Civil society table totalitarian system. Types of state (political) regimes

03.08.2019

It is its state-legal structure, which determines the structure and mechanisms of governance, as well as the relations between the ruling persons and the people. Kinds political regimes are different according to different criteria, but the most important thing is the concentration of power in the hands of an individual or a group. The classification of political regimes, their concept and characteristics are briefly discussed below in the article.

A political regime is a form of organization of the management system within a power, which determines the relationship between the people and governing bodies, the level of freedoms and rights, as well as life in general.

Knowing which way of life dominates in a country, one can draw conclusions regarding its political system in a certain historical period. At the same time, it is most important to know the interaction between the government and the people (rights, freedoms, management methods) rather than the structure of the state legal system.

State legal structures may be of the same type in different countries, due to the similarity of government structures. For example, you can consider Sweden and Iran: with a constitutional-monarchical structure in both, their systems are different. Sweden is democratic republic, and Iran is an authoritarian state with the same democratic structure.

It is often difficult to clearly define a political regime. For example, the USSR was a symbol for quite a long time democratic rights and human freedoms, and only after the collapse the true essence of the totalitarianism of this country was revealed.

Signs

To determine the current system in the country, one should study in detail the principles of organization of government institutions, policy goals and ways to achieve them. Very often there are characteristic attitudes or slogans, for example, about love for the country or achieving a goal by any means.

In addition, you should investigate:

personality position;
public participation in politics: is it free to join a party, the election process, etc.;
development of management institutions: activities and number of governing bodies, nature of legislation;
ways to influence people: force or word.

The system is formed under the influence of historical folk traditions, as well as the level of political culture. The usurper or ruling party usurps the government of the state for as long as the people and civilians allow public institutions. Thus, in countries with a traditional culture, authoritarianism arises naturally, but with established democratic traditions this is almost impossible.

It is important to know! Anarchy is not a separate system, but its complete absence, i.e. anarchy. This state is possible only if the role of current government or in case of confrontation between different parties. In essence, anarchy is an intermediate state between state and legal structures.

Definition

The definition of a system today is possible using two different systems: institutional and sociological. Each of them has characteristics and representatives.

Let's look at them in more detail:

The institutional approach makes only the procedural and formal-legal characteristics of the entire management system significant. Using this approach, scientists almost erase the boundaries between the concept of system and form of government. Typically, this method of determination was characteristic of the French state, in which the way of life became part of constitutional law. Thanks to the institutional approach, three types of government were distinguished: presidential and parliamentary republic. Today, this typology has also begun to classify types of government structures. Among the supporters of this approach are the political scientist G. Lasswell and his followers.
Sociological approach. This method of definition is more aimed at studying the real, rather than the constitutional, relationship between government and society. In this case, one should consider the structure of a power as the relationship between its people and governing bodies, since everything is based on various connections in society, and this cannot be changed without destroying these social foundations. The sociological approach identifies the basic structures of countries: democratic, autocratic and totalitarian.

Today, science uses a social approach to defining and assessing government. The classification of political regimes also depends on the chosen approach.

Classification of political regimes

Types of political regime

First, let's look at the types of political regimes and their characteristics, which are located below according to the main criteria.

Options	Democracy	Autocracy	Totalitarianism
Device	State with established laws and separated authorities and management	A traditional state that maintains order in society by controlling certain areas of social life	The state implements full control over the lives of citizens, both private and public
Rights and freedoms of the people	Protected by law and constitution	The law protects the state, while individual rights and freedoms are significantly reduced	Human rights are spelled out in government documents, but in reality they don’t care. If necessary, the board does not pay any attention to the prescribed freedoms and does everything to protect itself
Party system	The opposition is active on the board, while diversity of views is ensured, there are a lot of movements and parties whose activities are not limited in any way	The ruling party occupies a dominant position. The opposition occupies a “tame” place, all other movements have limited rights	One-party system. The opposition has been destroyed. The ruling party has merged with the state
System for resolving conflicts in society	Solution through agreement and negotiations	All collisions are resolved forcibly, using force	Terror and genocide
Media, ideology	The media is free to say what they want. There is no single ideology	Official ideology. The media operate only within the framework permitted by the state	Brutal censorship. Mandatory official ideology
The role of the army and police	Operate within the framework of the law and are aimed at protecting and ensuring the security of the internal and external interests of citizens	The army may be called upon to resolve conflicts with citizens and to suppress public unrest.	They have great powers that go beyond the law. They also perform a punitive function.

Let us consider the definitions and characteristics of each structure separately, as well as their subtypes in more detail.

Democracy

Democracy, or democracy, is a position in the state in which government is only in the hands of the people and is carried out according to their will and interests, and this is possible only in a legal power.

Political regime criteria:

the people are the sovereign power in the country;
regular elections to local and state government bodies;
accountability of leaders to voters;
the rights of citizens are actually ensured;
decisions are made by a majority vote, and the minority is subject to it;
law enforcement agencies are used only for their intended purpose within the framework of the law.

Democracy can be divided according to the form of popular participation into:

direct, when people participate in preparing and making all decisions;
plebiscitary, when people, by voting, accept or reject decisions proposed to them;
representative, when representatives from the people are elected to governing bodies and have the right to make decisions on behalf of voters.

Today, about 80 countries in the world are democracies or emerging democracies.

Democracy

Autocracy

Authoritarianism is a position in which control is concentrated in the hands of one individual or group. At the same time, citizens retain some economic and spiritual freedoms, but they are also significantly limited (both in politics and in culture public consciousness). In this situation, democracy is impossible in the country, neither in matters free choice, nor in matters of management of government agencies.

It is important to know! Autocracy has a high ability to ensure political stability and social order, while actively using public resources to achieve its goals.

military-bureaucratic;
corporate;
pre-totalitarian;
postcolonial;
racial quasi-democracy;
sultanistic.

In essence, autocracy is a method of government with limited pluralism and the most the easy way move from totalitarianism to a democratic way of life.

Autocracy

Totalitarianism

- this is complete control by the ruling party of all spheres of life of the people with the help of military resources.

Signs of a totalitarian system:

obligatory ideology;
clear centralized management of the entire economy;
widespread militarization;
monopoly on government;
Cult of personality;
persecution and destruction of the opposition;
terror and genocide.

Useful video: totalitarianism and authoritarianism

Useful video: characteristic features of a democratic regime

Conclusion

As a ruling system, totalitarianism emerged in the 20th century as a new type of dictatorship by exalting the cult of the state with the help of a rigid ideology. Totalitarianism is known for its types: fascism, socialism, national socialism.

According to experts, this government structure is doomed to failure and only leads to the impoverishment of the country and its decline.

In addition to the types of political systems listed above, there are transitional and emergency systems that are characteristic only for a certain period of time under certain conditions.

Comparison criteria		Totalitarianism
1. Translation/meaning	"authoritarianism" comes from the Latin autoritas and means "power." But in order to adequately understand at least the original meaning of the word, one must turn to its ancient Greek roots: “auto” means “oneself”, “autocracy”, respectively, “autocracy”, “autocracy”.	"totalitarianism" comes from the late Latin word totalis - "whole", "whole", "complete" and in relation to the form of government means "omnipotence". The term “totalitarianism” is used not only to designate the form government, but also in relation to relationships within certain groups of people (for example, “totalitarian sects”).
2. Definition (from old BES)	"AUTHORITARISM, an anti-democratic system of political power, characteristic of the most reactionary capitalist states (for example, fascist regimes in Germany, Italy). Usually combined with elements of personal dictatorship."	TOTALITARIANISM, one of the forms of authoritarian bourgeoisie. state (totalitarian state), characterized by its complete (total) control over all spheres of society’s life. Also the direction of burzh. political, thoughts justifying statism, authoritarianism; since the 20s 20th century became an official fascist ideology Germany and Italy. At the same time, the concept of T. was used by bourgeois liberals. ideologists for criticism. fash assessments dictatorship. Since the period " cold war“is actively used by anti-communist propaganda in relation to socialist states, which are slanderously identified with “totalitarian” regimes and opposed to “democratic”, “free” society.”
3.Definition (from the new BES)	"AUTHORITARIANISM, a system of power characteristic of anti-democratic political regimes. Usually combined with personal dictatorship. Historical forms of authoritarianism include Asian despotism, tyrannical and absolutist forms of government of antiquity, the Middle Ages and modern times, military-police and fascist regimes, various variants of totalitarianism."	"TOTALITARIANISM 1) one of the forms of the state (totalitarian state), characterized by its complete (total) control over all spheres of social life, the actual elimination of constitutional rights and freedoms, repression of the opposition and dissidents (for example, various shapes totalitarianism in fascist Italy, Germany, the communist regime in the USSR, Francoism in Spain, etc. - from the end. 20s 20th century)… 2) Direction political thought, justifying statism, authoritarianism. Since the 20s 20th century totalitarianism has become official ideology fascist Germany and Italy."
4.Regime goal/slogan	Preservation of the existing regime, order, getting rid of a threat (imaginary or real) and changing it.	Creation of a perfect society in the country, a utopian dream aimed against liberal democracy. Overcoming the previous social system.
5.Ideology	Lack of totalit. Ideologies	Unitary ideology
6.Mode principle	Anything that has nothing to do with politics is allowed	What is ordered by the authorities is allowed
7.Class division	Traditional, class, class or tribal “partitions”	No division. Transforms “Classes into Masses”
8. Power structure	The state has the highest value, being the concentration of power functions. It is subject in its activities to a set of norms fixed in legislative codes and essentially carries out managerial function.	The center of power is one party and party bodies permeate the entire state apparatus, general functions and production structures.
9.Form modes	Monarchy, dictatorial regime.	Totalitarian, post-totalitarian.
10. Legitimacy of power	illegitimate	legitimate
11.Separation of powers	Refusal of the real separation of powers and balance of branches of government with their formal recognition.	Complete disregard for the principle of separation of powers
12. Requirement for power	competence	Omnipotence
13.Requirements for people	Obedience and professionalism	Obedience, modesty, silence.
14.Character of power
15. The role of repression in regimes	Terror aimed at eliminating the appositions of deputies, etc. those who disagree with the regime's policies. Creation of psychological control over the state.	Systematic terror against opponents (legal and organized). Conducted in secret security service, which over time tries to compete with the ruling party for power.
16.The role of the head of state		“Cult of personality” and “cult of party”
17. Degree of invasion into the economy	Preservation of the previous social and economic structure. It is managed by civilian specialists and controlled by the state.	Full control economic sphere
18.Public support	Lack of mass support	The masses, having lost class divisions, are completely ready to trust their leader.
19.The degree of regulation of aspects of public life	Deliberate depoliticization of the masses, poor political awareness.	Realization of the utopian ideal in all spheres of public life. Creation of a new system of values and the formation of an individual person who is subordinate to collectivity.
20. Availability of information	Formal recognition of pluralism, noun parties that do not constitute real opposition to the ruling party.	Complete rejection of pluralism, undivided dominance of one ruling party.
21.Control of the media	Partial censorship remains.	Monopoly state control
22.Attitude towards the church	Loyal relationship	The church is separated from the state.
23.Relation to other countries	Partial closure	The desire to spread their ideology to other countries

Political Science [Answers to exam papers] Fortunatov Vladimir Valentinovich

16. Political regime

In real political life, terms that are close in meaning are used. From French and Latin, the word “regime” is translated as “control”. By "political regime" is meant political system, a set of means and methods by which power is exercised in a given country.

In Western and Russian political science, it is customary to distinguish several political regimes in accordance with a certain set of characteristics and the main operating principle.

At totalitarian regime the principle applies "Everything that is not permitted is prohibited".

For liberal regime typical approach “Everything is allowed that does not lead to a change of power”.

In conditions democratic regime “Everything that is not prohibited by law is permitted”.

Table 43. Characteristics of types of political power

IN political science Three triads are used to characterize political regimes:

Liberal - moderate - repressive;

Ochlocracy - oligarchy - tyranny.

In Russia, from the Muscovite kingdom until 1917, a dictatorial autocratic regime prevailed with elements of representative democracy in various historical periods (Zemsky Sobors, elected local government, parliamentarism, multi-party system). The monarch relied not only on traditions, but also on harsh legislation, direct violence using troops against his own people (suppression of popular riots, peasant wars"Bloody Sunday")

The Bolsheviks used words about the “dictatorship of the proletariat” to cover up the real "dictatorship of the party", or rather the political regime of the party nomenclature. The Soviet regime also relied on the traditional habit of the population to obey strong authorities, on repressive legislation, on punitive authorities and, if necessary, ( peasant uprisings, carrying out mass deportations) to the troops. “Perestroika” led to the replacement of the political regime.

IN post-Soviet Russia in the fall of 1993, the system of Soviets, which formally constituted the legal basis for the functioning of power in the country, was forcibly abolished with the use of troops.

Table 44. Options for classifying the Soviet political regime

Tsygankov P. Modern political regimes: structure, typology, dynamics. M., 1995. P. 152.

The political regime of B. N. Yeltsin is usually defined as democratic in form and authoritarian in content. The features of the political regime that existed in 1992–1999 are:

Hypertrophy of the presidential prerogatives by limiting the powers of other institutions, the nominal separation of powers;

The ineffectiveness of the state as the main social institution that directly governs society; failure to ensure consensus in society and a decent standard of living for the majority of citizens;

The government is actually controlled only by the president and depends on the political situation;

Concentration of power in the hands of the president’s “entourage”, “family”, favoritism, lack of control by the ruling group, wide scale of lobbying activities;

Weakness political parties, underdevelopment civil society, lack of a unifying system of values, norms and guidelines;

Underdevelopment of the system local government, its dependence on regional elites.

The political regime of V.V. Putin (2000–2008) in political science circles was more often called bureaucratic-authoritarian. Ideologists close to the presidential administration began to use the term “ managed democracy"or "sovereign democracy". The following features have become characteristic of this political regime:

A sharp weakening of the political influence of regional elites, big business, “taming” and replacement of some former favorites;

Establishment of direct or indirect state control over the country's main television channels, the actual revival of censorship of media mass media(disappearance of controversial, controversial, generally unpleasant materials for the authorities from open discussion);

Active use of “administrative resources” in elections at the regional and federal levels;

The actual elimination of the system of separation of powers.

All power was virtually in the same hands. And this country has already gone through this.

Table 45. Signs and “technologies” of implementing a political regime

(In this table there is no rigid connection between the elements of the left and right parts. Different “technologies” can be used to achieve different goals this mode authorities).

From the book Great Civil War 1939-1945 author Burovsky Andrey Mikhailovich

Occupation regime The Russian reader has very little idea of what actually happened behind the front line. At first, red propaganda lied to him loudly: horned helmets, rolled up sleeves, “cock, milk, balls, eat,” “atrocities of the Nazi occupiers,”

author

16. Political regime In real political life, terms are used that are close in meaning. From French and Latin, the word “regime” is translated as “control”. By “political regime” we mean the state system, the totality

From the book Political Science [Answers to exam papers] author Fortunatov Vladimir Valentinovich

18. Totalitarian regime The concept of “totalitarianism” began to be actively used in political science in the second half of the 20th century. But the ideological origins of totalitarianism go back to ancient times. The need for complete subordination of the part to the whole, of the individual to the state and the total

From the book History. New complete guide schoolchildren to prepare for the Unified State Exam author Nikolaev Igor Mikhailovich

From the book History of Public Administration in Russia author Shchepetev Vasily Ivanovich

Political (state) regime: concept and types Political (state) regime is an element of the form of the state, characterizing a set of methods, means and means of exercising political power. Any changes affecting the essence

From the book Autocrat of the Desert [1993 edition] author Yuzefovich Leonid

Regime One day Aleshin watched as Ungern's associate, the Khoshun prince Dugor-Meren, punished his guilty subjects. “The door of the yurt,” he writes, “was opened by someone’s invisible hand, and we saw outside small group of people. Dugor-Meren still sat calmly

From the book 1937. Anti-Terror of Stalin author Shubin Alexander Vladlenovich

Anti-terrorist regime At first glance Soviet society acquired stability. “Limousines for activists, good perfume for “our women,” margarine for workers, luxury stores for the nobility, views of delicacies through mirrored windows for the plebs, such socialism

From the book Autocrat of the Desert [2010 Edition] author Yuzefovich Leonid

Mode 1Once Aleshin watched as Ungern's associate, Prince Meren Dugarchzhab (Dugar-Meren), punished his offending rider: “The door of the yurt was opened by someone’s invisible hand, and we saw a small group of people outside. Dugar-Meren was still calmly sitting on

From the book Stalin. Red "Tsar" (collection) author Trotsky Lev Davidovich

Transitional regime Is it true that in the USSR, as official authorities claim, socialism has already been implemented? If not, does the success achieved at least ensure its implementation within national borders, regardless of the course of events in the rest of the world?

From the book Can Russia Compete? History of innovations in the Tsarist, Soviet and modern Russia by Graham Lauren R.

Chapter 12 Political Regime The political problem, to formulate it very briefly, is authoritarianism. The tsars, the leaders of the Communist Party, and now the leaders of the post-Soviet “sovereign democracy” shaped and are shaping the policies that determined

From the book History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 20th century author Nikolaev Igor Mikhailovich

Totalitarian regime On December 5, 1936, the “Stalinist” Constitution of the USSR was adopted. According to this Constitution, the Soviet system was formally democratic in nature. Elections were regularly held for Councils at all levels, from the Supreme to the local. True, the word “election” is not

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1.3. Occupation regime “New Order” The foundations of the occupation policy of the German authorities in the East were set out in the General Plan “Ost”, prepared by the Main Directorate of Imperial Security, and in a number of documents issued from the bowels of the imperial East

From the book History of Ukraine from ancient times to the present day author Semenenko Valery Ivanovich

Occupation regime On the occupied territory of Ukraine, the Nazis, their allies and collaborators established “ new order", which was characterized by: a) physical and moral terror against persons who did not submit to the occupiers; b) destruction of productive forces,

From the book The People of Muhammad. Anthology of spiritual treasures of Islamic civilization by Eric Schroeder

Comparison lines	Mode Types
Democratic	totalitarian	Authoritarian




Legal principle
Rights and freedoms

Type economic system
Ideology

Examples

Comparison lines	Mode Types
Democratic	totalitarian	Authoritarian
Social base(the mode is based on ....)	Relying on the majority	Reliance on mass underclass movements	Reliance on traditional social institutions
State structure(degree of mutual control between government and society)	Constitutional state	Complete state control over society	Reliance on traditions, strict control of certain sectors
Party system (presence and number of parties in the country)	Multi-party system	One party system	The ruling party has been nationalized
Presence (absence) of opposition	Operates legally	Denied	Activities are strictly limited
Legal principle	Everything that is not prohibited is permitted	Everything that is not permitted is prohibited	Everything is allowed except politics
Rights and freedoms	Guarantee of rights and freedoms. The law protects the individual	The law protects the state. Declaration of rights and freedoms	Restriction of rights and freedoms. The law protects the state
Participation of citizens in the formation of government bodies	Participation of citizens in the formation of government	Ostentatious merger of power and society	Alienation from the power of citizens
Type of economic system	Mixed	Centralized, militarized, strict production discipline	State the sector coexists with the market
Ideology	Pluralism	The only one	The official one dominates. other ideologies are possible
Powers of punitive authorities	Subject to the law	Permeate all spheres, political investigation, repression	Important element state apparatus
Examples	Direct, plebiscitary, representative democracy (Sweden)	Italian fascism, German National Socialism, Soviet socialism, Chinese Maoism, Kampuchean “pure” communism of Pol Pot	Bourgeois, socialist, military regimes (Pinochet in Chile, Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran, etc.

Democracy.

Democracy– a political regime in which democracy, the rights and freedoms of citizens are established and implemented, and public control over the state is exercised.

Signs of democracy:

The people are the source of power - Election of government bodies

Rights and freedoms of citizens - Subordination of the minority to the majority

Weakness of democracy:

The people cannot always directly influence the government, but only through representatives.

Democracy can degenerate into anarchy and dictatorship.

Types of democracy:

Liberal democracy - Parliamentary democracy

Features of liberal democracy:

Human rights are superior to state rights - Respect for minority rights

Multi-party system - Separation of powers - Rule of law - Pluralism

Totalitarianism.

Totalitarianism- a political regime in which the state exercises complete control over the individual.

Signs of totalitarianism:

One-party system - Single ideology

Leaderism - Suppression civil rights and freedoms

Subordination legislative branch executive - Leading role of law enforcement agencies

Suppression of opposition - Repression

Military junta - political regime of the military dictatorship established as a result coup d'etat, and not necessarily in a Spanish-speaking country - the Greek military junta (“black colonels”) or the Myanmar junta.

Historical forms of political regimes:

- Asian despotism- a form of autocratic unlimited power

- Tyranny- a form of state power established by force and based on individual rule

1. Despotic regime(from Greek despotea- unlimited power). This mode is typical for absolute monarchy. In despotism, power is exercised exclusively by one person. But since in fact a despot cannot rule alone, he is forced

delegate some managerial affairs to another person who enjoys special trust (in Russia these were Malyuta Skuratov, Menshikov, Arakcheev). In the East it is

the face was called Vizier The despot certainly left behind him punitive And tax functions. The will of the despot is arbitrary and sometimes manifests itself not only as autocracy, but also how tyranny. The main thing in a despotic state is obedience, execution of the will of the ruler. But there is a force capable of resisting the will of a despot, this is religion,

it is also binding on the sovereign.

Characteristic of despotism brutal suppression of any independence, discontent, indignation and even disagreement of those in power. The sanctions applied in this case are shocking in their severity, and they, as a rule, do not correspond to what was done, and are determined arbitrarily. The main sanction most often used is the death penalty. At

In this case, the authorities strive for its visibility in order to sow fear among the people and ensure their obedience. The despotic regime is characterized complete lack of rights

subjects. The lack of basic rights and freedoms reduces them to the status of cattle. We can only talk about satisfying physiological needs, and even then not to the fullest extent.

2. Tyrannical regime(from Greek - tormentor) is installed usually, in territory subject to military conquest. It is based on individual rule, but is characterized by the presence institute of governor, and not a trusted institution

person (vizier). The power of a tyrant is cruel. In an effort to suppress resistance, he executes not only for expressed disobedience, but also for discovered intent in this regard, i.e. preventively, to spread fear among the population. Mastery of the territory and population of another country is usually associated with physical and moral violence not only against people, but also against the customs of the people. When new rulers introduce orders that are contrary to the way of life and thoughts of people, especially if they impose other religious norms, the people

experiences tyrannical power very hard ( Ottoman Empire). Laws do not work because tyrannical authorities, as a rule, do not have time to create them.

3. Totalitarian regime(from Late Lat. - complete, whole, comprehensive) can also be called all-encompassing power. The economic basis of totalitarianism is large

own: feudal, monopolistic, state. Totalitarian state characterized by the presence one official ideology. The set of ideas about social life set by the ruling elite. Among such representations stands out main “historical” idea: religious (in Iraq, Iran), communist (in former USSR: the current generation will live under communism), economic (in China: to catch up and overtake the West through a great leap), patriotic or sovereign, etc. Moreover, the idea is formulated so popularly and simply that it can be understood and accepted for leadership by all layers of society, even the most uneducated. Sincere support of the authorities by the population contributes to state monopoly on the media. Exists one ruling party which declares itself to be the leading force in society. Since this party gives “the most correct guidelines,” the reins of government are given into its hands: what happens is merging of the party and state apparatuses. Totalitarianism is characterized extreme centrism. The center of a totalitarian system is leader. His position

akin to the divine. He is declared to be the wisest, infallible, fair, tirelessly thinking about the good of the people. Any critical attitude towards him is brutally persecuted. Against the backdrop of this is happening strengthening the power of executive bodies. Among government agencies the “power fist” stands out (police, state security agencies, prosecutor’s office, etc.). Punitive authorities are constantly growing, since they are the ones who have to use violence in the nature of terror- physical and mental. Installed control over all spheres of society: political, economic, personal, etc., and therefore life in such a state becomes like behind a glass partition. The individual is limited in rights and freedoms, although formally they can even be proclaimed. One of the main characteristics of totalitarianism

One of the main characteristics of totalitarianism is militarization. The idea of military danger, of a “besieged fortress” is necessary to unite society according to the principle of a military camp. A totalitarian regime is aggressive in its essence and does not mind profiting at the expense of other countries and peoples (Iraq, the former USSR). Aggression helps to achieve several goals at once: to distract people from thoughts about their plight, to get rich,

satisfy the leader's vanity. Western Europe experienced the totalitarian regime in

Middle Ages (religious totalitarianism). Currently, it exists in many Asian countries, in the recent past - in the USSR and Eastern European countries.

4. Fascist(racist) regime (from Latin - bundle, bundle, association) differs from totalitarianism in that it is involved in nationalist (racist, chauvinistic) ideology, which elevated to the rank of state. Main package fascist ideology is this: people are by no means equal before the law; their rights and responsibilities depend on their nationality. One nation is declared leading in the state or even in the world

community, and therefore worthy of better living conditions. The existence of other nations is allowed, but in auxiliary roles. Fascism, being “concerned” with the fate of the world community, proposes a chosen nation as a leader not only in its own state. Chauvinistic (racist) circles first express only the desire to “ennoble” the whole world with this nation, and then often begin to put their plans into practice: they begin aggression against other countries. Militarization, search for an external enemy, tendency to start wars and, finally, military expansion differ significantly

fascism from totalitarianism, which seeks enemies within the state and turns the full power of the punitive apparatus on them. These are the main features fascism. In other respects, it is similar to totalitarianism, and therefore many consider fascism to be a kind of totalitarianism. The similarity between these two types of political regime is also evident in genocide.

5. Authoritarian regime(from Lat. - imperious), although in comparison with the types of regime discussed above it is softer, it still cannot be classified as a regime in which people can breathe freely. At authoritarian regime power not formed And not controlled by the people. Despite the fact that there are representative bodies, in reality they do not play any role in the state, but exist only for decoration, to give the power a certain civility; elections are held, but formally. In reality, life in the country is guided by will ruling elite, which does not limit itself by law, but lives by its own rules. Stands out within the ruling elite leader. His influence is very significant, but unlike the leader, he is not inclined to make decisions alone. A strong personality usually becomes a leader. In an authoritarian state management is overly centralized. Local initiatives are not allowed unless permission is received from the center. This is why an authoritarian state relies on the police and military apparatus(Spain during the reign of Franco, Chile during the reign of Pinochet). The court in such a state is an auxiliary instrument. Also widely used extrajudicial

methods of reprisal(mental hospitals, deportation abroad).

Opposition is not allowed under an authoritarian regime. Several parties can participate in political life, but they must follow the line developed by the ruling party, otherwise they will be dispersed. The individual does not enjoy constitutional rights and freedoms, even if they are proclaimed on paper. It is also deprived of security guarantees in relations with the authorities. Full priority of state interests over personal ones. Against the background of the absolute control of the authoritarian state in the political sphere, there is relative freedom in

other spheres, especially in the spiritual. Thus, an authoritarian state, unlike a totalitarian one, no longer strives for an all-encompassing regulation of social life.

6. Liberal regime(from Latin - free) exists in those countries where market relations have developed. Historically, it arose as a reaction to excessive regulation of public life and is based on liberal ideology,

the basis of which is the requirement limiting state interference in the private lives of citizens to a minimum. Market relations, characteristic of a developed bourgeois state, can only exist between equal and independent subjects. The liberal state precisely proclaims formal equality of all citizens. There is no actual equality in the conditions of non-intervention of the state in the social sphere and there cannot be. Proclaimed freedom of speech. Pluralism of opinions often looks like freethinking and even connivance (attitude

to sexual minorities, to the role of women in society). Economic basis

is private property. The state exempts producers from guardianship,

does not interfere in the economic activities of people, but only establishes a general framework for free competition among commodity producers. It also acts as an arbiter in

resolving disputes between them. The liberal regime allows for the existence opposition.

Moreover, with sustainable liberalism, measures are taken to cultivate it and even provide financial support (for example, shadow cabinets in parliaments). Multi-party system- a necessary attribute of a liberal society. State bodies are formed by elections, the outcome of which depends not only from the opinion of the people, but also from financial

opportunities certain parties or individual candidates. Public administration carried out on the basis the principle of separation of powers. System of checks and balances

reduces the possibility of abuse of power. Government decisions are generally accepted by majority vote. Public administration and legal regulation are carried out on the basis decentralization: the central government takes upon itself to resolve only those issues that it cannot resolve local authority, the organizations themselves and citizens. A liberal regime exists in developed countries of Europe, the USA and Japan and others, characterized by a high level of economic, political and social development. Russia is just beginning to enter the era of liberalism.

7. Democratic regime(from the Greek - democracy) is in many ways the regime of the future. Some developed countries (Sweden, Finland, Norway) have come close to it. He

provides citizens broad rights and freedoms, and also provides the socio-economic basis for their implementation by all citizens. In a democratic state the source of power is the people. Representative bodies and officials in the state are also elected here, but the criterion for election is not political, but their professional quality. Wide development of associative connections at all levels of public life (movements, associations, unions, sections, clubs, societies, etc.) contributes to the transformation of a nation-state into a civilization-state. Referendums, plebiscites, popular initiatives, discussions become the norm of life. Along with

created with government system of bodies for direct participation of citizens in managing the affairs of the company (advice, public committees etc.) - When making decisions The interests of the minority are also taken into account. Regulatory regulation is acquiring a qualitatively new character: along with law as the main social regulator

life of a liberal society higher value acquires morality. Humanism and morality are distinctive features democratic state. Democracy is the phenomenon of a highly organized civil society. To establish it, appropriate prerequisites are necessary: high economic development and high level the well-being of people, most of whom are owners; high level of development representative institutions And political consciousness people, their significant

cultural level, readiness for cooperation, compromise and agreement.

Functions of the state- these are the main directions of its activities, expressing the essence and purpose of the state in society.

State machine(state mechanism) is a hierarchical

system of government bodies implementing practical work for the implementation of state functions.

The cell, the unit of the state apparatus is government agency It differs very significantly, for example, from political parties, economic organizations, and socio-cultural institutions.

Firstly, the government body is called upon carry out management activities, meeting the interests of, if not all, then many citizens.

Secondly, he is endowed competence, i.e., a range of goals and objectives.

Thirdly, it has authority in a certain area of public life. Authority is the right to give instructions (specific, or individual, or normative) that are binding.

Fourthly, for violations of orders of the competent state bodies, penalties may be applied. sanctions, i.e. adverse consequences (fine, deprivation

freedom, confiscation of property, etc.).

Fifthly, each state body has: a) state, government property,

which is in his operational management; b) financial resources(your own bank account), the main source of which is the state budget; c) established for him

organizational structure, related to it system of official subordination and official discipline.

Along with the political system, the concept of “political regime” is often used. Mode (from lat. regimen- “governance”) means a set of ways of exercising political power. Today, the most common classification is according to which all regimes are divided into: totalitarian, authoritarian and democratic.

Totalitarian regime. The term "totalitarianism" comes from the Latin word "totalis", which means “whole, complete, entire.” A totalitarian regime is complete control by the authorities over all spheres of public life. The term “totalitarian” was borrowed from D. Gentile and introduced into the political lexicon by the leader of the Italian fascists B. Mussolini (1883–1945). Totalitarianism as a type of political system arose in the 20th century. Why? This is due to the entry of society into the industrial stage of development, which led to the creation of a system of mass communications and made total brainwashing and comprehensive control over the individual technically possible. What are the most characteristic features of a totalitarian regime?

Universal control and violence. The government controls all spheres of society: the economy, culture, religion, and the private life of citizens. Under totalitarianism, the dominant slogan is: “Everything is prohibited except what is ordered.”

The monopoly of one party on power, unrestricted by any law. Only one party can exist legally. In the USSR - CPSU ( communist party Soviet Union), in fascist Germany - NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers' Party).

The merging of the party and state apparatus, when the same people are at the head of the party and the state.

The cult of a leader endowed with almost unlimited powers.

The actual alienation of citizens from the political process, the maximum limitation of their rights and freedoms.

Transformation of violence into the main means of political struggle. People disliked by the regime are subjected to physical destruction (political processes of the 30s in the USSR).

The dominance of one ideology being developed higher authorities leading party and introduced into the mass consciousness of the entire society. The ideology of building a communist future dominated in the USSR, and the 1000-year Reich in Germany.

The internal essence of this regime was very figuratively characterized by the American political scientist R. Daniels: “Not a single thought, not a single person is free from the control of the state and its bodies, nothing is free from the tutelage of the party in power.”

There are several types of totalitarianism:

 left - communist (USSR under Stalin, China led by Mao Zedong);

 right - fascism (Italy led by Mussolini), national socialism (Germany under Hitler).

Today, a striking example of the existence of a totalitarian regime is the DPRK, led by the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea, Kim Jong-un.

One of the most common types of political regimes in history is authoritarianism (from lat. auctoritas- “power”, “influence”). Authoritarian regimes in their development can be guided by both totalitarianism and democracy.

The bearer of power is one person or group of persons whose actions are beyond the control of other government bodies.

Limiting the election of government bodies, weakening the prerogatives of parliament. The actual rejection of the concept of separation of powers.

Real or potential reliance on power. This mode may not resort to mass repression and be popular among the general population. However, he has enough power to use force if necessary and force citizens to obey.

Recruitment (promotion) political elite by appointment from above, and not on the basis of alternative struggle.

Refusal of total control over society. The main slogan is: “Everything is allowed except politics.”

Modemilitary rule. This type most often arises as a result of a coup d'etat and the military coming to power (dictatorship of the “black colonels” in Greece 1967–1975, A. Pinochet in Chile 1973–1989).

TheocraticEsky mode. This type occurs when power in the country belongs to a religious-fanatical clan. This regime emerged in Iran after the 1979 revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeini (1979–1989)

An absolute monarchy, where all legislative and executive power belongs to one person holding the post of head of state by inheritance (Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar).

An authoritarian regime of a personalized nature, which presupposes the presence of a strong leader with dictatorial powers (the regime of S. Hussein in Iraq 1979–2003, M. Gaddafi in Libya 1969–2011).

The concept of “democracy” is of ancient Greek origin and is translated as the power of the people ( demo s - “people”, kratos- "power"). According to the definition of American President A. Lincoln, democracy is “government of the people, chosen by the people and for the people.”

The main features of a democratic regime include:

The sovereignty of the people, its recognition as the source of supreme state power.

Holding free alternative elections, constant and real functioning of government bodies elected by the people (in the center and locally).

Existence of legal opposition.

Political and ideological pluralism, the presence of a truly functioning multi-party system.

Compliance with the principle of separation of powers in the system of government into executive, legislative and judicial.

Transparency in the work of authorities at all levels.

The rule of law in all spheres of society. The main slogan of this political regime is: “Everything that is not prohibited by law is permitted.”

Considering democracy as the most perfect form of political regime, one should not overestimate its capabilities. In this regard, it is worth noting the words of W. Churchill: “democracy is a terrible thing, but humanity has not yet come up with anything better than it.”

Classification of democratic regimes:

Direct democracy. Direct participation of citizens in the preparation, discussion, decision-making and monitoring of their implementation. Existed in the period of Antiquity, Greek city policies.

Plebiscitary. Today we find its reflection in referendums. Referendums also included political life sovereign Belarus (14 May 1995, 24 November 1996, 17 October 2004)

Representative. Indirect participation of citizens in decision-making, in the election of their representatives to government bodies, designed to express their interests, pass laws and give orders (elections of deputies to the lower house of the Parliament of the Republic of Belarus - the House of Representatives - September 23, 2012).