the “Establishment”, the Duma developed the “Order” , i.e. regulations that determined “the details of its internal regulations” and “the subjects of the department.” The Duma elected from among itself a chairman for a term of 1 year and his two comrades, as well as a secretary (and his comrades) for a term of 5 years. The Chairman of the Duma led the debate, observing silence and order. When joining the Duma, members made a solemn promise (oath). Refusal to take the oath entailed automatic exclusion from the Duma. The title of a member of the Duma was recognized as incompatible with the occupation of paid government positions. The official, if elected, was obliged to renounce his position. And back: those who received a civil appointment public service with a salary, he left the Duma. However, this rule did not apply to ministers and chief executives. During the session, Duma members received a daily allowance of 10 rubles. Travel expenses were also reimbursed at the rate of 5 kopecks. a mile from your place of residence to St. Petersburg and back. Later (based on the Law of July 6, 1908) they began to receive allowances from the treasury in the amount of 4,200 rubles. per year (at the rate of 350 rubles per month). In addition, members of the commission received an additional 10 rubles for participating in the work before the opening of the session. in a day. Already in the 1st Duma, factions headed by the leaders of the relevant parties took shape. The quantitative composition of the factions was not constant. Every faction had the right to representation in commissions and to receive all Duma materials. At the opening of the Duma, the factions made their own declarations in response to the government declaration. From time to time, “meetings of the Duma” were held, consisting of the presidium and faction leaders. Article 14 of the “Institutions” recognized the freedom of parliamentary speech, but this article contradicted Art. 22, which declared that members of the Duma “for criminal acts committed during the performance and in connection with the performance of the duties assigned to them by this rank, are held accountable in the manner and on the grounds established for holding the highest ranks of public administration accountable.” The government violated the principle of parliamentary immunity. During the June third coup d'etat In 1907, members of the Social Democratic faction were arrested, most of whom were sentenced to hard labor and exile in 1907-1908. Gradually, a procedure for discussing bills was developed. The chairman, armed with a bell, made comments to the speaker if he deviated from the issue under discussion. He could deprive a speaker of his speech if he used harsh or offensive language against individuals and institutions, or if his comments were ignored. Any deputy sitting in the hall could be removed for several meetings for shouting and standing, provoking a scandal, etc. By general rule, the bill was discussed quite thoroughly, in three readings. During the discussion, Duma members made various amendments and proposals to add or remove something. The proposed amendments were voted on before the paragraphs or articles of the bill to which they related. Amendments were either accepted or rejected. If open voting took place, it was done either by raising hands or by sitting and standing. Each member of the Duma cast a vote for himself. Voting for someone absent was not allowed. In addition to voting by "division", voting by roll call poll was also used. In the latter case, one of the secretary's comrades called all the members of the Duma from the list one by one. Each member stood up and answered the ballot question: “yes” or “no.” The second secretary's comrade noted the received answer in the list. Theoretically, it was believed that neither signs of protest nor signs of approval (applause) could take place regarding Duma resolutions, but in practice this was not observed. According to Art. 86 Code of Basic State Laws new law had to receive the approval of the State Council and G.D. and approval of the emperor. The Duma could initiate the repeal or modification of existing laws and the publication of new laws, but the revision of the Basic State Laws was the prerogative of the emperor. If the Duma spoke out in favor of the “desirability” of a new law, then it “instructed” ministers or chief administrators to develop a corresponding bill. If refused, she herself began to develop a bill in the relevant commission. The prepared bill was submitted for discussion general meeting . Legislative proposals approved by the Duma were then submitted to the State Council. The bill, adopted by the State Council on his initiative and approved by it, entered the Duma. Bills that were not adopted by the State Council or the State Duma were considered rejected. The bills approved by both chambers were submitted to the emperor for approval (they were presented by the chairman of the State Council, which also meant an infringement of the rights of the Duma). The Emperor might not approve the bill. The legislative rights of the Duma were significantly curtailed by Art. 87 of the Basic Laws, which, in the event of termination or interruption of the activities of the Duma and the State Council, if emergency obligations arise, discuss the bill in the government, and then they are approved by the emperor in the form of “highest decrees” that immediately come into force. Such a decree was then subject to approval by the chambers within two months after the resumption of their activities. The government made extensive use of this essentially emergency decree power. Sometimes it deliberately dissolved the Duma for several days in order to freely pass a law it liked. The law provided G.D. budget rights. She examined: the state list of income and expenses together with financial estimates of ministries and main departments, as well as assumptions about above-estimated allocations; report of the State Supervision on the execution of state registration; cases of alienation of part of state income or property requiring “the highest permission”; cases regarding the resolution of government loans; estimates and distribution of zemstvo duties in areas where zemstvo institutions have not been introduced, as well as cases of increasing zemstvo or city taxes against the amount determined by zemstvo assemblies and city dumas. However, the budget rights of the Duma were significantly curtailed by budget rules (decree) on March 8, 1906. The refusal to approve the budget still did not suspend its execution. The control function of the HD was also insufficiently effective. in relation to the government. She could make inquiries to the government or to individual ministers regarding the “illegal” actions of the latter (or persons subordinate to them). To submit a request, it was necessary to collect a minimum of 30 signatures, which created difficulties for the few factions. The government did not respond to requests for a long time: sometimes minor officials were brought in to provide explanations upon request; and most importantly, many requests remained unanswered by the government. After receiving the government's response to the request, its discussion began, after which Duma factions or individual Duma members proposed formulas for moving on to the next business. In these formulas, the political and legal sides were closely intertwined. In addition to “requests,” the Duma could address ministers with “questions,” which were subject to fewer formalities and had even fewer legal consequences than “requests.” The liberals sought to ensure that the government became responsible to the State Duma. As for the emperor himself, the camarilla, and within the walls of the Duma - the rightists and nationalists, all of them, advocating unlimited autocracy, even wanted to abolish G.D., returning to the pre-Duma “pure” autocracy. The Provisional Committee of the State Duma, created on February 27, until March 3, 1917, took part in the formation of the Provisional Government headed by Prince G.E. Lvov. With the assumption of power by the Provisional Government, the Duma Committee did not withdraw from political arena: he continued to act as a de facto public political center all bourgeois parties and organizations to the right of them. The Committee was constantly aware of the affairs of the Provisional Government, and there was a close connection between them. Various internal and foreign policy were also discussed at the so-called private meetings of Duma members. From February 28 and later, the personnel of many central government institutions (committees, commissions, meetings, ministries, etc.) was staffed to one degree or another from among the members of the State Duma, not only the IV, but also the previous three convocations. Beginning in March, revolutionary workers and soldiers demanded the dissolution of the Fourth Duma, as “a nest of counter-revolution.” A sharp struggle on this issue ensued between the Bolsheviks, on the one hand, and the Mensheviks, on the other, on I All-Russian Congress Soviets. The Bolsheviks insisted that the Provisional Government issue a formal legal act (law, decree) dissolving the Duma. In their opinion, neither the Duma nor State Council there should be no space in the system government agencies Russia. On October 6, 1917, the Provisional Government dissolved the G.D., which was motivated by the start of the election campaign in constituent Assembly. E.A. Skripilev 2) In the Russian Federation since 1993, the Chamber of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, a legislative body. Was first elected in Oct. 1993 for 2 years in accordance with the decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, suspending the powers of the Congress of People's Deputies and Supreme Council RF. Elections also took place in 1995 and 1999. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation 1993 G.D. is formed on the basis of direct elections and represents the population of the country as a whole. Number of GD. - 450 deputies, half of them are elected according to party lists, on the basis of a proportional electoral system, in a single federal electoral district, the other half are elected in single-mandate constituencies based on a majoritarian electoral system. Current G.D. elected for 4 years in 1999 (term established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation). The main function of the Duma is legislation; it plays a leading role in the process of passing laws. G.D. gives consent to the President of the Russian Federation to appoint the Chairman of the Government (ministers are appointed by the President himself), resolves the issue of confidence in the Government (see Vote of confidence), and also brings charges for the removal of the President from office in cases established by the Constitution. G.D. appoints and dismisses certain senior civil servants: the chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (on the recommendation of the President of the Russian Federation), the chairman of the Accounts Chamber, the Commissioner for Human Rights). Only she has the right to declare an amnesty, adopt the state budget and hear a report on its implementation. Laws adopted by the State Duma are sent for consideration to the second chamber - the Federation Council, the veto of which the Duma can override by a qualified majority (see more in the article Legislative process). Legislative powers of G.D. and its other powers are determined by the Constitution. Internal organization G.D. and the order of its work is determined by its regulations. Party and other factions of deputies are created in the Duma, and parliamentary specialized (profile) committees and commissions are formed. Each deputy is required to take part in the work of at least one committee. General management G.D. is carried out by the Duma Chairman (Speaker) and his deputies elected by it, as well as the Duma Council, which includes Duma officials and leaders of factions and deputy groups. The heads of the committees are members of the Council of the G.D. only with the right of advisory vote. GD. - a permanent body: it holds two sessions annually - spring, lasting 6 months (from January 12 to July 20), and autumn - 3 months. (October 1 - December 25). Meetings of G.D. are carried out, as a rule, openly (see also a. Deputy). Lit.: Collection of laws. February 20, 1906. No. 38. Art. 197; Yushkov SV. History of state and law of the USSR. Part 2. 2nd ed. M., 1947; Kalinichev F.I. The State Duma in Russia in documents and materials. M., 1957; SidelnikovSM. Education and activities of the First Duma. M., 1962; Avrekh A.Ya. Stolypin and III Duma. M., 1968; him. Tsarism and the IV Duma. 1912-1914 M., 1981; him. Decay June third system. M., 1985. V.E. Chirkin

State Duma) - elective representative institution V pre-revolutionary Russia, which formally belonged legislative functions(1906-1917). In the Russian Federation it began to operate in December 1993. In accordance with Art. 103 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the jurisdiction of the State Duma includes: a) giving consent to the President Russian Federation for the appointment of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation; b) resolving the issue of confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation; c) appointment and dismissal of the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation; d) appointment and dismissal of the Chairman of the Accounts Chamber and half of its auditors; e) appointment and dismissal of the Commissioner for Human Rights, acting in accordance with federal constitutional law; f) declaration of amnesty; g) bringing charges against the President of the Russian Federation for his removal from office.

Great definition

Incomplete definition ↓

THE STATE DUMA

the lower house of the Russian parliament - the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.

According to Art. 11 on federal level The State Duma together with the Federation Council represent legislative branch Russian Federation. All citizens of the Russian Federation are represented in the State Duma through deputies, regardless of their place of residence in Russia.

A deputy is not bound by strict legal obligations to his voters, and they cannot determine his position, since the Constitution of the Russian Federation does not contain such institutions as orders from voters to deputies and their recall by voters. At the same time, State Duma deputies maintain contact with voters in the region, consider proposals and complaints received from them, and contribute to resolving the issues contained in them; inform voters about their activities during meetings with them, as well as through the media.

A State Duma deputy cannot simultaneously be a deputy of other representative bodies of state power and bodies local government, as well as a member of the Federation Council. Deputies of the State Duma work on a professional permanent basis; they cannot be in the public service or engage in other paid activities, except for teaching, scientific and other creative activities.

The State Duma consists of 450 deputies elected for a term of 4 years. On November 5, 2008, in his message to the Federal Assembly, Russian President D. Medvedev proposed to increase the term of office of State Duma deputies to 5 years, and the term of the president to 6 years from the next elections. In his opinion, this will provide an additional resource for the stable functioning of government institutions. In November - December 2008, draft amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation were approved by the State Duma and the Federation Council and approved by regional parliaments. Federal Law on Amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation No. 6-FKZ “On changing the term of office of the President of the Russian Federation and the State Duma” came into force on December 31, 2008.

Until 2007, the State Duma was formed on the basis of elections both in majoritarian single-mandate districts and according to party lists (50/50%). In 2007, for the first time, State Duma deputies were elected only from party lists. The passage barrier was 7% (before 2005 - 5%).

The First State Duma was elected together with the Federation Council on the day of the referendum on the Constitution on December 12, 1993 for a period of 2 years. The work of the Duma is headed by the Chairman (Speaker) of the Duma and his deputies, while each faction or deputy group can nominate a deputy chairman of the State Duma. The chairmen of the State Duma were I. Rybkin (1994–1996), G. Seleznev (1996–2003). From 2003 to the present, the Chairman of the State Duma is B. Gryzlov.

The work of deputies is carried out within the framework of State Duma committees formed at the beginning of the first session. The activities of the State Duma are based on the principles of political diversity and multi-party system, collective, free discussion and resolution of issues. Committees of the State Duma develop and preliminary consider bills; organize and conduct parliamentary hearings; contribute to the implementation of the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws; resolve issues of organizing their activities, etc.

The powers of the State Duma include: giving consent to the President of the Russian Federation for the appointment of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation; resolving the issue of trust in the Government of the Russian Federation; appointment and dismissal of the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation; appointment and dismissal of the Chairman of the Accounts Chamber and half of its auditors; appointment and dismissal of the Commissioner for Human Rights, acting in accordance with federal constitutional law; amnesty announcement; bringing charges against the President of the Russian Federation for his removal from office. The State Duma adopts federal laws by a majority vote of the total number of deputies, unless otherwise provided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

A deputy or group of State Duma deputies has the right to submit a request to the Government of the Russian Federation, the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation, the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, and heads of executive authorities different levels on the range of issues within the competence of these bodies. The latter are required to respond to such a request within 15 days. On December 31, 2008, the Federal Law on Amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation No. 7-FKZ “On the control powers of the State Duma in relation to the Government of the Russian Federation” came into force, according to which the Government of the Russian Federation is obliged to provide the State Duma with reports on the results of its activities, incl. including on issues raised by the State Duma.

The deputy enjoys the right to promptly receive leaders and officials of any organization located on the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as the right to receive and disseminate any information, regardless of the degree of secrecy, concerning issues related to his deputy activities.

Materials submitted to the media by a deputy on behalf of the chamber are subject to mandatory publication within 7 days. During the entire term of office, members of the State Duma enjoy immunity. However, parliamentary immunity is not a basis for refusing to initiate a criminal case or carry out certain investigative actions.

The State Duma meets for the first meeting on the 30th day after the election, but the President of the Russian Federation can convene a meeting of the State Duma earlier than this date. The first meeting of the State Duma is opened by the oldest deputy in age, and subsequently, until the election of the Chairman or Deputy Chairman of the State Duma, representatives of all electoral associations preside. Meetings are held openly, publicly, and covered in the media; representatives of government agencies are invited to attend, public associations, scientific institutions, media representatives and independent experts necessary to give opinions on issues considered by the State Duma.

Deputies may also decide to hold a closed meeting. The Constitution of the Russian Federation provides for the dissolution of the State Duma by the President of the Russian Federation in the event of a three-time rejection of the submitted candidates for the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation. In this case, the President of the Russian Federation appoints the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, dissolves the State Duma and calls new elections. The State Duma may express no confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation, after which the president has the right to announce the resignation of the government, or disagree with the decision of the deputies.

If the State Duma repeatedly expresses no confidence in the government within three months, the president announces the resignation of the government or dissolves the State Duma. The State Duma cannot be dissolved within a year after its election; from the moment she brings charges against the President of the Russian Federation until the adoption of a corresponding decision by the Federation Council; within 6 months before the end of the term of office of the President of the Russian Federation.

The State Duma is one of the two chambers of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. Unofficially, it is sometimes called the “lower” house by analogy with foreign parliaments, where the lower house - the House of Representatives - has traditionally been more democratic in its composition and more significant in its powers and influence on the exercise of government power. The Constitution of the Russian Federation determines the permanent composition of the State Duma at 450 deputies, and the term of office of the State Duma is 4 years. The State Duma is formed on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot, i.e. most democratically. A deputy can be a citizen of the Russian Federation who has reached 21 years of age and has the right to participate in elections. The legal status of the State Duma is determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law “On the Election of Deputies of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly” dated June 24, 1999, as well as the Rules of Procedure of the State Duma itself. Citizens' participation in elections of deputies to the State Duma is voluntary. Citizens of the Russian Federation who permanently reside or are temporarily located outside the Russian Federation during the preparation and conduct of elections have full voting rights in the election of deputies to the State Duma.

The election of deputies to the new State Duma is appointed by the President of the Russian Federation by his decree. Election day is the first Sunday after the expiration of the constitutional term for which the State Duma of the previous convocation was elected. The period from the day the elections are called to the day they are held must be at least four months. If the President does not call elections of State Duma deputies within the established time frame, the elections are held by the Central Election Commission on the first Sunday of the month following the month in which the powers of the State Duma deputies ended. When the State Duma is dissolved in cases provided for by the Constitution, the President simultaneously calls elections for a new composition of the State Duma. In this case, election day is considered the last Sunday before the expiration of three months from the date of dissolution of the State Duma. In this case, the deadlines for electoral actions provided for by federal law are reduced by one quarter. If the President dissolves the State Duma and does not call new elections, then the elections are held by the Central Election Commission on the first Sunday after the expiration of three months from the date of the early dissolution of the State Duma.

There is a special procedure for electing deputies of the State Duma, established by the Constitution and a special law. Half of the number of deputies of the State Duma (225 deputies) are elected in single-mandate electoral districts (one district - one deputy), which are divided into territory of the Russian Federation . Moreover, in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation there must be at least one electoral district based on a single norm of representation per single-mandate electoral district, with the exception of electoral districts in those constituent entities of the Russian Federation where the number of voters is less than the uniform established norm per electoral district. A single norm of representation is established by dividing the total number of voters in Russia into 225 single-mandate electoral districts. In the elections of deputies from single-mandate electoral districts, the principle of a majority system of relative majority is applied, when the one for whom more voters vote than for any other person becomes a deputy. If in the “against all” column of the ballot there are more votes cast than for any of the candidates, then by law it is necessary to hold new elections in this electoral district.

225 deputies of the State Duma (the second half of the chamber) are elected from a single electoral district, when the entire country is one electoral district. Deputies are elected according to a proportional electoral system, when mandates are distributed proportionally to the number of votes received by electoral blocs and electoral associations. Moreover, an electoral association is allowed to distribute deputy mandates provided that it receives at least 5% of the votes of all registered voters. This electoral barrier, characteristic of majority electoral systems democratic countries, excludes small or less popular parties or other electoral associations from participation in the distribution of mandates. Under this system, the voter does not vote for a specific deputy, but for a political party or electoral association as a whole. And the party itself distributes the received mandates among its candidates for deputies, i.e. the personal composition of deputies does not directly depend on the will of voters. Party lists primarily include members of the leadership and functionaries of these parties.

The 1999 Law “On Elections of Deputies of the State Duma” imposes rather strict requirements on candidates for deputies. In particular, they must provide election commissions with information about property for the two years preceding the elections, information about criminal records and citizenship foreign country. Information about dual citizenship and criminal record is entered in ballot. Submission of false information by a candidate is punishable by exclusion from voting. If false information is found among candidates from the top three leading a party list or a list of a bloc of parties, the entire list is removed from the vote. The electoral spending quota for 1999, for example, amounted to 1.6 million rubles for one candidate and 42 million rubles for an electoral association. Exceeding this amount of expenses by at least 0.5% entails the removal of the candidate or the entire list from the vote.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation determines the jurisdiction of the State Duma.

In addition to the main function of implementing legislation, the State Duma gives:

o consent to the President of the Russian Federation for the appointment of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation;

o resolves the issue of trust in the Government of the Russian Federation;

o appoints and dismisses the Chairman of the Central Bank of Russia;

o appoints and dismisses the Chairman of the Accounts Chamber and half of its auditors;

o appoints and dismisses the Commissioner for Human Rights, acting in accordance with federal constitutional law;

o declares an amnesty, brings charges against the President of the Russian Federation for his removal from office.

On issues within its jurisdiction, the State Duma adopts resolutions by a majority vote of the total number of deputies of the State Duma. The structure of the State Duma includes the leaders of the chamber - the Chairman of the State Duma and his deputies; collegial coordinating body - the Council of the State Duma; various parliamentary formations: parliamentary factions, deputy groups, committees of the State Duma; commissions of the State Duma, which are formed as necessary.

The State Duma is headed by a chairman who is elected from among the deputies by secret ballot using ballots or by a special decision of the chamber by open voting. Candidates for the post of chairman can be nominated by factions, deputy formations, groups of deputies or individual deputies. Discussion of proposed candidates is held at an open meeting of the chamber in the form of oral questions and answers, speeches in support of candidates or against them. A candidate is considered elected if, based on the voting results, he received more than half the votes from the total number of deputies of the State Duma (at least 226 votes). Voting is usually preceded by preliminary negotiations between the largest parliamentary factions and groups regarding a single agreed candidacy. Otherwise, the process of electing the Chairman could seriously hamper the work of the State Duma. To prevent such a situation from arising, the Rules of the State Duma provide that if none of the candidates receives the required number of votes in two rounds, the State Duma holds repeat elections or proceeds to electing the first deputy and deputy chairmen, and then returns to the procedure for electing the Chairperson. Usually, candidacies for deputy chairmen are determined by preliminary agreement between the largest parliamentary factions and groups.

The deputy faction is a deputy association in the State Duma, formed on the basis of an electoral association that entered the State Duma in the federal district and single-mandate electoral districts. The parliamentary faction is subject to mandatory registration.

A deputy group is subject to registration if it has at least 35 deputies and is an association of deputies who are not included in any of the factions. Factions and parliamentary groups have equal rights.

Usually, at the beginning of the annual autumn session of the State Duma, re-registration of deputy associations occurs in order to determine the exact numerical composition of factions and groups, especially since the Rules of the Chamber do not prohibit the departure of deputies from factions and their transfer to other factions and groups or to the number of independents.

As a coordinating body of the State Duma to consider organizational issues of the chamber’s activities, the State Duma Council is formed, consisting of the Chairman of the State Duma and the leaders of factions and deputy groups. Deputy chairmen of the State Duma and chairmen of committees of the State Duma participate in the work of the Council with the right to an advisory vote. In addition, authorized representatives of the President and the Government in the State Duma, representatives of subjects of the right of legislative initiative, if the issue of bills introduced by them, as well as deputies of the State Duma can take part in the work of the Council.

The powers of the State Duma Council are mainly of an organizational nature and are aimed, first of all, at achieving efficient and effective work of the State Duma. At the beginning of each session, the State Duma Council draws up an approximate program of legislative work for the current session. The powers of the Council include making decisions on the inclusion of bills in the approximate program of legislative work of the State Duma for the current session. The Council draws up a calendar for consideration of issues for the next month. At the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation, at the request of the deputy association or at the proposal of the Government of the Russian Federation, the council convenes an extraordinary meeting of the chamber. In addition, the Council sends bills for consideration to chamber committees, decides on the return of bills if established requirements are not met, makes decisions on holding parliamentary hearings and resolves other issues of organizing the work of the chamber.

Committees and commissions are the working bodies of the State Duma. They are formed in accordance with the Rules of the State Duma; their numbers and nomenclature can be changed. The decision to form or liquidate a committee is formalized by a resolution of the chamber. Their tasks include preparing opinions on bills and draft resolutions submitted for consideration to the State Duma, preparing and preliminary consideration of bills, and organizing parliamentary hearings held by the State Duma. The committees prepare draft resolutions of the State Duma on sending representatives of the State Duma to constitutional Court Russian Federation, preparation of requests to the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation; give opinions and proposals on the relevant sections of the draft federal budget and resolve issues of organization own activities. State Duma commissions are formed from among the deputies of the State Duma. In accordance with the regulations, a credentials commission and an ethics commission are created to check certain data about events and officials, to give an opinion on whether there are grounds in the actions of the President of the Russian Federation for his removal from office. Other commissions may be created by decision of the State Duma. The Credentials Commission is formed for the term of office of the State Duma of a given convocation and, in terms of ensuring its activities, has the status of a committee of the State Duma. When determining the personal composition of commissions, the principle of proportional representation of deputy associations is observed.

Committees of the State Duma are formed for a period not exceeding the term of office of the State Duma of a given convocation. Committees and commissions are formed by the State Duma, as a rule, on the basis of the principle of proportional representation of deputy associations. The numerical composition of each committee and each commission is determined by the State Duma, but, as a rule, there cannot be less than 12 and more than 35 deputies of the chamber. Each deputy of the State Duma, with the exception of the chairman of the State Duma, his deputies, and heads of deputy associations, is required to be a member of one of the committees of the State Duma. At the same time, a State Duma deputy can be a member of only one of its committees. A State Duma deputy is obliged to attend meetings of the committee or commission of which he is a member. And deputies of the State Duma who are not members of them can take part in meetings of a committee or commission with the right of an advisory vote.

The legal status of deputies is determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law “On the status of a deputy of the State Duma and a member of the Federation Council” of May 8, 1995, as amended, and chamber regulations. At the same time, a deputy of the State Duma is considered to be a representative elected by the people, authorized to carry out rule-making and control activities in a representative body of power. A deputy of the State Duma can be a citizen of the Russian Federation who is at least 21 years old and not deprived of voting rights by law. He cannot simultaneously be a member of the Federation Council, a deputy of other representative bodies or local government bodies. State Duma deputy works on a permanent basis professional basis. He cannot be in the public service, and cannot engage in any other paid activity, except for teaching, scientific and other creative activities.

For State Duma deputies there is a free mandate, which means that the deputy is not bound by the orders of voters and cannot be recalled early by them. He acts based on his convictions in the interests of the entire people, and not just the voters of a given constituency or that political party, on whose lists he was elected to the chamber. In his activities, a deputy must be guided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, laws and his conscience. There are no legal provisions for a deputy to support the policies of any party, strictly follow faction discipline, or report to the faction leadership on his activities. The free mandate of a deputy still provides for the duty of the deputy to inform voters about his activities, ensure their rights and interests, and be guided by election program. However, the absence of any sanctions for this allows deputies to act freely, in accordance with their convictions. The term of office of deputies begins on the day of their election and ends on the day the new State Duma begins work.

The most important guarantee of the free activity of a deputy is the principle of parliamentary immunity. Members of the Federation Council and deputies of the State Duma enjoy immunity during the entire term of their powers. They cannot be detained, arrested, searched, except in cases of detention at the scene of a crime, and also subjected to personal search, except in cases where this is provided for by federal law to ensure the safety of other people. The issue of deprivation of immunity is decided upon the proposal of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation by the relevant chamber of the Federal Assembly. Parliamentary immunity of deputies does not mean their personal privilege, but a way to protect deputies from unjustified persecution. In addition, this is an indicator of the autonomy and independence of the parliament itself. Of course, this is an exception to the norm of equality of all before the law and the court, but this is dictated by the need for constitutional protection of the status of parliament as the highest legislative and representative body. Immunity is valid for the entire period of election of a deputy of the State Duma and a member of the Federation Council. It applies to the deputy’s home, his office premises, luggage, personal and official vehicles, correspondence, means of communication used by him, and documents belonging to him.

Deputies cannot be brought to criminal or administrative liability for statements, opinions, positions expressed during voting and other actions corresponding to their status, including after the expiration of their term of office. They have the right to refuse to testify in a civil or criminal case about circumstances that have become known to them in connection with the performance of their deputy duties. Deprivation of parliamentary immunity of a deputy can only be carried out upon the proposal of General Prosecutor's Office the chamber to which the deputy belongs. Without the consent of the chamber trial cannot take place in relation to a deputy.

In addition to immunity, the principle of parliamentary indemnity also applies to deputies of the State Duma and members of the Federation Council, i.e. remuneration for his parliamentary activities. Deputy remuneration is the main source of income for a deputy, since he does not have the right to engage in other paid work. Indemnity includes material support for a deputy in the form of a monthly salary and allowances thereto, equal to the salary and allowances of a federal minister, material goods, medical care, compulsory life insurance, etc. Mandatory state insurance of a deputy is carried out in the amount of the minister's annual salary. Insurance amounts are paid in the event of the death of a deputy. In case of personal injury, the deputy receives monthly compensation. For the duration of his term of office, a deputy is exempt from conscription for military service and military training. In the event of early dissolution of the State Duma, deputies of this chamber receive a one-time monetary allowance for the entire period remaining until the end of their initial term of office based on their monthly monetary remuneration. Work as a deputy is counted towards continuous work experience. The annual paid leave of deputies is 48 working days. They are provided with medical, household and pension benefits at the level of members of the Government.

The office premises of the deputies are equipped government communications. Deputies are given the right to use all types of transport free of charge, except taxis. A deputy is entitled to 5 full-time assistants - 1 in the State Duma and 4 in the constituency. The number of freelance assistants is established by the State Duma.

Operating procedure The State Duma is established by the Rules of Procedure of the State Duma itself. The State Duma holds two regular sessions a year - spring from January 12 to June 20, and autumn from September 21 to December 25. Extraordinary sessions may also be convened at the request of the President of the Russian Federation, one-fifth of the State Duma, or at the proposal of the Chairman of the State Duma.

At the first meeting in accordance with Art. 99 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the State Duma meets on the thirtieth day after its election. The President of the Russian Federation can convene it for a session before this date. The first meeting is opened by the oldest deputy of the State Duma. Subsequently, until the election of the Chairman of the State Duma, meetings are held alternately by representatives of deputy associations by agreement between them. The State Duma can hold both open and closed meetings. The decision to hold a closed meeting is made by a majority vote of the number of deputies who took part in the voting. Information about the content of closed meetings is not subject to disclosure. A closed meeting is scheduled at least one hour before the scheduled time of its holding. It is prohibited to bring or use photo, film and video equipment, radio communications and radiotelephones to a closed meeting. The Chairman of the State Duma warns those present about this. Meetings of the State Duma are held on Wednesdays and Fridays; additional or extraordinary meetings may be scheduled. The State Duma Council meets on Tuesdays and Thursdays. Committees and commissions meet on Mondays and Thursdays. Tuesday is reserved for the work of deputies in committees and commissions, in factions and deputy groups. Each the last week month is intended for the work of State Duma deputies with voters. Every Friday at a meeting of the State Duma a “government hour” is held for the Chairman of the Government, his deputies and other members of the Government to respond to inquiries and questions from deputies. In this case, no more than two invited members of the Government are heard. Those invited to answer questions from deputies are given no more than 15 minutes.

A deputy speaking at a meeting has no right to violate the rule of parliamentary ethics - to use rude, offensive expressions in his speech that are detrimental to the honor and dignity of deputies of the State Duma and other persons; make unfounded accusations against someone; use knowingly false information, call for illegal actions. In case of violation of these rules, the presiding officer warns the speaker and, in case of repeated violation, deprives him of the right to speak during the entire day of the meeting. In case of violation of these rules, a deputy may also be deprived of the right to speak for a period of up to one month by a decision of the chamber adopted by a majority of the total number of deputies.

A deputy or a group of deputies may submit a request to the Government, the Prosecutor General, the Chairman of the Central Bank, the heads of federal executive bodies, and executive bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The request is announced at a meeting of the chamber, and, if approved by a majority of the total number of deputies, it is formalized by a resolution of the State Duma.

The presiding officer at a meeting of the State Duma directs in general meeting, gives the floor for speech in the order in which applications are received, puts proposals to vote and controls the keeping of minutes of the meeting. The presiding officer has the right to warn the speaking deputy if he deviates from the topic of speech, and if he deviates again, deprive him of the floor and remove invited persons from the hall who are interfering with the work of the State Duma.

Work in the State Duma is carried out in Russian. A deputy who wishes to speak in another language of the peoples of the Russian Federation shall notify the Council of the State Duma in advance. This presentation is provided with a translation into Russian. The regulations establish the temporary order of work of the State Duma, the time for making reports, in debates, with certificates, etc. With the consent of the majority of those present at the meeting, the presiding officer may set the total duration of the discussion of the issue. At a meeting, the same deputy can speak in debates on the same issue no more than twice. The State Duma can hold parliamentary hearings, at which bills that require public discussion can be discussed by deputies and invitees. International treaties submitted for ratification, draft federal budget, others critical issues domestic and foreign policy. The composition of persons invited to the hearings is determined by the relevant committee that conducts the hearings. They can be carried out on the initiative of the State Duma Council, committees and commissions, and deputy associations. Hearings are usually open. They are led by the Chairman of the State Duma or chairmen of committees or commissions.

Parliamentary hearings may end with the adoption of recommendations on the issue under discussion, which are accepted by the majority of deputies who took part in the parliamentary hearings. The State Duma has established several voting models that reflect the specifics of the issues being discussed. Voting using an electronic system can be quantitative, rating, alternative and qualitative. Quantitative voting involves selecting answer options - “for”, “against”, “abstained”. The votes are counted for each vote. Ranked voting provides for a series of sequential quantitative voting on each issue, in which each deputy can take part.

Votes are counted for all options of the question. Alternative voting involves voting for only one of the question options. The votes are counted simultaneously for all options of the issue put to vote. Qualitative voting is an alternative voting with a qualitative assessment of the issue put to vote according to one of five options: very bad, bad, satisfactory, good, very good. By decision of the chamber, a roll-call vote may be held to include in the list who voted how. Voting can also take place in two rounds, with the second round based on two solutions that received greatest number votes in the first round. The Chamber may decide to hold a secret ballot using ballots and create a special counting commission. The chairman of the meeting does not have the right to use his powers to exert any influence on deputies in terms of their participation in voting or choice of voting model. These issues are decided by the majority of deputies present and voting.

State Duma (State Duma of the Russian Federation)- lower house of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. The work of the Duma is headed by the Chairman of the Duma and his deputies.

Elections to the State Duma are called by the President of the Russian Federation once every five years. The procedure for the election of deputies of the State Duma is established by the federal laws “On the election of deputies of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation”, “On the basic guarantees of electoral rights and the right to participate in a referendum of citizens of the Russian Federation” and a number of other federal laws.

A citizen of the Russian Federation who has reached the age of 21 and has the right to participate in elections can be elected as a deputy of the State Duma (moreover, the same person cannot simultaneously be a deputy of the State Duma and a member Federation Council)

The term of office of the 2nd-5th convocations of the State Duma is four years. Starting from the 6th convocation, deputies are elected for a period of five years. All 450 deputies are elected from a federal electoral district, which includes the entire territory of the Russian Federation. Election takes place in proportion to the number of votes cast for federal lists of candidates.

A State Duma deputy is issued a set of two State Duma deputy badges with screw and pin fastenings. The numbers of the badges correspond to the number of the deputy’s ID. The badges of a State Duma deputy remain with the person who exercised the powers of the deputy for memorial storage.

Powers of the State Duma of the Russian Federation:

The Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 103) defines the following powers of the State Duma and gives the right to make decisions on them:

Giving consent to the President of the Russian Federation to appoint the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation;

Hearing of annual reports of the Government of the Russian Federation on the results of its activities, including on issues raised by the State Duma;

Resolving the issue of trust in the Government of the Russian Federation;

Appointment and dismissal of the chairman of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation and half of its auditors;

Appointment and dismissal of a human rights ombudsman acting in accordance with federal constitutional law;

Announcement of amnesty;

Bringing charges against the President of the Russian Federation for his removal from office.

The State Duma adopts federal laws by a majority vote of the total number of deputies, unless otherwise provided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Under the adopted federal law within the meaning of Part 1 of Art. 107 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation means: laws adopted by the State Duma and approved by the Federation Council in accordance with Part. 1, 2, 3 and 4 tbsp. 105 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation; laws re-adopted by the State Duma in accordance with Part 5 of Art. 105 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation; laws approved by the State Duma and the Federation Council in accordance with Part 3 of Art. 107 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. In addition, the adopted federal law is signed and promulgated by the President of the Russian Federation.

In the same manner, an act of the legislative body must be adopted, signed and promulgated, through which an official clarification of the federal law is carried out, having the force of law. If the clarification is taken in the form of a resolution of the State Duma, that is, without complying with the requirements of Art. 105, 106, 107 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, requirements for the adoption of federal laws, then it cannot be considered as an act of the Federal Assembly - the legislative body of the Russian Federation. Being an act of only one of its chambers, such a resolution is not an authentic official explanation of the law. It cannot be recognized as a delegated official explanation of the law, since the Constitution of the Russian Federation does not provide the State Duma with the corresponding right.

Dissolution of the State Duma may occur by decree of the President of Russia if she three times rejected the candidates submitted by him for the post of Chairman of the Government or expressed no confidence in the Government again within three months(unless in this case the President made a decision to resign the Government). However, the Duma cannot be dissolved in the first year of its work. In cases of dissolution of the State Duma, the president sets the date of elections so that the newly elected Duma meets no later than four months from the moment of its dissolution.

The State Duma Apparatus functions under the State Duma of the Russian Federation - a permanent body that provides legal, organizational, documentation, analytical, information, financial, logistical, social and welfare support for the activities of deputies, deputy associations, the Council, committees and commissions, the chairman of the Duma, his first deputies and deputies, heads and employees of the Duma apparatus.

The State Duma forms commissions in cases and in the manner established by law. Commissions are formed for a period not exceeding the term of office of the Duma of a given convocation.

Unlike many European countries, where parliamentary traditions have developed over centuries, in Russia the first representative institution of the parliamentary type (in the newest understanding of this term) was convened only in 1906. It was called the State Duma. Twice it was dispersed by the government, but it existed for about 12 years, until the fall of the autocracy, having four convocations (first, second, third, fourth State Duma).

The State Duma is Legislature, which is one of the two chambers of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. The procedure for elections to it is established by federal law. What is the State Duma like? You will learn this from the article. So, let's begin.

General information

This is the legislative body, which everyone is accustomed to calling it in abbreviated form. Its full name is the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.

The work of this body is regulated by the Constitution of our country and federal laws. According to these documents, the Duma can adopt the following resolutions:

1. On the approval of the bill.
2. That the President agrees to the selection and appointment of the Chairman of the Government.
3. On the dismissal or appointment of the chairman of the Accounts Chamber, as well as half of the auditors, the Commissioner for Human Rights and the Central Bank.
4. About trust or distrust in the Government of our country.
5. About the announcement of amnesty.
6. About the accusations against the president of our country.
7. Regarding the parliamentary inquiry.
8. On sending representatives of the State Duma to the Constitutional Court.

But the Duma does not make decisions itself. She has assistants a large number of institutions that provide invaluable assistance.

How laws are reviewed

Since the State Duma is a legislative body, it is logical to assume that laws are also adopted by it. Who makes proposals for the adoption of laws? In the Duma, these can be deputies or members of the Federation Council. Laws can be sent for consideration by the president of the country, the Supreme or Arbitration court, commissions of the State Duma and its committees.

All proposals and bills submitted are considered by the State Duma. This also explains the fact that everyone processes and accepts documents differently.

It's important to know that a common person cannot directly submit a law for consideration to the Duma. But it is quite possible to do this through an intermediary. The mediator is a deputy who is assigned to a particular territory of residence. An ordinary citizen should turn to the servant of the people who is in his area. If the problem is narrowly focused, then you can seek help from a committee on this issue.

Review procedure

The State Duma of the Russian Federation has its own review procedure, however, like any government body. The draft resolution must be submitted with the text of the request, application or appeal. It is submitted to the Council, and has a three-day supply. If, for example, a document appears in the Duma on Tuesday, it will be considered only on Friday. During these three days, each State Duma deputy is obliged to familiarize himself with the document.

There are also many nuances that come from the principle of separation of powers. For example, consideration and decision-making on candidates for the post of Prime Minister. First, the president proposes a candidate, after which the Duma considers him from all sides. The State Duma has the right to reject a candidacy, but the rejection cannot be permanent, so there is a limit on refusals. If the candidacy is not agreed upon, the president has the right to make the decision himself. Most likely, such a decision will be followed by the dissolution of the Duma and new elections.

Work of the Duma

The State Duma of the Russian Federation has limited functions and powers. But this is compensated by the fact that the legislature has great influence on the executive. For example, the State Duma has the right to express dissatisfaction with the government of the country. A fifth of the deputies who will express a certain point of view will be enough for this. After such a vote, a discussion begins, during which time they try to find answers to all questions. This event takes place with the participation of the government chairman.

When everything has been completed, the deputies begin to vote; voting can be secret or open. If the majority votes in favor, then the decision that was discussed at the meeting is made. When the decision has been approved by vote, the next step is expected from the president. He needs to choose from two options - refuse the Duma's decision or dissolve the government. If the president decides to challenge the Duma's decision, the latter has three months to vote again. In this case, the president must choose who to resign - the legislative or executive branch.

Interaction between the President and the State Duma

A deputy of the State Duma has limited powers, but for some reason it seems to most that the president has many times more powers. This is wrong. The President also has limitations in his actions. For example, in order to dismiss the Government, he must wait for the corresponding resolution from the State Duma - he cannot do this on his own. The same goes for reports. The government of our country does not contact the president directly; all reports are carried out before the State Duma.

From the outside it seems that this is a rather complicated method of power, but, in fact, it is the only correct one. Otherwise society will come to totalitarian power, and no one knows how it will end.

In addition, the State Duma has the authority to accelerate the resignation of the president.

Functions

One of the functions of the State Duma is to influence the management of the Central Bank. But it is the Central Bank that influences financial position in the country. The State Duma decides who will be the chairman and who will be on the board of directors.

Periodically, the State Duma holds hearings during which the Central Bank reports on its actions. After this, the information is transmitted to the government and the president.

Since the Central Bank is independent, the procedure for appointing or vacating a position is complicated.

To summarize, we can say that the State Duma makes a decision on personnel appointments and controls the quality of work performed. As soon as the State Duma decides that people cannot cope with their jobs, it immediately removes them from their positions.

Elections

Elections to the State Duma are held every five years. This process is regulated by the Constitution of our country, or more precisely, by the ninety-fifth and ninety-sixth articles. Elections are held according to a mixed system and as a result of secret voting. There are four hundred and fifty deputies in the State Duma, two hundred and twenty-five of whom are elected from single-mandate constituencies. The other half is elected from the electoral federal district. Elections to the State Duma are mandatory and there is no right to cancel them.

IN normal mode the president gives four or five months' notice of elections. If the State Duma is dissolved, then the head of the country sets the date for elections to the Duma on the same day. When the president, for some reason, fails to set an election date, the Central Election Commission does it for him.

Who can be a deputy

A legally competent person who is already twenty-one years old can become a deputy. In addition, persons located in places not so remote cannot apply for parliament, even if all other requirements are met.

A candidate for deputy can nominate himself, with the help of voters of a certain district or on behalf of electoral blocs and associations. Federal lists of candidates are nominated only by electoral blocs and electoral associations. Candidates do not have the right to use their official or official position, since during elections everyone should have equal rights.

A candidate can only run in one federal list and one electoral district. To register a voter from a single-member district, you must have at least a percentage of signatures from the entire district. If we're talking about on the federal list of candidates, there must be at least two hundred thousand signatures. It is important that for the federal list a candidate should not have more than fourteen thousand signatures from one subject of our country. Instead of a certain number of signatures, you can make an electoral deposit.

Before registering, the candidate must provide information about his assets and income. If all requirements are met, the Central Election Commission decides that the candidate must be registered in the federal list of candidates.

Registered candidates have equal rights and obligations and conduct election campaigns on the same basis. Funds are allocated from the federal budget for holding and preparing elections. Any candidates, electoral blocs or associations must create election funds in order for them to finance the election campaign.

If federal law is violated significantly, the Central Election Commission may not accept the candidate or cancel previously completed registration. During voting, a candidate has two ballots, one for the federal district and the other for the single-member district.

Election results

Deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Federation are not considered elected if the majority of voters voted against all in a single-mandate constituency. And at the federal level, when none of the candidates received five percent of the votes. If all electoral lists do not receive fifty percent, then the elections are also considered invalid. The Central Election Commission establishes the election results no later than two weeks from the date of voting.

When an election is declared invalid, the results are annulled and re-elections are held. But a repeated procedure is not carried out if the deputy cannot be elected for more than a year before the end of the powers of the State Duma of the Russian Federation.

President elections

Another function of the State Duma. It not only adopts legislation that determines elections, but also forms the Central election commission. The commission should have fifteen members and five of them are representatives of the State Duma. The next five are determined Federal Council, and the last five are the president himself.

Thus, all branches of government monitor the election procedure at once and they also prevent fraud on the part of politicians who do not disdain anything.

Interaction with other authorities

The Federation Council of the State Duma is upper house Federal Assembly. The activities of the Federal Council have certain features. It is very different from the activities of the State Duma. But their interaction leads to fruitful results.

So, let us present to you below the functions of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly:

1. The State Duma resolves issues related to trust executive body.
2. Gives refusal or consent to the appointment of a person to the position of Government Chairman of our country.
3. Independently appoints the chairmen of the Accounts Chamber and the Central Bank.
4. Announces amnesty.
5. Becomes the initiator of the impeachment procedure.

In the meantime, the Federal Council performs the following functions:

1. Approves changes in the territorial boundaries of some constituent entities of the country.
2. Declares a state of war or emergency.
3. Decides whether to use our country’s army outside its borders.
4. Calls new presidential elections and his removal.
5. Appoints judges to the Constitutional Court.

It would seem that they are completely different functions, but nevertheless they work fruitfully together. So what happens together is:

1. Making adjustments and discussing adopted bills.
2. Adoption and discussion of the budget for next year.
3. Setting taxation and the amount of tax and other fees.
4. Ratification of documents international level and resolving issues of peace and war.
5. Decision on the status and position of the state's borders.

As you can see, collaboration brings good results.

Structure of the State Duma

Russian State Duma I have my own structure. It is headed by the Chairman of the State Duma. He is elected among all Duma deputies by secret ballot. The chairman is elected if more than half of the deputies vote for him. The elections of the first deputy and deputy are held in the same way. This procedure is regulated by the State Duma Regulations. This document establishes that all three positions should be occupied by representatives different parties and parliamentary groups.

The powers of the Chairman are very similar to the same position in the Federal Council.

The Council of the State Duma is collegial body, which is constantly active. It was created in order to preliminarily prepare and consider organizational issues related to the activities of the chamber. The Council is attended by the Chairman of the State Duma and heads of deputy associations. The latter have the casting vote. Two Deputy Chairmen of the State Duma and chairmen of State Duma committees have the right to an advisory vote.

The Council of the State Duma has the following powers:

1. To formulate a draft approximate program of bills for the State Duma for the session that is going on this moment.
2. Form a draft calendar for consideration of issues for the next month.
3. Form a draft of the work of the State Duma for the next meeting.

Deputy associations

Deputy factions are formed in the State Duma. A faction is an association of deputies who were elected from the federal candidacy list. This list should be allowed to distribute the mandates of deputies in the State Duma.

Deputies who are not included in factions can create their own deputy groups. At the same time, only those groups with at least thirty-five deputies need to be registered.

Both parliamentary groups and parliamentary factions have equal rights. It is important that a deputy can only belong to one organization.

Commissions and committees

This is the main structural formation of the State Duma. Committees preliminary consider bills that are within their competence. They are also preparing these projects for consideration in the State Duma. Committees are created for the period during which the State Duma works, that is, for five years.

Commissions are created in order to complete a specific task or for a certain period of time. After they are no longer needed, they dissolve.

Both groups include deputies who will represent all factions in equal numbers. How many deputies will be included in a particular group is determined by the State Duma. But, nevertheless, even she has limitations. For example, their number should not be less than twelve and more than thirty-five people.

All deputies, except for the main elite (deputies and chairman) must be on some committee of the chamber. Membership on only one committee is permitted. Committees hold meetings, which must be held at least twice a month.

Conclusion

The article provided information about what the State Duma is and how it works. Of course, from the outside everything seems very complicated, but if you set a goal, you will be able to figure it out.

Now, if you want to become a deputy, you know what to do. First, you must be law-abiding and fully competent. Secondly, prepare for the fact that your property and income will be subject to the most thorough inspection. How could it be otherwise, because the state must have confidence in those people who make laws. Third, prepare for permanent job. All these points are an integral part of the work of a deputy and must be taken into account.

If you want to live in a civilized state, and you do, then start with yourself. As one said clever man: “It’s clean not where they clean, but where they don’t litter.” And indeed it is. After all, if every citizen follows the law, then there will be much more order in the country. Therefore, if you want to participate in the life of the country, then run for office with pure thoughts and noble desires. There are plenty of dishonest people everywhere, and we really want to be surrounded by only people loyal to the state. Therefore, do not be afraid of anything and lead people, pass laws, but only from a pure heart and a sincere desire to help the country.