The United Nations is an organization of sovereign nations representing almost all of humanity. It has as its central goal the maintenance of international peace and security. Additionally, its purposes call for the development of friendly relations among nations based on equal rights and self-determination of peoples and, through international co-operation, the solution of problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature.
The United Nations is the meeting-place where representatives of all member states - great and small, rich and poor, with varying political views and social systems - have a voice and an equal vote in shaping a common course of action.
The United Nations has played, and continues to play, an active role in reducing tension in the world, preventing conflicts and putting an end to fighting already under way.
There are six main organs of the United Nations - the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the Secretariat and the International Court of Justice. The Court has its seat at the Hague, Netherlands. All other organs are based at the United Nations Headquarters in New York.
Members of the General Assembly talk to each other in many languages, but officially there are only six - Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.
The Secretariat services the other bodies of the United Nations and administers the programs and policies laid down by them. Over 20,000 men and women are employed by the United Nations with about one-third of them at the Headquarters and the other two-thirds stationed around the globe. Staff members are recruited primarily from member states and are drawn from more than 140 nations. As international civil servants, each takes an oath not to seek or receive instructions from any government or outside authority.
Working for the United Nations, mostly "behind the scenes" at the Headquarters, are linguists, economists, editors, social scientists, legal experts, librarians, journalists, statisticians, broadcasters, personnel officers, administrators and experts in all the varied fields of activity covered by the United Nations. They prepare the reports and studies requested by various bodies of the United Nations; they issue press releases and produce publications, broadcasts and films giving information about the United Nations; and they perform the administrative duties needed to implement resolutions adopted by the various authorities. In addition, there are stenographers, clerks, engineers and technicians, tour guides and also a body of security officers in blue-gray uniforms who arc responsible for the security of the United Nations Headquarters. At the head of the Secretariat is the Secretary-General.
The main Headquarters of the United Nations are based in New York. The United Nations Organization Secretariat occupies the higher building. The General Assembly is held in the lower building.
The creation of the UN was an important historical milestone - the United Nations became the guarantor of peace and the ability to resolve conflicts without global military action. It was also a response to World War II.
How and when was the UN created?
The year of the end of the last world war and the year of the creation of the UN coincide - it is 1945. Then representatives from fifty countries around the world gathered in San Francisco to create a special organization. This conference was preceded by a meeting in Dumbarton Oaks - then representatives of Great Britain, China, the United States and the Soviet Union developed proposals for the charter of this organization. The meeting at Dumbarton Oaks took place from April to October 1944, and on June 26, the draft charter was signed by representatives of 50 powers. This day is considered the date of the creation of the UN.
Rice. 1. Signing ceremony of the UN Charter.
Poland was not present at the signing ceremony, but later also signed the document and became one of the founding states, which thus became 51.
The main reason for the creation of the United Nations is to prevent another world war, which could lead to even greater human casualties than the first and second.
Goals of the United Nations
They are enshrined in the Charter and mainly concern issues of maintaining peace and security. That is, the main goal of the UN is to resolve conflicts on an international scale exclusively by peaceful means and prevent threats to peace.
In addition, the UN deals with issues of cooperation on an international scale and in a variety of fields, from social and economic to cultural.
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Rice. 2. UN meeting.
To date, 193 states have already received UN membership. The last state to date to be admitted to the organization was South Sudan (July 14, 2011).
Structure of the United Nations
The main body of the UN is the General Assembly, in which all member states are represented (strictly 1 vote each).
But the main responsibility for maintaining peace lies with another body - the Security Council. It includes five permanent representatives - from Russia, China, America, Britain and France, as well as 10 non-permanent ones, which change every two years. They are elected by the General Assembly. Thus, there are fifteen members of the Security Council in total.
It also has a number of other bodies and a Secretary General. This person is elected for five years and can be re-elected an unlimited number of times, but to date no Secretary General has held this position for more than 10 years. The first UN Secretary General was the British Gladwin Jebb, who served for less than a year. After that, representatives from Norway, Sweden, Burma, Austria, Peru and Egypt, as well as Ghana, were elected to office. Today, the duties of UN Secretary General are performed by Ban Ki-moon from South Korea.
Rice. 3. Ban Ki-moon.
The headquarters of the United Nations is located in New York.
What have we learned?
When and for what reasons was the United Nations created, that is, the history of the creation of the UN was briefly outlined. We learned what goals this organization pursues - it was created in order to maintain peace and promote the resolution of conflicts between states through peaceful means. We learned what its structure is: that the two main bodies are the General Assembly and the Security Council, and the important figure is the Secretary General. Where is the headquarters of this organization and what other important international issues does it deal with?
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April 25 marks the 65th anniversary of the day when delegates from 50 countries gathered in San Francisco for the United Nations conference on the creation of an international organization - the UN. During the conference, delegates prepared a charter of 111 articles, which was adopted on June 25.
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization of states created to maintain and strengthen international peace, security, and develop cooperation between countries.
The name United Nations, proposed by United States President Franklin Roosevelt, was first used in the Declaration of the United Nations on January 1, 1942, when, during World War II, representatives of 26 states pledged on behalf of their governments to continue the joint struggle against the countries of the Nazi bloc.
The first contours of the UN were outlined at a conference in Washington at the Dumbarton Oaks mansion. In two series of meetings held from September 21 to October 7, 1944, the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and China agreed on the goals, structure, and functions of the world organization.
On February 11, 1945, after meetings in Yalta, the leaders of the United States, Great Britain and the USSR, Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin, declared their determination to establish “a universal international organization for the maintenance of peace and security.”
On April 25, 1945, representatives from 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on the Establishment of an International Organization to develop the UN Charter.
Delegates from countries representing over 80% of the world's population gathered in San Francisco. The Conference was attended by 850 delegates, and together with their advisers, delegation staff and the Conference secretariat, the total number of persons taking part in the work of the Conference reached 3,500. In addition, there were more than 2,500 representatives of the press, radio and newsreels, as well as observers from various societies and organizations. The San Francisco Conference was not only one of the most important in history, but in all likelihood also the largest international gathering ever held.
The agenda of the Conference included proposals developed by representatives of China, the Soviet Union, Great Britain and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks, on the basis of which the delegates were to develop a Charter acceptable to all states.
The Charter was signed on June 26, 1945 by representatives of 50 countries. Poland, not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became the 51st founding state.
The UN has officially existed since October 24, 1945. - to this day, the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, the United States and most of the other signatory states. October 24 is celebrated annually as United Nations Day.
The preamble to the Charter speaks of the determination of the peoples of the United Nations to “save succeeding generations from the scourge of war.”
The purposes of the UN, as enshrined in its Charter, are the maintenance of international peace and security, the prevention and elimination of threats to peace, and the suppression of acts of aggression, the settlement or resolution by peaceful means of international disputes, the development of friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples; implementation of international cooperation in economic, social, cultural and humanitarian fields, promotion and development of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction of race, gender, language and religion.
UN members have pledged to act in accordance with the following principles: sovereign equality of states; resolution of international disputes by peaceful means; refusal in international relations to threaten or use force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state.
192 states of the world are members of the UN.
Main organs of the UN:
- The UN General Assembly (UNGA) is the main deliberative body, consisting of representatives of all UN member states (each of them has 1 vote).
- The UN Security Council operates constantly. According to the Charter, the Security Council is entrusted with primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. If all ways of peaceful resolution of the conflict have been used, the Security Council is competent to send observers or troops to maintain peace in conflict areas in order to ease tension and separate the troops of the warring parties.
Over the entire existence of the UN, UN peacekeeping forces have carried out about 40 peacekeeping operations.
- The UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is authorized to conduct research and compile reports on international issues in the field of economic, social, culture, education, health, human rights, ecology, etc., and make recommendations to the General Assembly on any of them.
- The International Court of Justice, the main judicial body established in 1945, resolves legal disputes between states with their consent and provides advisory opinions on legal issues.
- The UN Secretariat was created to ensure proper conditions for the organization’s activities. The Secretariat is headed by the chief administrative official of the UN - the UN Secretary General (since January 1, 2007 - Ban Ki-moon (Korea).
The UN has a number of its own specialized agencies - international intergovernmental organizations on economic, social and humanitarian issues (UNESCO, WHO, FAO, IMF, ILO, UNIDO and others) associated with the UN, through ECOSOC, and international agreements. Most UN members are members of UN specialized agencies.
The UN common system also includes autonomous organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
The official languages of the UN and its organizations are English, Arabic, Spanish, Chinese, Russian and French.
The UN headquarters is located in New York.
The UN is a Nobel Peace Prize winner. In 2001, the award “For contribution to the creation of a more organized world and the strengthening of world peace” was awarded jointly to the organization and its Secretary General Kofi Annan. In 1988, the UN Peacekeeping Forces received the Nobel Peace Prize.
The material was prepared based on information from open sources
Russian-English translation of the UN
abbr. from the United Nations
U.N.O. (United Nations Organization) object-oriented programming term referring to the jargon of students at the University and colleges of Oxford
Russian-English short dictionary of general vocabulary. Russian-English short dictionary of general vocabulary. 2012
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More meanings of the word and translation of UN from English into Russian in English-Russian dictionaries and from Russian into English in Russian-English dictionaries.
More meanings of this word and English-Russian, Russian-English translations for the word “UN” in dictionaries.
- UNO (United Nations Organization)
English-Russian-English dictionary of general vocabulary - Collection of the best dictionaries - UN - (United Nations Organization) uno (unified nations organization) abbr. from the United Nations U.N.O. (United Nations Organization)
- UN - abbr. from the United Nations U.N.O. (United Nations Organization)
Russian-English dictionary of general topics - UN
Russian-English dictionary - UN - (United Nations Organization) UNO (United Nations Organization)
Russian-English Smirnitsky abbreviations dictionary - UN - (united nations organization) uno (unated nations organization)
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Russian-English explanatory dictionary of terms and abbreviations for VT, Internet and programming - UN
- UN - abbr. from the United Nations U.N.O. (United Nations Organization) (United Nations Organization) UNO (United Nations Organization)
Large Russian-English Dictionary - UN - un uno
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United Nations- is the largest - universal in the range of problems considered and worldwide in territorial coverage.
The name was proposed during World War II by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Created by 50 countries on October 24, 1945, The UN united 191 countries by 2005.
In accordance with the UN Charter, its main goals are:
- maintaining international peace and security;
- development of friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples;
- implementation of cooperation in resolving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature and respect for human rights;
- coordination of actions of nations in achieving common goals.
The basic principles of the UN: sovereign equality of all members, conscientious fulfillment of accepted obligations, peaceful resolution of international disputes, refraining from the threat of force. The UN Charter does not give the right to intervene in matters within the internal competence of an individual state.
The UN system has a complex organizational structure:
- The main bodies of the UN (the UN itself).
- UN programs and bodies.
- Specialized agencies and other independent organizations within the UN system.
- Other organizations, committees and related bodies.
- Organizations that are not part of the UN system, but are associated with it through cooperation agreements.
UN bodies
Established by the Charter six main organs of the United Nations: General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice, Secretariat.
General Assembly(GA) is the main deliberative body of the UN. She consists of representatives of all member countries having one vote each. Decisions on issues of peace and security, admission of new members, and budget issues are made by a two-thirds vote. For other issues, a simple majority vote is sufficient. Sessions of the General Assembly usually take place in September each year. Each time a new chairman, 21 vice-chairmen, and chairmen of the six main committees of the Assembly are elected. The first committee deals with issues of disarmament and international security, the second with economics and finance, the third with social and humanitarian issues, the fourth with special political issues and decolonization, the fifth with administrative and budgetary issues, and the sixth with legal issues. The post of Chairman of the Assembly is occupied in turn by representatives of African, Asian, Eastern European, Latin American (including the Caribbean), and Western European states. The decisions of the GA are not legally binding. They express world public opinion on a particular issue.
Security Council(Security Council) is responsible for maintaining international peace. It investigates and recommends methods for resolving disputes, including urging UN members to use economic sanctions to prevent aggression; takes military action against the aggressor; plans arms regulation; recommends the admission of new members; provides guardianship in strategic areas. The Council consists of five permanent members - China, France, the Russian Federation (successor to the USSR), Great Britain and the United States of America - and ten members elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms. A decision on procedural issues is considered adopted if at least 9 out of 15 votes (two thirds) vote for it. When voting on issues of substance, it is necessary that out of 9 votes, all five permanent members of the Security Council vote in favor - the rule of “unanimity of the great powers”.
If a permanent member does not agree with the decision, he can veto (ban). If a permanent member does not want to block a decision, she can abstain from voting.
Economic and Social Council coordinates related issues and specialized agencies and institutions, known as the “family” of UN agencies. These bodies are connected with the UN by special agreements and submit reports to the Economic and Social Council and (or) the General Assembly.
The ECOSOC subsidiary mechanism includes:
- nine functional commissions (Commission for Social Development, etc.);
- five regional commissions (Economic Commission for Africa, etc.);
- four standing committees: Committee on Program and Coordination, Commission on Human Settlements, Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations, Committee on Negotiations with Intergovernmental Organizations;
- a number of expert bodies;
- executive committees and councils of various UN bodies: UN Development Program, World Food Program, etc.
Guardianship Council monitors the trust territories and promotes the development of their self-government. The Council consists of five permanent members of the Security Council. In 1994, the Security Council terminated the Trusteeship Agreement as all 11 original trust territories gained political independence or joined neighboring states.
international Court, located in The Hague (Netherlands), resolves legal disputes between states that are parties to its Statute, which automatically includes all members of the UN. Private individuals cannot appeal to the International Court of Justice. According to the Statute (statute of rights and duties), the Court uses international conventions; international custom as evidence of general practice; general principles of law recognized by nations; court decisions of the most qualified specialists from different countries. The court consists of 15 judges elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council, who vote independently. They are elected on the basis of qualifications, not citizenship. There cannot be two citizens from the same country on the Court.
UN Secretariat has the most diverse functions. This is a permanent body that carries out all document flow, including translations from one language to another, organization of international conferences, communication with the press, etc. The Secretariat staff consists of about 9,000 people from around the world. The UN Secretary-General, the chief administrative officer, is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a five-year term and may be re-elected for a further term. Kofi Annan (Ghana) took office on January 1, 1997. On January 1, 2007, a new Secretary General, Ban Ki-Moon (former head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of South Korea), took office. He spoke out in favor of reforming the UN for the sake of the future of this organization. The authority of the Secretary-General is very essential for the implementation of preventive diplomacy in order to prevent the emergence of international conflicts. All Secretariat personnel have the status of international civil servants and take an oath undertaking not to carry out instructions emanating from any state or organization other than the UN.
UN budget
The regular budget of the UN, excluding specialized agencies and UN programs, is approved by the GA for a two-year period. The main source of funds is contributions from member states, which are calculated based on the country's solvency, in particular according to criteria such as share in and per country. The scale of assessment of contributions established by the Assembly is subject to change from 25% of the budget to 0.001%. Share contributions to the budget are: USA - 25%, Japan - 18%, Germany - 9.6%, France - 6.5%, Italy - 5.4%, UK - 5.1%, RF - 2.9% , Spain - 2.6%, Ukraine - 1.7%, China - 0.9%. States that are not members of the UN, but participate in a number of its activities, can participate in UN expenses in the following ratio: Switzerland - 1.2%, Vatican - 0.001%. The revenue side of the budget fluctuates on average around $2.5 billion. Of the 13 expenditure items, more than 50% of expenditures are for General Policy Implementation, Direction and Coordination; general support and support service; regional cooperation for development.
UN programs
However, the UN “family” or the UN system of agencies is broader. It covers 15 institutions and several programs and bodies. These are the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), as well as such a specialized organization as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). These bodies are connected with the UN by special agreements and submit reports to the Economic and Social Council and (or) the General Assembly. They have their own budgets and governing bodies.
UNCTAD
UN Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD). It was established in 1964 as the main GA body on these issues, primarily to accelerate trade and economic development, which, having gained political independence, have significant problems in establishing themselves in world markets. UNCTAD has 188 member states. The Russian Federation and other countries are members of this organization. The annual operating budget, financed from the UN regular budget, is approximately $50 million. The headquarters is located in Geneva (Switzerland).
Organizational structure of UNCTAD
UNCTAD Conference- the highest governing body. Conference sessions are held every four years at the ministerial level to determine the main directions of work.
Trade and Development Council— an executive body that ensures continuity of work between sessions. Working groups on medium-term planning and financing of programs. Joint Consultative Group on the Activities of the UNCTAD-WTO International Trade Centre.
Standing committees and temporary working groups. Four standing committees were created: on commodities; on poverty reduction; on economic cooperation between developed countries; Development Committee, as well as the Select Committee on Preferences and the Intergovernmental Panel on Restrictive Business Practices.
Secretariat is part of the UN Secretariat. It includes policy coordination and external relations services, nine departments(commodities, services development and trade efficiency, economic cooperation among developing countries and special programs, global interdependence, and science and technology, least developed countries, program management and support services) and integrated units working with regional commissions. The Secretariat serves two subsidiary bodies of ECOSOC— Commission on International Investment and Transnational Corporations and Commission on Science and Technology for Development.
Under the auspices of UNCTAD, a number of international commodity agreements have been concluded, study groups on commodities have been created with the participation of producing and consuming countries, a Common Fund for Commodities has been established, and dozens of conventions and agreements have been signed.
From 14 to 18 July 2004, the XIth session of the UNCTAD Conference was held in Sao Paulo (Brazil) - “Increasing coherence between national strategies and global economic processes for the benefit of developing countries in particular.” showed their desire for full participation in international trade and self-reliance, including through the expansion of South-South trade. Consolidation on the issue of agricultural subsidies used by developed countries allowed the Group of 77 to express their joint position at the 6th WTO Conference. UNCTAD uses a group principle of work: member states are divided into groups according to socio-economic and geographical principles. Developing countries are united in the Group of 77. As a result of the XI session, a document was adopted - the “Consensus of Sao Paulo”, aimed at promoting the adaptation of national development strategies to the conditions of globalization and strengthening the potential of developing countries. The 3rd round of trade negotiations was announced under the auspices of UNCTAD under the Global System of Trade Preferences (GSTP), which has been in place since 1971. This system provides for the reduction or elimination of customs duties by all industrialized countries (IDCs) on trade with developing countries by on a non-reciprocal basis, i.e. without the requirement of reciprocal trade and political concessions. In practice, many industrialized countries have achieved various exemptions from their preference schemes. However, the Global System of Trade Preferences promotes the expansion of exports of processed products from economically weak countries.
Independent UN agencies
Independent specialized agencies operating within the UN system include International Labor Organization(ILO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), (IMF), World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), etc.
The growing gap between poor and rich countries, the increasing danger of global conflicts (the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 in the USA) stimulate the search for solutions to the problems of regulation and financing of development around the world. In this context two forums were held under the auspices of the UN in 2002: World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg (South Africa) - from August 26 to September 4 and the International Conference on Financing for Development in Monterrey (Mexico) - from March 18 to 22. As a result of the meetings, the Johannesburg Declaration and the Monterrey Consensus were adopted, respectively. At a meeting in South Africa special emphasis was placed on collective responsibility for socio-economic development, ecology at all levels from local to global. The need for cooperation in areas such as water supply and sanitation, energy, health, agriculture and biodiversity was noted. In Mexico, the problem of sustainable development of the world was considered from the point of view of its financing. It is recognized that there are severe shortages of resources needed to achieve the goals of overcoming poverty and inequality set out in the UN Millennium Declaration. Methods for solving the problem corresponding to the liberal idea of development are proposed:
Mobilization of national financial resources of developing countries through improved efficiency and consistency and the fight against corruption at all levels.
Mobilization of international resources, including (FDI) and other private resources.
- the most important and often the only external source of development financing. It is recognized that there are serious trade imbalances caused by export subsidies from industrialized countries and the abuse of anti-dumping, technical, sanitary and phytosanitary measures. Developing countries (DCs) and countries with economies in transition (ETCs) are concerned about tariff spikes and tariff escalation by industrialized countries (IDCs). It is recognized that it is necessary to include effective and functional provisions for Special and Differential Treatment for developing countries in trade agreements.
Increased international financial and technical cooperation for development means an increase in official development assistance (ODA). The Conference called on the DSP to make concrete efforts to achieve the target of 0.7% of ODA for developing countries and 0.15-0.2% of their GNP from developed countries for the needs of least developed countries.
It is an element of resource mobilization for public and private investment. It is recognized that debtors and creditors must share responsibility for preventing and resolving situations involving unsustainable levels of debt.
Improvement global economic governance systems involves expanding the circle of participants in the decision-making process on development issues and eliminating organizational gaps. It is necessary to strengthen the involvement of developing countries and countries with economies in transition in the decision-making process in the Bank for International Settlements, the Basel Committee and the Financial Stability Forum
Critics of the Monterrey Consensus point out that, as in the case of the Washington Consensus, developed countries proceed from a liberal model of development, emphasizing the need to find resources for development within developing countries and with the help of the private sector. Developed countries themselves do not make any clear commitments regarding the redistribution of resources. Accordingly, it is almost impossible to bridge the gap between poverty and wealth.
The issue of fair representation in the Security Council and the expansion of its composition, which was brought up for discussion by the UN General Assembly, was not resolved.
The Russian position is to support any expansion option, subject to broad agreement between all interested countries.
Thus, there are several mutually exclusive approaches to reforming the UN Security Council, which implies an indefinite duration of the transformation process.
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