What is MGB in the USSR? Bodies of the Cheka-KGB: Soviet experience

In Russia, the MGB (Ministry of State Security) is created

A large-scale reform of security and law enforcement agencies, providing for the creation of a Ministry of State Security based on the FSB, is being prepared in Russia. Kommersant writes about this on Monday, September 19, citing informed sources.

In addition to the FSB, the new structure is proposed to include the Federal Security Service and the Foreign Intelligence Service. The Investigative Committee, according to the plan, can be returned to the Prosecutor General's Office with a downgrade of the status of its main departments, and the functions of the Ministry of Emergency Situations are supposed to be distributed among the Ministry of Defense, to which it is planned to add troops civil defense, and the Ministry of Internal Affairs, to which Gospozhnadzor may go.

The Investigation Department of the Ministry of State Security, according to the publication, will be able to deal with the most high-profile cases, as well as exercise procedural supervision over investigations initiated based on the department’s materials. In addition, the MGB will ensure its own security in all law enforcement and security agencies.

The reform is expected to be completed in time for the Russian presidential elections in 2018. By this time, according to sources, all heads of security and law enforcement agencies will be replaced, including the head of the Investigative Committee, Alexander Bastrykin. The latter, according to the newspaper, had already been made to understand that “in the new structure he can only count on an honorary position, but without managerial powers.”

Navalny screamed in his sleep, Zakharchenko thrashed about on his wet pillow, Kasyanov crawled out of bed, Yashin farted in fear.

I'm excited to create a new tag.

+ Media: The Ministry of Security will be created from the FSB, FSO and SVR

Before presidential elections In 2018, it is planned to carry out a large-scale reform of security and law enforcement agencies in order to improve management efficiency and eradicate corruption; we're talking about about the actual return of the FSB to the functions of the USSR State Security Committee, sources reported.

According to Kommersant sources, preparations for the new reform began soon after the presidential decrees liquidated the FMS and FSKN, whose functions were given to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the Russian Guard was created on the basis of the internal troops and a number of departments of the internal affairs bodies.

“If previously we (FSB operatives) only provided support for investigations, now we are tasked with monitoring their progress from the moment criminal cases are initiated until they are transferred to court.”

“If previously we (FSB operatives) only provided support for investigations, now we are tasked with monitoring their progress from the moment criminal cases are initiated until they are transferred to court.” Now we are talking about the actual return of the FSB to the functions of the USSR State Security Committee.
It is assumed that new structure will receive the status of the Ministry of State Security (MGB). Moreover, it will include the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) and most units Federal service security (FSO). The current FSO will remain in the form of the Security Service of the President of Russia, which, in addition to security, will control special communications and transport services for senior officials.

In addition to structural changes, the new ministry will also receive new functions. For example, it is assumed that MGB officers will not only accompany and ensure investigations of criminal cases initiated based on their materials from the Investigative Committee and the Ministry of Internal Affairs, but will also exercise procedural supervision over them.

As the publication notes, the main department of procedural control of the Investigative Committee, which performed these functions, has already been virtually liquidated. Moreover, the MGB will be responsible for ensuring its own security in all law enforcement and security agencies.

The investigative department of the MGB, which will receive the status of a central directorate, will be able to accept into its proceedings the most resonant and relevant national significance criminal cases, the jurisdiction of which is in this moment assigned in the Criminal Procedure Code to the Investigative Committee and the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

They say that a new investigation scheme is already being tested. For example, it was the FSB that opened a criminal case on organizing a criminal community against thief in law Zakhary Kalashov (Shakro Molodoy) and his associates, although the corresponding Art. 210 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation does not apply to its jurisdiction. At the same time, other departments are dealing with episodes of alleged crimes committed by the organized crime group.

The Main Investigation Department of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for Moscow is investigating two cases of extortion, in which members of the Shakro organized crime group are accused, and the Investigative Committee is looking into the shootout staged by the same defendants during the showdown on Rochdelskaya Street in Moscow, and the negligence of the police who did not intervene in it.

The FSB itself, leading criminal prosecution high-ranking employees of the Investigative Committee, who allegedly received bribes from Shakro, while actually exercising procedural control over all investigations as a whole.

“If previously we (FSB operatives) only provided support for investigations, now we are given the task of monitoring their progress from the moment criminal cases are initiated until they are transferred to court,” said an informed source in the FSB, who emphasized that we are talking about high-profile cases, including corruption-related ones. According to him, FSB officers will also check how effectively and fully the investigator used the information provided to him by the intelligence service. However, in what form such control will be exercised is not yet entirely clear.

As the publication notes, during the reform, serious changes may occur in the Investigative Committee of Russia. The Investigative Committee may again become a structure under the Russian Prosecutor's Office, from which it was separated in 2011. Accordingly, the status of its main departments will be lowered.

For example, the main military investigation department is supposed to be turned into a regular department. By the way, from January 1, 2017, the Main Military Prosecutor's Office of Russia will become a department of the Prosecutor General's Office. The corresponding law was adopted back in 2014 due to the fact that the military investigation and supervision over it will no longer be financed from the budgets of the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the FSB.

In turn, the Ministry of Defense can be strengthened by including civil defense troops, as well as rescue, fire and other emergency services of the Ministry of Emergency Situations. Gospozhnadzor, which was previously part of its structure, will go to the Ministry of Internal Affairs from the disbanded ministry.

It is expected that the reform of security and law enforcement agencies will be completed by the Russian presidential elections, which are scheduled to take place in 2018. However, for this it is still necessary to prepare the relevant bills and adopt them by the new parliament, and most importantly, find funds for this. Indeed, according to the most conservative estimates, tens of billions of rubles will be required just to pay compensation to employees of the reformed departments who do not want to serve in the new structures, the publication notes.

Also, according to the publication’s sources, in the process of the proposed reform it is planned to replace the current heads of services and departments. One of them is the creator of the Investigative Committee, Alexander Bastrykin, who was allegedly already “made to understand that in the new structure he can only count on an honorary position, but without managerial powers.”

Several departments at once unofficially confirmed to the publication that the issue of abolishing the rescue department and transferring its functions to other ministries is indeed being considered.

In particular, according to sources, we may be talking about transferring the “fire” component of the Ministry of Emergency Situations to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and rescue and emergency units to the Ministry of Defense.

Let us note that in August 2014, the 100th separate material support regiment was formed as part of the military department (located in Alabino, near Moscow). The main function of the formation, subordinate to Deputy Minister of Defense Dmitry Bulgakov, is the evacuation of the population, removal of rubble, work in areas of flooding or fires, and strengthening of troop groups anywhere in Russia. As the publication notes, participation in eliminating the consequences of emergencies is also included in the regulations on the Russian Guard.

Let us recall that in early April, President Vladimir Putin liquidated the State Drug Control Service and the Migration Service as independent federal departments, transferring them to the jurisdiction of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs.

In addition, on April 5, Putin announced the creation of the Russian Guard on the basis of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The structure will deal with the fight against terrorism and organized crime.

In addition, on September 15, official representative of the Investigative Committee of Russia Vladimir Markin commented on the alleged imminent resignation Chairman of the Investigative Committee Alexander Bastrykin.

Let us also recall that on July 19, the Lefortovo Court of Moscow arrested the deputy head of the Main Investigative Directorate of the Investigative Committee for Moscow Denis Nikandrov, the deputy head of the internal security department of the Investigative Committee of Russia Alexander Lamonov, as well as the head of the internal security department of the Investigative Committee Mikhail Maksimenko in a bribery case. Later, the court extended Nikandrov’s arrest until December 19.

High-ranking employees of the Investigative Committee were detained due to possible involvement in the Shakro Molodoy case: allegedly for a large bribe, investigators promised to “resolve the issue” with the case against the thief in law.

A source in law enforcement also reported that employees of three departments of the Main Directorate of the Moscow Police received notices of dismissal.

Meanwhile, official representative of the department Vladimir Markin confirmed that a reorganization is being carried out in the Investigative Committee of Russia.

Previously, the media reported that the Investigative Committee, under the leadership of the chairman of the department, Alexander Bastrykin, is holding large-scale reforms, during which the status of a number of main departments of the Investigative Committee was demoted to departments, and some of the departments became departments.

In assessing the activities of state security bodies, Yu.V. emphasized. Andropov, “there must always be a concrete historical approach. Taking into account the requirements is important here current moment, means and methods used by the enemy, specific security tasks Soviet state". One of the conditions for successfully solving problems at a high professional level, emphasized Yu.V. Andropov “lies in the skillful use of accumulated experience. We must value this experience highly and persistently and creatively enrich it. On its basis, we can and must invariably take the initiative in the confrontation with the enemy in all directions, impose our will and conditions of struggle on him, and actively influence negative processes in a way that is beneficial to us.”

On November 20, 1945, the International Military Tribunal for Major War Criminals began its work in the German city of Nuremberg, designed to sentence the initiators of World War II.

4 weeks earlier, the countries that initiated the creation of a “universal international organization to maintain peace and security” - the USSR, USA, Great Britain, China and France ratified the Charter of the United Nations. And on January 10, 1946, the first session opened at the Palace of Westminster in London General Assembly UN.

These events gave contemporaries hope for the beginning of the creation of a new civilization, new system interstate and international relations on the planet.

However, yesterday's allies in the anti-Hitler coalition set themselves different, including antagonistic, goals. Therefore, an analysis of the history of relations between states in post-war period will be incomplete without considering the views of the US leadership on the goals, objectives and means of American policy towards the Soviet Union, which was perceived in the West as “ Greater Russia", heir to the Russian Empire.

Back on January 5, 1946, in a conversation with Secretary of State J. Beers, US President G. Truman for the first time put forward the concept of creating “peace the American way” (Pax Americana), which became the basis of his foreign policy doctrine of “Containment” of a geopolitical competitor and adversary, which, without embarrassment, was the name of a recent ally in the anti-fascist struggle - Soviet Union.

In US Joint Chiefs of Staff document No. JCS-1769/1 dated April 29, 1947, “US Assistance to Other Countries in Terms of national security“, for the first time it was officially proclaimed that “the United States is ready to accept responsibility and fulfill the obligations of a world leader,” for which it is necessary to be able to “resist our ideological opponents on all fronts.”

An article published in Foreign Affairs magazine in July 1947, “The Origins of Soviet Conduct,” explicitly stated that the United States “continues to regard the Soviet Union not as a partner, but as an opponent on the political stage.”

Thus, in a document entitled “Forecast of the possible development of the political situation in the world until 1957” (December 11, 1947) Joint Committee strategic planning Among the most important factors in world development, he called “the ideological conflict and clash of interests between the Soviet bloc and the Western democratic powers,” since “no other value system is so contradictory to ours and is not so unshakable in its goal.”

National Security Council (NSC) Directive No. 68 of April 14, 1950, “National Security Objectives and Programs of the United States,” frankly admitted: “we must ... also try to change the situation in the world in a way that excludes war. We must strive to destroy the plans of the Kremlin and accelerate the collapse of the Soviet system! To do this, it was proposed: “in addition to affirming our values, our policies and actions should be aimed at bringing about fundamental changes in the nature of the Soviet system, disrupting the Kremlin’s plans is the first and most important step towards these changes. It is quite obvious that it will be cheaper and more effective if the changes are the result of the action of the internal forces of Soviet society.”

In NSC Directive 20/1 of August 18, 1948, “US goals in relation to Russia,” they were formulated very clearly: “in relation to Russia, we face only two tasks:

A. Weaken the power and influence of Moscow to such an extent that it no longer poses a threat to the peace and stability of the international community.

B. To introduce a fundamental change in the theory and practice of international relations, which is adhered to by the government in power in Russia.”

Moreover, the first of these tasks “can be pursued not only in case of war, but also in peacetime and can be achieved by peaceful means.” But, at the same time, it was not hidden that “one can say that our priority task in peacetime is the systematic weakening of Russia’s influence and power while balancing on the brink of war, as well as the transformation of Russia’s current satellites into independent states, independently operating in the international arena...”

The named “peaceful means” of achieving geopolitical goals also include the conduct of covert operations (TO) by the US Central Intelligence Agency, the right to carry out which was granted to it by NSC Directive No. NSC 10/2 of June 18, 1948 “On the CIA Special Projects Division.” At the same time, under " covert operations" meant "all activities conducted or organized by our Government against hostile foreign states or groups or in support of friendly foreign states or groups, but which are planned and conducted so that any responsibility for them by the United States Government is not apparent to unauthorized persons, and, if disclosed, the US government could plausibly disclaim any responsibility for them...”

US NSC Directive 20/4 of November 23, 1948 declared no less straightforwardly: “we must strive to achieve our main goals, without resorting to war, by implementing the following tasks:

A. Contribute to the gradual weakening of Soviet power - from the current borders to the original Russian territories, as well as the transformation of the USSR satellites into independent states.

B. To promote the development in the minds of Soviet people of sentiments that can help change the present political course USSR and allow the restoration of the independence of peoples who are ready for it and capable of supporting it.

B. Dispel the myth, because of which peoples living outside the reach of the Soviet war machine, are dependent on Moscow, and also make the world see and understand the true essence of the Communist Party and the USSR and develop an appropriate attitude towards them.

D. Create situations that will force the government of the USSR to recognize the practical inexpediency of actions based on current concepts, as well as the need to act in accordance with the principles international law…».

As a way to “weakening the potential of the USSR” it was proposed to initiate “increasing internal contradictions in the USSR and disagreements between the USSR and its allies”!

The authors of this directive were not embarrassed by the fact that it was precisely the above-mentioned tasks of the “policy towards Moscow” that were the most convincing and obvious violations of the “principles of international law”, which they accused the Soviet Union of!

As former Deputy Director of the US CIA Ray Kline later admitted, “Scientists know that the destinies of nations are shaped by a complex of difficult-to-grasp social, psychological and bureaucratic forces. Ordinary people Those whose life - for better or worse - depends on the play of these forces, rarely understand this, except perhaps vaguely and very superficially. Since the early 40s, intelligence has become one of these forces.”

US NSC Directive No. 68, “US National Security Objectives and Programs,” approved by G. Truman on September 30, 1950, demanded that “military preparations be greatly strengthened” and “sowing the seeds of destruction within the Soviet system.” It directly stated the United States’ determination to wage “open psychological warfare aimed at encouraging mass renunciation of the population’s allegiance to the Soviets and undermining the Kremlin’s plans by all means.”

To achieve these goals, it was envisaged to “strengthen active and timely measures and operations by covert means in the field of economic, political and psychological warfare with the aim of inciting and maintaining discontent and rebellious sentiments in certain strategically important satellite states,” as well as “improving and increasing the activity of intelligence activities "

After a series of campaigns that disappointed their organizers to illegally drop leaflets and other propaganda materials into the territory of the USSR and its allies, the CIA found a stable channel for ideological and political penetration into these countries: “non-governmental” radio broadcasting from the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany of Radio Liberty/Free Europe ( RFE/RL). Formally, it was organized by the National Committee for a Free Europe and began on July 4, 1950 (the Russian service, called Radio Liberation, began broadcasting in the USSR on March 3, 1953). Political Advisor " National Committee free Europe” O. Jackson, speaking to the editorial staff in November 1951, did not hide the fact that “RFE is a psychological warfare service. Our organization was founded to provoke internal unrest in the countries to which we broadcast. Military intervention in general makes sense only if the people of the countries we are interested in are instilled with an impulse for armed action within the country.”

In this regard, the thesis from the article “Intelligence Intelligence”, published in the first volume of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia back in 1955, can hardly be considered groundless, the authors of which emphasized: “Along with espionage, A [intelligence]. capitalist states are also engaged in economic, political and ideological sabotage.”

On March 15, 1946, the session of the Supreme Council adopted a law on the transformation of the Council People's Commissars to the Council of Ministers of the USSR, and the People's Commissariats to the ministries. In accordance with the law on the formation of the government of the USSR, on March 19, I.V. became Chairman of the Council of Ministers. Stalin.

By order of the Minister of State Security V.N. Merkulova No. 00134 dated April 15, 1946. The People's Commissariat for State Security was transformed into the Ministry of State Security of the USSR. Accordingly, its territorial bodies were renamed into departments and departments of the MGB.

However, the structure of the ministry itself was subject to significant changes. Most of them occurred in early May 1946, when Viktor Semenovich Abakumov was appointed as the new Minister of State Security of the USSR, who from April 18, 1943 headed the Main Directorate of Counterintelligence "Smersh" (GUKR "Smersh") of the People's Commissariat of Defense / Ministry of the Armed Forces THE USSR. The GUKR "Smersh" MVS itself was transformed into the 3rd Main Directorate of the USSR MGB (military counterintelligence).

The following departments were formed in the Ministry of State Security:

2nd Main (counterintelligence, chief - P.V. Fedotov);

3rd Main (military counterintelligence, N.N. Selivanovsky);

4th (search: carried out registration and management of the search for “foreign intelligence agents abandoned in the USSR, and other enemy elements”, V.P. Rogov);

5th (operative, P.G. Drozdetsky);

6th (encryption-decryption);

Transport (security service for transport enterprises, S.R. Milshtein);

Security Directorates No. 1 (personally I.V. Stalin) and No. 2 (the rest of the leaders of the party and government);

Office of the Commandant of the Moscow Kremlin (N.K. Spiridonov);

Investigative part for special important matters(as manager, A.G. Leonov).

In addition, some of its independent departments also played an important role in carrying out the functions of the new ministry:

- “K” (Chekist surveillance at nuclear industry facilities, I.S. Pisarev);

- “O” (operational work on the clergy of all faiths, G.G. Karpov);

- “R” (radio counterintelligence, V.M. Blinderman);

- “C” (translation and processing of materials on the atomic problem, P.A. Sudoplatov. But in the same 1946, the functions of this department were transferred to the 1st Main Directorate of the USSR Ministry of State Security);

- “T” (the fight against “persons expressing terrorist threats against party and Soviet leaders”, A.M. Ivanov).

It should be noted that on May 30, 1947, the 1st Main Directorate was removed from the USSR MGB and, together with the Main Intelligence Directorate of the Ministry of the Armed Forces, was transformed into the Information Committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

Structural and functional changes in the ministry also entailed corresponding changes in the territorial bodies subordinate to it.

So, for example, in the largest territorial division of the USSR Ministry of State Security - the Directorate for Moscow and the Moscow Region, departments were formed:

2nd - counterintelligence support for important industrial, national economic and scientific research facilities (under the direct orders of the MGB and not served by divisions of its central apparatus); protection of state secrets, access for employees to work with secret and top secret documents and products;

4th – search based on the identification of units of the central apparatus of the MGB agents as former intelligence services fascist Germany, as well as other foreign states - Japan, Great Britain, the USA, accomplices of the German occupiers, members of foreign emigrant and nationalist, as well as reactionary clerical organizations, members of individual anti-Soviet groups; search for persons who made terrorist threats;

9th – participation in the implementation of measures to protect party members and government;

Investigation Department;

Human Resources Department.

In addition, the management structure included district and city departments (branches), which performed, within the relevant administrative-territorial entities, the functions of the 2nd, 4th and - if available necessary conditions, – 9th Department of the Ministry of State Security for Moscow and the Moscow Region. The investigation into cases of “counter-revolutionary” crimes was under the jurisdiction of the department’s investigative department.

The number of district (within the administrative boundaries of Moscow) and city departments (branches) in the regions of the region changed periodically, both due to the creation of new production and scientific centers in the Moscow region, and changes in the zoning itself.

By 1949, there were 10 district and about 30 city departments of the UMGB in the region. Subsequently, the number of the latter consistently decreased due to the annexation of nearby districts and cities - Kuntsevo, Perovo, Babushkin and others - into Moscow.

On July 13, 1946, Lieutenant General I. I. Gorgonov was appointed head of the UMGB for Moscow and the Moscow region. He replaced A.S. Blinov, who held this post since May 7, 1943, and was appointed Deputy Minister of State Security.

The main directions of activity of all state security bodies of the Soviet Union were determined both by the peculiarities of the operational situation in their area of ​​​​responsibility, and directly by the instructions of the leadership - the minister and his deputies, and by the guidelines of the leading departments of the central apparatus of the MGB.

Let's consider the main areas of activity of the capital's administration
MGB of the USSR in 1946 – 1954.

Of the 86 directives sent by the head of the UMGB for Moscow and the Moscow region, Lieutenant General I.I. Gorgonov in 1946 to subordinate district and city departments, almost a quarter - 18, concerned the issues of operational search for identified agents of the former German special services, as well as traitors to the Motherland.

This work by the territorial security agencies was carried out on the basis of the order of the NKVD of the USSR No. 00252 of May 29, 1945, which announced the “Instructions for recording and searching for intelligence, counterintelligence, punitive and police agencies, countries that fought against the USSR, traitors, henchmen and accomplices of the Nazi occupiers."

The indicated directives of the head of the UMGB were prepared on the basis of guidelines, and subsequently, as the initial data was systematized, on the basis of the wanted alphabetical lists of the USSR Ministry of State Security in relation to identified agents of German intelligence and counterintelligence agencies who graduated from the Abwehr and RSHA intelligence schools, as well as persons who served in punitive, police and other formations of the occupiers.

As the MGB processed incoming directive documents, these guidelines were sent circularly to all district and city departments of government. Some of them contained instructions for searching from several dozen to hundreds of persons.

In total, in 1946, 1,232 people were put on the local wanted list in Moscow and the Moscow region. In the same year, the Gorgonovs were given instructions to stop the search for 101 people. The grounds for stopping the search for suspects by security officers could be the establishment of: the facts of their death, the absence of corpus delicti (for example, cooperation with the Soviet underground or partisans, carrying out tasks of Soviet intelligence), their presence abroad.

In this regard, the directive of the head of the UMGB for Moscow and the Moscow region No. 74 dated December 4, 1946 is characteristic: “Based on the code telegram of the USSR Ministry of State Security... stop the search for Tagants... T.I., born in 1913, native..., since the latter’s affiliation with German intelligence has not been confirmed (Alphabetical list No. 2 of the GUKR “Smersh”, art. 623).”

It should also be emphasized that there are different degrees of information about the wanted persons: some of them contained almost complete identifying data (last name, first name and patronymic, year of birth or age, signs, presence and place of residence of relatives, including in Moscow and the Moscow region), presence of documents in fictitious names, verbal portraits. The presence of photographs of persons subject to search was, rather, an exception to general rule.

In other guidelines, only the first or last name (sometimes also a pseudonym during the period of study at a particular German intelligence school) of the wanted persons, individual facts of their biography and signs were indicated. Of course, the latest “orientations” were clearly insufficient to organize a full-fledged and effective operational search.

Active members of various foreign anti-Soviet organizations, identified by the MGB, were also put on the wanted list - from the Anti-Bolshevik Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia (KONR), the People's Labor Union (NTS), to the Organization Ukrainian nationalists"(OUN) and the like.

These directives prescribed “When receiving information on persons resembling those wanted, report to the 4th department of the department” in order to carry out further in-depth verification of their documents and biographical facts.

In this regard, the second most important and significant direction of activity of the state security bodies in the first post-war years was the implementation of “filtration” (checking) of persons returning to the USSR - both former Soviet military personnel and civilians exported to Germany, as well as emigrants and re-emigrants.

The initial filtration was carried out in the liberated territories by the military counterintelligence agencies Smersh. Thus, from February 1 to May 4, 1945, at ten collection points of the 3rd Ukrainian Front alone, which were engaged in filtering citizens who wanted to return to the USSR, 58,686 people were checked. Among them are 16,456 former servicemen of the Red Army and 12,160 persons of military age who were forcibly taken to work in Germany; All of them, based on the results of the inspection, were drafted into the Red Army by field military registration and enlistment offices. 17,361 people who were not subject to conscription were sent to the USSR, and 1,117 citizens of other states were repatriated to their homeland. Of those checked, 378 people were detained on suspicion of belonging to the agents of enemy intelligence services, aiding the occupiers, committing military crimes, and serving in the ROA.

The territorial security authorities carried out work to check arriving repatriates on the basis of a joint order of the NKVD and the NKGB of the USSR No. 00706/00268 dated June 16, 1945 “On the procedure for checking and filtering at the place of permanent residence of repatriated Soviet citizens returning to their homeland.”

Subsequently, the directives of the UMGB indicated that priority attention should be given to repatriates who arrived to live in the capital and region from the western occupation zones of Germany, having spent a long time there in camps for displaced persons.

Later, information was also sent to the subordinate territorial departments of the department regarding the search for British and American intelligence agents who were preparing to be transferred or abandoned to the Soviet Union - the 2nd Department of the UMGB was to be informed about this category of wanted persons.

The first such orientation No. 41 is dated September 28, 1946, and it stated that “As a result of filtration and undercover investigative work, the MGB authorities identified a number of English agents...”.

In connection with the intensification of reconnaissance and subversive activities against the USSR foreign intelligence services, the fight against espionage is given increasing importance. The fundamental document in this regard was the order of the USSR Ministry of State Security No. 0048 of February 2, 1947 “On strengthening the fight against agents of American and British intelligence services.” Although, for the sake of historical justice, it should be emphasized that until the early 1950s, American intelligence, from October 1947 - Central intelligence agency(CIA), was in the position of a junior partner of the more experienced British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS, or Mi-6).

In 1952, Viktor Ivanovich Alidin later recalled, “we learned that at night the Americans had flown a sabotage group across the border to the Moscow region and dropped it by parachute. This group included our agent, who was introduced into the German intelligence school during the war. During the defeat of the Germans on German territory, the Americans used the capabilities of this school and the saboteurs trained there against our country.

The agent reported that the saboteurs landed successfully, buried the spy equipment and weapons in the forest, and are now in Moscow. He indicated what time they would appear on the street on October 25, near the pharmacy. The task of our employees is to use signs to detect this group in a stream of people on the street and capture it. Everything went as planned; the saboteurs were captured by us in the middle of the day. Stunned by the unexpected meeting with the security officers, they did not even offer any resistance. Soon all their spy and sabotage equipment was found and delivered to Moscow."

And although the security officers of the capital’s administration were not directly related to the conduct of this operation, nevertheless, it characterizes the real operational situation of that time in Moscow.

So that readers do not have the opinion that such facts and accusations are “far-fetched,” we recommend that they familiarize themselves with the MGB-FSB archival documents published on this matter.

The same goal - to strengthen the fight against espionage - was also served by the development and approval by the Council of Ministers of the USSR, initially of the “List of information constituting state secrets, the disclosure of which is punishable by law” (June 8, 1947), and then of the “Instructions for ensuring the preservation state secrets in institutions and enterprises of the USSR" (March 1, 1948).

This information related to the military and mobilization, economic, scientific and technical spheres of public administration and production.

The main volume of work to ensure state secrets and security (prevention of sabotage, accidents and disasters, fires, etc.) in the fields of science and technology fell on district and city management departments.

Another feature of the operational situation in the capital region was the sending here of prisoners of war from the armies of states that fought with the Soviet Union in accordance with the joint directive of the Ministry of State Security and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR dated April 2, 1946 No. 29/77 “On the procedure for using German and Japanese prisoners of war at work in industrial enterprises "

This special contingent, the operational study and observation of which was assigned to the UMGB units in Moscow and the Moscow region, in different years numbered from 50 to 100 thousand people, located in about 20 prisoner of war camps. Foreign prisoners of war were involved both in the restoration of residential and industrial buildings destroyed and damaged during the war, and in the construction of new ones, as well as in working at individual enterprises. In particular, prisoners of war in the early 1950s worked on the construction of the main building of Moscow State University on the Lenin Hills.

On April 4, 1946, a directive from the Deputy Minister of State Security, Lieutenant General A.S., was sent to the district departments of the department. Blinov No. 18 on ensuring public order and preventing anti-Soviet manifestations during Easter services in orthodox temple x capitals. Paragraph 4 of the directive prescribed: “The UMGB must be informed immediately about all emergency incidents on Easter days, and especially on Easter night.”
It was also prescribed to pay attention to both positive and negative statements of believers, as well as identifying places of prayer of illegal churchmen and sectarians.

Similar directives, timed to coincide with major religious holidays of various religious denominations, were issued regularly until the end of the 1980s.

The UMGB report for this and subsequent years noted that no emergency incidents or actions that had “anti-Soviet overtones” were recorded during Easter. Individual, both patriotic and negative, statements from participants in the services were cited.

Office reports until the mid-1950s noted that the overwhelming number of parishioners on Easter days were elderly women, as well as a small number of school-age children and adolescents.

At the same time, it should be noted that at this time in Moscow and the Moscow region there were 194 Orthodox churches, in which 197 priests served, five Old Believer churches. There was also a mosque, communities of Evangelical Christian Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists, an illegal group of followers of the “True Orthodox Church”, 4 synagogues (Moscow Choral, in Cherkizovo, Maryina Roshcha and Malakhovka) and a significant number of houses of worship (minions).

In March 1952, the new head of the UMGB for Moscow and the Moscow region, M. N. Golovkov, issued a directive to strengthen the fight against manifestations of local terror.

The grounds for its appearance were the facts of the attack on June 29, 1951 on the deputy of the Abramtsevo Village Council of the Balashikha District A.F. Murashev (he remained alive), as revenge for the active fight against violations of labor discipline and theft socialist property. As a result of the investigation, all five attackers were identified and arrested. In court they pleaded guilty and were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment.

On December 29, 1951, chairman of the Pobeda collective farm in the Dmitrovsky district of the Moscow region, deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and Hero of Socialist Labor, member of the CPSU Central Committee I.S. Egorov received an anonymous letter demanding his resignation under threat of murder. The anonymous author was identified, and, as it turned out, he acted out of a sense of personal revenge for Egorov’s principled positions.

It should be noted that state security agencies have always paid the most serious attention to identifying the authors of anonymous anti-Soviet documents containing threats of a terrorist nature, not unreasonably believing that they could be followed by real attempts to implement criminal intentions. This is how, in particular, failed terrorists V. Ilyin (1969) and A. Shmonov (1990) acted.

It should, however, immediately be noted that no other terrorist manifestations were recorded on the territory of Moscow and the Moscow region until 1969, before the assassination attempt by V. Ilyin.

In March - April 1952, the capital's security officers were involved in ensuring the security of the International Economic Conference in Moscow, which was attended by more than 500 foreign participants, including about 300 citizens of capitalist states.

In November 1952, a directive was sent to city and regional authorities to organize “Chekist training” for personnel. Their superiors were instructed to organize these classes twice a month, from 10 to 12 o’clock, “using the method of active conversation,” that is, in essence, an exchange of experience in operational work.

Previously, the personnel department of the USSR Ministry of State Security sent to the department an order for the selection of 8 applicants for admission to the Higher School of the USSR Ministry of State Security for a three-year period of study. To enroll in studies, applicants, in addition to passing university-wide (for legal specialties) entrance exams, were also required to have at least three years of operational experience.

On March 5, 1953, I.V. died. Stalin. At the meeting of the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, the Council of Ministers and the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, which took place on the same day, a decision was made to unite the internal affairs and state security bodies into a single Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR.
Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Marshal of the Soviet Union L.P., was appointed minister. Beria.

The head of the new department of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs for Moscow and the Moscow region, Vasily Stepanovich Ryasnoy, in his instructions, demanded that work be strengthened on identified foreign anti-Soviet formations and their connections living in Moscow.

It should be noted that this year the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs repeatedly informed territorial departments about planned drops of paratrooper agents, and several agents were actually arrested in different cities of the country. In this regard, the minister’s instructions emphasized: “taking into account the possibility of these persons appearing on the territory of Moscow and the Moscow region, I propose to take urgent measures to search for them.”

In the order of the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs No. 4 dated April 9, 1953, it was reported that “the sending of anti-Soviet literature to the spy-terrorist organization NTS has recently intensified. Leaflets, newspapers and other anti-Soviet NTS publications are sent from Germany and Belgium with various imported cargo, by mail to institutions and individuals, and also by balloons. On March 27, NTS leaflets were found in large quantities on the territory of the Kaliningrad, Novgorod and Pskov regions. Over 100 NTS leaflets were also found in cargo from Belgium at the Perovo station in the Moscow region...”

In this regard, the district and city departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs were instructed to “take active measures to search for emissaries and agents of the NTS and to detain them.”

Later, in one of the official documents of the KGB of the USSR it was noted:

“In 1951 - 1954. State security agencies captured several British and American paratrooper agents from among the NTS participants sent on espionage and sabotage missions.

The leaders of the NTS periodically send their emissaries and contacts from among foreigners in order to establish contacts, study and recruit them, as well as disseminate through them slanderous information about domestic policy, illegal export of anti-Soviet ideologically damaging libels.”

The attention and interest shown by the CIA and SIS to the NTS and its contingent are explained by the following circumstance. In 1949, in the program brochure “Towards a theory of revolution in conditions totalitarian regime», active member NTS and subsequently its chairman (1955-1972) V.D. Poremsky outlined, in his opinion, “an ideal project for an organization without an organization,” which fully met the goals of “psychological warfare” against the USSR:

A) there is a center abroad;

B) he sends one-way, addressless information to all like-minded people and groups of like-minded people (“molecules” in the USSR) in order to intensify their actions;

C) if the “molecules” are not connected to each other, but act, they seem to “signal” to others about the existence of the organization, explaining “for what” and “against what” it is fighting, at the same time, without endangering the existence of other members similar associations.

How exactly one should “fight” - the foreign center also informs about this, including in the form of illegally sending leaflets, brochures, newspapers, magazines and other propaganda publications.

On the one hand, an “avalanche-like increase in signals” about the actions of opponents Soviet power, according to the ideologists of the NTS, was supposed to “radically change the psychological climate in the country.” On the other hand, even the liquidation of such a “molecule” by law enforcement agencies should not automatically lead to the cessation of the “permanent struggle.”

Apparent simplicity, logical validity and “efficiency” of this project and attracted the CIA, which adopted Poremsky’s scheme when working with other foreign anti-Soviet organizations.

Although, as NTS historians themselves admit, by 1988 in the USSR there were as many as four “open” NTS members who did not hide (after the trial) their ties with this organization.

Let us note that it is somewhat surprising that there is no mention in the guidelines of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR of information about the beginning of broadcasting of the Osvobozhdeniye radio station to the Soviet Union (since May 1959 - Radio Liberty (RS), Radio Liberty. Therefore, from now on we will call this radio station by this more familiar and well-known name). Although a considerable number of members of its first edition were also members of the NTS.

Formally, this “independent,” “private” radio station, which is no longer hidden by its leadership, was founded by the “American Committee for Liberation from Communism,” which brought together all “displaced persons” from the USSR who were ready to cooperate with the US CIA in its operations. "Cold War".

Broadcasting of Radio Liberty on the USSR began on March 1, 1953 with the announcement of the Statement of the “Coordination Council of the Anti-Soviet Struggle.”

One of the later official documents of the KGB noted: “The activities of Radio Liberty from the day of its foundation are directly aimed at interfering in the internal affairs of the USSR, discrediting the domestic and foreign policies of the CPSU, inciting national hatred within our country, and pursues the goal of undermining and weakening the state and social system in the USSR.

The directive from the management of Radio Liberty emphasized that “the programs broadcast by the radio station should have a political influence on public opinion in the country, on representatives of science, cultural figures and, above all, youth.”

An analysis of the activities and content of radio broadcasts shows that Radio Liberty is one of the main subversive centers of the US intelligence services carrying out anti-state actions. ideological sabotage against the USSR."

After the arrest on June 26, 1953 of Minister L.P. Beria and some other leaders of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, Colonel General Sergei Nikiforovich Kruglov was appointed new Minister of Internal Affairs, which, however, the press reported only on July 10. S.N. Kruglov held the post of Minister of the Ministry of Internal Affairs from March 1946, and from March 1953 he was First Deputy Minister.

Due to the short-term existence of state security in the structure of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, this period did not lead to significant changes in the tasks of the activities of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs in Moscow and the Moscow region. With the exception of increasing instructions and directives on issues of ensuring public safety: providing assistance to criminal investigation apparatus, preventing fires, etc.

We also note that in 1953, pioneer camps were first opened for the children of employees of the UMGB administration, and pensioners of security agencies began to receive vouchers for sanatorium and resort treatment.

In total, according to available archival information, the Directorate of the MGB - Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR for Moscow and the Moscow region in 1946 - 1953. 4,921 investigative cases were opened against 5,509 people. Of these, before 1954, 536 investigative cases involving 520 people were closed.

In total, during this period, based on materials from the UMGB in Moscow and the Moscow region, 2,821 people were convicted, of which 999 were convicted extrajudicially, that is, by decision of a Special Meeting under the Minister of State Security of the USSR.

Of the total number of those convicted, 35 people were sentenced to death.

Notes

1. See: Khlobustov O.M. The Andropov phenomenon: personality and its role in history. // Historical readings on the street. Andropova, 5. History of security agencies: materials of the VI international scientific conference dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the Victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War of 1941 - 1945. (Petrozavodsk, June 1 – 3, 2015). Petrozavodsk, 2016, p. 257.

2. See: Donovan R.J. Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry Truman. New-York, 1977, pp. 160-161.

3. See: The Main Adversary: ​​Documents of American Foreign Policy and Strategy 1945 - 1950. M., 2006, (hereinafter referred to as the Main Opponent...), p. 108.

4. Ibid., p. 121-122.

5. Ibid., p. 269, 283.

6. Kline R. CIA from Roosevelt to Reagan. New York, 1988, p. 166.

7. The US Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1953 approved the following definition: Psychological warfare is the planned use of propaganda and other information measures designed to influence the opinions, feelings, behavior of the enemy or other groups of foreign citizens, which will ensure the implementation of the desired policy, the achievement of planned purposes or carrying out military operation. // Linebarger P. Psychological warfare. Theory and practice of processing mass consciousness. M., 2013, p. 399.

8. See: Shironin V.S. Agents of Perestroika. Declassified KGB dossier. M., 2016, p. 35. Also see www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio Liberty (accessed March 13, 2016).

9. Lubyanka: Bodies of the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD-NKGB-MGB-MVD-KGB.1917-1991. Directory. Documentation. M., 2003, p. 139-141.

10. Gorgonov Ivan Ivanovich (1903-1994). In military counterintelligence agencies since 1928, in 1936-1941. - in various positions in the NKVD - UNKGB in Moscow and the Moscow region. Since 1942 – Deputy, Head of Department of the Administration Special departments NKVD of the USSR, in 1943-1946. – Head of the 1st department of the Main Directorate of Civil Defense of the NPO “Smersh”. In 1946-1951 – Head of the UMGB for Moscow and the Moscow region, in 1950-1951. – Member of the MGB Board. Dismissed from the security forces in connection with the arrest of V.S. Abakumov. On November 23, 1954, he was stripped of his rank “as having discredited himself during his work in the state security agencies and, therefore, unworthy of the high rank of general.”

11. The “Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Peoples” (ANB) was formed on the initiative of the OUN at the First Conference of the Enslaved Peoples of Europe, held in November 1943. The main goal proclaimed “the removal of communists from power and the division of the USSR into national states.” At a conference in Munich on April 16, 1946, the Bulgarian National Front joined the NSA. The NSA was headed until his death in 1986 by Bandera’s deputy in the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), Ya.S. Stetsko. The NSA ceased its activities in 1996. The Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia (KONR) was formed with the support of the German authorities in November 1944 by traitor to the Motherland A.A. Vlasov and formally united national organizations operating in the territories of the USSR occupied by the Wehrmacht. Many of its participants took refuge in the western occupation zones of Germany after the end of World War II.

12. The Great Patriotic War 1941 – 1945. Volume 6. The Secret War. Intelligence and counterintelligence during the Great Patriotic War. M., 2013, p. 556.

13. Nowadays Nikolskaya Street in Moscow.

14. Alidin V.I. State security and time. M., 1997, p. 87. Alidin Viktor Ivanovich (1911-2002), Colonel General. In 1930, on a Komsomol permit, he was sent to work in the criminal investigation department. In 1933 he was drafted into the Red Army. After demobilization in February 1937 - at party work. In 1941 - one of the organizers people's militia, took part in the hostilities. Since 1945 - at party work in Ukraine. In August 1951, from the post of secretary of the Kherson regional committee of the Communist Party (b) of Ukraine, he was sent to serve in the USSR Ministry of State Security. Head of department, head of the 7th directorate of the KGB of the USSR. Since September 30, 1967 - member of the Board of the KGB of the USSR. From January 7, 1971 to January 6, 1986 - Head of the KGB for Moscow and the Moscow region.

16. Blinov Afanasy Sergeevich (1904 – 1961). In the OGPU since 1929. Since 1939. - Head of the NKVD for the Ivanovo and Kuibyshev regions. Since 1942 - head of the 3rd (secret political) department of the NKVD of the USSR. From May 7, 1943 to July 13, 1946 - Deputy Minister of State Security of the USSR. Since 1945 - Lieutenant General. In August 1951, he was dismissed from the state security agencies. By Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of November 23, 1954 No. 2349-1118ss “as having discredited himself during his work in the organs...” he was stripped of the rank of lieutenant general.

17. Golovkov Mikhail Nifonovich (1904-1985), colonel. In state security agencies since 1926. For a long time working in Kazakh SSR, having gone from assistant detective to deputy people's commissar of state security of Kazakhstan. Since September 1949 - Head of the 7th Directorate of the USSR Ministry of State Security. From August 29, 1951 to September 17, 1952 – Head of the UMGB for Moscow and the Moscow region. Later - in senior positions in the central apparatus of the MGB-MVD-KGB. From June 22, 1954 - Deputy Head of the Security Inspectorate under the USSR High Commissioner in Germany - Deputy KGB Commissioner for Coordination and Communication with the GDR MGB. Since July 20, 1959 – retired due to illness.

18. Ryasnoy Vasily Stepanovich (1904-1995), lieutenant general. In the GUGB NKVD since 1937. Then - Head of the NKVD for the Gorky Region (1941-1943), People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR (1943-1946), First Deputy People's Commissar - Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR (1946-1952), Deputy Minister of State Security of the USSR (1952-1953). From May 28, 1953 to March 30, 1956 - Head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for Moscow and the Moscow Region. On July 5, 1956, he was dismissed from the Ministry of Internal Affairs due to facts of discredit.

19. More about American program the use of balloons for reconnaissance and propaganda campaigns, including with the participation of NTS, see: Druzhinin Yu.O., Emelin A.Yu., Pavlushenko M.I. Sophisticated keeping an eye on the Soviets: The appearance of foreign reconnaissance and propaganda balloons over the territory of the USSR had a subtle calculation. // Independent military review. M., 2016, No. 48 (931).

20. In 1971, after the revelation that Radio Liberty was being financed by the US CIA, its funding began to be provided directly by the US Congress. In 1973, the radio station’s budget was $38.5 million, in 2016 – $106 million, and $120 million was planned for its funding in 2017. (From an interview former president RFE/RL Tom Dine in January 2016).

21. Central archive of the FSB of Russia. Fund 8-os. Op.1. Quoted from: Mozokhin O.B. Statistical information on the activities of the bodies of the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD-MGB (1918 - 1953). M., 2016, p. 430.

On January 10, 1946, L.P. Beria was relieved of his post as People's Commissar of Internal Affairs, and S.N. Kruglov was appointed in his place. On March 15, by a resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the People's Commissariats were transformed into ministries. By order of the Minister of State Security No. 00134 of April 15, 1946, on the basis of the 1st Department of the VI Directorate of the USSR Ministry of State Security, Security Directorate No. 1 was created (Stalin’s security, head - N. S. Vlasik), on the basis of the 2nd Department - Security Directorate No. 2 (security of members of the Politburo and government, D. N. Shadrin). On May 4, V.S. Abakumov was appointed Minister of State Security instead of V.N. Merkulov, and the Main Counterintelligence Directorate SMERSH was reorganized into the III Main Counterintelligence Directorate of the Ministry of State Security. By order of the Minister of State Security No. 00558 of December 25, 1946, on the basis of security departments No. 1 and No. 2 and the Office of the Commandant of the Moscow Kremlin, the Main Security Directorate of the USSR Ministry of State Security was created under the leadership of Vlasik.

At the end of 1946, the structure of the MGB was as follows:
– secretariat;
- Secretariat of the Special Meeting under the Minister;
- inspection under the minister;
– 1st Main Directorate (intelligence – Fitin P.M.);
– 2nd Main Directorate (counterintelligence – P.V. Fedotov);
– 3rd Main Directorate (military counterintelligence);
– 4th department (investigative);
– 5th Directorate (operational);
– 6th department (encryption-decryption – Shevelev I.G.);
- Transport Department;
– Main Security Directorate (N.K. Spiridonov);
– investigative unit for particularly important cases (Vlodzimirsky L.E.);
– business management;
- economic management (Smirnov P.P.);
– HR department (Svinelupov M.G.);
– Department “A” (accounting and archiving; controlled the work of all archives of the USSR - Gertsovsky A.Ya.);
– Department “B” (use of operational equipment: wiretapping, etc. – Lapshin E.P.);
– department “B” (censorship and censorship of correspondence – Gribov V.M.);
– department “D” (production and examination of documents);
– department “DR” (sabotage and reconnaissance – Sudoplatov P.A.);
– Department “K” (counterintelligence support for nuclear industry facilities);
– department “O” (for operational work among the clergy);
– department “R” (radio counterintelligence);
– Department “T” (anti-terrorism);
– department of operational technology (laboratory where its development was carried out);
– prison department (including the internal prison of the MGB, the commandant of which was the head of this department);
– financial department;
– legal office
In January 1947, the Main Directorate of Internal Troops was created in the MGB.
In August 1947, troops were transferred to the jurisdiction of the MGB government communications. And in March 1949, the Gokhran (State Repository of Valuables) was transferred to the jurisdiction of the MGB, for the management of which a Special Department was created.
In September 1949, the external surveillance and installation service was separated from the 5th Directorate of the MGB into a separate, 7th Directorate.
At the same time, in October 1949, the Main Directorate of Police was transferred from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the MGB, and the Border Troops and Military Construction Department were subordinated to the MGB.
In September 1950, on the basis of the sabotage and reconnaissance department of the MGB, Bureau No. 1 (special operations abroad) and Bureau No. 2 (special operations within the country) were created.
On November 16, 1950, the 9th department was created in the MGB to “serve” special settlers. Their number was constantly increasing: due to the “cleansing” of liberated areas, re-collectivization, “filtration” of former prisoners of war, deportations from Eastern European countries, and so on.

On July 12, 1951, the Minister of State Security V. S. Abakumov was arrested, and on August 9 S. D. Ignatiev was appointed minister. May 23, 1952 The Main Security Directorate was reorganized into the Directorate, its staff was reduced from 14,000 to 3,000 people, all economic structures and departments in charge of ensuring the security of the buildings of the Central Committee, the Council of Ministers, the General Staff, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, government halls at railway stations, government highways were abolished . On May 29, Vlasik was removed from work and transferred to the deputy head of the Bazhenov forced labor camp in the city of Asbest ( Sverdlovsk region). The MGB Security Department was assigned to head the Minister of State Security Ignatiev.
The initiator of the removal of Vlasik, one of the most loyal people to Stalin, was Beria. In November 1952, also on Beria’s initiative, Poskrebyshev was removed from his post (motivation - possibly related to the “doctors’ case”). On December 16, Vlasik was arrested, he was accused of “indulging in sabotage doctors,” abuse of official position, etc. Among the serious official omissions, it should be noted that Vlasik improperly stored secret documents, including topographic maps of the Moscow region and Potsdam.

In April 1952, under the Minister of State Security, a Special Bureau (analytical) was created: it became obvious that the Party Central Committee could not effectively carry out such work. The 1st Main Directorate of the MGB, the intelligence department, was also restored. In January 1953, the creation of the Main Intelligence Directorate of the MGB, on the basis of the 1st, 2nd and a number of other departments and departments of the MGB, was announced, but due to the death of Stalin it did not come into force.

By June 1952, the MGB apparatus consisted of 207,000 employees. In addition, border guards were considered employees of the MGB - on January 1, 1953, about 190,000 people, internal troops– 69,000 people, troops to protect industrial facilities and railways- 7500 people.
The MGB intelligence apparatus consisted of residents, agents and informants, but from January 1952 (MGB Order No. 0015) new categories were introduced instead: agent and special agent. All former agents and informants were transferred to the category of agents, and the most qualified ones performing responsible tasks were transferred to special agents. From now on, only the heads of MGB departments and higher-ranking officers had the right to recruit agents. By the same order, from March 15, 1952, the number of agents was reduced by approximately half.

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Section articles

Rus' AND THE WEST 12-13th centuries.

At the end of the 11th - beginning of the 12th centuries. Rus' entered an extremely contradictory period called feudal fragmentation, which lasted until the middle of the 15th century.

MISTAKE OF VASILY THE DARK

Grand Duke For the time being, Vasily II the Dark of Moscow was not distinguished by the foresight and caution of his grandfather, Dmitry Donskoy.

SECRET EXPEDITION

In February 1762, to replace the destroyed Office of Secret Investigative Affairs, Peter III established a Special Expedition under the Senate in charge of issues of political investigation.

SPECIAL OFFICE

In 1810, Minister of War Barclay de Tolly raised the question of organizing a permanent strategic military intelligence body to Alexander I.

GENERAL SECURITY COMMITTEE

At the suggestion of Count N.N. Novosiltsev On January 13, 1807, a Committee was formed to consider cases of crimes tending to violate the general peace (Committee of General Security).

MINISTRY OF POLICE

During the public administration reform carried out by Speransky, who used French experience, the Ministry of Police was established on June 25, 1811.

CORPS OF GENDARMES

In Russia, the name gendarmerie was first mentioned in 1792 in connection with the establishment of a special cavalry team as part of the troops of Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich

Story

For the first time, the People's Commissariat for State Security of the USSR was formed on February 3, 1941 by dividing the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR (NKVD USSR) into 2 people's commissariats: the NKGB of the USSR, to whose jurisdiction units directly involved in state security issues (intelligence, counterintelligence, government security, etc.) .), and the NKVD of the USSR, which remained in charge of military and prison units, police, fire protection and a number of others. Almost a month after the start of the war - July 20, 1941 - the NKGB and NKVD were again united into the NKVD of the USSR. The People's Commissar of State Security of the USSR in February - July 1941 was V. N. Merkulov.

The re-creation of the NKGB of the USSR took place on April 14, 1943 by separating from the NKVD of the USSR the same units as in February 1941. V. N. Merkulov again became the People's Commissar of State Security of the USSR.

In July 1945 special ranks NKGB workers were replaced by military ranks. People's Commissar V.N. Merkulov, who had the rank of State Security Commissioner of the 1st rank, became an army general, his first deputy B.Z. Kobulov became a colonel general, and his deputy for personnel M.G. Svinelupov became a major general.

On March 15, 1946, all people's commissariats were renamed into ministries, respectively, the People's Commissariat of State Security of the USSR became the Ministry of State Security of the USSR, and by order No. 00107 of March 22, 1946, the territorial departments were renamed accordingly (UNKGB turned into UMGB).

On May 4, 1946, V. S. Abakumov, head of the Smersh State Security Administration, became People's Commissar of State Security. With his arrival, the functions of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs began to flow into the jurisdiction of the MGB. In 1947-1952. Internal troops, police, border troops and other units were transferred from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the MGB (camp and construction departments, fire protection, escort troops, and courier communications remained within the Ministry of Internal Affairs).

On the other hand, the MGB was removed from its jurisdiction foreign intelligence. On May 30, 1947, a decision was made to create the Information Committee (CI) under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, headed by V. M. Molotov, which united foreign political and military intelligence. In February 1949, the CI under the Council of Ministers of the USSR was reorganized into the CI under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, and external counterintelligence in Soviet foreign institutions was returned to the jurisdiction of the MGB. In November 1951, foreign intelligence was completely returned to the MGB.

On December 31, 1950, a board of 19 people was created in the MGB, consisting of the minister, his deputies and heads of main departments.

On July 4, 1951, People's Commissar V.S. Abakumov was suspended, and on July 11, he was released from office by the decision of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (arrested on July 12). On August 9, S.D. Ignatiev was appointed People's Commissar. In the fall of 1951, mass arrests of leading MGB officials took place (including deputy ministers Pitovranov, Selivanovsky and Korolev).

By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of August 21, 1952, the military ranks of MGB employees were abolished, and special state security ranks were introduced in their place. However, the decree was not implemented, and employees of the MGB and its successors continued to bear military ranks.

On March 5, 1953, at a joint meeting of the CPSU Central Committee, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, a decision was made to unite the MGB and the Ministry of Internal Affairs into a single Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR under the leadership of L.P. Beria.

Leadership of the NKGB of the USSR in February - July 1941

• Merkulov Vsevolod Nikolaevich (February 3 - July 20, 1941) - people's commissar state security of the USSR
• Serov, Ivan Aleksandrovich - 1st Deputy People's Commissar of State Security of the USSR
• Gribov, Mikhail Vasilievich - Deputy People's Commissar of State Security of the USSR for Personnel
• Kobulov, Bogdan Zakharovich - Deputy People's Commissar of State Security of the USSR

Leadership of the NKGB of the USSR in 1943-1953.

Minister of State Security of the USSR (until March 19, 1946 - People's Commissar)

• Merkulov Vsevolod Nikolaevich (April 14, 1943 - May 4, 1946)
• Abakumov Viktor Semenovich (May 4, 1946 - July 4, 1951)
• Ogoltsov Sergei Ivanovich (acting minister July 4 - August 9, 1951)
• Ignatiev Semyon Denisovich (August 9, 1951 - March 5, 1953, representative of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in the USSR MGB from July 4 to August 9, 1951)

1st Deputy Minister (until March 19, 1946 - People's Commissar) of State Security of the USSR

• Kobulov, Bogdan Zakharovich (April 14, 1943 - December 4, 1945)
• Ogoltsov, Sergei Ivanovich (December 4, 1945 - May 7, 1946)
• Goglidze, Sergei Arsentievich (August 26 - November 10, 1951)
• Ogoltsov, Sergei Ivanovich (August 26, 1951 - February 13, 1952)
• Ogoltsov, Sergei Ivanovich (November 20, 1952 - March 11, 1953) - “in intelligence matters”
• Goglidze, Sergei Arsentievich (November 20, 1952 - March 11, 1953) - “on other matters”

Deputy Minister of State Security of the USSR for General Issues

• Ogoltsov, Sergei Ivanovich (May 7, 1946 - August 26, 1951)

Deputy Minister (until March 19, 1946 - People's Commissar) of State Security of the USSR for Personnel

• Svinelupov, Mikhail Georgievich (May 11, 1943 - December 31, 1950)
• Makarov, Vasily Emelyanovich (December 31, 1950 - August 26, 1951)
• Epishev, Alexey Alekseevich (August 26, 1951 - March 11, 1953)

April 1943 - March 1953

By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of April 14, 1943, the independent People's Commissariat of State Security of the USSR (NKGB of the USSR) was separated from the NKVD of the USSR, as in 1941, and V.N. Merkulov was again entrusted to head it.

Military counterintelligence (MCI), just as it was in 1941, was transferred by Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 415-138ss of April 19, 1943 to the People's Commissariat of Defense and the People's Commissariat of the Navy of the USSR. The Main Counterintelligence Directorate (GUKR) "Smersh" of the NPO of the USSR and the Counterintelligence Directorate (UCR) "Smersh" of the NK Navy were created.

The structure of the NKGB of the USSR was determined by the decision of the Politburo P 40/91 of April 14, 1943 “On the formation of the NKGB of the USSR” and announced by resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 393-129ss of April 14, 1943. Somewhat later, by resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 621-191 ss of 2 June 1943, the “Regulations on the People's Commissariat for State Security of the USSR” was approved. In accordance with Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 393-129ss dated April 14, 1943, B.Z. Kobulov was appointed First Deputy People's Commissar of State Security, and by Resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 511 of May 11, 1943, M. was appointed Deputy People's Commissar of State Security of the USSR for Personnel. G. Svinelupov.

During May 1943, by orders of the NKGB of the USSR, the staff of the main structural divisions of the central apparatus of the NKGB of the USSR was approved:

1 department (intelligence);

2nd directorate (counterintelligence) (created on the basis of the 2nd and 3rd directorates, EKU and 3rd s/o NKVD of the USSR);

3 management (transport);

4 management (organization of terror and sabotage in the territories occupied by the Germans);

5 control (encryption-decryption and special communications);

6th department (protection of party and government leaders) (created on the basis of the 1st department of the NKVD of the USSR);

Department “A” (accounting and archival) (created from parts of the departments and personnel of the 1st s/o NKVD of the USSR transferred to the NKGB of the USSR);

Department "B" (operational and technical);

Department "B" (military censorship and censorship of correspondence);

Investigative part for particularly important cases;

Secretariat of the NKGB of the USSR;

Personnel Department of the NKGB of the USSR;

Administrative and economic financial management (AHFM).

Thus, created in 1943, the NKGB of the USSR included seven directorates (together with the Akhfu), four independent departments “A”, “B”, “C” and OK, an investigative unit and a secretariat.

Until 1946, this structure underwent minor changes.

On November 15, 1945, “for operational and security service” of special-purpose facilities (engaged in the creation of an atomic bomb), department “K” was organized within the NKGB of the USSR.

By joint order of the NKGB and the NKVD of the USSR No. 0014/0032 of January 10, 1946, department “C” (reconnaissance and processing of materials on the atomic problem) was transferred from the NKVD of the USSR to the NKGB of the USSR.

By order of the NKGB of the USSR No. 00107 of March 22, 1946, in accordance with the resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of March 15, 1946, the NKGB of the USSR was renamed the Ministry of State Security of the USSR (MGB of the USSR). Accordingly, local departments and departments of the NKGB were renamed into departments and departments of the MGB.

A significant reorganization took place in the 6th Directorate of the USSR MGB. By order of the USSR MGB No. 00134 dated April 15, 1946, on its basis, the Security Directorate No. 2 of the USSR MGB was created, and the 1st Department of the 6th Directorate, which was responsible for the protection of Stalin, was transformed into the Security Directorate No. 1. The staff of the Security Directorate No. 1 were announced by order of the USSR MGB No. 00152 dated April 24, 1946. Thus, the organization of Stalin’s security (Security Directorate No. 1) was separated from the security of the remaining members of the Politburo and the Government (Security Directorate No. 2).

A radical expansion and change in the structure of the USSR MGB took place on May 4, 1946, when V.S. Abakumov was appointed instead of V.N. Merkulov as Minister of State Security of the USSR, and the GUKR "Smersh" of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, headed by him, joined the USSR MGB. The decision on this was made by the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks P 51 /IV dated May 4, 1946. According to this decision, military counterintelligence was included in the USSR MGB as an independent 3rd Main Directorate of the USSR MGB. The 1st and 2nd Directorates of the USSR MGB were also transformed into Main Directorates. In addition, new directorates and independent departments emerged. As a result of these changes, the structure of the USSR MGB acquired the following form:

1 Main Directorate (intelligence);

2 Main Directorate (counterintelligence);

3 Main Directorate (military counterintelligence);

4th Directorate (search) (managed the search for “foreign intelligence agents abandoned in the USSR, and other enemy elements”) (the previously existing 4th Directorate for organizing terror and sabotage behind enemy lines during the war was abolished by order of the USSR Ministry of State Security No. 00447 of October 9 1946);

5 management (operational);

6 control (encryption-decryption);

Transport Department (security service for transport);

Security Directorate No. 1 (security of I.V. Stalin);

Security Department No. 2 (security of other party and government leaders);

Office of the Commandant of the Moscow Kremlin;

Department "A" (accounting and archiving);

Department "B" (operational equipment);

Department "B" (correspondence reading);

Department "D" (examination and forgery of documents) (separated from department "B");

Department "K" (Chekist surveillance at nuclear industry facilities);

Department "O" (operational work on the clergy of all denominations) (separated from Department 2);

Department "R" (radio counterintelligence);

Department "C" (translation and processing of materials on the atomic problem. In 1946, the functions of this department were transferred to the 1st Main Directorate of the MGB);

Department "T" (fighting "individuals voicing terrorist threats against party and Soviet leaders");

Investigative unit for particularly important cases (with management rights);

Department "DR" (service for carrying out sabotage and acts of individual terror);

Department "DN" (disinformation service) (in fact, this department was not created);

Administrative, economic and financial management (AHFM);

Human Resources Department;

Inspectorate under the Minister;

Secretariat of the USSR MGB;

Legal Bureau of the USSR MGB.

In the second half of 1946, several more significant reorganizations of some structural units of the central apparatus of the USSR MGB took place. Based on the results of checking the work of the NKGB - MGB of the USSR, reflected in the act of acceptance and transfer of cases from the former minister Merkulov to the new one - Abakumov, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks adopted decision P 53/39 of August 20, 1946 on the need to change the structure of the MGB of the USSR. As a result, the following were created:

Operational Equipment Department (OOT) (production of operational equipment and supply of it local authorities) (the use of operational equipment remained the prerogative of department “B”);

Prison Department (management of MGB prisons both in the center and on the periphery) (organized by order of the USSR MGB No. 00396 of September 27, 1946);

A special meeting with the minister (to make out-of-court decisions on investigative cases conducted by the MGB). (The staff of the secretariat of the OSO MGB of the USSR was announced by order of the MGB of the USSR No. 00496 of November 2, 1946);

Administration of affairs (was organized on the basis of AHFU);

Economic management (organized on the basis of AHFU;)

Financial department (organized on the basis of AHFU).

At the end of 1946, a reorganization of the security apparatus of the country's leaders took place. By order of the USSR MGB No. 00558 of December 25, 1946, security departments No. 1 and No. 2 and the Office of the Commandant of the Moscow Kremlin were merged into the Main Security Directorate of the USSR MGB.

Basically, this structure of the USSR MGB remained until March 1953, before the merger of the MGB with the Ministry of Internal Affairs, however, it was constantly changing in detail. There was consolidation or disaggregation operational departments, their work profile changed, and, finally, the organization of new structural units took place, associated with the transfer of part of the functions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the MGB. This was explained by the growing influence of Abakumov, his desire to reassign part of the apparatus of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to himself, on the one hand, and Stalin’s desire to create a powerful centralized state security service, on the other.

Already in January 1947, a joint order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of State Security of the USSR No. 0074/0029 dated January 21, 1947 formalized the transfer of internal troops from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the MGB. The Main Directorate of Internal Troops of the MGB was formed. The regular number of troops was 68,582 people.

By order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of State Security of the USSR No. 0075/0030 of January 21, 1947, the transport police were transferred from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the Transport Department of the Ministry of State Security of the USSR. Soon, by order of the USSR MGB No. 00322 dated June 19, 1947, the Main Security Directorate of the USSR MGB was organized at railway and water transport. The basis for this reorganization was Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 2104-556SS dated June 17, 1947.

However, Stalin, strengthening the influence of the MGB in affairs within the country, deprived the MGB of one of the most important and traditional areas of application of forces: foreign intelligence. It was decided to unite all intelligence departments and services of the USSR (1 Main Directorate of the USSR Ministry of State Security, Main Intelligence Directorate of the MVS, intelligence and information structures Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Trade, etc.) into a single apparatus.

By decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 1789-470ss of May 30, 1947, the Committee of Information (CI) under the Council of Ministers of the USSR was created, headed by V.M. Molotov.

In the structure of the USSR MGB, 1 Main Directorate was abolished due to the transfer of the functions of this department to the CI under the USSR Council of Ministers.

To summarize counterintelligence work and compile reference books, textbooks and information bulletins, by order of the USSR Ministry of State Security No. 00426 of August 22, 1947, a Special Bureau was organized under the minister.

1948

Based on the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 1130-405ss of April 6, 1948, by joint order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of State Security of the USSR No. 00369/0141 of April 9, 1948, troops for the protection of particularly important industrial facilities and railways were transferred from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the MGB. The number of troops was 7301 people.

In accordance with Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 3271 of September 17, 1947, by order of the USSR MGB No. 332 of July 28, 1948, the Central Accounting Department of the USSR MGB was organized.

1949

The State Repository of Valuables (GOKHRAN) was transferred from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the MGB. In this regard, on April 21, 1949, a special department of the USSR MGB was created.

In 1949, the external surveillance and installation service, i.e. operational functions were separated from the 5th directorate of the USSR MGB and by order of the USSR MGB No. 00293 dated September 10, 1949, an independent 7th directorate of the USSR MGB (operational) was created. In accordance with this decision, by order of the USSR MGB No. 00386 dated December 6, 1949, a new structure of the 5th Directorate of the USSR MGB was approved. Department "O" was abolished, and its functions were transferred to the 5th department. Now the main task of the 5th Directorate was to fight hostile and anti-Soviet elements, work against clerics and search for the authors and distributors of anti-Soviet leaflets and anonymous documents, i.e. functions of secret political management.

In 1949, changes also occurred in the Information Committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Military intelligence was returned to the Ministry of the Armed Forces, and the CI itself was now listed under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR. The functions of the CI under the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs continued to be reduced. External counterintelligence and security work in Soviet colonies abroad were transferred to the USSR MGB, where for these purposes the First Directorate was created by order of the USSR MGB No. 00333 of October 17, 1949.

By joint order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of State Security of the USSR No. 00968/00334 dated October 17, 1949, the border troops and police, as well as the Military Construction Directorate (MAD), were transferred from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the MGB. Accordingly, the USSR MGB now included the Main Directorate of Border Troops, the Main Directorate of Police and the Military Construction Directorate.

Based on the decision of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of September 19, 1949, all encryption and decryption work from the MGB was transferred to the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and, accordingly, the 6th department of the MGB was liquidated. This was formalized by order of the USSR Ministry of State Security No. 00369 dated November 15, 1949, and the Main Directorate of Special Services (GUSS) of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was created in the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

1950

To ensure its own encryption communications and decryption, an encryption department was created in the USSR MGB by order No. 0035 of January 11, 1950; according to order of the USSR MGB No. 00443 of August 18, 1950, it became known as Department “C”.

Based on resolutions of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks No. P 77/309 and P 77/310 dated September 9, 1950 in the USSR MGB on the basis of the “DR” department ( special service) were created as departments subordinate directly to the minister:

Bureau No. 1 (by order of the USSR Ministry of State Security No. 00532 of September 28, 1950) for carrying out sabotage and terror abroad;

Bureau No. 2 (by order of the USSR Ministry of State Security No. 00533 of September 28, 1950) for carrying out terror (kidnappings and murders) in the USSR.

In accordance with the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 3077-1286ss of July 14, 1950 on the transfer of special settlements from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the MGB (announced by a joint order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the MGB of the USSR No. 00464/00392 of July 21, 1950) to the MGB of the USSR (order of the MGB of the USSR No. 00552 dated November 16, 1950) the 9th Directorate of the USSR Ministry of State Security was organized to supervise exiles, deportees and special settlers. According to the staff announced by order of the USSR Ministry of State Security No. 0033 of January 15, 1951, the 9th Directorate consisted of five departments:

1st department - work on the regime, supervision, agent observation and study of the behavior, connections, mood of exiles, deportees and special settlers in order to prevent escapes and timely prevention of enemy manifestations (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, the central and northern zone of the USSR);

2nd department - the same (Urals, Siberia and Far East);

3rd department - preparation of resettlement sites, movement of contingents, accounting and information;

4th department - management of search units;

5th department - work on considering complaints, statements, investigative cases and giving conclusions on them.

On November 13, 1950, by order of the USSR MGB, the staff of a new structural unit in the Central Office of the MGB was announced - the Military Supply Directorate (UVS MGB USSR).

In accordance with the fact that the police were transferred to the MGB and all records and files of criminals were transferred there during 1950, the work of department “A” (recording and archival) was restructured by order of the USSR MGB No. 00565 of November 28, 1950 : sectors were created in the department instead of departments and a new regulation on Department “A” was adopted.

By the decision of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on December 31, 1950, a Collegium of 19 members was created in the USSR MGB.

1951

In accordance with the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 1482-748ss of May 6, 1951, by order of the USSR MGB No. 0034 of May 19, 1951, the internal troops of the MGB and the government communications troops were reorganized into the internal security of the MGB. The Main Directorate of Internal Security (GUVO) of the USSR Ministry of State Security was organized.

By order of the USSR MGB on July 18, 1951, the Military Prosecutor's Offices and Military Tribunals of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Troops were renamed the Military Prosecutor's Offices and Military Tribunals of the USSR MGB Troops.

By order of the USSR MGB No. 00783 of October 27, 1951, the Mobilization Department of the USSR MGB was organized.

In 1951, foreign intelligence was returned to the MGB from the CI under the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs. By order of the USSR MGB No. 00796 of November 2, 1951, the 1st Main Directorate (Intelligence) of the USSR MGB was created, which included the entire 1st directorate with its own staff and personnel.

1952

In accordance with the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 615-200ss of February 2, 1952, by order of the USSR Ministry of State Security No. 00100 of February 14, 1952, the Administration and the Economic Administration were merged into the Administrative and Economic Administration (AHU). At the same time, an independent Planning Department of the USSR Ministry of State Security was organized.

By order of the USSR MGB No. 00329 of May 23, 1952, the Main Directorate of the USSR MGB was transformed into the Security Directorate (DO) of the USSR MGB. The head of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of State Security, Lieutenant General N.S. Vlasik, was removed from work, and the leadership of the security of the leaders of the party and government was entrusted to the Minister of State Security S.D. Ignatiev (part-time).

In accordance with the order of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 11826rs of May 16, 1952, by order of the USSR Ministry of State Security No. 00383 of June 7, 1952, the Directorate was organized educational institutions MGB USSR.

In accordance with Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 3851-1539с of August 22, 1952, by order of the USSR MGB No. 00763 of September 12, 1952, the Main Directorate of the USSR MGB for control and inspection of departmental security was organized.

1953

On the initiative of I.V. Stalin, a decision was made by the Bureau of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee BP 7/12-op dated December 30, 1952 to unite the 1st and 2nd Main Directorates and a number of other divisions of the central apparatus of the MGB into the Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) of the MGB of the USSR. This decision was announced by order of the USSR Ministry of State Security No. 006 dated January 5, 1953. At the same time, Stalin decided to reorganize the entire external surveillance service and operational work of the 7th Directorate. However, these projects (the formation of the GRU and the reorganization of the 7th Directorate) were not completed and their staffing was never approved until Stalin’s death.

By order of the USSR Ministry of State Security No. 0085 of January 26, 1953, the Central Bureau of Rationalization and Invention was organized.