Edible mushrooms and their doubles. What doubles does the porcini mushroom have?

Main features

According to their main characteristics, all mushrooms are divided into the following categories:

If the conditionally edible and inedible ones are processed, soaked and boiled, then some of them (milk mushrooms, honey mushrooms and morels) can be safely eaten. Only poisonous varieties are dangerous, so you need to know the external differences of unedible species.

There are no signs that clearly identify false mushrooms and the degree of their toxicity. But there are a number of features that occur most often:

• presence of a Volvo;
• lamellar structure of the spore-bearing layer (often), although there are twin species with a spongy hymenophore;
• bitter taste;
• change in color of the pulp at the break;
• unpleasant aroma.

The leg of a poisonous organism often grows from a volva (“pot” or “bag”).

Irina Selyutina (Biologist):

Volva is the remains of a blanket, or velum, which serves as protection for the young fruiting body (covers it entirely). As the fungus grows, the velum breaks and remains in the form of rings and a volva at the base of the stalk, which is an important systematic character. The volva is also called the vagina. It is in the form of remnants of a filmy wrapper or scraps of different sizes and shapes, located at the base of the leg. When characterizing her, be sure to indicate what she is like:

• free;
• adherent to the leg;
• whole;
• looks like scraps, flaps;
• sizes.

Let's take a closer look at what edible mushrooms and their doubles look like.

Differences

All lovers of “forest meat” know the main types of edible mushrooms. In each region of Russia they are divided by season. The following are considered the most popular:

• White;
• Boletuses and boletuses;
• Saffron milk caps;
• Butter;
• Chanterelles;
• Russula;
• Honey mushrooms;
• Raincoats;
• Champignon.

Almost all of them have their counterparts, which can cause severe poisoning.

White mushroom lookalikes

Porcini mushroom is edible even without heat treatment. Gives any dish piquancy and special taste.

Its pulp is tender and has a pleasant aroma.

It is often confused with Gall and Satan mushrooms, which are inedible. The false white mushroom has the following differences:

• the color of the leg (in white it is beige, and in gall a dark mesh is visible on the leg; in satanic it is very uniquely and brightly colored);
• the color of the cap (the white one is white or beige, and the doubles are brown or red);
• color at the break (white never changes color, but its dangerous double, satanic, turns blue at the break).

Twins of autumn mushrooms

A family of autumn mushrooms will be able to feed a whole company. These mushrooms grow in large groups deep in the forest on stumps and fallen trees. Real honey mushrooms are often salted and pickled. Beautiful honey-beige hats attract attention. The aroma of honey mushrooms is pleasant. The legs are brown or brown at the base and white at the top. They are often confused with their false “brothers”: sulfur yellow and brick red.

Main differences:

• the cap of the doubles is yellow or red;
• the plates are sulfur-yellow, greenish or gray;
• there is no ring on the leg.

Before cooking, it is better to remove the ring from autumn honey mushrooms or leave only the caps. They are the most delicious and healthy, and the legs contain a lot of chitin, so they are tougher and less digestible.

Sometimes honey mushrooms are confused with fiber grass, which grows in deciduous and coniferous forests from the beginning of summer until the end of November.

The main differences of the Fiberglass:

• unpleasant aroma;
• white flesh;
• thin leg;
• leg height up to 5 cm;
• The shape of the cap is cone-shaped.

Fiberwort (also called conical whip) never changes color when cut. Eating it causes serious intestinal poisoning. Only timely medical assistance can save a person.

Champignon look-alikes

Champignon is confused with white fly agaric.

The description of forest champignon has its own characteristics. Its cap is rounded at the bottom. In a young species, it is attached to the leg with a thin film, and turns yellow after touching. The plates have a pinkish tint and become brown with age. The leg is dense and has a cylindrical shape. The aroma of the pulp is pleasant, not strong.

Real champignons differ from white fly agarics in their caps. They are round only at the top; below they become flat. The aroma is sharp and unpleasant, which is immediately alarming. The white plates are loosely spaced and are pink, like the original. The stem is thin and has a striped ring, which is never found in edible champignons. The base of the leg is widened.

Sometimes Champignons are confused with toadstool, one of the most dangerous and poisonous mushrooms.

Description of the toadstool:

• the color of the cap is pale whitish or pale beige;
• spore-bearing layer lamellar;
• the leg is cylindrical, narrowed towards the cap;
• there is a characteristic “skirt” on the leg
• the leg below has a tuberous thickening, immersed in a kind of pouch.

These mushrooms are so toxic that with one touch they can ruin real edible mushrooms in the basket. The poisonous double affects all organs, often causing death, because poisoning manifests itself at a time when it is almost impossible to help.

The pale grebe is often confused with the green toadstool. But upon careful examination, you will be able to notice the difference: on the doubles of edible greenfinch mushrooms there is neither a volva nor a ring on the stem.

Duplicates of the blushing fly agaric

The blushing fly agaric is considered conditionally edible. It is sometimes confused with champignon. It does not cause such severe poisoning as the poisonous toadstool. Some people prepare this type and it is served in expensive restaurants. The danger is represented by some external similarity between the species of the blushing fly agaric and the panther fly agaric.

In order not to confuse it with the panther, it is worth understanding the differences.

Description of the panther fly agaric species:

• the cap is greenish-beige;
• spots on the cap are pale, beige;
• cylindrical leg;
• there is a thin “skirt” on the leg;
• pulp color is white;
• at the break the color does not change.

In the reddened fly agaric, the flesh turns pink after contact with oxygen. The cap is red with white spots or slightly sticky.

Irina Selyutina (Biologist):

The gray-pink or blushing fly agaric belongs to the category of conditionally edible mushrooms, which are collected mainly only by advanced mushroom pickers. Before cooking, it must be boiled well for 15 minutes in salted water. According to those who have tasted it, the taste is reminiscent of chicken. It grows in any forest on a variety of soils, but prefers lighter areas. The mycelium begins to bear fruit in mid-June and ends around mid-October.

In addition to the panther fly agaric, it can also be confused with the fat one. However, this species, unlike the panther, is very safe. Their flesh never changes color when exposed to air.

The panther fly agaric is toxic and, when ingested, causes attacks of anger, visual and auditory hallucinations. If measures are not taken, lethargy, coma and death will occur.

Mossy mushrooms and Maslyata

Butterflies and Moss mushrooms are tasty and healthy varieties. They grow in almost all regions of Russia. But they are often confused with the pepper mushroom, which is not poisonous but is not considered edible. They have a similar appearance (the same color and shape of the cap, the same size and shape of the stem), but the taste and aroma are very different.

The main feature of the pepper mushroom is its bitter taste, similar to the taste of pepper, hence the name of the species. It is often dried, ground, and used as a seasoning for main dishes, side dishes and salads. This mushroom seasoning can be stored for a long time in a dry and dark place.

Chanterelle and false mushroom

It is better to collect chanterelles for cooking or pickling. They grow from summer to mid-autumn. They prefer deciduous or mixed forests. Real chanterelles correspond to the following characteristics:

• the cap of the fruiting body fuses with the stem;
• the shape of the cap is funnel-shaped;
• color red;
• on the cut it secretes orange milky juice;
• the plates are thick.

Raincoat and false raincoat

In spring, puffballs appear after morels and stitches. They are often found in park areas, pastures and forest edges after warm spring rains. There are many varieties of puffballs, but their actual fruiting bodies have the following common features:

• height – 7 cm;
• diameter – 6-8 cm;
• the body shell is double;
• White color;
• there are scales up to 2 mm on the surface;
• the pulp has a faint aroma.

When harvesting the first spring harvest, ordinary raincoats are confused with false raincoats. Their growth and development begin underground, at first the mushroom looks like a tuber, which reaches 10 cm in diameter. In the lower part, at the base, a bundle of root-like fibers is noticeable. In the false puffball, the shell of the fruiting body is single-layered, dense, with small scales on the surface. As it ages, its color changes to yellowish or gray-white. Coffee-colored cracks gradually appear.

Signs of poisoning and first aid

To prevent poisoning, before going into the deep forest it is better to refresh your memory of all the main signs of poisonous and edible species. If an accident occurs, knowing the signs of poisoning and first aid steps will help.

Symptoms of poisoning:

• nausea;
• vomit;
• dizziness;
• increased body temperature;
• abdominal pain;
• blue lips;
• cold hands and feet;
• diarrhea.

If fly agarics are ingested, sound and auditory hallucinations may occur. The condition resembles a sharp insanity. In case of poisoning with false mushrooms, the stomach is immediately washed out. To do this, you need to drink at least 1.5 liters of boiled water (or a pale pink solution of potassium permanganate) and then induce vomiting. This procedure will have to be repeated several times. Then you need to lie down and drink plenty of fluids to restore water balance in the body. There is no time to waste; it is important to see a doctor immediately. When going to the forest, it is worth remembering the forester’s basic rule: do not put a mushroom in the basket unless you are sure that it is edible.

White mushrooms, chanterelles, honey mushrooms, champignons, russula... Russian forests can boast of an abundance of a wide variety of mushrooms. The diversity of their species leads to severe poisoning, reports of which appear in the media with the beginning of each mushroom season. When going on a “quiet hunt”, it would be useful to remember what mushroom doubles look like and how they differ from the representatives that are so desirable in our basket. After all, awareness is a reliable way to avoid the serious consequences of poisoning with the “wrong” gifts of the forest.

There are no mushrooms more toxic than toadstools - the insidious counterparts of russula and champignon mushrooms. Many people believe that its appearance should resemble something foul-smelling, fragile and delicate. In fact, the appearance of this poisonous mushroom inspires confidence: a large, rather fleshy fruit with a “skirt” on the stem and a good smell. At a young age, the grebe resembles an oblong egg. The color of the cap is white, yellowish-olive or light green. This one can be found from June to October in both coniferous and deciduous forests. The result of tasting toadstool is usually fatal. Moreover, the symptoms of poisoning manifest themselves only after a day and quickly pass. On days 7-10, a person dies from acute renal or liver failure.

Often dangerous mushroom lookalikes bear an incredible resemblance to their edible “twins.” Thus, the gall mushroom, which is found in coniferous forests from mid-summer to September, can easily be confused with a white one. Experienced mushroom pickers identify gall fungus by its white tubular layer, pinkish flesh and bitterness. This mushroom is not poisonous. At the same time, it is inedible. If it accidentally ends up in a cooked dish, it will be impossible to correct the bitter taste of the food.

Satanic mushroom is less similar to white than gall mushroom, however, and it sometimes ends up on the dinner table. Dangerous and can be identified by its pulp. It is yellowish in color and turns blue or slightly red when cut.

There are lookalikes of the mushrooms known as common honey mushrooms. There are several types of false mushrooms, growing in large groups on rotting wood. Two of these are considered the most dangerous: sulfur-yellow and brick-red false mushrooms. It is important to be able to distinguish poisonous from edible honey mushrooms, for which it is enough to carefully look at the characteristic color of the cap and the absence of scales on it. There is no “skirt” ring on the leg of the poisonous honey fungus. While real honey mushrooms have a pleasant, typical mushroom smell, false ones smell unpleasant.

Mushroom lookalikes, very similar to chanterelles, are considered conditionally edible. They are also called chanterelles, only false ones. You can find orange-red mushrooms with caps wrapped in a funnel on the stumps and trunks of coniferous trees.

Mushroom pickers collect forest gifts to extract undoubted health benefits from them. But almost all have their own antipodes, which, if they do not turn out to be fatally poisonous, are then unsuitable for consumption. You can save yourself from many of the troubles that duplicate edible mushrooms cause if you avoid dubious ones and add to the basket only those mushrooms that you are 100 percent sure of.

Summer has come. These are bright June days. On such a bright day you will walk into the refreshing shade of the forest, and the pungent, slightly sweet smell of mushrooms with unique shades will literally envelop you. Where is he from? After all, there are still few mushrooms in the June forest. The beneficial smell comes from the mycelium that permeates the forest floor, rotting stumps, fallen tree trunks, branches and the soil itself. The forest is warm and damp; thanks to the abundance of heat and moisture, the mycelium grows especially intensively and gains strength. But for mushroom pickers, June is also a good time. There’s something golden on an old birch stump: a lot of bright yellow mushrooms have covered it like a hat. These are summer mushrooms. I found two or three such stumps - and the basket was full. Honey mushrooms are one of the first summer mushrooms. Yes, this is not surprising. The wood of stumps and fallen trunks warms up faster than the soil, and retains spring moisture for quite a long time - and mushrooms appear and grow on it. But take a closer look. Among the yellow-golden caps of the summer honey fungus, as if saturated with water, flashed an even brighter cap, but not golden, but with a reddish tint, a cautiously poisonous sulfur-yellow honey fungus.

Summer honey fungus

An expert on Russian nature, S. T. Aksakov, wrote about such dangerous twin mushrooms: “It is noteworthy that many breeds of edible and good mushrooms, as they are sometimes called, have, as it were, accompanying toadstool mushrooms, somewhat similar to them in formation and color.” The poisons of false mushrooms cause very serious poisoning. Summer honey fungus, sulfur-yellow false honey fungus, often grow on the same stumps. The main difference is the records. In the summer mushroom they are yellow-brown, and when the mushroom is completely ripe they are brown.

Gray-yellow false honey fungus

The sulfur-yellow false honey fungus is first greenish, then yellow-green, the color of sulfur, and when the mushroom gets old, it turns lilac-brown. The autumn honey fungus, whose reign is in September, and the winter honey mushroom, which replaces it in October-November, also have twins. The yellowish-brown caps of these edible mushrooms often acquire a reddish tint, and then they are easily confused with the brick-red false mushroom that appears at the same time. Mushrooms can again be distinguished by their plates.

Autumn honey fungus

In edible autumn and winter honey mushrooms, even in overripe ones, they are always light white, creamy, yellowish. In the brick-red false mushroom, at first they are also light, whitish, but as the mushrooms ripen, they quickly become lilac-brown or even black-olive. Both edible honey mushrooms and false honey mushrooms usually grow in large groups; in each such group you can always find a mature mushroom with clearly colored plates.

Brown-red false honey fungus

Along the edges of vegetable gardens, on pastures, on the manured soil of gardens and parks, champignons appear in June - common and field. In our middle zone, their poisonous counterparts have not yet grown - the pale toadstool and some fly agarics. In June, champignons can be safely collected. But from July onwards, field champignon, which grows at the edge of the forest, as well as forest champignon can easily be confused with toadstool - one of the most dangerous mushrooms. There is no antidote for the poison of the toadstool yet.

The ominous glory of the toadstool as a deadly poisonous mushroom has been known for a long time.

Common champignon

From the times of Ancient Rome, a legend has come down to us that the Roman Emperor Claudius was poisoned with toadstool. The emperor liked the delicate taste of toadstool so much that he managed to issue a decree that only this mushroom should be served at his table. Claudius was probably the only person to talk about the taste of toadstool. Its poisons - phalloidin, falloin and amanitin - are especially insidious. They act slowly. The first signs of poisoning appear only after six to twelve hours, and sometimes even after a day, when the poisons have already penetrated into the blood and managed to affect all the most important organs: hematopoietic, digestive, nervous system, and when it is no longer possible to help the victim. That is why it is so important to know well all the signs of this mushroom. The pale grebe belongs to the family of poisonous fly agarics. Panther, toadstool and stinking fly agarics appear at the same time. With its grayish-green and whitish-yellowish cap and ring on the stem, this poisonous family resembles edible champignons. But the color of the plates gives them away. Their plates are always white or slightly creamy, while those of champignons are first whitish or dirty pink, and then dark brown or even black-brown from maturing dark-colored spores. In addition, the base of the leg of the fly agaric and pale toadstool is swollen, and there is a collar of large scales or warts on it. Poisonous fly agarics - toadstool-like and stinking - can also be confused with russula, which has a greenish or grayish cap, since the plates of russula and fly agarics are always white. You can confuse the fly agaric with the edible greenfly. Here, in order not to make a mistake, you need to carefully examine the stem of the mushroom. A fly agaric must have a ring on it, or at least traces of it, and a thickening at the base. The legs of russula and greenfinch are without a ring, slender, smooth. We have another good edible mushroom growing here, the float mushroom, which is similar to fly agarics. It appears in July - August in clearings in a variety of forests. Like many fly agarics, the base of the float's leg is thickened, but there is no ring on it. The color of the cap is very different: from white to yellow-brown or saffron.

There is one exception among this genus of fly agaric mushrooms hostile to humans. In the southern regions of our country and in the Carpathians, Caesar mushroom is occasionally found. There is a lot of it in the countries of Central and Western Europe. On the streets of Sofia on Sunday. On an August evening you can see townspeople returning from the forests. Mesh bags and transparent bags are full of mushrooms that make you shiver just by looking at them! Bright red-orange “fly agarics” stick out from there, with a thickened stem, but without white scales on the cap. This is the famous royal, or Caesar, mushroom, which in Ancient Rome was served only to the table of the emperor and the most noble patricians.

Death cap

In August, when there are quite a lot of porcini mushrooms, gall fungus, or false white mushroom, is often found. It is bitter, but is not considered poisonous in literature. However, gall fungus that gets into a roast of porcini mushrooms can cause serious poisoning. This white counterpart grows in pine and spruce forests; it has an advantage on sandy soil and is common. It is very similar to white in its shape and brown or brownish cap. But it is given away by the dirty pink color of the tubes, as well as by the pinkish flesh at the break. The porcini mushroom is called that because both its pulp and tubes are white. Only with age do the tubes turn slightly yellow or green. There is another difference - a mesh pattern on the leg. In the porcini mushroom it is white, while in the gall mushroom it is black-brown, clearly visible on a light stalk. The gall mushroom usually accompanies the white one throughout September. Recently, mushroom pickers have fallen in love with young raincoats. And for good reason! These mushrooms are surprisingly aromatic, although their flesh is less tender. Puffballs are edible as long as they are pure white inside and out. With age, as they mature, their insides darken, turning into powdered brown spores. Their counterparts - false puffballs - are easy to distinguish. Even when young, they are purple-black with white streaks inside and quite tough. Collect mushrooms with caution and only those you know well. It doesn't matter if there are fewer mushrooms in your basket. It will be a disaster if even one poisonous one gets there.

Origin of mushrooms

Scientists suggest that fungi originated from primitive flagellated organisms living in water - flagellates. This happened even before the divergence of the main line of living organisms into plants and animals.

Mushrooms are the oldest inhabitants of the Earth. Geological evidence suggests that they are coeval with primordial fern plants and lungfishes. Fungi already existed approximately 413 million years ago during the Devonian period of the Paleozoic era. They “very quickly” adapted to the environment and reached their full development approximately 220-240 million years later, during the Tertiary period of the Cenozoic era, when a variety of mammals, birds, insects, trees, shrubs, and herbs already lived on Earth.

Along with plants and animals, mushrooms are an independent kingdom of living organisms - this is the point of view of most scientists. The nature of metabolism and the presence of chitin in cell membranes bring fungi closer to animals, however, in terms of the method of nutrition and reproduction, in terms of unlimited growth, they are more akin to plants. Solving the question - what are mushrooms - is one of the most interesting problems of mycology - the science of mushrooms.

Cap mushrooms grow in 3-6 days and die in 10-14 days. But there are also long-livers among them. These are fungi that are part of lichens that live up to 600 years. The woody fruiting bodies of polypores live on trees for 10-20 years. As for the mycelium, in most mushrooms it is perennial, as they say, in particular, “witch’s rings”.

During the period of growth of fungal fruiting bodies, the pressure of the cell contents on their membrane (turgor pressure) increases sharply. It has been established that the pressure that such elastic cells and tissues exert on neighboring cells, tissues or surrounding objects can reach seven atmospheres; this corresponds to the pressure in the tires of a 10-ton dump truck and is more than three times higher than the pressure in the tires of a Zhiguli car. . That is why you often see how mushrooms break through asphalt, cement, and even concrete or the equally hard crust of desert takyrs.

Some mushrooms

Ram - this is the name given to two edible mushrooms from the genus of tinder fungi - branched umbrella mushroom. The mushrooms are very large, up to 4-6 kilograms. They consist of numerous caps (from several dozen to two or three hundred, and sometimes thousands), sitting on one thick stem. The ram grows at the foot of the trunks of broad-leaved trees in August-September.

Blagushka is a forest champignon. It got its name from the word “good”, that is, good, edible. Unlike its relatives - the champignon, lovers of open spaces - meadows, pastures, steppes, the sweetbush grows in the forest and often in an unusual place - on anthills! It is assumed that our ants, like tropical ones, feed on its mycelium.

Veselka is a mushroom from the group of puffballs or nutrevikas, with a strong, unpleasant odor that attracts flies that carry its spores. They also call it “stinky morel” for its folded, morel-like cap. It holds the record for growth speed - five millimeters per minute. The young, ovoid, white mushroom is edible. The mucous membrane of the young mushroom is used in folk medicine for rheumatism (“earth oil”). Grows in deciduous forests in July - September.

Oyster mushroom is a lamellar edible mushroom that grows on dead wood or weakened deciduous trees. Appears in May, hence the “spring mushroom”, “oyster mushroom”. In the Caucasus, this mushroom is called “chinariki,” probably because it grows there on the trunks of broad-leaved trees, including the eastern plane tree, or plane tree. The mushroom is successfully grown under artificial conditions from specially prepared mycelium. Can be grown on wood waste throughout the country.

Gladysh, spurge, is an edible mushroom with abundant milky juice, hence its second name. The reddish-yellow cap is very dense, fleshy, smooth, which is why the mushroom is called smooth. In salting it will not yield to saffron milk cap. Grows in deciduous and mixed forests in August - September.

Mushroom cabbage is an edible mushroom from the horned family with the taste of morels and the smell of hazelnuts. Reminds me of a loose head of cabbage. It grows on the soil in pine forests in August - September, and is very rare.

Because poisonous mushrooms are often similar to edible ones, they can be confused. In some mushrooms the similarity is superficial, while in others it is so similar that even an experienced mushroom picker can mistake such a mushroom for edible.

White mushroom (boletus)

In appearance, the white mushroom is similar to the inedible gall mushroom (Fig.).

Rice. Bile mushroom

boletus

The boletus can be confused with the inedible gall mushroom.

Distinctive features of porcini mushroom, boletus and gall mushroom

Dubovik

The oak mushroom's counterpart is the poisonous satanic mushroom.

Autumn honey fungus

Mushrooms grown on birch or oak trees and stumps have the best taste; the rest have lower taste characteristics.

The autumn honey fungus is similar in appearance to the summer honey fungus, the winter honey fungus, as well as the sulphur-yellow honey fungus and the poisonous sulfur-yellow honey fungus.

Summer honey fungus

Belongs to edible mushrooms, category IV. Only caps are consumed in boiled, fried, salted and pickled form.

Distinctive features of the oak mushroom and the satanic mushroom

Distinctive features of autumn honey fungus, summer honey fungus, winter honey fungus, sulphurous honey fungus and sulfur-yellow honey fungus

Distinctive features of valuuy and false valuuy

Serushka

Serushka can be confused with the faded milkweed and the smooth one.

Gladysh (common milkweed)

To remove the bitter milky juice, the mushrooms should be soaked and then poured with boiling water so that the flesh becomes elastic (Fig.).

Rice. Gladysh

Green russula

Green russula is similar in appearance to greenish russula and, which is very dangerous, to the deadly poisonous toadstool (green form).

Distinctive features of the white moth, white milkweed and smooth moth

Russula yellow

The counterpart of yellow russula is the poisonous fly agaric.

Russula golden-red

Golden-red russula can be confused with the poisonous red fly agaric

Distinctive features of green russula, greenish russula and pale toadstool (green form)

Distinctive features of yellow russula and toadstool mushroom

Distinctive signs of golden-red russula and red fly agaric

Distinctive features of the May mushroom, entoloma corymboses and poisonous entoloma

May mushroom (May talker, T-shirt, St. George mushroom)

The May mushroom is similar in appearance to the corymbose entoloma and the dangerous poisonous entoloma.

Entoloma corymboses, or Entoloma garden

It grows in deciduous forests, meadows, and forests, often in large groups, from late May to September.

The cap is up to 10 cm in diameter, light gray or brown-gray, bell-shaped in young mushrooms, then becomes prostrate, with a thick tubercle in the middle, the edges of the cap are curved, cracked (Fig. a).

The plates adhere to the stem, are sparse, wide, at first white, acquiring a pinkish tint with age. The pulp is white, slightly watery, thick, dense, with a pleasant taste and floury smell. Spore powder is pale brown in color.

The stem of the mushroom is up to 10 cm long, up to 2 cm thick, white, smooth, straight or slightly curved, fibrous, hollow, covered with longitudinal scars.

Edible mushroom, category IV. It is consumed boiled, fried and pickled, and does not require pre-boiling. The corymbose entoloma is similar in appearance to the dangerous poisonous entoloma (Fig. b) and the May mushroom (Fig. c).

Greenfinch, or green row

Greenfinches are rarely wormy.

The mushroom is similar to the mildly poisonous sulfur-yellow rower.

Distinctive features of greenfinch and sulfur-yellow row

Row earthy gray

The earthy-gray rower in appearance resembles the dangerous rower, pointed and poisonous rower.

Gray-pink fly agaric, or pink fly agaric, blushing fly agaric

You can use gray-pink fly agaric for food only if you are completely confident in its correct identification, since this mushroom can be confused with the very poisonous panther fly agaric.

Distinctive features of earthy-gray rowing, pointed rowing and poisonous rowing

Porchowka blackening

In appearance, the blackish puffball, just like the lead-gray puffball, looks like an inedible false puffball.

Float white

The white float's counterpart is the poisonous fly agaric. Also, in appearance, the white float resembles the edible white umbrella mushroom and the conditionally edible beautiful volvariella.

Distinctive features of the gray-pink fly agaric and panther fly agaric

Distinctive features of the blackened fluffwing, the lead-gray fluffwing and the common puffball

White umbrella mushroom

The white umbrella mushroom grows in forest glades, meadows and pastures, along roads, in parks, singly or in small groups, and is found from mid-July to October.

The cap reaches 10 cm in diameter, in young mushrooms it is rounded, with age it becomes umbrella-shaped, white, slightly brownish in the center, with a cracking surface covered with small angular scales and a ribbed edge. The plates are loose, infrequent, white. The pulp is soft, loose, white, with a pleasant smell and taste. The spores are white.

The stem of the mushroom is up to 10 cm long, up to 1 cm thick, slightly thickened downwards, white, under the cap on the stem there is a white membranous movable ring.

The mushroom is edible and belongs to category IV. Only the caps of young mushrooms, boiled, fried and dried, are suitable for consumption.

In appearance, the white umbrella mushroom is similar to the poisonous stinking fly agaric (fig.).

Rice. White umbrella mushroom

Volvariella is beautiful

Volvariella beautiful can be confused with the poisonous fly agaric.

Orchard or cherry

The mushroom is rare in deciduous forests, in forest clearings, sometimes in gardens and orchards, in meadows, alone or in small groups, from July to September.

The cap reaches 10 cm in diameter, irregular in shape, at first convex, with age it becomes funnel-shaped and depressed, sometimes with a small tubercle in the middle, the edges of the cap are wavy. The surface of the cap is white or creamy, becoming gray with age. The plates descend along the stalk, frequent, white in young mushrooms, yellowish-pink in mature ones. The pulp is dense, white, with a mealy odor and pleasant taste. Spore powder is light pink in color (Fig.).

Rice. pendant

The stalk of the hanging tree is short, up to 6 cm long, up to 1.5 cm thick, narrowed towards the base, smooth, sometimes mealy, white.

Cherry blossom is edible and belongs to category IV. Can be eaten boiled and fried.

The twin of the hanging tree is the poisonous waxy talker, very similar to it in appearance.

Distinctive features of the white float, white umbrella mushroom, beautiful volvariella and stinking fly agaric

Lepiota corypus

The mushroom is found in mixed and coniferous forests from July to October, in groups, sometimes forming witch rings on the ground.

The cap is up to 8 cm in diameter, bell-shaped in young mushrooms, then becomes flattened, with a small dark tubercle in the center, white, yellowish-brown in mature mushrooms. The surface of the cap is covered with scales arranged in concentric circles; the color of the scales changes with age from white to reddish-yellow and brown. The edges of the cap are covered with small flakes. The plates are loose, frequent, white or yellowish. The pulp is thin, dense, white, has a pleasant smell and taste. Spore powder is pale yellow in color.

The leg of Lepiota scute is up to 6 cm in length, up to 1.5 cm in thickness, cylindrical, slightly widened towards the base, hollow. On the stem under the cap there is a flake-like ring, the same color as the surface of the cap. The leg up to the ring is smooth, whitish, below the ring it is covered with yellowish scales.

In appearance, Lepiota scutella resembles the inedible Lepiota comb (Fig.).

Rice. Lepiota corypus

Distinctive features of the pendant and the waxy govorovushka

Lepiota crest

The mushroom grows from late June to October in mixed and coniferous forests, on forest edges, clearings, meadows, and sometimes in vegetable gardens.

The cap of Lepiota combata is small, up to 5 cm in diameter, in young mushrooms it is bell-shaped, with age it becomes flat-convex, with a small reddish tubercle in the middle, whitish, with concentrically located brownish scales. The plates are free, frequent, and white. The pulp is thin, white, turns red when broken, has a sharp rare odor and an unpleasant taste. Spore powder is yellowish in color.

The stem of the mushroom is up to 8 cm long, up to 1.5 cm thick, smooth, slightly thickened towards the base, yellowish or yellowish-reddish. On the stem under the cap there is a narrow white or slightly reddish ring, which disappears when ripe.

The mushroom is inedible, according to some sources, poisonous (Fig.).

Rice. Lepiota crest

Distinctive features of Lepiota scutella and Lepiota combata

We have all heard that there are doubles of edible mushrooms, the use of which can be dangerous to our life and health. But what to do if you are going to the forest for the first time and don’t know how to distinguish edible from poisonous? That is why today we will tell you what real twin mushrooms look like.

And we will talk about fly agarics, gall mushrooms and silverfish. We’ll also tell you what mushrooms they are most often confused with.

• Poisonous mushroom double honey fungus

Porcini mushroom's dangerous doppelgänger

We have all heard about the porcini mushroom, which is considered the standard. For example, mushroom pickers often evaluate their “harvest” by quantity. But, unfortunately, if you are not a professional, then this species can be easily confused with gall. So let's figure out how we can maintain our health.

We have already decided on the name of the dangerous double of the porcini mushroom. Now let's talk about how to distinguish it from the original. First of all, you need to pay attention to the leg.

If it is evenly covered with a light mesh, then it is most likely a white mushroom. But if the mesh is dark and located only on the upper part of the leg, then you need to look at this specimen more carefully. Then, in order to be sure whether it is a porcini mushroom or not, make a small cut on the stem.

If the flesh remains white a few minutes after the cut, then this is definitely an edible product. But if the flesh turns pink, then such a “harvest” should be thrown away immediately, since you managed to pick a gall fungus.

By the way, another double of the porcini mushroom is considered to be satanic. Its distinctive feature is a reddish mesh throughout the leg and a red tubular layer. And a few minutes after the cut, the flesh may turn dark purple.

Dangerous mushroom double champignon

This species is most often confused with the white fly agaric. And, as you know, it is quite dangerous for our lives.

The differences between champignon and white fly agaric are as follows:

• Champignon

1. Egg-shaped cap. The pulp has a pleasant smell. After touching, the cap may turn yellow;

2. The plates are pinkish or light red. They may also be dark brown;

3. The leg has a cylindrical shape, expanding closer to the base. Approximately in the middle of the leg there is a small white circle with a yellowish coating.

• White fly agaric

1. The hat is rounded-conical at the very top; closer to the bottom it becomes more spread out. The flesh of the cap has an unpleasant odor;

2. The plates are located very freely. Most often they are white. They may also be light pink;

3. The leg is thin, slightly swollen near the base. The ring on the stem is quite wide and striped.

If you know about such distinctive features, then the likelihood of consuming a poisonous product will become much less. Now you understand that you need to carefully examine all the mushrooms so that there is no dangerous harvest in the basket.

By the way, pale toadstools also belong to the family of white fly agarics. And a lot can be said about the consequences of poisoning with them. The fact is that all signs of poisoning with toadstool can appear some time after eating it. It is for this reason that people quite often do not even immediately remember what they ate. And, unfortunately, in most cases they simply do not have time to provide the necessary assistance in case of poisoning. Therefore, when collecting forest beauties, you need to be very careful.

Poisonous mushroom double honey fungus

Honey mushrooms are also quite popular among gourmets. And most often the sulfur-yellow false stump is confused with them. In fact, these two mushrooms are really similar to each other. Therefore, if you are not one hundred percent sure that you are putting a healthy product in the basket, then it is better not to touch it at all.

The real honey fungus has a cream or honey-yellow cap. The smell of the pulp is quite pleasant.
The plates are also light yellow or cream. The leg at the base can be brown, black or brown. And the leg is white on top. If you take it in your hand, the leg should feel velvety to the touch.

False honey mushrooms are distinguished by a gray-yellow cap with a reddish dot on top. The plates are also gray-yellow or greenish. The leg has the same light yellow color.

Signs of poisoning by false mushrooms

As you already understand, it is not difficult to confuse edible and poisonous mushrooms. Therefore, you need to clearly know what the consequences of poisoning may be. This way you can notice all the negative symptoms in time and consult a doctor.

So, the main symptoms of such poisoning include:

• Severe nausea and vomiting;
• Significant abdominal pain and diarrhea;
• Heat. Although this symptom is individual, since someone can no longer get out of bed with a temperature of 37 degrees;
• Hands and feet get cold.

Fly agaric poisoning has some peculiarities. In this case, one can note such signs of poisoning as delirium, the appearance of hallucinations, or the manifestation of a state that may be similar to insanity.

Such signs may appear within one and a half to two hours after eating a poisoned product. When the first symptoms appear, you should immediately call a doctor or ambulance. If you have to wait for a doctor for some time, try to lie down and drink plenty of warm water.

This way you will prevent the poison from spreading throughout all tissues in the body.

By the way, there is a risk of poisoning from edible mushrooms. But this can only happen if you wash them poorly. The point here is that the soil may contain spore-bearing bacilli, which are the causative agents of such a serious disease as botulism. Signs of such a disease include complete or partial blurred vision, headache, convulsions or difficulty breathing.

Attention! If you notice at least two of all the listed symptoms, you should immediately consult a doctor. After all, the consequences can be very negative.

As you can see, such gifts of the forest can significantly ruin our lives. And in case of unfavorable development of events, such poisoning can have a fatal outcome. Therefore, before eating a mushroom, be sure to make sure that it is non-poisonous.

If you don’t have such confidence, then you should show your “harvest” to knowledgeable people or throw it away out of harm’s way. Be healthy!

by the materials mjusli.ru