In everyday life and especially in the media, we often hear conversations about political parties, their leaders, victories and defeats. At the same time, in the mass consciousness, the attitude towards political parties, party functionaries and their activities is different: from delight to indifference, and even to unmotivated rejection. What is it political parties when and how they arose, what role they play in political life societies, how do they differ from one another?
The consignment ( lat.)- “part” of a whole, larger community. The birthplace of modern political parties is Europe. Modern political parties are voluntary public organizations that unite the most active adherents of a particular ideology, political goal or leader, and serve to gain and use state power or influence government. In other words, political parties are special, different from all other numerous and varied in composition, purpose and tasks of voluntary amateur public organizations.
There are 3 stages in the history of the formation of political parties (M. Weber):
1. Aristocratic circles (coteries). These were a small group of nobles from the Middle Ages who competed for influence on the English king.
2. Political clubs – more numerous and socially diverse groups are politically active people, characteristic of the beginning of the bourgeois era in many European countries.
3. Political parties, which marked the beginning of modern party building. The professional study of this process became the subject of a special branch of political science called “partology.”
First batch modern type was founded in 1861 in England. This is the Liberal Party, which expressed the interests of the new emerging entrepreneurial class - the bourgeoisie, who fought against absolutism for equal rights and freedoms for all citizens. First mass workers' party(“General German Workers' Union”) was created in 1863 in Germany by F. Lassalle. And already to end of the 19th century Mass, mostly social democratic, parties appeared in most countries of Western Europe. In Russia it was the RSDLP, illegally created in 1898 to fight against the tsarist autocracy.
Political parties are very diverse. However, all of them are characterized by common features that distinguish parties from other numerous and varied amateur public organizations.
General distinctive features of political parties
1. The presence of a formal organization from top to bottom, including higher, intermediate (regional) party bodies, primary (local) organizations and ordinary members. Membership in parties is based solely on a voluntary basis and can be either individual (personal) or collective (associate).
2. Commitment to a particular ideology, political goal or party leader, the presence of a party program, around which party members unite.
3. Active participation in political struggle- struggle for power. As A. Lebed, an active associate of the first President of Russia B. Yeltsin, aptly noted at one time, “nothing better than parties in the world has been invented for political struggle.”
4. The main distinguishing essential feature of any independent political party is its desire for its main political goal - to gain state power, participate in power or influence power.
As follows from the listed characteristics, political parties differ significantly from all other public organizations, including trade unions, youth, women's, creative and many others, which are not directly related to politics and do not pursue actual political goals, i.e. possession of government power or participation in this power.
Functions of political parties:
The main one is the struggle for state power, that is, for the right to form higher authorities state power and the use of their powers to implement party goals and objectives. Thanks to this main purpose, political parties represent a constantly and openly active alternative to the existing state authorities, as well as to each other. Thus, they, like no other public organizations, create and maintain a competitive political environment in society both for those ruling at a given time historical period parties, and for all their other political rivals also seeking power.
Development and imposition of party ideology, goals and development programs on society and the state using party propaganda methods.
Selection and training of political leaders and managers necessary both for current party work and for the future (if they come to power) leadership of the state. Thus, parties form the political elite of society, ready (both politically and professionally) to lead the state after possibly coming to power.
Involvement of new members into its ranks, political socialization and mobilization of the population, especially youth, for the implementation of party goals and objectives.
Presentation and advocacy on state level interests of classes, groups and segments of the population corresponding to the nature and ideology of the party.
Thus, political parties are extremely important instruments for the formation and functioning of real politics. Their place and special role in the life of society are as follows:
Political parties are the second most powerful influence on social processes and political significance after the state, the institutions of the political system of society.
These are the main institutions of civil society, directly connecting it with the state and representing in it the interests of various competing classes and groups of the population.
Parties are the main carriers, political standard bearers and drivers forces of democracy, without which it is impossible. As the famous Western researcher O. Rennie rightly noted, “it should be recognized that political parties created democracy and that modern democracy is unthinkable except through parties.” Therefore, it is no coincidence that democratic states not only tolerantly, but also treat parties with care, even in cases where their political activity seems to government agencies and officials to be intrusive, inappropriate, “interfering with the solution of nationally significant problems.” This is evidenced by the relevant provisions in constitutions, special laws on parties, and also, often, state financing of their activities.
Main sources of financing for political parties:
1. Possible party membership fees. The amount and frequency of contributions made by party members to the general party treasury is regulated by the party itself. . There are parties that do not oblige their members to pay membership fees.
2. Possible private financing (sponsorship). Private financing, as a rule, is regulated by the state in order to prevent the possible transformation of parties into “political branches” of individual financial and industrial groups, companies or so-called oligarchs.
3. Income from the parties’ own production activities(mainly due to the production of its propaganda printed, audio and video products).
4. Possible government funding, when parties that enter parliament are paid cash bonuses in an amount proportional to the number of votes received in the elections. In other words, not everyone receives financial support from the state, but only those parties that enjoy the trust of a significant part of voters.
Funds are spent by parties on maintaining staff members of their governing bodies, on renting (or maintaining their own) premises for offices and campaign headquarters, on holding mass party events, supporting election campaigns, helping party veterans and other purposes.
We have already noted the diversity of political parties. To make it easier to navigate, political scientists produce a scientific classification or typology of political parties.
The typology of modern parties is carried out on various grounds:
1. Depending on the method of formation and conditions for acquiring membership, membership is distinguished (M. Duverger) cadre and mass parties.
Personnel parties are formed “from above” around authoritative political figures or groups, as a rule, only for elections. Such parties do not focus on their ideological orientation. They have powerful professional headquarters and free membership, which does not oblige ordinary members to belong and constantly work in specific party organizations. The average citizen determines his or her membership in such parties independently, demonstrating this by his political position mainly in elections and referendums. Most modern Russian (pro-government, as well as small) parties were created in the 90s as personnel under upcoming elections and disappeared from the political arena soon after they were held. Over time, cadre parties can acquire individual features and properties of mass parties.
Mass parties are formed, as a rule, “from below”; they are centralized, disciplined organizations with a fixed statutory membership. Such parties work all the time, and not just during elections. They attach great importance to commonality of views, ideological, ideological unity. Most often these are communist, social democratic, populist, charismatic, patriotic, as well as nationalist, fascist and similar parties.
2. Depending on the main reasons for the activity, they distinguish doctrinal, pragmatic and charismatic parties.
Doctrinal parties They put ideology, that is, predominantly distant goals, at the forefront, subordinating current, everyday affairs and problems to them. Doctrinal parties include communist, religious, nationalist and similar parties.
Pragmatic or patronage parties, on the contrary, put current tasks and problems to the fore and focus on the practical expediency of their actions. For example: victory in elections, increasing (lowering) taxes, protecting the environment (Green Party), improving working conditions, living conditions, recreation, etc. The credo of such parties, even if they adhere to certain ideological principles, could be expressed by the formula of one of the founders of social democracy, E. Bernstein: “The ultimate goal is nothing, the movement is everything.”
Charismatic parties are parties united by charismatic leaders and followed regardless of their proposed ideology or practical goals.
3. Depending on the general ideological and political orientation, parties are divided into rights And left. The division into right and left in politics began with the Great French Revolution (1789). In the hall of the Constituent (Constitutional) Assembly of revolutionary France, supporters of the restoration of royal power sat on the right - representatives of the privileged classes represented by the nobility and large landowners. On the left are the revolutionary republicans who advocate for the power of the middle and petty bourgeoisie and the poor, the popular majority. In modern political history The extreme right includes parties that primarily express the interests of big business, as the locomotive of economic development, and the left includes parties that defend the interests of workers and the poorest segments of the population.
4. Depending on the political ideology, parties are divided into: liberal, communist, social democratic, conservative, patriotic, nationalist, fascist, religious, etc. In the wide range of modern political parties, the right usually includes predominantly liberal and conservative parties, and the left – communist and social democratic parties. Parties that seek to avoid the extremes of the legal and left flanks in their ideological and political orientation call themselves “center-right,” “center-left,” or actually “center.”
5. Depending on the methods and means political activity differentiate parties: parliamentary (based their work on participation in the activities of parliaments) And unparliamentary (ignoring parliamentary methods of political struggle, preferring to work directly among the masses; legal(operating openly on legal grounds) and illegal (consciously or forcedly staying underground, operating illegally) .
6. Depending on the attitude of the parties to to the ruling regime they are divided into:
Ruling– those in power, i.e. having a majority of seats or dominating parliaments.
Opposition, those. those who are in opposition to the ruling regime, who disagree with it.
Conservative – those in favor of maintaining the regime.
Reformist- advocates for improving the regime.
Revolutionary- aiming at violent overthrow
the existing political regime.
7. Depending on the composition of their members, parties may be divided into:
By social composition– for workers, agricultural workers, pensioners, etc.
By ethnic (national) composition(for example, the Basque party "Erri Batasuna" in Spain).
By demographic composition(for example, the oldest in Europe, the Women's United Party of Belgium).
By cultural attachments, hobbies of its members (for example, a very well-known party of beer lovers in Germany).
Thus, political parties are distinguished by great diversity in their internal structure, composition, organization, grounds, forms and methods of activity and other criteria. Knowing this diversity, it is easier to navigate issues of party building, to make balanced conclusions and assessments regarding the ideological orientations and activities of various parties and their leaders.
For information
The presented approach, as well as other approaches to the typology of political parties found in the political science literature, is a methodological tool for assessing and developing one’s own attitude towards one or another of them as a professional politicians, and for ordinary citizens. However, it is necessary to use these tools in each specific case creatively, taking into account specific historical and a number of other conditions and circumstances. Thus, the ideological typology of parties presupposes the presence of clear ideas about the content of the corresponding political ideologies. The fact is that many parties do not contain clear indications in their names of their ideological, social, national, etc. belonging. In today's Russia these are, for example, the parties “United Russia”, “Right Cause”, “A Just Russia”, “Yabloko”. However, in their program documents, some of them directly declare their ideological orientations: “United Russia” is left-conservative, “Right Cause” is liberal (more precisely, right-liberal), “A Just Russia” is social-democratic, Yabloko is social-liberal. Other parties, on the contrary, have ideologically charged names (for example, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the Liberal Democratic Party). However, the political programs and practical political activities of some of them, in particular the LDPR, do not always coincide with their stated ideological orientations, and often contradict their main content. Therefore, if we judge the ideological orientation of a particular partyonly According to the declared name, one can easily be misled. Much more important is the position declared by the party in its program documents and, most importantly, defended in practice, on the most important political problems of the state’s domestic and foreign policy.
So, modern political parties are, by historical standards, relatively young, special, voluntary public organizations that perform extremely important functions in social, political and state life. Expressing the diversity of public interests in their programs and political activities, parties are an indispensable condition for the democratic structure of society and the state.
What is a party? In Latin, pars means genus, and partis means part. Partio - I divide, divide. Thus, a party is a group of people that is separated from other groups by a commonality of interests, commitment to some ideas, teachings, or ideology.
Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary(p. 969) defines a political party as political organization, expressing the interests of a social class or its layer, uniting their most active representatives and guiding them in achieving certain goals and ideals. In addition to political parties, group interests in society are expressed by the so-called. pressure groups.
Pressure groups mean formal (public organizations, trade unions, etc.) and informal organizations(groups of entrepreneurs, lobbyists representing the interests of the military-industrial complex or organized crime etc.), not setting the task of conquering power, but achieving their goals with the help various forms pressure on representatives power structures. These forms can be: public protests, direct influence through means mass media, organization of conferences, seminars, lectures, use of personal connections of lobbyists, bribery, etc. Lobbyists (lobby (English) - means corridor, foyer, sidelines) are people who have hidden influence on government officials.
Unlike pressure groups, political parties set goals for achieving power and implementing their program. Therefore, political parties are better organized, have a clearer structure, hierarchy and leaders.
Thus, we can formulate the following signs of a political party:
Expressing the interests and ideals of individuals social groups;
Struggle for political power and implementation of its program;
The presence of an organizational structure: organizational core, leaders, a certain hierarchy, discipline, etc.;
The existence of an ideology (philosophy, program, ideological guidelines), from which the strategy and tactics of the party flow.
Which place What do parties occupy in the life of society? We emphasized that parties are not government structures. At the same time, each party strives to get its representatives into these structures (parliament, government).
This means, on the one hand, the party is a public organization, belongs to civil society and puts pressure on the government from below. On the other hand, party factions in parliament and party leaders belong to government agencies and run the country. Thus, the party system is like a connecting bridge between the state and civil society. It is through her individual citizens and organizations can express their aspirations and influence the country's policies.
Based on the place in the political life of the country and the goals set, it is determined and role political parties.
The main functions of parties in society are as follows:
Setting goals political development, development and dissemination of political ideology;
Accumulation and expression of national and group interests;
Political socialization and mobilization of the population;
Recruitment of new members, formation of the political elite;
Implementation political program through legislative and government authorities.
By place and role in political system batches are divided into government(who are part of the parliamentary majority and form the government individually or in a coalition) and opposition(i.e. those who oppose the government, oppose it, criticize the course it is pursuing and show its depravity, reveal mistakes, violations of the law, and in general carry out “sanitary” functions in politics).
French political scientist Maurice Duverger identified the so-called intra-formed And externally formed parties. By the former, he understood political groupings that are first formed within the political system, as parliamentary factions, and then, growing, form governing bodies and local party organizations. This is how political parties were formed in Great Britain, the USA, and France. early XIX century. Externally formed parties, on the contrary, are first institutionalized outside the political system, in the depths of civil society, for example in the form social movements, and then gradually through elections they are introduced into the political system. This was the path followed by the formation of socialist and social democratic parties in the second half of the 19th century.
According to the organizational structure, M. Duverger divided all parties into personnel, i.e. small in number, but not in the number of voters and influence in society, consisting of influential notables (professional politicians) who ensure the nomination and election of the people “needed” by the party, and massive, consisting of large quantity members paying membership fees.
There are other classifications of political parties. For example, Steven Cohen (USA) functional purpose divides political parties as follows:
1. Parties of parliamentary type (European type). These are parties in the traditional sense. They have a permanent structure, organization, discipline and registration of members. Party members usually pay dues and have party cards. Although this is no longer always observed and is increasingly becoming a thing of the past.
2. Parties to participate in election campaign(archaic, American type). These are parties that exist primarily for elections. And since in a democratic society it has become main task party, then that's it large quantity parties and not only in America are moving away from the principles of permanent organization and fixed membership. For example, in a party committee even of such a very large American city, like Chicago or Detroit, in normal times you will only find a few people. These are party functionaries who receive salaries from the party treasury.
During election campaign the number of functionaries increases many times due to volunteer activists. They carry out the lion's share of agitation, propaganda and organizational party work. Charitable banquets, evenings, rallies are organized, leaflets are posted. The main work focuses on fundraising and organizing speeches by party representatives. Presidential candidates automatically become party leaders. Members are all those who vote for them. When the elections end, party work also winds down.
3. The party as a political vanguard (communist type). Such parties remain in China today, North Korea and in Cuba.
4. Extra-parliamentary parties (party-community, party-club, Masonic lodges etc.). These parties are not much different from public organizations, although some of them are not overtly fighting for power or political influence. Often these are either outdated parties or nascent parties.
According to their program guidelines, ideology and strategy, as we mentioned above, parties are divided into right, center and left. The following table gives an idea of the main criteria of party politics.
Table 10. Main criteria of party politics.
| Criteria | GROUPS OF POLITICAL PARTIES | |||
| Rights | Center | Left | ||
| Type of ownership | Private | Mixed | Public | |
| Form of government | Monarchy, autocracy, theocracy | Constitutional monarchy, parliamentary or presidential republic | Anarchy, totalitarianism, democratic socialism. | |
| Form of ideology | National, religious fundamentalism, fascism | Liberalism, Christian democracy, democracy, conservatism | Anarchism, communism, social democracy | |
| Policy | Nationalist, extreme clerical | National, provision national interests taking into account the interests of other countries | International |
21. The role of parties in the political system of society. Forms of cooperation with the state and other elements of the political system.
In those states where there is a multi-party system, as a rule, a democracy regime is established. INFederal Law of July 11, 2001 "About political parties"Political Party is defined as a public association created for the purpose of participation of citizens of the Russian Federation in the political life of society throughformation and expression of them political will, participation in public and political events, elections andreferendums, as well as for the purpose of representing the interests of citizens in government bodies and local self-government bodies (Article 3).
Political Party (from lat. pars, partis - part) - the most active and organized part of a social stratum or class, formulating and expressing its interests. Maingoals political party:
Formation of public opinion;
Implementation of watering education and upbringing of citizens;
Expressing opinions on public issues. life and bringing it to the attention of the general public and government agencies. authorities;
Nomination of candidates for deputies, participation in elections and work representative bodies. The most important signs political party:
A political, public (non-governmental) organization that has its own program and charter;
Participation in political life, including public administration;
The desire to master the state. power, that is, to become ruling;
Communication with the electoral system;
Reflection of a certain ideology;
Representation of interests def. layers and groups of the population;
Its existence as a means of recruiting and promoting individuals into political leadership and as a form of political education for the masses;
Participation in the development and implementation of the country's political course, depending on its position (ruling or opposition) in the political system.
Functions political party:
ensuring communication between society and the state;
stimulation active participation citizens in political life;
influencing the formation of public policy;
promoting development political culture and political consciousness;
nomination of candidates for elections to government bodies.
The essence of a political party depends on (social composition; leader; whose interests it represents; main
directions of the action program).
Forms of participation of political parties in the PSO:
U nominating candidates for government bodies;
U availability of the program;
^ agitation and other forms of political activity.
Party classification:
on the ideological basis of activity:
doctrinal- aimed at promoting and implementing a certain ideology (religious,
ideological);
pragmatic- protection of the interests of a certain social layer, group;
charismatic- unification around the leader;
from the point of view of organizational structure:
parliamentary- the structure is formed by regional branches in various regions;
Labor- formed on the basis of trade unions;
avant-garde- built on the principles of territorial production association;
from the point of view of attitude towards the ruling regime: ruling, opposition, legal, illegal,
leaders, outsiders, ruling monopolies, ruling in coalitions;
depending on the grounds and conditions for acquiring party membership: personnel, mass, strictly
centralized;
by social class content and ideological orientation: communist, social democratic, bourgeois reformist, conservative;
depending on ideology orientation: left, center, liberal right, right
nationalist sense. Party system- a set of political parties operating within the country and political system (single-party (USSR), non-party, quasi-multi-party with one dominant party, two-party (USA - Republicans and Democrats; UK - Conservatives and Labor), ordered and disorderly multi-party (Germany, France) ).
If a state strives to cooperate with public associations, ensures their free development and functioning, guarantees their independence in solving internal organizational problems, such a state should be assessed as democratic, since it guarantees and actually ensures the most important human right - the right to Union in various unions, organizations, creative corporations, etc. to express and protect their interests and achieve common goals.
Party system- har-et position is watered. parties in society, its relationships with other parties, policies in relation to various sectors of society.
The forms of interaction between the state and parties are as follows:
1. Participation in the formation of elected representatives. state bodies authorities. This assumes everything is watered. Parties, to one degree or another, participate in the organization of elections. campaigns in nominating their candidates for deputies, since in the democrats. society is the only means of mastering the state. serve as authorities elections.
2. Participation in the formation of politics. the course of the state is determined by the party’s interest in pursuing policies that are beneficial for the party and its supporters. This applies to both the ruling and opposition parties. Opportunities for ruling party always more. But also oppos. parties have a definition. opportunities for such influence. For example, by: a) participating in pre-election discussions, debates, where the party’s approaches to solving certain current problems are expressed; 6) publication of election platforms and programs; c) preparation and promotion to the state. the posts of their leaders; d) formation of societies. opinions and with its help pressure on the state. bodies and state policy.
3. Influence on the process of lawmaking, lawmaking. Spanish authorities and law enforcement. government activities bodies - making proposals for the adoption of new laws, other legal acts, and the repeal of existing ones; in the use of law. initiatives through their deputies and other channels.
4. Control over the state. bodies and the process of governing the country, various ways are also used here, including public opinion.
The state, in turn, influences politics. parties through the following channels:
a) regulates through the law. and other acts of political status. parties, their registration, i.e. the framework of their activities will become tired;
b) regulates their participation in elections. campaigns, for example, by determining the procedure for nominating candidates for deputies, the participation of observers in the work of huts. commissions, etc.;
c) resolves issues about the constitution of parties through Const. Court;
d) controls finances. activities of parties, taxation of their enterprises.
This is the so-called external Registration of party activities. Internal Registration is carried out by the parties themselves in their charters, regulations, and other party acts. organs, in cat. the structure of the party, its goals and objectives, party discipline, etc. are determined.
A political party is a formalized political organization with its own structure (governing bodies, regional branches, ordinary members), expressing the interests of certain social classes, social strata, groups, uniting their most active representatives, setting, as a rule, its task to conquer and retain authorities to implement a certain program of social, economic, political transformations, achieve certain goals and ideals, as well as implement direct and reverse connections between society and the state. Besides, Feedback helps the party fulfill a unique role - identifying, coordinating, bringing to political level real, specific, partial interests existing or newly emerging in society. Acting at several levels, parties link society and the state. They act as an essential and sometimes decisive element of the political system of society. The fundamental aspect of the activities of parties is their ideological influence on the population and their significant role in the formation of political consciousness.
The most important features of a political party are: 1)
participation in political life, including public administration; 2)
the desire to seize state power and institutions that implement state power; 3)
communication with electoral system– participation in elections of representative government bodies; 4)
form of organization of social groups and segments of the population; 5)
the bearer of a certain ideology and a form of political education of the masses; 6)
a means of recruiting and promoting individuals to political leadership.
These characteristics determine the functions of political parties, among which are the following:
a) social representation;
b) the struggle for state power;
c) ideological;
d) personnel;
e) political socialization, i.e. inclusion of the individual in politics and ensuring stability and continuity in the development of society;
e) development and implementation political course, which, however, depends on the position of the party in the political system - whether it is ruling or opposition.
There are close ties and various forms of interaction between political parties and the state. So, both the state and political parties are political organizations. They are directly related to the concept of state power: only the state directly exercises state power, and parties set the goal of coming to state power. At the same time, they retain great autonomy in relation to each other. But when totalitarian regime Often there is a merger of the state apparatus and the party one, and one party is not only the ruling one, but also the state one.
More on topic 15. The role of parties in the political system of society. Forms of cooperation with the state and other elements of the political system:
- 14. The concept and structure of the political system of society. The place of the state in the political system of society.
- 42. The place and role of the state in the political system of society.
- The place and role of the state in the political system of society
- Chapter 7. SOCIETY, STATE, INDIVIDUALS. PLACE OF THE STATE IN THE POLITICAL SYSTEM. STATE AND PERSONALITY
[Definition] A political party is one of the types public associations citizens created on a voluntary basis in order to participate in the political life of society (participation in elections, representation of interests in government bodies and bodies local government) through the formation and expression of the political will of citizens.
A political party represents a stable political organization that unites individuals with common social-class, political-economic, cultural-national and other interests and ideals, with the goal of gaining and maintaining state power.
[Note] The German sociologist M. Weber identified three stages (stages) in the formation of political parties:
Aristocratic groups (XVI-XVII centuries);
Political clubs (XVIII-XIX centuries);
Modern mass parties (XIX-XX centuries).
The first two stages are considered the prehistory of political parties, and in a developed form they appear only mass organizations. According to Weber, the process of formation and development of political parties is directly related to the desire of politically active people for power, for occupation government positions and to benefit from their position.
[Attention] Modern political parties are characterized by the following features:
These are non-governmental, permanently operating voluntary public organizations;
They have governing bodies and structural formations;
Have a charter and program of action;
Most often they have a fixed membership;
Reflect the interests of a certain layer of people.
[Attention] B Russian Federation The procedure for the creation and activities of political parties is determined by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Political Parties”. This law defines the requirements for political parties (see slide 5)
The goals and objectives of political parties are reflected in their charters and programs (see slide 6).
The goals of a political party are manifested in its functions (see slide 7).
Increasing role of political parties – characteristic formation and development of democracy in the state and is due to the following factors:
Increasing political activity citizens;
The process of democratization of power structures of the state;
Political and ideological pluralism, which is primarily due to the diversity of forms of ownership.
The normal functioning of the party system and the elimination of grounds for seizing power or appropriating power by any party is ensured legal regulation activities of parties. It boils down to this:
no one can be forced to join or remain in any party;
parties are freely created and operate in society on the basis of their statutory documents and after registration in established by law ok;
the activities of parties should not infringe on the fundamental rights and freedoms of man and citizen;
decisions of political parties do not have binding force on state bodies;
parties are called upon to facilitate the expression of the political will of civil society;
Creation organizational structures parties in government agencies, military units not allowed;
the inadmissibility of the activities of parties calling for the overthrow of the constitutional order or preaching national, religious hatred and intolerance.
The material base of a political party is formed through:
a) entrance and membership fees, if their payment is provided for by the charter of the political party;
b) funds federal budget provided in accordance with the law;
c) donations;
d) receipts from events held by a political party, its regional branches and other structural divisions, as well as income from business activities;
e) proceeds from civil transactions;
f) other receipts not prohibited by law.
A political party and its regional branches have the right to accept donations in the form of Money and other property from individuals and legal entities provided that these donations are documented and their source is indicated. Donations to a political party and its regional branches in the form of funds are made by bank transfer. Donations from individuals by transferring cash to a political party and its regional branches.
Political parties can be classified on various grounds:
1 Depending on their attitude to state power, parties are divided into ruling and opposition.
The ruling party is the party that wins the parliamentary or presidential elections, as a result of which its program goals became the goals of state development.
An opposition party is a party that did not win the elections and has an alternative development program.
2 Depending on the nature of membership, the French political scientist M. Duverger (1870-1914) proposed to distinguish between cadre and mass parties.
The composition of the cadre party is limited to party functionaries or there is no fixed membership at all: party members include those who vote for it in elections, or support it financially, or participate in meetings, rallies and other events held by it.
Mass parties have a fixed membership, are more centralized, and there is a strict dependence of members on primary organizations. Selection political leaders in such parties it is multi-stage, and members of party factions in parliament base their activities depending on party decisions.
3 Depending on the methods of political activity used since the Great french revolution It is customary to divide parties into left, right and center.
Left parties usually advocate social security and smoothing social differentiation.
Right-wing parties most often proclaim liberal values and freedom of private property as their main slogan.
Center parties preach moderation in the political struggle, compromise, and reconciliation of polar positions.
4 Depending on the nature of the program goals, parties are divided into:
class (represent the interests of social groups that differ in their place in the structure of production relations, for example, entrepreneurs, workers);
national, religious (at the state level they express the specific interests of a particular ethnic group or confession and set the task of ensuring their priority in the state);
problematic (subordinate their activities to the solution of some social task, the most relevant, urgent, important, for example, an environmental party, a peace or disarmament party, land reform);
state-patriotic (focused on mobilizing representatives of all social strata and groups, ensuring the integrity and stability of the state);
those formed around a popular political figure and acting as his support groups;
grotesque parties (they see the meaning of their activities in demonstrating the unique preferences of a group of citizens, defend their limited range of interests, have a small but united composition, for example, a party of beer lovers).
5 Depending on the programmatic goals of transforming society, conservative, liberal and radical political parties are distinguished.
Conservative parties advocate the preservation of state and social order unchanged.
Liberal parties proclaim as their goal the gradual consistent transformation of society through moderate reforms.
Radical parties advocate an immediate radical restructuring of society, including through violent, revolutionary means.
6 Depending on the method of gaining and maintaining state power, parties are parliamentary and vanguard.
A parliamentary party comes to power as a result of winning elections. It is ruling as long as its program meets the interests of the development of society. If the party program ceases to meet the goals social development, then at the next election such a party loses votes and goes into opposition.
A party of the vanguard type comes to power, as a rule, by openly seizing it (history knows examples when such a party came to power by winning a parliamentary elections. Thus the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany came to power in 1933). Having seized state power, such a party exercises it regardless of whether its program meets the interests of society or not. Such a party will never give up power voluntarily.
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