Origin of the word fascism. What is Nazism: differences from fascism and nationalism

Society. Fascism has many faces and can be reduced to the attributes of the culture of the Third Reich or Italy during the time of Mussolini, etc. - wrong.

The organizational and political essence of fascism as such, regardless of what it is called, what ideas it hides behind and what ways it exercises power in society, is in the active support of the crowd of “little people” - due to their ideological conviction or lack of ideology based on animality. instinctive behavior - a system of abuse of power by the “elite” oligarchy, which:

• represents unrighteousness as supposedly true “righteousness”, and on this basis, distorting people’s worldview, with all its power it cultivates unrighteousness in society, preventing every member of society from becoming a human being;
• under various pretexts, with all the power under her control, she suppresses anyone and everyone who doubts the righteousness of herself and the policies she is pursuing, and also suppresses those whom she suspects of this.

The crowd, according to V.G. Belinsky’s definition, is “a collection of people living according to legend and reasoning according to authority,” i.e. crowd - a multitude of individuals living shamelessly. It does not matter whether the ruling oligarchy acts publicly and ceremoniously, exalting itself above society; or is exalted by default, publicly portraying humility and service to the crowd, calling it the people; or acts secretly, assuring society of its supposed non-existence and, accordingly, “non-existence” - of its inactivity, as a result of which everything in the life of society supposedly flows “by itself”, and not purposefully according to the scenarios of the conceptually powerful curators of the oligarchy.

Understanding the essence fascism as a system of misanthropy impossible without understanding the essence of man, i.e. without identifying those features that distinguish an accomplished person from anthropoid people who failed as human beings; and also without identifying those features that distinguish the species “Homo sapiens” in all its races from animal species in the Earth’s biosphere.

This definition-description of fascism does not include frightening and conspicuous signs of its manifestations in action: symbolism; ideology calling for violence and destruction of those whom the masters of fascism have appointed to the role of incorrigible social evil; calls for the creation of political parties with strict discipline and a system of terror, militant groups, etc. Much has been said since 1945 about the misanthropic essence of fascism, based on the lesson taught to all German fascism. Due to the negatively iconic horrors of the times of fascism 1933 - 1945. The above definition may seem lightweight to some, divorced from real life(abstract), and therefore not adequate to the task of protecting the future from the threat of fascism. In fact, this very definition is the definition of fascism in essence, and not by the place of origin and not by the peculiarities of its formation and manifestation in the life of society, which distinguishes it qualitatively from most “definitions” of “fascism” given by various explanatory and encyclopedic dictionaries .

But understanding this essence of fascism is revealed only through identifying the types of structure of the human psyche and recognizing the human type of structure of the psyche as the only normal one for all people in all circumstances from the moment they enter adolescence. And this statement is not ideological basis the most “cool” fascism and misanthropy under the pretext that someone unwanted allegedly has the wrong type of mental structure, since everyone is responsible for the mental structure with which they live and act; and if someone sees that someone else, according to his ideas, lives and acts in the wrong type of mental structure, then the problem is solved not by state or mafia organized terror against the “wrong” ones, but by personal and socially organized help to them in their personal development.

After the Second World War died down, such a word as “fascism” acquired a clearly negative meaning, and now this term is being abused a lot, calling their political opponents that way and labeling them. On the other hand, such a vague definition of this is certainly terrible phenomenon makes it possible to revive ultra-right parties, which, however, do not call themselves that, although in their doctrine they are very close to fascism or contain some elements of this ideology. But is it so easy to clearly define fascism and outline the boundaries of this term?

Classical fascism, that is, in a narrow historical significance of this word, in 1922 it became dominant in Italy after the famous “March on Rome” of the Blackshirts. The name “fascism” has Italian roots, coming from the word “fascio”, that is, corporation, union. And the organization headed by Mussolini was called the Union of Struggle (Fascio di combattimento). Fascio, in turn, is associated with the Latin fascis (bundle, bundle) - this was the name of the honorary weapon of lictors, guards. By the way, fascia is still present in symbolism state power some countries (for example, in the emblem of the Russian Federal service bailiffs). But symbols are symbols, and now the swastika is considered to be the symbol of this movement German Nazis. But fascism, and what are the main features of this ideology?

The Blackshirt movement can be described as definitely authoritarian, nationalistic, and also using extreme violence as a common form of political struggle. But, for example, anti-Semitism and racism in Italian fascism were not at the forefront of their ideology, as was the case with the German Nazis. However, since the Italian fascists had a clear ultra-right orientation, the left parties considered it necessary to brand this as sometimes going too far and calling their opponents that way, even competitors from the left camp, for example, some communists called the Social Democrats “social fascists.” The classic “left” definition of what fascism is was given by Georgiy Dimitrov at the VII Congress of the Comintern: “... this is a terrorist dictatorship of reactionary structures financial capital... In foreign policy fascism is chauvinism in its crudest form, which cultivates visceral hatred of other peoples.”

However, this definition does not clearly highlight the features of the ideology of this movement, which prevents us from clearly characterizing what fascism is. Modern science tried to fill this deficiency and compiled a list of features, the presence of which in the program or ideology of the party allows it to be called fascist. This is ardent anti-communism, radical nationalism and even extremism, militarism, traditionalism, leaderism, statism, exaltation of the “titular nation” and open discrimination against national minorities, elements of populism and the declaration of protection for broad sections of the population (however, many parties are guilty of this). But the main thing distinctive feature The fascist party that came to power is totalitarianism, that is, total state control, penetrating into all spheres of human life.

However, even this definition of the features of fascism makes it possible to call many nationalist parties and regimes with a similar word (for example, the Taliban regime in Afghanistan) and even brings into the arena such a term as Jewish fascism, applying it to the openly discriminatory policies of the State of Israel.

To understand (to define) what fascism is, it helps to study such related movements, which arose approximately at the same time as the Italian classical type, with which Mussilini collaborated or which set the Blackshirt movement as a model of their own struggle. In Germany it was National Socialism (or Nazism), in Spain - Falangism and Francoism, in Portugal - the New State, in Hungary - the Arrow Cross, in Romania - the Iron Guard, in Brazil - integralism (although in its ideology there was no racism), Bulgarian, Austrian, Japanese and Belgian variants of fascism.

(fascism) Far right nationalist ideology and movement with totalitarian and hierarchical structure diametrically opposed to democracy and liberalism. The term originates in Ancient Rome, in which the power of the state was symbolized by fasces - bundles of rods tied together (which meant the unity of the people) with a hatchet protruding from the bundle (meaning leadership). This symbol served as Mussolini's emblem for the movement he brought to power in Italy in 1922. Later, however, the name became common to a number of movements that arose in Europe between the two world wars. These movements include the National Socialists in Germany, Action Francaise in France, the Arrow Cross in Hungary, and the Falangists in Spain. IN post-war period the term was often used with the prefix "neo" to refer to those considered followers of the above-mentioned movements. These include, in particular, the Italian Social Movement (renamed the National Alliance in 1994), Republican Party in Germany, the National Front in France and the Phalanx in Spain, as well as Peronism and, in Lately, movements that arose in post-communist countries, such as “Memory” in Russia. So, with such a variety of movements, is it possible to talk about one meaning of this term? Classify strictly fascist ideologies Can in the following way. From a structural point of view, monistic ones stand out among them, based on the idea of ​​unconditional fundamental and most essential truths about humanity and environment; simplistic, attributing the occurrence of complex phenomena to single causes and offering single solutions; fundamentalist, associated with dividing the world into “bad” and “good” without any intermediate forms, and conspiratorial, based on the fact that there is a secret large-scale conspiracy of some hostile forces that intend to manipulate the masses to achieve and/or maintain their dominance. In terms of content, fascist ideologies differ in five main positions: 1) extreme nationalism, the belief that there is a pure nation that has its own characteristics, culture and interests that are distinct from other nations and is superior to all other nations; 2) such a conclusion is usually accompanied by the statement that this nation is experiencing a period of decline, but once, in the mythical past, it was great, with harmonious socio-political relations, and itself dominated over others, but later lost its internal unity, disintegrated and fell dependent on other, less significant nations; 3) the process of national decline is often associated with a decrease in the level of racial purity of the nation. Some movements are characterized by an approach to the nation as something that coincides in time and space with a race (nation race), others recognize a hierarchy of races within which nations are located (race nation). In almost all cases, the loss of purity is considered to weaken the race and is ultimately the cause of its present predicament; 4) blame for the decline of the nation and/or for intermarriage is placed on a conspiracy of other nations or races, which are believed to be in a desperate struggle for dominance; 5) in this struggle both capitalism and its political shell - liberal democracy– are viewed merely as cunning means of splitting the nation and its further subordination to the world order. As for the basic demands of these ideologies, chief among them is the reconstruction of the nation as an objective reality through the restoration of its purity. The second requirement is the restoration of the dominant position of the nation through perestroika government system, economy and society. The means of achieving these goals in different cases include: 1) building an authoritarian, illiberal state, in which one party plays a dominant role; 2) full control this party over political organization, information and nationalization; 3) public administration labor resources and the sphere of consumption in order to build a productive and self-sufficient economy; 4) the presence of a charismatic leader who would be able to flesh out the “real” interests of the nation and mobilize the masses. If these most important goals are achieved, the nation will be able to regain its lost dominance, even, if necessary, by military means. Such goals were typical of fascist movements between the two world wars, which pursued racial and ethnic cleansing, established totalitarian political systems and dictatorships, built productive economies, and, of course, waged wars to achieve world domination. However, such parties can no longer openly propagate such extremist ideas. A revision of positions took place. The struggle for the purity of the nation and race now results in opposition to incessant migration and demands for the repatriation of foreigners; the demand for totalitarianism and dictatorship was replaced by less stringent proposals for a significant strengthening of state power, supposedly within the framework of democracy; the prerogative of producing goods has been replaced by government intervention in economic sphere, and they almost completely stopped talking about military valor. Post-war movements with similar ideologies are usually called neo-fascist.

In the narrow sense, fascism is ideological and political movement in Italy 1920–40s. Founder Italian fascism- expelled for war propaganda in 1914 Socialist Party journalist Benito Mussolini. In March 1919, he united his supporters, among whom there were many front-line soldiers disillusioned with the current government, into the “Union of Struggle” - “fascio di combattimento”.

Representatives of futurism, a specific movement in art and literature of the early 20th century, completely denying the cultural achievements of the past, glorifying war and destruction as a means of rejuvenating a decrepit world (F. T. Marinetti and others) made a significant contribution to the formation of fascism as an ideology.

One of Mussolini's predecessors was the writer Gabriel d'Annunzio. The meaning of the ideology of fascism is the recognition of the right of the Italian nation to take precedence in Europe and the world due to the fact that the inhabitants of the Apennine Peninsula descend from the descendants of the Romans, and the Italian Kingdom is the legal successor of the Roman Empire.

Fascism proceeds from the concept of the nation as an eternal and supreme reality based on community of blood. In unity with the nation, according to the fascist doctrine, the individual, through self-denial and sacrifice of private interests, realizes a “purely spiritual existence.” According to Mussolini, “for a fascist, nothing human or spiritual exists, much less has value, outside the state. In this sense, fascism is totalitarian.”

The Italian state became totalitarian (the term of the “Duce” himself - Italian “duke”, “leader”, as the dictator was officially called) when B. Mussolini came to power. In 1922, with his numerous “Black Shirt” supporters, formed in columns of thousands, he carried out the famous march on Rome. By a majority vote, parliament transferred power to him in the country. But the transition to totalitarian state, where all spheres of society are controlled by the authorities, Mussolini managed to implement only 4 years later. He banned all parties except the fascist one by the highest legislative body countries declared the Great Fascist Council, canceled democratic freedoms, ceased the activities of trade unions.

In a relationship with outside world Mussolini pursued an aggressive policy. Back in 1923, his government captured the island of Corfu after a bombing. When the like-minded Duce A. Hitler came to power in Germany, Mussolini, feeling support, carried out aggression against African state Ethiopia.

Italian military formations took part in the Francoist war against Republican Spain and in hostilities on the territory of the USSR as part of the Nazi army. After the invasion of Sicily and then mainland Italy by American and British troops in 1943, the government of King Victor Emmanuel III capitulated, the Fascist Grand Council votes against Mussolini, and the king orders his arrest. Hitler, having sent his paratroopers, freed the Il Duce, who was under arrest, and returned him to the post of head of the “Italian Social Republic” (“Republic of Salo”), a part of Northern Italy occupied by the Germans.

It was at this time that repression against Jews unfolded in the formation led by Mussolini, although it did not reach the point of mass anti-Semitic actions, unlike Germany and other states of the fascist bloc (Romania, Hungary, Croatia), as well as the Nazi-occupied territories of Poland and Soviet Union. On April 27, 1945, Benito Mussolini and his mistress were captured by members of the Italian Resistance and executed the next day.

The ideology of fascism turned out to be unviable even during the lifetime of its creator. Mussolini's dream of recreating the "Roman Empire" collided with the Italian people's inability to nation-build. The ideas of the corporate state have been implemented in other countries.

In many postulates, fascism is close to German National Socialism, as a result of which both doctrines are often identified. Usually all the horrors of fascism are associated with the policy of genocide pursued by A. Hitler.

In the occupied territories, the German fascists, using concentration camps and mass brutal murders, according to various estimates, killed more than 20 million people. (mainly Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians, Jews, Gypsies, Poles, etc.).

Fascism as an ideology is condemned international tribunal at the Nuremberg trials, and the legislation of many countries still requires criminal liability for promoting fascism.

The term “fascist” was also used in relation to the Salazar regime in Portugal and the Franco dictatorship in Spain.

Fascism is based on a totalitarian political party (“a powerful organization of an active minority”), which, after coming to power (usually violently), becomes a state-monopoly organization, as well as on the unquestioned authority of the leader (Duce, Fuhrer). Fascist regimes and movements widely use demagogy, populism, slogans of socialism, imperial power, and apologetics of war.

Fascism finds support in conditions of national crises. Many features of fascism are inherent in various social and national movements right and left wing, as well as some modern state regimes, founding ideology and public policy on the principle of national intolerance (modern Estonia, Georgia, Latvia, Ukraine, etc.).

Thus, about 200 thousand Russian-speaking residents of Estonia are deprived civil rights, are discriminated against based on their nationality and languish in the position of second-class citizens. IN the country is coming active anti-Russian propaganda aimed at instilling hatred of Russians among ethnic Estonians, as well as a large-scale campaign to rehabilitate Nazi criminals.

Based on a number of characteristics (leaderism, totalitarianism, national, class, racial intolerance), some Russian political movements can be classified as fascist, including the NBP (see National Bolsheviks), RNU, and the skinhead movement.

Great definition

Incomplete definition ↓

it. fascismo from fas-cio - bundle, bundle, association) - ideology, political movement And social practice, which are characterized by the following signs and features: justification on racial grounds for the superiority and exclusivity of one nation, which is therefore proclaimed dominant; intolerance and discrimination towards other “alien”, “hostile” nations and national minorities; denial of democracy and human rights; imposing a regime based on the principles of totalitarian-corporate statehood, one-party system and leaderism; assertion of violence and terror in order to suppress political opponent and any forms of dissent; militarization of society, the creation of paramilitary forces and the justification of war as a means of solving interstate problems. As can be seen from the list given in the definition, it covers and takes into account many signs and characteristic features, the totality of which makes up the most common and adequate formula of F. Such a wide set of signs is explained by the fact that F. is complex, multidimensional social phenomenon, noted in different countries features and differences in the origins, prerequisites, forms of manifestation, socio-economic conditions and national-political traditions that contribute to its origin and formation. F. in its own, narrow sense is usually associated with its Italian model, which is etymologically and historically quite justified.

The first fascist organizations appeared in the spring of 1919. in Italy in the form of paramilitary squads of nationalist-minded former front-line soldiers. In October 1922, the fascists, who turned into a large political force, an armed “march on Rome” was staged, which resulted in the appointment of October 31, 1922. the prime minister was the head of the fascists (Il Duce) B. Mussolini. Over the next 4 years, political freedoms were gradually eliminated, and the omnipotence of the fascist party elite was established. In the 30s The creation of a corporate state was completed in Italy. The basis political system constituted the only legal fascist party. Parliament was replaced by a special body, which included representatives of various professional groups and social strata ("corporations", hence the name "corporate state"). In place independent trade unions completely nationalized “vertical” fascist trade unions arrived. Mussolini's government developed and adopted a series of codes (criminal, criminal procedural, civil, etc.), a number of which, with modifications, are still in force today. The fascist government adopted the criminal law doctrine " social protection", waged a decisive fight against the mafia, as a result of which for the first time in Italian history managed to put an end to organized crime.

In a broad sense, the concept of F. is extended to National Socialism and other authoritarian-corporate, military regimes (Salazar in Portugal (1926-1974) and Franco in Spain (1939-1975).

Applied to Hitler's Germany(1933-1945), as a rule, the term “national socialism” (“Nazism”) is used, the use of which is also typical for the post-war legislation of these countries banning National Socialism. Nazi organizations and their activities, as well as propaganda of the ideas of National Socialism. And although many political scientists rightly point out the vagueness of the concept of f., it seems legitimate to talk about f. in a broad sense, i.e. including National Socialism, Italian, Portuguese and its other varieties. It should also be taken into account that General Assembly The UN, in many of its resolutions on the threat of the revival of F. and the need to combat it, uses this concept in a broad sense.

In the most concentrated form, although in their most extreme manifestations, the generic signs and characteristic features of f. were embodied in Nazi Germany, where racism, mass terror and aggression were justified in ideology, legalized in legislation and implemented in the criminal policy and practice of the state.

On October 1, 1946, the first international trial in the history of mankind of the main war criminals of Nazi Germany ended in Nuremberg. The International Military Tribunal (IMT), on behalf of the peoples of the world, condemned leaders, ideologists, and military commanders fascist Germany for crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity. The IMT recognized the NSDAP, Gestapo, SS and SD as criminal organizations. The Tribunal recognized and condemned the ideology of Nazism and the regime based on it as criminal.

Behind the main Nuremberg trials The IMT was followed by 12 trials conducted by American Military Tribunals (AMT) in Nuremberg. In Trial No. 3 of the AVT, a case was considered on charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity against Nazi judges. The Court's verdict clearly defined the role of judges and high-ranking justice officials in the commission of these crimes: "The main element of the charge is that the laws, Hitler's decrees and the draconian, corrupt and corrupt National Socialist legal system as such, collectively represent war crime and a crime against humanity. Participation in the publication and application of such laws meant criminal complicity." The Tribunal described Nazi legislation itself as a far-reaching degradation of the entire legal system.

After the Second World War, the question arose of creating legal barriers to the revival of f.. Analysis of the legislation of Western countries (Germany, Austria, Italy, Portugal, etc.), in which f. different periods was in power or existed as a political and state reality, shows that the suppression of f. is carried out mainly through the prohibition of the formation and activities of associations and parties of a fascist, Nazi or neo-Nazi persuasion or other national varieties of f., known in these countries from their own experience . Thus, the Portuguese Constitution of 1976 directly uses the term “F.”. In paragraph 4 of Art. 46 of the Constitution on the right of citizens to associate, “armed associations, associations of a militaristic or paramilitarist nature, as well as organizations that adhere to the ideology of fascism” are recognized as unacceptable.

Violation of the ban and the continuation of the activities of banned parties and associations of pro-Nazi or pro-fascist orientation are subject to criminal punishment in these countries, while the concept or definition of F. as a legal category used in a criminal law or administrative law context. usually absent. The exception is Portugal. In the law banning F. of 1978, the lack of a legal definition of F. is compensated by a detailed definition of fascist organizations: “... fascist organizations are considered to be organizations that, in their charters, manifestos, messages and statements of leading and responsible figures, as well as in their activities, openly adhere to , defend, strive to disseminate and actually disseminate the principles, teachings, attitudes and methods inherent in fascist regimes known to history, namely: they promote war, violence as a form of political struggle, colonialism, racism, corporatism and extol prominent fascist figures."

In Austria, liberated from the Nazi occupation, the provisional coalition government on May 8, 1945 adopted the constitutional Law banning the NSDAP, which is still in force. In 1992, it was amended to increase criminal liability for any attempt to recreate or support the activities of banned Nazi organizations. At the same time, the upper limits of the punishment in the form of life imprisonment were retained and the lower limits were omitted. The law increased penalties for promoting National Socialism by distributing publications or works of art, and also introduced new line-up crimes that criminalize denial of Nazi genocide and crimes against humanity or apology for National Socialism.

In Germany, a different mechanism is provided for the possible suppression of pro-Nazi activities. In 1952 Federal constitutional Court declared unconstitutional and banned the Socialist Imperial Party as the legal successor of the NSDAP; the ban also applies to the creation of organizations replacing it. The German Criminal Code, which came into force on January 1, 1975, contains a number of articles establishing criminal liability for the continuation of the activities of a banned organization, an attempt to recreate it or create a replacement organization, for the distribution of propaganda materials of such an organization, as well as for the use of its symbols. These articles should apply to parties and associations of Nazi and neo-Nazi orientation.

In Italy, the condemnation of F. and its ban are recorded in the transitional and final regulations of the 1947 Constitution: “The restoration in any form of the dissolved fascist party is prohibited.” Article 13 of the Constitution prohibits the creation of secret societies and associations that, at least indirectly, pursue political goals through organizations of a military nature. In November 1947 constituent Assembly Italy has adopted a law prohibiting fascist activities, which also provides for imprisonment for propaganda F. In 1952, a law was passed banning neo-fascist activities and organizations such as the Italian Social Movement party. It was first used in 1973 in the case of 40 members of a neo-fascist organization " New order". 30 of whom were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment. In 1974, more than 100 criminal cases were brought against members of the neo-fascist organization National Vanguard. The fight against F. in Italy is based both on the legislation applied by the courts and on active rejection people of any manifestations and performances of neo-fascist forces.

Incomplete definition ↓

Fascism(from the Italian fascio - fascia - bundle, bundle, association) - this is an ideology and practice that asserts the superiority and exclusivity of a certain nation or race, the denial of democracy, the establishment of the cult of the leader; the use of violence and terror to suppress political opponents and all forms of dissent; justification of war as a means of solving interstate problems.

In relation to fascism, traditional sociological criteria do not work, since fascism is defined primarily through ideological, psychological and organizational parameters, and not social ones.

Fascism is the ideology and practice of the domination of international imperialism over the world.

Subjective: fascism– this is the selfishness of people, their desire for global domination.

Neo-fascism – an extremely reactionary political movement, reflecting the views of the most aggressive, militaristic and chauvinist circles of the big monopoly bourgeoisie. Like fascism of the 20s - 40s, neo-fascism is a product of state-monopoly capitalism. At the same time, the social base of Neofascism, just like Nazism in Germany and fascism in Italy, is found among the petty and middle bourgeoisie, the lumpen proletariat. Neo-fascist parties and groups are usually closely associated with certain circles of the ruling class, which finance them and the political interests that they ultimately serve.

The ideology of Neofascism is characterized by: anti-communism, nationalism, racism, social demagoguery.

Neo-fascists – ardent opponents of international détente, advocates of militarism and the arms race. In their political struggle they widely use violence and terror, directed primarily against revolutionary forces.

Neo-Nazi organizations have durable international connections with historical revisionists.

Historical revisionism- a widespread historical school that denies the mass extermination of Jews during the reign of Hitler. These people are trying to back up anti-Semitism with scientific evidence.

For example: the chemical composition that arose after the use of ZYKLONA-B, the gas used by the Nazis to exterminate people, and was to be found in the walls of the gas chambers of Auschwitz. But post-war studies did not confirm this. Revisionists theorized about clothes dryers rather than gas chambers. But in 1998, the government prohibited conducting an experiment to find out whether that amount of gas killed people. The version is that people were hanged so as not to breed wild dogs, rats and other carriers of infections. Historians who contradict such research also do not provide facts, but simply focus on the number of victims.

Leading revisionists: David Irving, Ernst Sandel, Robert Faurissson, Ahmed Rami, Fiss Christophersen, Otto-Ernst Römer.

They and others like them continue to make attempts to rehabilitate or deny the crimes committed by the regime of Nazi Germany during the Second World War.

Ideology

Nazis, fascists, racists are ultra-nationalists who are hostile to democracy, entrenched in laws and fundamental human rights. Systematically proclaim ideas of hatred against those whose skin color, culture, religion, manifestations of lifestyle, sexual orientation or way of thinking are different.

Unites Nazi and fascist movements general ideology: xenophobic (intolerant) racist and anti-Semitic hatred based on “race science”. Historically, the Nazis see an epic mystical struggle between the white “Aryan” race and the Jews, who are blamed for all the troubles. For the Nazis, Jews were the source of all known evil. Communism and capitalism are declared Jewish.

Fascists believe that the hierarchy of the democratic order and the idea of ​​universal equality are dangerous. They are anti-communists and anti-socialists and do not believe in equal rights for all people. Trade unions and any democratic independent organizations must be destroyed, parliaments dissolved. They proclaim society's need for authoritarian rule. They admire individual heroism, tough leadership, sacrifice and courage. There are also constant irrational appeals to the “soul of the nation and race.”

The main variants of ideology do not quite fall under those described above, but are no less dangerous:

1. Historical revisionism. Rejects the Nazi genocide of the Jews during World War II. Reports that 6 million Jews were not killed and that the Nazi gas chambers at Auschwitz and other camps never existed. Exists in many European countries. The main organization is the Institute for Historical Review in America.

2. Proponents of the “Third Way” represent a third way between capitalism and communism. They are “national revolutionaries”. Supporters of the “Third Way” confuse “socialism” and “national socialism.” The main organization is the International Third Way, the National Front in Germany (banned), ACCION RADICAL in Spain and partly VAM in Sweden.

3. Parliamentary Nazis use electoral tactics to gain mass support. FN in France, VB in Belgium, DV and DLFVH in Germany, MCI in Italy and many others hold various seats at European national and local parliamentary level. They represent the most dangerous part of right-wing radical organizations.

4. Neo-Nazi youth culture spreads through the international Skinhead music scene. The main organization is the British BLOOD & HONOUR, which sells CDs, T-shirts, merchandise, posters, literature and other material internationally. Musical groups such as SKREWDRIVER, NO REMORSE, STORKRAFT, ULTIMA THULE and SKULLHEAD, ROCK O-RAMA and REBELLES, EUROPEENS.

The political regime is always in the most direct and immediate dependence on the social base of the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie. Even before the onset of the general crisis of capitalism, the bourgeoisie systematically resorted to authoritarian and terrorist methods of government. It was in the first post-war years that such a fundamentally new political phenomenon as fascism emerged. The establishment of fascism represents a radical revolution, leading to the complete and final destruction of bourgeois democracy by the bourgeoisie itself.

The social base of fascist movements is the petty bourgeoisie. It is joined by various kinds of declassed elements, as well as a significant part of the unemployed. But this does not mean at all that when fascism is established, the petty bourgeoisie comes to power. The petty-bourgeois origin of many fascist leaders (Mussolini is the son of a blacksmith, Hitler is the son of a shoemaker who later became a customs official), and the presence of people from this environment in important positions in the mechanism of the fascist dictatorship does not change its essence in any way. In fact, power is in the hands of the most reactionary elements of monopoly capital. Fascism is not established immediately. Before replacing the political regime, the bourgeoisie carries out a series of preparatory measures.

Fascism turned the country into a state. This made it possible to indoctrinate the population and identify dissidents for merciless destruction.

The fascisation of the political regime is carried out in the following main directions:

Open violation of bourgeois-democratic rights and freedoms;

Persecution and prohibition of communist and workers' parties, as well as trade unions and public organizations;

Merger of the state apparatus with monopolies;

Militarization of the state apparatus;

The decline of the role of central and local representative institutions;

Growth of discretionary powers of executive bodies of state power;

Merging of parties and trade unions with the state apparatus;

Consolidation of previously disparate fascist and reactionary extremist parties and organizations;

The emergence of various kinds of right-wing extremist movements (National Front in France, Italian Social Movement, etc.).

The experience of Italy and Germany clearly reveals the prerequisites that favor its emergence and the establishment of an appropriate political regime:

A nationwide crisis that affects, to one degree or another, all social strata and groups and aggravates social, including interethnic, contradictions to the limit;

The weakening of the real power of the liberal democratic state, its inability to propose and implement effective measures bringing society out of crisis;

The weakening of the country's international position, up to its national humiliation, as was the case with Germany, which was forced to sign the Versailles Peace Treaty, which traumatized the national consciousness of the Germans;

The presence of influential left parties (communist, social democratic), frightening not only big capital, but also the middle strata of society with their revolutionary prospects;

The presence of a fascist movement led by a skilled demagogue leader who skillfully plays on social contradictions, manipulates the masses and promises to lead the country out of the crisis through quick and decisive action;

Support for the fascists by various social and political strata, including the big bourgeoisie, who expect to use fascist organizations as a convenient temporary weapon in the fight against rivals and enemies; crisis of public consciousness, disappointment of the masses in liberal and democratic values; instability that fuels nationalist, militaristic and aggressive sentiments.

The simultaneous presence of all these factors allowed fascism to acquire such proportions in Europe in the 20s and 30s.

The first fascist organizations- “Fashi di Combattimento” (hence the name of the whole movement) - appeared in Italy in March 1919. In October 1922, the Italian fascists came to power, their leader (“Il Duce”) B. Mussolini took the post of prime minister. The establishment of the fascist dictatorship in Italy ended in 1926.

At the beginning of 1919, the fascist party arose in Germany. Since February 1920, the name was adopted - National Socialist (Nazi) German workers' party. Hence the name of the German variety of fascism - Nazism. In January 1933, the Nazis came to power in Germany. With their arrival, all democratic institutions were curtailed and dissolved political parties, including traditional bourgeois ones, and the German Communist Party was banned.

To implement the policy mass repression Concentration camps were created in Germany, where citizens suspected of actions against the fascist dictatorship were exiled without specifying the term of imprisonment. By the beginning of the Second World War, there were about a hundred concentration camps in Hitler’s Germany, and total number There were about a million people imprisoned in them.

An industry of death was created in concentration camps: slave labor, crematoria, gas chambers, experiments on people.

The Nazis' war against the USSR was a war of extermination.

The main source, according to which the systematic extermination of huge masses of the population took place, is the Ost plan. In its cruelty and cynicism, this document is unique in the history of mankind. The plan contains horrific details extermination of Soviet people. It included such means as the destruction of the intelligentsia, the reduction of the culture of the people to the lowest level, as well as the artificial reduction of the birth rate.

Three circumstances contributed to the establishment of the fascist dictatorship in Germany:

a) the monopoly bourgeoisie found in it the desired way out of the acute political situation created by the economic crisis;

b) the petty bourgeoisie and some sections of the peasantry saw in the demagogic promises of the Hitler party the fulfillment of hopes of mitigating economic difficulties caused by the growth of monopolies and aggravated by the crisis;

c) the working class of Germany - found itself divided and therefore disarmed: the Communist Party was not strong enough to stop fascism.

Fascism has a number of features that distinguish it from other authoritarian regimes.

He not only completely destroys bourgeois democracy, but also theoretically “justifies” the need to establish totalitarianism. Instead of the liberal-democratic concept of individualism, fascism puts forward the concept of a nation, a people whose interests always, everywhere and in everything prevail over the interests of individuals.

Fascism in theory and practice broke with all political and legal principles bourgeois democracy, such as popular sovereignty, the supremacy of parliament, separation of powers, elections, local self-government, guarantees of individual rights, the rule of law.

The establishment of an openly terrorist regime under fascism is accompanied by social demagogy, which is elevated to the rank of official ideology. Capitalizing on demagogic criticism of the most blatant evils of capitalism, fascism always puts forward anti-socialist slogans and juggles with one or another variety of “national socialism”. According to fascist ideology, each corporation that occupies its proper place in the hierarchical system carries out its inherent “social function.” Corporatist theories preach the unity and solidity of the nation.

It is social demagoguery and “national socialism” that distinguish fascism from other authoritarian regimes, in which bourgeois democracy is also eliminated, but this is done without “theoretical justification” and not under “socialist” slogans.

Representatives of any class, any social substructure can be fascists. There is no class or social stratum of fascists: they are scattered in varying proportions throughout social structure society.

Fascism may be a consequence of the actions of maniacs who take advantage of the unstable balance of power between classes or other features of the socio-political situation and establish fascist regime under the guise of slogans of a supra-class nature.

Fascists can come to power along with the revolutionary movement of the oppressed classes, subjugate them and establish a fascist regime under the guise of a “revolutionary” ideology. Finally, fascists, in their actions aimed at seizing power, can combine all of the above options, depending on the specific political situations in which they operate.

The most deeply hidden fascist formations arise in those cases when one or another organizational and ideological structure degrades and turns into essentially fascist, but outwardly retaining the same ideological characteristics. Christianity experienced a similar transformation in the Middle Ages. Similar processes are still going on powerfully in some Muslim states. The communist movement experienced similar degradation.

It should be especially emphasized: the conspiracy level of the fascists in such cases is extremely high, largely due to the fact that almost all of them sincerely consider themselves “Christians”, “Muslims”, “communists” and so on.

In the ideology of fascism, a special place is occupied by the nation and the state (“blood and soil”). The nation is seen as superior and eternal reality based on common blood. Hence the task of preserving the purity of blood and race. In a fascist society, superior nations dominate the inferior ones.

Currently, fascism in its “classical” form does not exist anywhere. However, various types of tyrannical regimes have become quite widespread.

Neo-Nazism and racism in the 90s not only did not disappear, but on the contrary received further development in many directions. The increase in the number of parties and movements, their numbers, despite the banning of many of them, did not lead to the eradication of this dangerous ideology. Neo-Nazis continue to win elections in various European countries.

Terrorist acts carried out by the most extremist-minded representatives of these movements continue, people are killed, cemeteries are desecrated, houses are burned. Probably, the reasons for the increase in the activity of neo-Nazis and the increase in their number lie in the social disorder of people all over the world. A common strong legislative framework is also needed, which is currently lacking in many countries.

In modern Europe There is a huge variety in number and size of right-wing radical movements. The term right-wing radical refers only to those organizations, parties, movements, unions, military sports groups, etc. (including prohibited ones), whose actions are based on the philosophy of the superiority of one race (nation) over another, xenophobia, anti-Semitism (“anti” - against, Semites - a group of peoples of south-west Asia and northern Africa with similar languages), which violate numerous human rights enshrined in many laws in all civilized countries. This part of the work talks about political parties professing a similar ideology.

Now international Nazis have four international organizations: NSDAP-AO, EURO-RING, NEW EROREAN ORDER and WORLD UNION OF NATIONAL SOCIALISTS.

There are a large number of different radical right organizations in Scandinavia. Many of them are prohibited. They are responsible for numerous murders, bank robberies, attacks on police stations and army warehouses in order to obtain weapons.

VAM is in close contacts with the German Nazi organization - GDNF, the American NSDAP-AO and the Norwegian HVITT ARISKT MOTSTAND, with British terrorists - COMBAT18 and BLOOD & HONOUR, as well as with the organization of former WAFFEN-SS veterans (HIAG).

In Sweden there are organizations with a different focus, for example, KREATIVISTENS KYRKA. This organization (“Church of the Creator”) is a unique religious organization professing a mixture of northern paganism, Christianity, and Hinduism. Other organizations in Sweden have a terrorist orientation.

Denmark is the playground for Europe's most prominent ideologically major Nazi and racist parties.

In Finland, the radical right movement is small, but has representatives in government.

Anti-communism, patriotism, anti-immigration, fear of Russia, because of which he proposes to create a national guard, training guard members from school.

Spain has a record number of such large associations – 11.

YOUTH MOVEMENTS

The main neo-Nazi youth movement is the Skinhead movement. It originated in Britain in the late 60s. Initially, the movement was not racist, but included a passion for certain forms of clothing, football matches and concerts. But in 1997, a new generation of “skinheads” arose, which became the main youth driving force international neo-Nazism.

Numerous literature is published: magazines, newspapers, fanzines of musical groups, leaflets, paraphernalia, patches, T-shirts and other materials bearing pronounced neo-Nazi symbols are produced. CDs and cassettes of many banned musical groups are being released, and international contacts are being made.

The ideology and subculture are the same in all countries. Patriotism, nationalism, racism, anti-Semitism and hostile perception of any manifestation of thinking different from the “ideals”.

Fascism was not an exception to the rule or an accident. This is a natural phenomenon of human development, which, according to the theory of the age of Cultures, coincides with the cruel pre-adolescent age. Violence begets resistance, which begets more violence. Main lesson defeat of fascism - it is impossible to achieve prosperity through unrighteous means. The unnaturalness, inhumanity and ill-conceived nature of these ideas led fascism to defeat.

Interesting Facts:

In Italy, the government not only did not interfere with the fascists, but even encouraged them. Fascism receives powerful patrons in the person of the General Confederation of Industrialists and Landowners' Unions. Along with patronage comes money.

In November 1926, a 15-year-old boy was killed on the spot “allegedly” for attempting to assassinate Mussolini.

For many years (until 1936) Mussolini held 7 ministerial posts simultaneously

a) paid dues to the trade union;

b) paid a tax of at least 100 liras;

c) held securities(state or banking);

d) Belonged to the church clergy;

22 corporations were created in the country (by industry sector). Each of them included a representative of fascist trade unions, business unions, and the fascist party. The chairman of each of the 22 corporations was Mussolini himself; he also headed the Ministry of Corporations.

- the “National Socialist Workers' Party” of Germany heralded the creation of a new German “Reich”, a great empire built on the bones of all non-German peoples, “the eradication of Marxism and communism”, and the physical extermination of Jews.

On the night of February 28, 1933, the Nazis set fire to the Reichstag building. They did this in order to obtain a pretext for persecuting the Communist Party.

In 1925, “universal” male suffrage was introduced in Japan, while military personnel, students, people who did not have a one-year residency requirement, those who benefited from charity, and, finally, the heads of noble families were deprived of the right to vote.

There were some differences:

a) In Germany and Italy, fascist parties controlled the army, in Japan it was the army that played a role main hands Greater political force;

b) as in Italy, so in Japan, fascism did not abolish the monarchy; the difference is that the Italian king did not play the slightest role, while the Japanese emperor did not lose any of his absolute power or his influence (all the institutions associated with the monarchy, such as Privy Council etc.).

The Bulgarian Law “On the Protection of the State” provided for criminal punishment “for the communist way of thinking.”