You know that politics is of an active nature and is associated with issues of conquest, retention and implementation state power, political interests of large social groups.
People's attention to politics has always varied, as has the degree, form political participation. However, complete indifference to political problems- an infrequent phenomenon, apparently because the development of society and, therefore, the life of each person, and sometimes his fate, largely depends on politics.
According to psychologists, participation in politics satisfies a person’s natural need for communication, but at a higher level. Such communication gives a powerful impetus to personal development.
^ POLITICAL LIFE AS A SYSTEM
Political life at first glance seems to be an endless chain of chaotic, rapidly changing and unpredictable phenomena and events. People tried to comprehend it, as you know, back in ancient times. However, only in the 20th century. came the understanding of politics as a single, complexly organized mechanism - political system. Its structural elements (components) include: 1. Organizational (state, political parties, socio-political movements). 2. Normative (political, legal, moral norms and values, customs and traditions). 3. Cultural ( political ideology, political culture). 4. Communicative (from lat. communicatio - communication, communication) (forms of interaction, connections, communication within the political system, as well as between the political system and society).
In the process of interaction of all these structural elements political power is exercised. Let us recall that political power is the process of developing, adopting and implementing political decisions (laws, doctrines, treaties, etc.). On their basis, influence is carried out on certain aspects of social life, i.e. political management. Its purpose is to ensure the stability and development of society, to give a coordinated character to the joint activities of people. This is precisely the main purpose of the political system as an integral mechanism for the implementation of political power and political management.
Each element of the political system has its own characteristics and makes a certain contribution to the overall goal. Let's take a closer look at their essence and roles.
^ THE STATE IS THE MAIN INSTITUTION OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM
The concept of “state” is used in a broad and narrow sense. In the first meaning, the state is identified with society and is interpreted as a state-organized community - a union of people living in a given territory. In the second, it is, as it were, separated from society and considered as a political organization that differs from other, say, political parties in a number of ways.
The main distinguishing feature of a state is sovereignty, i.e. supreme power within the country and independence in relations with other countries. Being sovereign, state power, firstly, extends to the entire population, to all non-governmental organizations. Secondly, it is endowed with the exclusive right to issue laws and other regulations that are binding on all, to administer justice, to establish and collect taxes and fees. Thirdly, the state has special bodies and institutions, including coercion (army, police, prisons, etc.).
The presence of monopoly rights and powerful organizational, financial, and military levers of influence on society puts the state in special position. It acts as the main institution of the political system.
The main directions of the state's activities to guide society are embodied in its functions. (Think about what socially significant functions were inherent in the state at various stages social development. How and why did they change?)
Today to the most significant functions democratic states include: ensuring economic development, social protection, protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens, law and order, democracy (internal), as well as the defense of the country and mutually beneficial cooperation with other countries (external). Functions, as is known, characterize the internal (economic, social, legal, etc.) and foreign policy of the state. Thus, the economic function is expressed in the regulation of economic processes with the help of taxes, loans, creating incentives for economic growth, etc.; social function - in providing social guarantees youth, elderly, disabled people, etc.
Hence, we're talking about not at all about gross government intervention in daily life people, not about the subordination of society to the state, which often happened in the history of different countries. (Give examples.) On the contrary, the designated functions are a kind of obligations of the state to society and are reflected in the structure and activities of the state apparatus.
The state apparatus is a complex government agencies and institutions through which state power and public administration are exercised.
Government bodies include: legislative (representative), executive, judicial. Everyone is endowed with competence (a set of rights and obligations), authority (the right to act on behalf of the state within the limits of their powers) and solves specific problems. So, legislatures(parliaments: Federal Assembly
tion in Russia, Congress in the USA, National Assembly in France) develop and pass laws whose norms regulate public relations and consolidate public policy. For example, the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation established the foundations economic policy oriented towards the development of a market economy. Subsequent regulations gave the general political line a concrete character. Executive bodies(governments) implement laws. Judicial authorities administer justice (court) and, together with the prosecutor's office, which supervises the implementation of laws, are part of law enforcement agencies.
We emphasize that the daily practical work of implementing legislative decisions belongs to the executive (managerial) bodies. They usually accompany the organization of the implementation of the law with administrative measures. For example, implementing the requirement of the Russian Federation Law “On Competition and Restriction of Monopolistic Activities”, the Russian Government established tax rates unfavorable for monopolists and introduced restrictions on production individual species products, etc. Executive bodies enshrine their orders in by-laws and monitor their implementation. In addition, relying on the notary, tax police, state security services, etc., they carry out a number of law enforcement functions: ensuring law and order, legality, public interests, rights and freedoms of citizens.
The executive branch, within the framework of its powers, carries out all types of activities of the state apparatus: making decisions, organizing their execution, monitoring their implementation. Therefore, administrative bodies are called the state apparatus in the narrow sense. At the same time, their administrative(executive-administrative) nature.
Currently, in all industrialized countries of the world, the state administrative apparatus is a powerful and extensive system of ministries, departments, management services of state-owned enterprises, specialized committees, commissions, etc. According to existing data, it employs 8% of the population - civil servants. Among them there are officials (managers, supervisors) who, by virtue of their positions, are endowed with greater powers than ordinary employees.
Civil servants work on a permanent and professional basis. Unlike high-ranking officials (presidents, deputies, ministers), they do not depend on elections and government crises, and therefore form a stable backbone of the state apparatus. From the professional qualities of civil servants, their compliance with discipline, legal and ethical standards depends on both the development and implementation of political decisions and the effectiveness of public administration. Therefore, today in many countries of the world there is a rather strict competitive selection of people for public service.
We emphasize that the state, being the main institution of the political system, is called upon to express and protect the interests of not a narrow circle of people ( political elite), but generally significant social interests and needs of citizens.
^ ROLE OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE POLITICAL SYSTEM
Among non-governmental organizations main role Political parties play a role in the political system. (Think why scientists date the formation of modern political parties to the 19th century.) They differ from socio-political movements and pressure groups presence of organization(professional apparatus in charge of party activities), political program and ideological foundations group activities(the party unites a group of like-minded people), the purpose of its activities (the conquest, retention and use of state power to realize the interests of certain social groups).
By organizational Based on this, parties are conventionally divided into mass and cadre. Mass parties are numerous associations with a complex organizational structure. They have permanent membership and sources of funding. Labor parties, for example, were created outside parliament on the initiative of the trade unions, which are collective members of these parties and finance them. Cadre (parliamentary) parties are characterized by significant internal freedom, the absence of usually fixed membership and a permanent source of funding. So, a member of the republican or democratic party in the United States, any American who supports the party financially or votes for it can declare themselves.
By ideological Parties are divided into conservative, liberal, socialist, communist, nationalist, clerical (religious), etc.
In democratic countries, due to the growth of the middle class, the social base of ideological extremes is significantly shrinking. (Think about what caused the emergence of fascist ideology in the 30s in Germany and Italy. Why is there still a wave of neo-fascism in some countries today?) In the new social conditions, there is a further convergence of the ideological and political foundations of most influential parties. They do not question the state-social structure and differ in their programs only on the issue of ways to improve society.
The main distinguishing feature of a political party is claim to state power, participation in power. At the same time, the goal of the party, as we found out, is to realize the interests of certain social forces. Modern parties come to power through competition with each other for votes in parliamentary elections, others power structures. Since social interests are embodied in programs, the voter essentially makes a choice between them. alternative options. It is no coincidence that we developed our own version of the policy ( political course) is one of the most important functions of parties. They carefully study the needs and demands of social groups and strata and highlight the most acute social contradictions. Based on the generalization of diverse information, general requirements are developed, which are given the character of political goals and paths for the development of society. Political programs usually emphasize the parties' intention to serve the interests of the entire people. Nevertheless, they reveal priorities that make parties representatives of certain social groups. Thus, the programs of the Social Democrats (Ireland, Norway, Sweden) are usually aimed at strengthening social policy in the interests of the most vulnerable segments of the population: women, youth, the elderly, and the unemployed. With the coming to power of social democratic parties, as a rule, the influence of trade unions spreads, spending on social needs increases, taxes increase, which reduces the income of part of the population. The program guidelines of conservatives (Republicans in the USA, CDU in Germany, conservatives in Great Britain), on the contrary, are aimed at realizing the interests of the wealthiest social groups and strata, big business. The policies of these parties revive business economic activity. At the same time, unemployment benefits are being reduced and social inequality is increasing.
Parties control the mechanism for nominating their candidates in elections and provide them with comprehensive support. Clearly outlining the circle social problems, they explain to voters their approaches to their decision, reveal advantages over alternative options, answer questions, and lead discussions. Thus, parties influence the political views and orientations of people, especially young people, swell the ranks of their supporters, and introduce them to politics. In other words, parties implement the function political socialization of citizens.
Many young people studying in colleges or universities become actively involved in political activities. By participating in election campaigns and political battles, working in certain committees, a young man gains political experience and develops in himself the qualities necessary for a professional politician. This is how many famous political figures began their careers (give examples). Hence, personnel training another function of parties.
They also perform mediating role between society and the state. Through parties, various social groups have the opportunity to express their attitude to the policies being pursued and even their protest, which often takes the form of party slogans and statements.
In addition to the state and political parties, the organizational component of the political system includes socio-political movements(youth, women's, environmental, etc.). They do not have the same organized design as parties, and are relatively amorphous and unstable formations.
^ POLITICAL NORMS
The activities of the political system are carried out on the basis of certain norms - legal, political, moral values, customs and traditions. They are interconnected and are rules political behavior and impact on society.
ABOUT moral standards You know a lot about politics. (Think, when solving what socially significant issues, professional politicians face the problem of moral choice. How does its solution affect the life of society?)
^ Legal regulations enshrined in laws and regulations: presidential decrees, government regulations, orders, orders of ministries, departments and other executive bodies.
^ Political norms contained in the Constitution, laws regulating political relations, political documents of the state and parties, international documents.
The division of norms into legal and political is conditional, because legal documents reinforce both policies and rules to a greater or lesser extent political activity. Political and legal norms are represented by public law (constitutional, part of administrative, financial, criminal and international) with the leading role of the constitution. Constitutional principles, establishing the foundations of state and social order, are at the same time the fundamental core values of the country. For example, in the economic sphere, this is equality of private and other forms of property, the creation of conditions that ensure decent life And free development person; in social - social security; in the spiritual - ideological diversity, etc. political sphere to core values democratic society relate constitutional state, human rights and freedoms, parliamentarism, multi-party system, etc. Being fixed at the state level, political values are included in normative component political system and determine the complex of government bodies, the order of their formation and powers.
Since legislative bodies occupy a special place in the state apparatus, public law establishes certain rules for conducting election campaigns. Much attention is also paid to regulating activities executive bodies. A citizen usually deals not with ministers or members of parliament, but with civil servants of tax authorities, registry offices, employees of police departments, etc. In order to protect people from possible arbitrariness, political norms define the boundaries of acceptable behavior of government officials.
In addition, the rules of public law regulate relationships within the state apparatus, for example, between ministries and departments, officials and civil servants.
Political and legal norms are supplemented customs and traditions(from lat. traditio - transmission, legend). They represent that part of people's political experience that is passed down from generation to generation and acquires the force of generally accepted unwritten rules of behavior. Thus, Labor in Great Britain for more than ninety years (the party has existed since 1906) has been building its program based on the time-honored tradition of the labor movement - to be the legal opposition to the Conservative party. At the same time, relations between parties do not have the character of an irreconcilable struggle between good and evil, but are built on the mutual recognition of the rights and legality of the program guidelines of each party.
The political system of society is one ordered on the basis of law and other social norms a set of institutions such as government bodies, political parties, movements, public organizations, within which the political life of society takes place and political power is exercised.
The concept of "political system" shows how the regulation of political processes, the formation and functioning of political power occurs. This concept is used to characterize the relationship between state and society, between various social actors at the non-state level.
Thanks to the activities of political institutions and structures, the implementation by people political roles"managers and governed" the political system influences various aspects of society. The political system regulates the production and distribution of goods between social communities based on the use of state power, participation in it, and the struggle for it.
According to the definition of the American political scientist G. Almond, the political system includes social and economic structures, historical traditions and values of society, the cultural context of its development. "System" in political science means: relationships, actions and structures that influence the process of making and implementing political decisions.
Any social system is a holistic, ordered set of elements, the interaction of which gives rise to a new quality that is not inherent in its parts. The category "political system" allows us to understand political interests classes, social groups, nations, to understand the relationship and interdependence of political phenomena reflecting these interests.
The most important element of the political system of society is the state. What is said by F. Engels in his work “The Origin of the Family, private property and state” statement that the characteristics of any state are the presence of an apparatus of power, territory and taxes.
What is a state? According to Aristotle, the state arises from the consciousness of the common good and is created primarily in order to live happily. T. Hobbes, on the contrary, saw the discipline of fear as the basis of the state and called the state a person, individual or collective, that arose by virtue of an agreement between many people so that this person would provide them with peace and universal protection. B. Spinoza held similar views!" G. Hegel saw the beginning of the state in violence2, F. Engels and V.I. Lenin saw it as a tool, a machine for the exploitation and suppression of one class by another. M. Weber calls the state the relationship of domination of some people over others, based on legitimate (considered legal) violence.2
The class approach to the problem of the state was leading in the Soviet social science. Thus, a short dictionary of sociology offers a definition according to which the state is a set of interconnected institutions and organizations that manage society in the interests of certain classes, suppressing class opponents
Within the framework of the modern approach to the problem, the state is understood as “the main institution of the political system of society, organizing, directing and controlling joint activities and relationships between people community groups, classes and associations. The state represents the central institution of power in society and the concentrated implementation of policy by this power”4.
The state differs from other social institutions:
- * obligatory presence of a social class basis ruling forces represented by social groups, political parties, social movements etc.;
- * availability special apparatus authorities represented by central and peripheral authorities:
- * monopoly on non-economic coercion;
- * presence of state territory;
- * the sovereign right to issue laws binding on citizens, conduct internal and foreign policy;
- * exclusive right to collect taxes, issue banknotes, carry out budget policy, etc.
The question of the origin of the state and its role in the life of society is of great theoretical, scientific and practical importance.
The materialist understanding of history traditionally sees the state as a superstructure over the economic base and connects its emergence with the results of the social division of labor, the emergence of private property and the split of society into classes. Investigating this issue, F. Engels wrote that in the conditions of the emergence of private property and the continuously accelerating accumulation of wealth, “there was a lack of an institution that would perpetuate not only the beginning division of society into classes, but also the right of the propertied class to exploit the have-nots and the domination of the former over the latter. And such an institution appeared. The state was invented"5
The concrete historical material now available to scientists allows us to deepen and clarify previous views on the emergence of the state. And here we are faced with the problem of the so-called “Asian mode of production”. This formulation belongs to K. Marx. Comparing the features of the development of productive forces in Europe and the East, K. Marx drew attention to the lack of eastern countries private property: direct producers represented by rural communities are opposed not by private owners, but by the state; strict centralized control by the state affected the peculiarities of the functioning of the social structure and political relations in these countries. Power, such as that of a viceroy, provided access to privileges, surplus product, and luxury. However, whoever lost her, by the will of the despot, most often lost not only his wealth, but also his life. The numerous merchants were in the same position, not interested in expanded reproduction and preferring to live off the profits they received. In other words, private property was only conditional and entrepreneurship in the economic sphere was not welcomed. The administrative apparatus controlled most economy, the overwhelming number of peasants remained state-owned.
The special role of the state in the East led to the weakness of the individual, his suppression by the collective and at the same time the increasing role of corporate structures such as clans, castes, sects, communities, rural communities, etc., which included both the poor and the rich. Their main goal was to protect its members from state despotism. Corporate ties, secured by traditions, smoothed out social antagonism, gave rise to relations of paternalism and imparted stability to the existing social structure. Conservatism of corporate relations contributed to political stability even in cases of change of dynasties, for example, in medieval India.
Soviet orientalist L. S. Vasiliev in his work “Problems of Genesis Chinese state"specially studied the problem of the formation of state power in the conditions of the Asian mode of production. Based on a painstaking analysis of extensive concrete historical material, he came to the conclusion that in in this case the state arises before classes as a result of the objective need to solve large-scale economic problems, in particular those related to irrigation, the construction of strategic roads, etc.6
Familiarity with the history of the emergence of the state greatly helps to clarify the issue of its functions. The Marxist approach to this problem is purely class-based: main function states - protecting the interests of the ruling classes. All other functions, both external and internal, are subordinated to this main one. It follows, firstly, that the state can be a supra-class structure only as an exception, when the struggling classes achieve such a balance of power that state power receives a certain independence in relation to them.7 "Secondly, it is assumed that the transfer of political power into the hands of working class and poor peasantry will eventually lead to the withering away of the state
The modern state fulfills whole line various functions:
- * protection of the existing political system;
- * maintaining stability and order in society;
- * preventing and eliminating socially dangerous conflicts;
- * economic regulation;
- * carrying out domestic policy in all its aspects - social, cultural, scientific, educational, national, environmental, etc.
- * protecting the interests of the state in the international arena;
- * national defense, etc.
Of particular interest today is the question of the role of the state in regulation economic relations. In the absence of private property (Asian mode of production, administrative-command system), this role is simple and understandable - direct directive leadership, and in developed forms - based on detailed plans. A different, more complex picture emerges in conditions of developed market relations. On the one hand, the stronger the state intervention, even if it is indirect, for example, through economic legislation and taxes, the lower the level of entrepreneurial interest and the less desire to risk capital. On the other hand, government intervention in economic processes at the level of society as a whole, it is certainly necessary to solve the problems of technical re-equipment of production, correct structural policy, financial recovery of the economy, etc. The performance by the state of the other functions listed above is also of great importance.
It is important to solve such problems in the political life of society as government structure, form of government and political regime.
* Question about state structure associated primarily with the distribution of legislative power between the center and the periphery. If legislative functions belong entirely to the center, the state is considered unitary, but if territorial units have the right to adopt their own laws, the state is federal. The federation makes it possible to overcome the contradiction between the desire of the center for domination and the desire of territorial units for separatism.
The form of government is related to the nature of the exercise of state power, be it a monarchy or a republic. If a monarchy involves the concentration of all power in the hands of one person, representing ruling dynasty, and power, as a rule, is inherited, then republican government means recognition of the sovereign right to power of the people and their elected representative bodies.
The question of which form of government is better, a republic or a monarchy, is largely rhetorical. The experience of modern Europe shows that many developed and politically stable countries are monarchies. American researcher S. Lipset draws attention to the mediative, i.e., reconciling role of the monarchy in relation to all layers of modern society.
In the same countries, he emphasizes, where as a result of the revolution the monarchy was overthrown and the orderly succession was disrupted, the republican regimes that replaced the monarchy were unable to gain legitimacy in the eyes of all important sections of the population until the fifth post-revolutionary generation or later.
In other words, the monarch plays the role of a moral arbiter and acts as a guarantor in the eyes of his subjects. national interests. At the same time, in a number of countries republican uniform government operates quite successfully.
A political regime is usually understood as a set of means and methods of exercising state power. We can distinguish such political regimes as totalitarianism, authoritarianism, liberalism and democracy. Of particular interest today are totalitarianism and democracy.
Totalitarianism (from Latin totalis) -- political system, the distinctive feature of which is control over all aspects of society - political, economic and spiritual. Even the thoughts of citizens do not go unnoticed, as evidenced by the appearance of the term “dissident.” Totalitarianism is like the despotism of the 20th century. There have been brutal regimes before, but totalitarianism is a relatively new phenomenon. This is explained by the fact that full control over citizens became possible only with the advent of such means mass communication, like the press, radio and television. A totalitarian political regime puts the individual in a more powerless position than under the conditions of eastern despotism; he remains, as it were, alone with the state machine and submits to it.
Signs totalitarian regime are: a rigid pyramidal structure of power (we can say that society is managed as an organization in which feedbacks absent), mass terror, constant search for internal and external enemies, elimination of horizontal structures in society. And finally, dominance official ideology imposed by the ruling regime.
The psychological roots of totalitarianism were studied, in particular, by Z. Freud in his work “Mass Psychology and Analysis of the Human Self.” Totalitarianism does not simply rely on the consent of the masses to obey. He forms a special psychology, his own style of thinking, which is characterized by the cult of power, disrespect for human rights, and the search for simple solutions, dichotomous thinking, etc.
The opposite of totalitarianism is democracy (from the Greek emos - people and cratos - power). In its origin, this is a purely European phenomenon. It originated in Ancient Greece expressed the interests of a fairly numerous system of freedom of owners. The attitude towards it in the history of social and philosophical thought was not unambiguous from the very beginning. Plato was disapproving of her, Aristotle was reserved. The development of market relations in modern times has put on the agenda the question of a state structure in which the rights of owners - the bourgeoisie - would be protected from the arbitrariness of the authorities. J. Locke and C. Montesquieu, developing the concept of human rights based on the theory social contract, came to the conclusion that compliance with laws is the most important guarantor political freedom. In the state, as J. Locke believed, “ legislature must, of necessity, be supreme, and all other powers, represented by any members or parts of society, flow from it and are subordinate to it.”2 Developing Locke's ideas, C. Montesquieu argued that the rule of law can only be ensured by the separation of powers into legislative, executive and judicial, so that they “could mutually restrain each other.” On the contrary, their combination in the same hands gives rise to arbitrariness.
Without dwelling on the problem in detail democratic rights and freedoms, democratic procedures for the exercise of power, we note that the most important prerequisites and at the same time a consequence of a democratic political regime are civil society and the rule of law.
The idea of civil society dates back to antiquity, in particular to Cicero, who became interested in the difference between the citizen himself and ordinary people. This problem was later developed by T. Hobbes, J. Locke, J.-J. Rousseau, G. Hegel and K. Marx. In the modern interpretation, civil society is “a society with developed economic, cultural, legal and political relations between its members, independent of the state, but interacting with it, a society of citizens of high social, economic, political, cultural and moral status, creating, together with the state, developed legal relations."
In line with the ideas of M. Weber, civil society is a cognitive abstraction, ideal type, very far from reality. But the idea itself is not without meaning. Its essence lies in the optimal combination of three main components: power, society and people. It is assumed that the state exercising power will be a legal one, whose activities are based on the rule of law. Society must also become different. It is characterized by developed horizontal connections, the presence of all kinds of unions and associations, mass movements, parties, the desire to limit the power of the state through its decentralization and local government. And finally, very special requirements are placed on the citizen. Citizens are disciplined not because of fear, but because of consciousness, deep inner conviction, they conscientiously fulfill their duties and zealously protect their rights, and are uncompromising towards corruption, bribery, etc. In other words, these are people with a high legal consciousness, moral, political and legal culture.
There are no words, the picture turns out to be blissful, pleasing both the mind and the heart. But in many ways it is utopian, since, firstly, in this kind of society everyone should be owners and live in abundance. However, there is reason to doubt that a rich society without poor people is possible. At least throughout conscious history, humanity has not been able to curb the passion for profit of some, the desire for parasitism of others, and as a result, it has never been able to solve the problem of poverty. Secondly, it is not clear how exactly, how to turn all people into law-abiding citizens.
From the end of the 18th century. the idea of democracy in its Western European understanding is criticized both “from the right” (E. Burke, A. Tocqueville, I. Srlonevich, etc.) and “from the left” (K. Marx, V.I. Lenin, L.D. Trotsky , “new left”, etc.).
In its attitude towards bourgeois democracy, Marxism proceeds from the primacy of workers' rights. If this democracy was accepted, it was only as a convenient form of struggle for power with the bourgeoisie, within the framework of capitalist society.
Criticism from the “right” is based on different methodological principles and is constantly evolving. If the traditional right based its criticism on the thesis about the impossibility of replacing quality with quantity - a competent aristocratic minority with the votes of millions - ignorant, in their opinion, voters, then today the argument has become more complicated. Liberal (i.e., based on the concept of human rights) and egalitarian (based on the idea of universal equality) are contrasted with the so-called organic democracy, which involves relying not on the individual or the masses, but on the people as a whole. According to the authors of this concept, it is this form of democracy that presupposes the “participation” of the people in their political destiny. At the same time, it is emphasized that organic democracy requires homogeneity of society as the basis of “brotherhood”. Hence the conclusion is drawn that the liberal-democratic and totalitarian-egalitarian models of democracy prevailing in the West are not capable of transitioning to organic democracy. It is a different matter in the East, where the “collective unconscious” in the form of popular or national self-awareness is more developed than in the West, where individualistic rationalistic psychology predominates.
The political system of a society is one of the parts or subsystems of the overall social system. It interacts with other subsystems: social, economic, ideological, legal, cultural, forming its social environment, its public funds along with its natural whirling and natural resources(demographic, spatial-territorial), as well as the foreign policy environment. The main position of the political system in the structure of its external and internal environment is determined by the leading organizational and regulatory-control role of politics itself. The political system of society is determined by the class nature, social system, form of government (parliamentary, presidential), type of state (monarchy, republic), the nature of the political regime (democratic, totalitarian, despotic, etc.), socio-political relations (stable and unstable, moderate or acute conflict or consensus, etc.), political and legal status of the state (constitutional, with developed or undeveloped legal structures), the nature of political, ideological and cultural relations in society (relatively open or closed with or without parallel, shadow, marginal structures) , historical type statehood, historical and national structure and traditions of the way of political life, etc.
In a society of a political system, each person performs a certain socio-political role and implements policies. Exercise power political institutions, acting in close connection with other social institutions, respecting established laws, norms. Individuals, social communities, political, social institutions-- the main components of constructing a political system. Sustainable types of political activity, participation in elections to political authorities, lobbying, party activities, etc. Types of political activity also determine the presence of sustainable political roles, carried out socially according to the laws established in society and dictated by the needs of the dominant social strata and groups.
The set of political roles has the properties of a system: each element is functional and solves its own specific problems. Any political role has meaning and the possibility of implementation only in a single political space, because they are independent and influence each other. Each element of a political system is unique and does not replicate the properties of the entire system. Having certain advantages, the role-based idea of the political system makes it possible to quite clearly define the types and patterns of political behavior, the place and role of the individual in political process, his ideas, preferences, goals and orientations, highlight his actively transformative beginning. The system of political institutions covers the entire field of political life. Power is exercised by the state, and the struggle for power is organized by political parties and movements, the participation of the masses in the formation of state bodies is regulated by the institution of elections, etc.
The political system of a society is one of the parts or subsystems of the overall social system. It interacts with other subsystems: social, economic, ideological, legal, cultural, which form its social environment, its public means, along with its natural environment and natural resources (demographic, spatial-territorial), as well as the foreign policy environment. The main position of the political system in the structure of its external and internal environment is determined by the leading organizational and regulatory-control role of politics itself. The political system of society is determined by the class nature, social system, form of government (parliamentary, presidential), type of state (monarchy, republic), the nature of the political regime (democratic, totalitarian, despotic, etc.), socio-political relations (stable and unstable, moderate or acute conflict or consensus, etc.), political and legal status of the state (constitutional, with developed or undeveloped legal structures), the nature of political, ideological and cultural relations in society (relatively open or closed with or without parallel, shadow, marginal structures) , historical type of statehood, historical and national structure and traditions of the way of political life, etc.
In a society of a political system, each person performs a certain socio-political role and implements policies. Political institutions exercise power, acting in close connection with other social institutions, observing established laws and norms. Individuals, social communities, political and social institutions are the main components of constructing a political system. Sustainable types of political activity, participation in elections to political authorities, lobbying, party activities, etc. Types of political activity also determine the presence of sustainable political roles, carried out socially according to the laws established in society and dictated by the needs of the dominant social strata and groups.
Answer
The political system of a society is a set of political relations associated with issues of state power that arise between classes, nations, social groups, between states in the international arena, these are political organizations, norms, views, ideas, etc., playing big role in memory - the honest life of society.
There are four main elements of the political system: political relations - a special type of relations related to issues of state power; political organizations (institutions) – an organizational component that includes states, political parties, socio-political organizations and movements. They are created in order to express and protect diverse social interests in the political system: class, group, national, youth, women's, professional, etc.; political norms – on the basis of them political institutions interact. These include legal norms, corporate, political customs and traditions, and moral norms. They set the boundaries of acceptable political behavior, personal responsibility for one's political activities, respect for other people's opinions, nobility, tolerance, etc.; political culture is an extremely important component of the political system. The effectiveness of politics, and therefore the life of society as a whole, its progress, depends on what political and moral principles a person chooses in the process of political activity.
In the process of interaction of all these structural elements, political power is exercised. Political power is the process of developing, adopting, and implementing political decisions. On their basis, influence is exerted on certain aspects of social life. Its purpose is to ensure stability and development of society. Each element of the political system has its own characteristics and makes a certain contribution to the achievement of the goal.
The state is the main institution of the political system. The concept of “state” is used in a broad and narrow sense. In the first meaning, the state is identified with society and is interpreted as a state-organized community - a union of people living in a given territory. In the second, it is, as it were, separated from society and considered as a political organization that differs from other, say, political parties in a number of ways.
The main distinguishing feature of the state is sovereignty (supreme power, independence). Sovereignty is expressed in the fact that the state has the right to officially represent the entire society as a whole, to issue laws, and to administer justice. Sovereignty is the right to conduct independent domestic and foreign policy.
Functions of the state: Protection common interests population (law and order, stability, etc.) Implementation government controlled: 1)legislative (publication of laws); 2) judicial (equality of all citizens before the law, protection legal rights) ; 3) executive (management of the daily activities of the company, knowledge of the interests and needs of society, etc.)
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