What dangerous plants grow in our country and what consequences does meeting them promise?
Recently, the Russian Ministry of Health published an information sheet that lists the main dangers summer holiday in nature: snakes, ticks, spiders, scorpions, poisonous and stinging insects. The document also contains a list of poisonous plants that are found on the territory of the Russian Federation. We decided to tell you more about the threats posed by the domestic flora. These flowers and plants are only beautiful in appearance, but inside they melt deadly poisons, which can kill even an adult, not to mention children.
Wolfsbane, or fighter
Action: eating leaves and roots that contain intoxicants poisonous substance burning pungent taste.
Consequences: poisoning, sometimes fatal.
Symptoms: first, burning pain in the mouth and tongue, then increased sweat and urine, accelerated pulse, dilated pupils, darkening of the eyes, headache. Next - vomiting, colic, convulsions, trembling of all limbs, shortness of breath. If help is not provided - delirium, fainting, convulsions, death.
Fact: The roots of aconite in India served as the basis for the production of deadly arrow poison.
Lobel's Hellebore
Action: eating any part of the plant.
Consequences: poisoning up to death.
Symptoms: discomfort in the nasopharynx and esophagus, cough, uncontrollable vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, weakened cardiac activity, increased sweating and salivation. In case of severe poisoning, clinical convulsions, collapse, and then death occur.
Fact: A decoction is made from the plant to remove lice.
Marsh rosemary
Action: inhaling essential oils or drinking honey and wild rosemary-based medicines.
Consequences: impact on the central nervous system.
Symptoms: dry mouth, numbness of the tongue, speech impairment, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, general weakness, lack of coordination of movements, clouding of consciousness, increased or decreased heart rate, convulsions, agitation, after 30-120 minutes, paralysis of the central nervous system is possible.
Fact: wild rosemary is used in folk medicine for bronchitis, pneumonia, flu, bronchial asthma, cough, whooping cough, etc.
Henbane black
Action: consumption of any parts of the plant, poisoning most often occurs from seeds similar to poppy seeds.
Consequences: leads to mental disorder.
Symptoms: psychomotor agitation, hallucinations, dry mouth, redness of the skin, dilated pupils and lack of reaction to light, increased sweating, rapid heartbeat, coma. Symptoms appear quickly: from 10 minutes to 15 hours.
Fact: Henbane was part of the poison that poisoned Shakespeare's heroes - Romeo and Hamlet's father.
Belladonna or belladonna
Action:
Consequences: Possible death from paralysis of the respiratory center and vascular insufficiency.
Symptoms: signs of mild poisoning are dryness and burning in the mouth and throat, difficulty swallowing and speaking, rapid heartbeat, redness of the skin. The voice becomes hoarse, near vision is impaired, photophobia, spots before the eyes, agitation, and sometimes delirium and hallucinations occur. In severe poisoning - complete loss of orientation, sudden motor and mental agitation, sometimes convulsions, increased body temperature, shortness of breath, decreased blood pressure and pulse. Swelling of the face, forearms, legs.
Fact: Belladonna means "Belladonna" in Italian. beautiful woman" In the old days, Italian women dropped the juice of the plant into their eyes, causing the pupils to dilate and become shiny. In Rus' the name “belladonna” stuck. The berries of the plant were rubbed on the cheeks to create a blush. Another name “rabies” is due to the fact that atropine, which is part of the drug, can cause severe agitation, leading to rabies.
Datura common (smelly)
Action: sniffing and especially eating any parts, seeds are especially dangerous.
Consequences: intoxicates and drives you crazy.
Symptoms: motor agitation, sharp dilation of the pupils, redness of the face and neck, hoarseness, thirst, headache. Subsequently, speech impairment, coma, hallucinations, paralysis.
Fact: Based on information from the Aztecs, the Spanish missionary Bernardino de Sahagún wrote: “He who eats it no longer wants to eat until his death. But if you eat a little, your heart will forever become disordered, it will go mad, it will forever take over, and you will never be a rational person again. You also shouldn’t smell it because it harms people’s hearts, makes people not eat, makes people crazy, makes people not eat.”
Hemlock
Action: ingestion of any part of the plant.
Consequences: poisoning causes suffocation and can lead to respiratory arrest.
Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, slowness of movements and speech, muscle weakness, pale skin, later paralysis, which begins with lower limbs, is accompanied by loss of skin sensitivity and continues with paralysis of the respiratory muscles.
Fact: recent studies have shown that it was this plant that served to kill Socrates. IN Ancient Greece this poison was used to poison criminals sentenced to death.
Black elderberry
Action: ingestion of seeds and other plant parts.
Consequences: under the influence of cyanide, tissue hypoxia occurs - oxygen starvation of cells, which threatens fatigue, loss of performance and a general deterioration in the condition of the body.
Symptoms: vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain, weakness, tachycardia, shortness of breath, cyanosis. In severe cases, hypotension, respiratory failure, coma.
Fact: In England, the traditional drink Elderflower Cordial is made from elderflower flowers. Sometimes jam, jelly and marmalade are made from elderberries.
Veh poisonous
Action: consumption of any parts of the plant.
Consequences: effects on the central nervous system, death.
Symptoms: First, a sweet taste appears in the mouth, giving way to a bitter taste, salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle hypertonicity, convulsions, and psychomotor agitation occur. In severe cases, convulsive attacks develop, foam appears at the mouth, and paralysis.
Fact: 100-200 g of rhizome is enough to kill a cow, and 50-100 g will kill a sheep, not to mention a person. Previously it was believed that Socrates died from this poison, but the descriptions he left are more suitable for the symptoms of poisoning with hemlock poison.
Daphne
Action: eating berries, chewing bark, skin contact with wet bark or plant sap on it, inhalation of bark dust, sap getting in the eyes.
Consequences: severe poisoning, rarely fatal.
Symptoms: burns of the skin, mucous membranes of the respiratory tract (from inhalation of dry bark dust) and gastrointestinal tract of varying severity.
Fact: the use of plants for medicinal purposes is prohibited. In the 13th century, peasant girls rubbed their cheeks with berries, which made them puff up and blush.
May lily of the valley
Action: eating lily of the valley berries, drinking water in which lilies of the valley stood. All parts of the plant are poisonous.
Consequences: in severe cases, the rhythm and frequency of heart contractions are disrupted, blood pressure may drop and the heart may stop.
Symptoms: headache, tinnitus, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, constriction of the pupils, decreased blood pressure, arrhythmic pulse, possible convulsions.
Fact: lilies of the valley are deadly poisonous to cats and dogs, which has been proven by experiments. At the same time, in nature, some animals eat lily of the valley berries without harm to themselves - for example, foxes and other canines.
This selection features plants that are dangerous to even approach. Some of them are so toxic that their poison can make you do crazy things.
1. Skunk Cabbage
Skunk cabbage is very large in size. It grows in the swamps of North America. The smell of the plant is reminiscent of the smell that a skunk emits in dangerous situations. Although Native Americans consider some parts of skunk cabbage to be edible, the plant is actually highly poisonous. The reason for this is calcium oxalate contained in the plant. If you eat a poisonous piece of cabbage, you may feel a strong burning sensation in your mouth and throat, weakness, and difficulty swallowing.
2. Buttercup
Buttercup looks more innocent than all the plants on this list. It is also one of the most common deadly plants. Unfortunately, due to its availability, children often use buttercup in games. The toxin that this flower produces causes a rash, and eating it can be fatal as a result of intoxication of the organs and nervous system.
3. Giant hogweed
Giant hogweed is real nightmare. While many plants can cause unpleasant consequences after ingestion, giant hogweed can cause severe damage after simple contact with skin. This plant is photosensitive; under direct sunlight, it secretes thick juice, which gets on the skin, after which a chemical reaction begins. This can lead to necrosis - death of tissues, organs and cells. In addition, the juice of giant hogweed, if it gets into the face, can lead to blindness. Giant hogweeds reach 2.5 meters in height and their numbers are controlled by the Department of Poisonous Plants. Pigs are immune to the poison of this plant.
4. Deadly Kamas
Camas grows in Oak County in the forests of Northwestern America. Camas has bright flowers and edible bulbs. There are several species of this plant, one of them is extremely poisonous - it can be distinguished by its dull color. Even a small amount of camas poison entering the body can lead to death as a result of organ dysfunction. If camas grows in a field, it is burned before sowing.
5. Angel Trumpets
This plant grows in South America. It releases a trio of powerful toxins - atropine, hyoscyamine and scopolamine. In 2007, angel's trumpets were mentioned in the film "Columbia's Devil's Breath", which showed that gang members use the plant's toxin, scopolamine, to turn people into zombies.
The plant really has a hypnotic property - a person remains conscious, but cannot be responsible for his actions. Documentary contained numerous horror stories about the effects of scopolamine. One of them said that after exposure to the toxin, a man emptied his apartment, voluntarily giving all his belongings to thieves.
6. Himalayan blackberry
Unlike ordinary blackberries, the stem of the Himalayan blackberry reaches five centimeters in diameter and is covered with long thorns that resemble shark teeth. While regular blackberries are safe to eat, Himalayan blackberries can land you in the emergency room. Even accidentally touching a plant thorn causes enormous harm to the body, in particular, you risk injury to the eyes and losing a lot of blood. Extreme tourists who are aware of the effect of the poison of this plant on the body wear protective clothing and goggles.
7. Gympie-gympie
The Australian gimpy-gympy tree is extremely dangerous and poisonous. The excruciating pain from the gimpy-gympie poison, which is described as a jet of corrosive acid, has driven people to suicide. So, a man, using a tree leaf as toilet paper, shot himself shortly after. The tree contains a toxin that can cause a burning sensation for up to two years after exposure. After studying gimpy-gympie, scientists came to the conclusion that the poison can linger in the body for up to twenty years. The tree's poison can cause anaphylactic shock even in a healthy person.
8. New Zealand nettle tree
The New Zealand nettle tree is one of those plants that can cause death to a person even if he simply walks past it. The monstrous plant reaches five meters in height, disguises itself as other plants and is armed with long needles that secrete neurotoxins. One hunter who touched the tree stem died from damage to the nervous system. If death does not occur immediately, the poison leads to polyneuropathy, degenerative disorders and other mental illnesses.
9. Euphorbia Laurel
Looking at this plant, you might think that it belongs in an ornamental garden or a well-kept park. However, this is a very misleading impression: the plant is extremely poisonous: eating just a few of its berries leads to multiple organ failure (cessation of all organs), internal bleeding and inevitable death. Interestingly, some tribes used Euphorbia Laurel as a medicine for severely infected patients.
10. Red Tide Algae
Thanks to tiny algae, also known as algera pelagius, the water in the pond takes on a rusty color at certain times of the year. The algae is absorbed by mollusks, which become extremely neurotoxic - touching them causes paralysis of the limbs and atrophy of the respiratory tract. The algae was rumored to be responsible for the death of the entire crew of the George Vancouver in Western Canada, after which states and provinces were closed to remove the deadly algae. In addition to people, birds and animals also died.
POISONOUS PLANTS
Poisonous plants- plants that produce and accumulate poisons during their life. Causes poisoning of animals and humans. More than 10 thousand species of poisonous plants are known in the world flora, mainly in the tropics and subtropics; there are many of them in countries of temperate and cold climates; V Russian Federation about 400 species. Poisonous plants are found among mushrooms, horsetails, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms. In temperate countries, they are most widely represented in the family Ranunculaceae, Poppyaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lastovaceae, Cutraaceae, Solanaceae, Norichaceae, and Aroidaceae. Many plant poisons in small doses are valuable medicinal products(morphine, strychnine, atropine, physostigmine, etc.).
The main active ingredients of poisonous plants are alkaloids, glycosides (including saponins), essential oils, organic acids, etc. They are usually found in all parts of plants, but often in unequal quantities, and with the general toxicity of the whole plant, some parts are more poisonous, than others. For example, the rhizome of poisonous vecha, species of aconite, hellebore is especially poisonous, the flowers are especially poisonous in potatoes, the fruits are in hemlock, the seeds are in sophora, cockle, and heliotrope, and the leaves are in foxgloves. Some plant poisons accumulate and are formed in only one plant organ (for example, the glycoside amygdalin - in the seeds of bitter almonds, cherries, plums). It happens that some parts of the plant are not poisonous (for example, potato tubers, yew seed caps, poppy seeds).
The content of toxic substances in plants depends on the growing conditions and phase of plant development. As a rule, poisonous plants growing in the south accumulate more active substances than those growing in the north. Some plants are more toxic before flowering, others during flowering, and others during fruiting. Fresh plants are the most poisonous. When dried, boiled, or ensiled, toxicity can decrease, and sometimes is completely lost. However, in most poisonous plants, toxicity persists even after processing, so their admixture in forage is often a source of severe poisoning for farm animals (when ensiling grass with an admixture of hellebore, alkaloids from the latter are leached, permeate the silage mass and make it poisonous). Animals, as a rule, do not eat poisonous plants, however, when there is no food and in the spring after long periods of confinement, they greedily eat fresh greens, including poisonous ones (poisoning of animals transported to areas where poisonous plants unfamiliar to them are found is common).
Plants that are absolutely poisonous apparently do not exist in nature. For example, belladonna and datura are poisonous to humans, but harmless to rodents, chickens, blackbirds and other birds, sea onion, poisonous to rodents, is harmless to other animals, pyrethrum is poisonous to insects, but harmless to vertebrates, etc. Usually poisoning is poisonous by plants occurs when plants enter through the mouth, respiratory organs (by inhaling dust-like particles of a plant or volatile substances released by them), as well as through the skin as a result of contact with plants or their juices.
Poisoning of people through the respiratory tract is usually classified as occupational; observed in hop pickers, carpenters when working with certain types of wood (for example, euonymus wood), people dealing with medicinal plants (for example, belladonna, securinega, lemongrass, etc.). Less commonly observed are household poisonings from volatile substances released by poisonous plants. Large bouquets of magnolias, lilies, bird cherry, poppy can cause malaise, dizziness, headache.
Children are often poisoned by tempting-looking poisonous fruits. Poisoning after eating poisonous plants can appear within a few minutes, for example, after eating yew needles, in other cases - after several days or even weeks.
Some plants (for example, ephedra) can be poisonous only if consumed for a long time, since their active principles in the body are not destroyed or eliminated, but accumulate.
Based on their effect on the animal body, plants are distinguished that cause damage to: the central nervous system (species of aconite, colchicum, henbane, hemlock, anemone, vekha, etc.), heart (species of lily of the valley, foxglove, foxglove, etc.), liver (species of heliotrope, ragwort, lupine, etc.), at the same time respiratory and digestive organs (field mustard, leftwort, Trichodesma trichodesma), etc. In the prevention of poisoning by poisonous plants in humans important has health education for the population; animals - destruction of plants in pastures.
Many plant poisons in small (so-called therapeutic) doses are used as medicines(for example, cardiac glycosides obtained from digitalis and lily of the valley, atropine from henbane). Insecticides are obtained from some poisonous plants (for example, pyrethrum - 113 Dalmatian chamomile).
The most dangerous of the commonly found plants are the following:
. Wolfsbane, Fighter, Shot-grass, Covered(lat. Aconitum) is a genus of perennial herbaceous poisonous plants of the Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) with straight stems and alternating palm-shaped leaves.
Biological description
The genus is very close to plants of the genus Larkspur (Delphinium), or Spur. Unlike most genera of the family, Aconite has zygomorphic flowers, which makes the general appearance of this plant not very similar to the classic Ranunculaceae and makes it somewhat similar in appearance with the legume family (Fabaceae). Most of all, in their habit, flowering aconite plants resemble the well-known agricultural crop of the legume family - lupine, which also often has purple or blue flowers and slightly more compact inflorescences.
Application
Many species of aconite growing in temperate zone northern hemisphere, namely Aconitum stoerckeanum, Aconitum napellus, Aconitum variegatum, are cultivated by flower growers for beautiful flowers, mostly dark blue or purple, less often yellow and whitish, collected in long brushes or pyramidal heads. Thus, the garden hybrid “Bicolor” (Aconitum X cammarum “Bicolor”) is widely known in European floriculture. The plant forms dense bushes up to half a meter in height and large clusters of blue-white flowers. The unpretentious Wolf's bane, which requires almost no special care, is often cultivated - Aconitum lycoctonum subsp. vulparia (Rchb.) Nyman. The plant is more compact, 1-1.2 meters high with clusters of narrow, rich yellow flowers. All types of aconite are perennials with thickened wintering rhizomes.
All species of this plant in all their vegetative organs, especially in the leaves, which are always palmately divided, and the roots, often cone-bearing, contain a stupefying poisonous substance with a burning pungent taste and therefore should be considered dangerous poisonous plants. There have often been cases of poisoning (sometimes with fatal consequences), which occurred either from an accidental admixture of aconite leaves in lettuce and vegetables, or because ignorant people sometimes mistake the cone-bearing roots of the poisonous Asonitum napellus, which grows in the mountain valleys of Central and Southern Europe, for roots of another mountain plant, lovage (Levisticum from the Apiaceae family), used in many mountainous areas for the preparation of herbal liqueur.
Bik poison (Bikh or Bish, Tubera Aconiti indica), known in the East, especially in India, as one of the most terrible, is extracted not only from Aconitum ferox, as previously assumed, but, according to the latest research, also from Aconitum palmatum , Aconitum napellus and Aconitum luviduum. The roots of all these species are used in India to obtain a terrible poison for arrows, used especially by the Digaro Indians, who for this purpose mix the crushed roots of aconite with the juice of Dillenia speciosa.
Aconite was introduced into medicine for the first time in XVIII century Stoerck, the physician of the Austrian emperor, in whose honor one of the most common species in garden culture was named - Aconitum stoerckeanum. However, the aforementioned poisonous species Aconitum napellus is considered to have the most beneficial effect. In pharmacy, the root cones of the latter type are used under the name Tubera aconiti, from which an extract and tincture are also prepared. Aconite is highly respected especially by homeopaths, who prescribe it for fevers, pneumonia, inflammation of the joints, etc. In addition, aconite is given internally for rheumatism, gout, consumption, chronic paralysis, nervous diseases, asthma, thinness etc. and as an external application - for malignant abscesses, cancer, etc.
In case of poisoning with aconite, the sick person should be given vinegar or wine in small doses before the doctor arrives and, if poisoning is noticed in a timely manner, immediately give an emetic.
The effect of the poison is manifested primarily by burning pain in the mouth and tongue, then quickly comes increased sweat and urine, accompanied by an accelerated pulse, dilated pupils, darkening of the eyes, lightheadedness and headache. After this, vomiting, colic, convulsions, trembling of all limbs, shortness of breath begin, and finally, if no help was given, death occurs, preceded by delirium, fainting, convulsions and involuntary bowel movements.
The toxic effect of aconite plants is determined by the content of the alkaloid aconitine in all their vegetative organs, especially in the root cones. In addition to the latter, the presence of another non-toxic alkaloid, aconelline (perhaps identical with narcotine), as well as napelline, probably identical with aconitine, has been proven in aconite. Some species of aconite do not appear to contain aconitine; Thus, Hubschmann could not prove the presence of aconitine in Aconitum lycoctonum, instead of which he found two other alkaloids in it - lycoctonin and acodectin. The root cones of Himalayan aconite, brought from the East Indies and called Bikh, mainly contain an alkaloid, dissimilar in properties to aconitine, pseudoakonitine, identical to nepaline, napelline, acraconitine. Various alkaloids in plants are found in combination with organic acids, among which aconitic acid has been accurately proven
-Belladonna, or Belladonna, Krasuha, sleepy stupor, mad berry, mad cherry(lat. Atropa belladonna) - a species of plants of the genus Belladonna of the nightshade family (Solanaceae)
Description
Perennial herbaceous plant 1-2 m high.
It has a multi-headed rhizome with numerous large branched roots.
The stems are tall, branched, thick, juicy.
The leaves are petiolate, broadly lanceolate, alternate, but close in pairs, and one is always much larger than the others.
The flowers are solitary, drooping, emerging from the axils of the upper leaves, bell-shaped, dirty purple (sometimes yellow) in color. Blooms from June until late autumn.
The fruit is a shiny black (sometimes yellow) berry with many seeds in blue-violet juice, reminiscent of small cherries, sweetish in taste. The fruits ripen from July until the end of the growing season.
Distribution and ecology
Distributed in North Africa(Algeria, Morocco), Central, Southern, Eastern and Western Europe, in Crimea, the Caucasus, Asia Minor (Türkiye, Syria).
It grows in thinned beech, oak, fir and hornbeam forests, sometimes at an altitude of 1000 m above sea level.
It is grown in cultivation in the Krasnodar region of Russia and in the Crimea.
Toxicity
All parts of the plant are poisonous and contain atropine group alkaloids: roots up to 1.3%, leaves up to 1.2%, stems up to 0.65%, flowers up to 0.6%, mature fruits up to 0.7%. Belladonna, in addition to atropine, also contains hyoscyamine and hyoscine (scopolamine).
Signs of poisoning
Signs of mild poisoning (appear after 10-20 minutes): dryness and burning in the mouth and throat, difficulty swallowing and speaking, rapid heartbeat (tachycardia). The voice becomes hoarse. The pupils are dilated and do not respond to light. Near vision is impaired. Photophobia, flickering of spots before the eyes. Dryness and redness of the skin. Excitement, sometimes delusions and hallucinations.
In severe poisoning, complete loss of orientation, sudden motor and mental agitation, and sometimes convulsions. A sharp increase in body temperature, shortness of breath with the appearance of periodic breathing of the Cheyne-Stokes type, cyanosis (blue discoloration) of the mucous membranes, irregular weak pulse, fall blood pressure. Possible death from paralysis of the respiratory center and vascular insufficiency.
A specific complication of atropine poisoning is trophic disorders - significant swelling of the subcutaneous tissue of the face, in the forearms and legs
Treatment
First aid
Gastric lavage followed by administration of 200 ml of vaseline oil or 200 ml of 0.2-0.5% tannin solution through a tube. To relieve acute psychosis - chlorpromazine intramuscularly. At high temperature body - cold on the head, wrapping in damp sheets. More specific means include the injection of 1-2 ml of a 0.05% solution of proserin under the skin.
Antivenoms are widely available.
Option: Gastric lavage with water with the addition of carbolene or a solution of potassium permanganate 1:1000, followed by the introduction of a saline laxative through the tube, rest, bed rest, cold to the head. If you are weak, take caffeine tablets. In case of breathing problems - artificial respiration, inhalation of oxygen.
Treatment for atropine poisoning
Active detoxification methods.
When taken orally - gastric lavage through a tube generously lubricated with petroleum jelly, forced diuresis.
Antidote treatment.
In a comatose state in the absence of sudden excitement - 1 ml of 1% solution of pilocarpine again, 1 ml of proserine 0.05% solution or 1 ml of 0.1% solution of eserine subcutaneously again.
Symptomatic therapy.
When excited, 2.5% solution of aminazine - 2 ml intramuscularly, 1% solution of diphenhydramine - 2 ml intramuscularly, 1% solution of promedol 2 ml subcutaneously, 5 - 10 mg diazepam intravenously. For severe hyperthermia - 4% amidopyrine solution - 10 - 20 ml intramuscularly, ice packs on the head and groin areas, wrapping with a damp sheet and blowing with a fan
Usage
You should be strongly warned against using belladonna on your own. However, it can be argued that we're talking about about an extremely important medicinal plant, which in the hands of doctors, mainly in the form of finished preparations, is truly irreplaceable. Belladonna preparations (extracts or tincture) are used to treat gastrointestinal diseases associated with cramping pain. Doctors also prescribe these drugs for bronchial asthma and various neuralgia; Pure atropine is used to treat eye diseases. Belladonna is also prescribed for periodic heart pain, various neuralgia, and especially gout.
Belladonna tincture is included in many complex medical preparations, for example, Zelenin drops. Dry and thick extracts are included in such preparations as “Becarbon”, “Urobesal”, “Belloid”.
Nowadays, folk medicine refuses to use such a dangerous medicinal plant, but previously extracts and extracts of belladonna with wine and juices were taken both internally and as an external remedy for pain. of different origins.
It is truly surprising that we know almost nothing from ancient sources about the use of belladonna in medicine, although it is quite obvious that its poisonous properties were known. Only the authors of medieval herbalists spoke in detail about this medicinal plant. In Tabernemontanus-Baugin's herbal book (Basel, 1731) we find that belladonna herb cut and applied heals all ulcers and tumors, inflamed stomach and liver, while quenching fever.
Although there was also another - inglorious - use of belladonna. It was used to make an ointment that was used during witch trials. When rubbed, the active substances entered the blood, which caused hallucinations, and victims under torture said everything that was required of them. Poisons were also made from belladonna love potions.
Belladonna leaf, herb, and root are used as medicinal raw materials - Folium Belladonnae, Herba Belladonnae, Radix Belladonnae. Raw materials are collected mainly from plantations: leaves are harvested in the flowering phase, grass - in the fruiting phase, roots - in the 5-6th year of the crop (currently not harvested). Drying should be quick, at a temperature of 45-50° C. The shelf life of raw materials is 2 years according to list B.
Nightshade bittersweet(lat. Solánum dulcamára) is a plant of the genus Nightshade (Solanum) of the Solanaceae family.
The specific name of the plant is associated with its fruits - berries, which are first green, then yellow, and as they ripen they become red, and if you bite into them, the taste is first sweet and then bitter.
Botanical description
Perennial subshrub 30-180 cm high with a creeping woody tuberculate rhizome.
The stems are long, twisting, angular, branched, climbing, woody in the lower part, glabrous or slightly pubescent.
The leaves are alternate (2.5 - 12 cm long and 0.6 - 1 cm wide), oblong-ovate, pointed, often heart-shaped at the base or have two small oblong lobes. The upper leaves are often tripartite or dissected. Fresh leaves emit an unpleasant odor.
Cymose inflorescences are paniculate, forked at the base, on long peduncles. The flowers are bisexual, regular, with a double perianth. The calyx is five-toothed, small, saucer-shaped. The corolla is fused-petalled, purple, rarely white or pink, wheel-shaped, with a folded five-dissected limb (12-18 mm in diameter). There are five stamens, the anthers are narrow, fused into a cone-shaped tube around the style. One pistil, superior ovary, one style with a capitate stigma. Blooms in May - August.
Fruit - ovoid or ellipsoid, bright red, shiny drooping berry (1-3 cm long)
Distribution and ecology
General distribution: almost throughout the temperate and subtropical zone of the Old World (although the range is not continuous); introduced to North America.
Distributed in the European part of Russia (all regions except Zavolzhsky and Nizhne-Volzhsky), Western Siberia(Irtysh, Barnaul districts), Eastern Siberia (Angaro-Sayan, Daursky districts), Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, Central Asia.
Grows in damp thickets of bushes and floodplain meadows, willows, along the banks of rivers and ponds, near lakes and swamps, damp garbage areas in all areas middle zone Russia.
The plant is shade-tolerant.
Steroids and alkaloids were found in the roots.
The aerial part of the plant contains tigonenin and alkaloids. Steroids were found in the stems - cholesterol, sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, brassicasterol, isofucosterol.
Carotenoids (fitufluin, beta-carotene, carotene, zecarotene, lycopene, cryptoxanthin), steroids (cholesterol, sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, brassicasterol, isofucosterol) were found in the fruits. The seeds contain triterpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, fatty oil, higher fatty acids (lauric, myristic, palmitic), phospholipids (0.12%)
Bittersweet nightshade is a medicinal, poisonous, insecticidal, tannin-containing, ornamental plant.
The stems and leaves have an insecticidal effect, a decoction of them (5-6 kg of fresh stems per bucket of water) is used for spraying against caterpillars and larvae different types insects
The stems and leaves contain tannins (about 11%), suitable for tanning hides.
The plant is decorative both during the flowering period and during the period of fruit ripening, suitable for vertical gardening in moist areas.
Medical use
In folk medicine, young herbaceous shoots with leaves are used for medicinal purposes for skin diseases, especially itchy eczema and inflammation, for bronchial asthma, colds, inflammation of the bladder, diarrhea, irregular menstruation, as a wound-healing and anthelmintic. The leaves are also used for dropsy, jaundice, whooping cough; externally - for scrofula and rheumatism; berries - for sexually transmitted diseases, epilepsy, migraine attacks, a decoction of flowers - for pulmonary diseases and catarrh of the respiratory tract.
In homeopathy, the essence of fresh young shoots is used for influenza, urticaria, rheumatism, horn poisoning, and convulsions.
The leaves and berries of the bittersweet nightshade are poisonous and should only be treated with them under the supervision of a doctor. They contain the glycoalkaloid solanine, glucoside dulcamarin, starch, resin, and protein substances. Dulcamarine is similar in action to atropine. There are known cases of poisoning of animals and birds. Poisoning with it disrupts the coordination of movements in cattle, causes diarrhea and palpitations.
Collection, processing and storage of medicinal raw materials
The herbaceous stem tips are collected at the beginning or during flowering. The raw materials are dried in the shade. Store separately in boxes lined with paper, like a poisonous plant.
Avran officinalis(lat. Gratíola officinális) is a herbaceous plant of the Norichnikov family. Widely distributed in Eurasia and North America. Due to its poisonous properties, it is used in folk medicine.
Biological description
Avran officinalis is a perennial herbaceous plant 15-60 cm high with a creeping, jointed rhizome, which is covered with brown scales (reduced leaves).
Stems are erect, simple or branched, tetrahedral. The leaves are opposite, sessile, semi-stem-encompassing, lanceolate, up to 6 cm long and 1.5 cm wide, acute, serrated in the upper part, with three arcuate veins, rarely glandular-punctate.
The flowers are arranged singly in the leaf axils. The pedicels are long, with two long bracts at the base of the calyx. The calyx is five-lobed, 2-3 times shorter than the corolla. The corolla is up to 2 cm long, with a yellowish tube and an almost two-lipped limb, white with purple veins. There are four stamens: two short and two long. There is one style, significantly longer than the stamens. At the base of the style there is a nectar disk.
It blooms all summer, from June to September, the fruits ripen starting in July. The fruit is an ovoid, sharp multi-seeded capsule, equal in length to the sepals.
Ecology
It grows in damp meadows, swamps, banks of rivers and reservoirs, and can also be found on damp sand.
Spreading
The plant's habitat is very extensive and covers a large area of Eurasia and North America. In Russia it is found in the European part, in the Ciscaucasia and in the south of Western Siberia; closer to the north it grows only in valleys large rivers(Irtysha, Ob).
Meaning
Leaves and fruits are poisonous. Used in folk medicine for heart failure, liver diseases, chronic diseases skin, and also as an anthelmintic.
Domestic animals recognize the grass and do not eat it on pastures, but this plant can get to them along with hay and cause poisoning. Horses are especially sensitive to auran.
Marsh marigold(lat. Cáltha palústris) - herbaceous perennial, a species of the genus Marigold of the Ranunculaceae family.
Botanical description
The stem is fleshy, erect (or ascending and ascending), less often - recumbent (in this case it easily takes root at the nodes), leafy, glabrous. Plant height is from 3 to 40 cm or more.
The roots are cord-like, collected in a bunch.
The leaves are alternate, entire, kidney-shaped or heart-shaped, with crenate or crenate-toothed edges, dark green, glabrous, shiny. The basal leaves are large (sometimes up to 20 cm in diameter), on long fleshy petioles, the stem leaves are much smaller, on short petioles. The bracts are sessile.
Flowers, up to 7 in number, are located on long peduncles in the axils of the upper leaves. The perianth is simple, bright yellow, orange or golden, up to half a centimeter in diameter, the corolla consists of 5 leaflets, each up to 25 mm long. There are many stamens, pistils from 2 to 12. In the European part of Russia it blooms in April-May.
The fruit is multi-leafed. The number of leaflets corresponds to the number of pistils in the flower. Leaflets have a spout at the end. The leaflet contains up to 10 black shiny [seeds] (up to 2.5 mm in size), which fall out of it upon maturity (in May-June).
Habitat and ecology
Circumboreal species.
Distributed throughout the temperate climate zone: in Europe (except for the southernmost part), in North America (including Alaska and Yukon), in Transcaucasia and Kazakhstan, in Mongolia and Japan, in the north and west of China, as well as in the mountainous regions of the Indian subcontinent (northern India, Bhutan and Nepal).
It grows everywhere in Russia.
It grows in slowly flowing or standing water around springs and along rivers and streams, in lakes, in swamps and wetlands in forests and meadows, in damp ditches. In the mountains it climbs to a height of up to 4,000 m above sea level
Application
An ornamental plant, grown by gardeners, has garden forms.
A homeopathic antitussive medicine is prepared from fresh flowering plants.
The green parts of the plant are poisonous. You cannot eat them raw! Unopened flower buds, boiled in water or scalded with boiling water, are marinated in vinegar with the addition of spices (cloves, bay leaf, pepper, etc.) and are used as a seasoning instead of capers for salads, borscht, and solyanka. When cooked, the toxic substance is completely destroyed and the plant becomes harmless.
Boiled rhizomes are also edible. They can be used as a seasoning for meat and fish dishes. Dried and ground roots are added to flour when baking bread. In the Caucasus, the tops of stems with flower buds are dried in winter and used mainly as a seasoning for first courses.
Godson, or Senecio(lat. Senecio) is a genus of the Asteraceae family, huge in the number of species, the largest genus among all flowering plants. According to various sources, it includes from 1000 to 3000 species found throughout the world and having a wide variety of life forms - from annual grasses to trees
Titles
The scientific generic name comes from Lat. senex - “old, bald” - and is explained by the fact that after the achenes ripen, the baskets stand naked, “bald” for some time.
The Russian generic name may be explained by the external similarity of common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) with watercress - Lepidium sativum. Back at the beginning of the 20th century. official name the plant was Krestovik - that, for example, was the title of the article in Encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Efron
Spreading
Plants from the genus Rupaulin are distributed everywhere - from the tropics to the Arctic regions. The greatest species diversity is observed in South America, the Mediterranean, and temperate regions Asia and North America
Life forms
The vast majority of ragwort species are annual or perennial herbs. There are also vines, shrubs and subshrubs. Some species from South Africa- succulents.
Tree ragworts include several African species that grow in high altitudes (for example, on Mount Kilimanjaro). These are rosette trees in shape, reaching a height of 10 m - the trunk of these plants has almost no branches, and at the top there is a crown of leaves similar to a rosette.
Biological description
In most species of ragwort, the flowers are collected in inflorescences at the tips of the shoots and look like daisies (Bellis). The color of the flowers is yellow, orange, red, purple, violet, blue.
The middle flowers are tubular, bisexual, collected in baskets. Marginal flowers are ligulate, pistillate. Pollination usually occurs with the help of insects.
The fruit is an achene.
Application
Application in medicine
Many types of ragwort produce alkaloids, often their content is quite high, and therefore can cause poisoning in people and animals. But it is the high content of alkaloids that is the reason for the use of some types of ragwort as medicinal plants, as well as raw materials for the production of medical drugs.
Application in horticulture
When growing ragworts as garden plants, fertile, well-drained soil is required in most cases.
Annual species of ragwort are propagated by seeds (autumn planting is often used), perennial species by division in the spring, and shrubs by cuttings in the summer.
Classification
The ragwort belongs to the tribe Senecioneae, which is part of the Asteroideae subfamily of the Asteraceae family.
The genera closest to Ruskin are Cineraria (about 50 species from South Africa and Madagascar), Buzulnik (Ligularia) (more than a hundred species from temperate regions of Eurasia) and Farfugium (two Asian species).
Kinds
The genus Krestovnik includes, according to various sources, from 1000 to 3000 species.
In the territory former USSR There are about 100 species.
Clivia cinnabar(lat. Clívia miniáta - named after Charlotte Clive, Duchess of Northumberland; lat. miniatus, a, um - painted with cinnabar, covered with red paint from lat. minium - cinnabar or red lead) - a perennial herbaceous plant of the genus Clivia of the Amaryllidaceae family. In greenhouse and indoor culture it is used as a flower- and foliage-decorative potted plant.
In the literature it is found under Russian names: orange clivia (matte red, meerkotsvetnaya, red lead), or kaffir (Cape).
Morphological description
In its cultivated form, it is a stemless evergreen plant with elastic, gracefully curved dark green ribbon-like leaves and a short rhizome with thick, slightly fibrous, fleshy roots. At the age of 14 years, it forms 22-24 leaves, up to 48-73 cm long, up to 5.5-8 cm wide. The leaves are vaginal, tightly covering each other, forming a false stem.
Peduncle height from 21 to 33 cm, with ribs along the edges. On the peduncle, from 12 to 26 pieces of flowers are formed, collected in large umbrella-shaped inflorescences with a diameter of 15 to 20 cm. The flowers are bright orange, yellowish-white at the base, with a diameter of 6.5 × 8 cm. The peduncle is from 3 to 5 cm. The perianth is tubular , broadly funneled, fused at the base, consists of 6 petals arranged in two circles (three outer and three inner) 7.3-7.5 cm long, 2.5-3.3 cm wide. Stamens - 6, stamen filaments light -yellow, attached at the base of the corolla tube, in the middle of each petal. The style is 8.6 cm long, light yellow, thin, ending in a three-lobed stigma.
In indoor conditions it blooms from February-March to April and again from September to November.
Flowering begins with the opening of the first three flowers of the inflorescence. At the beginning of the flower opening, the stamens and pistil lie twisted on the blades of the lower petal, then they begin to diverge and are located opposite the petals. On the 7th-8th day, massive opening of flowers is observed, and the petals acquire the most intense color. The flowering time of one flower is 17 days, the entire inflorescence is 23 days. The period of mass flowering of flowers corresponds to the optimal maturity of stigmas. During these periods, flowers are artificially pollinated with pollen collected from the newly burst anthers of neighboring flowers of the same plant.
On days 16-17, the perianth falls off along with the stamens and style and an ovary with a diameter of 1.2x0.6 cm and a rounded triangular shape is formed. The formation and ripening of fruits and seeds lasts for 8-10 months.
The fruit is a large onionicidal berry-shaped capsule with single seeds, initially dark green, shiny, then bright red. These fruits give the plant a special decorative appearance.
In the natural conditions of a tropical forest, Clivia cinnabar is observed to open the capsules of the seeds germinating in it, when, with the formation of a root and the first leaf from the torn capsule, the sprouted seeds fall to the soil, take root and continue to grow.
With artificial pollination, from 6 to 10 fruits are formed on one 8-10 year old plant. Each fruit contains from 1 to 6 benign seeds. If you have two flowering arrows, you can get up to 50 seeds. The weight of a mature seed ranges from 0.4 to 2.5 g. The seeds are yellowish-grayish in color and are a dense endosperm with a white embryo hidden in it .
Reproduction
Clivia cinnabar reproduces vegetatively and by seeds. The vegetative method of propagation consists of separating shoots that form in four- and five-year-old plants, as well as by cuttings.
The seed propagation method is the most common. Mature clivia seeds, extracted from the fruit, are pre-germinated in boiled wet sawdust or as part of an earthen mixture (turf - 1 part, peat - 0.5 part, sand - 1 part) at a temperature of 20-25 ºС. On days 18-20, the seeds develop roots, and only after 30-40 days sprouts appear on the surface. After the formation of the first leaf, they are planted in individual pots in an earthen mixture consisting of humus, deciduous and clay soil and over the next two years they are transferred to pots bigger size. Plants grow slowly - in the first year they develop 2-3 small leaves and the same number of juicy thick roots, in the second year they form 3-4 pairs of leaves, and subsequently produce 2 pairs of new leaves.
Clivia grown from seeds blooms in 5-6 years.
Plant care consists of moderate watering, spraying and fertilizing with organic and mineral fertilizers.
Geographical distribution and ecology
Under natural conditions, distributed in tropical forests South-East Africa (Cape region, Natal, South Africa). Grows on the eastern wet slopes, most of groups, on humus soil with mineral subsoil, from the coast rising into the mountains to an altitude of 600-800 m above sea level. IN natural conditions is extremely rare.
Ontogenesis and seasonal rhythm of development
When growing clivia cinnabar indoors and in a greenhouse, seeds extracted from ripened fruits quickly lose their viability during storage, but in fruits cut with a flower shoot, they can remain fresh for over 2-3 months. Therefore, to guarantee seed germination, it is recommended to sow them immediately shortly after ripening. Shoots appear in 1 - 1.5 months.
Like many amaryllis, under favorable conditions, clivia cinnabar can continuously form new leaves, but for flowering it needs a dormant period of 3 months (from October to January) in a bright, cool room at a temperature of about 10 ºC. To speed up the development of seedlings, no periods of dormancy are made during the first two years.
Use in indoor culture
Clivia cinnabar was introduced into the culture in 1868 and since then has deservedly enjoyed great popularity among flower growers due to its high decorative value, flowering in the winter-spring period, relative simplicity and ease of obtaining seeds, unpretentiousness of care and cultivation.
Various varieties of clivia have been cultivated from light ocher to dark red with a whole range of warm orange and yellow tones, as well as the variegated form ‘Striata’
Use in medicine
Clivia cinnabar, along with Clivia nobilis, is widely used in traditional medicine. The entire plant is used for medicinal purposes - rhizome, roots and leaves. The rhizomes are used by the Zulu people for fever, and also as a means to reduce pain from venomous snake bites. The whole plant is used during childbirth to speed it up.
The rhizomes of Clivia cinnabar are extremely toxic due to the presence of a number of alkaloids in them, the most famous of which is lycorine, which is characteristic of many members of the Amaryllis family. Clivia cinnabar contains up to 0.4% lycorine in dry matter. In small doses, lycorine causes salivation, vomiting and diarrhea, in large doses it causes paralysis and collapse. The use of clivia, as a poisonous plant, requires caution; long-term use of its preparations is not recommended.
Boxthorn(Latin Lýcium) is a genus of plants in the Solanaceae family, which includes about 90 species, distributed throughout the world, including the subtropical zone. Often settles in dry places, some species live in semi-saline soils.
Plants are poisonous.
Folk names: wolfberry (often the name wolfberry refers to different botanical species)
Botanical description
Perennial deciduous thorny shrub with opposite simple leaves 1-8 cm long.
The flowers are single or collected in small inflorescences with a diameter of 6-25 mm, a corolla with five purple, white or greenish-white petals fused at its base.
The fruit is a fleshy multi-seeded berry with a diameter of 8-20 mm, and can be red, yellow, orange, purple, or black.
Application
The plant is poisonous.
Some types of wolfberry have long been used for medicinal purposes for diseases of the liver and kidneys. This plant is popular both in the East and in our latitudes. Preparations from wolfberry have some hypotensive effect, act on the cardiovascular and nervous system, and enhance the effect of antidiabetic drugs. Traditionally, the drugs are believed to improve liver and kidney function, but these properties may be associated with toxicity, with a small range of acceptable therapeutic doses. There is evidence that wolfberry preparations stimulate the production of superoxide dismutase.
Composition, toxicology and pharmacology of substances from plants of the genus Dereza
Most plants of the genus are poisonous to one degree or another. Toxicity is caused by alkaloids (solasodine, etc.).
Found in fruits:
0.5% ascorbic acid
0.1% betaine,
Vitamin A, Vitamin B1, B2, GABA, Nicotinic acid,
Tetraterpenes zeaxanthin and physalein,
Steroids solasodin, β-sitosterol
Polysaccharides,
p-coumaric acid, scopoletin, amino acids and proteins.
May lily of the valley(lat. Convallária majális) is the only species of the genus Lily of the Valley of the Liliaceae family.
The generic name was given by Linnaeus in ancient Latin - Lilium convallium, which means lily of the valleys.
English name- Lily of the Valley(or Lily-of-the-Valley) - repeats roman meaning.
Other Russian names: lilies of the valley, shirt, young, youthful, culprit.
Botanical description
The underground rhizome is creeping, no thicker than a goose feather, bearing near the top several pale small lower leaves, half hidden in the ground. They are followed by 2 (rarely 3) large, completely solid broadly lanceolate (or oblong-elliptical) pointed basal leaves, between which there is a large bud at the apex of the rhizome. From the corner of the bottom leaf, clasping both green ones from below, protrudes flowering stem, bearing a raceme of 6-20 flowers, facing predominantly in one direction.
The roots are small and numerous.
The flowering stem is leafless or bears leaves only under the inflorescence; rarely - with thread-like leaves.
The flowers have a rounded bell-shaped perianth of white (less often pale pink) color, with 6 bent lobes; 6 stamens sitting on the perianth, and a rounded ovary ending in a short style. Long curved pedicels with membranous bracts. Fragrant flowers droop gracefully. Blooms in June - May.
The fruit is an orange-red spherical berry 6-8 mm in diameter, containing almost spherical seeds. The berries remain on the plant for a long time. Fruiting occurs in June - early July.
Propagated both by seeds and vegetatively.
On next year the apical bud continues as a rhizome and again bears 2 large leaves (as an exception - 3), but the flowering stem rarely appears annually.
Distribution and habitat
Lilies of the valley are distributed throughout Europe, the Caucasus, Asia Minor, China and North America.
In Russia - throughout the European part, in Siberia, in Far East.
Lily of the valley grows in deciduous and pine trees, as well as mixed forests, on the edges and clearings. It develops especially well in floodplain oak forests, on rich neutral soil with good moisture.
In untouched habitats it grows very widely, creating large clumps.
Lilies of the valley are among the shade-tolerant plants.
They have been bred artificially for a long time, and varieties with larger or double flowers, pinkish hues, etc. have been obtained.
In natural habitats, lily of the valley is intensively destroyed, especially near large settlements, due to trampling during the collection of flowers and medicinal raw materials.
Must refer to plants taken under protection.
Taxonomy
The genus Convallaria, now located in the family Ruscaceae, formerly belonged to the family Liliaceae and even formed its own family Convallariaceae.
The genus is monotypic, consisting of one species.
Varieties that were previously distinguished as independent species, differing from the main species in habitat:
May lily of the valley Keiske (Convallaria majalis L. var. keiskei) (Miq.) Makino (syn. Keiske lily of the valley (Convallaria keiskei) Miq.) - grows in the Far East, Transbaikalia and Mongolia, as well as in Burma. It is distinguished by large (up to 15 cm), dark green leaves, large flowers and late flowering.
May lily of the valley Transcaucasian (Convallaria majalis L. var. transcaucasica) (Utkin ex Grossh.) Knorring (syn. Transcaucasian lily of the valley (Convallaria transcaucasica) Utkin ex Grossh.) - North Caucasus and Transcaucasia, Türkiye
May lily of the valley mountain (Convallaria majalis L. var. montana) (Raf.) H.E.Ahles (syn. Mountain lily of the valley (Convallaria montana) Raf.) - eastern USA (eng. American lily-of-the-valley). American botanists distinguish it into another independent species, Convallaria majuscula Greene, which has a limited range in the United States, and in the state of Kentucky it has the status of “endangered.”
Breeding under cultural conditions
Lilies of the valley are propagated mainly by cuttings. To do this, cut off the upper part of the rhizome and plant it in clay-sandy soil rich in leaf humus, at a distance of 20-25 cm from each other.
For forcing, in the fall they stock up on cuttings, cutting off the upper parts of the rhizome about 5 cm long. Choose those whose apical bud is large and round. Such cuttings are planted in spacious pots, 10 or 12 in each. Actually, for forcing, very low greenhouses are built, into which pots of lilies of the valley are brought. The pots are covered with moss or buried almost completely in sand; the surface of the pots is also covered with moss. The temperature in the greenhouse during forcing must be maintained within 30 and even 35 °C. After 3 weeks the plants begin to bloom. Moss must be kept moist. When the plants emerge from the moss, the pots are placed towards the light, shading them at first. This way you get blooming lilies of the valley even for the New Year.
Forcing lilies of the valley into late XIX- at the beginning of the 20th century they were engaged especially in Germany, for example, in Berlin, from where they were imported to Russia in large quantities.
Meaning and Application
In medicine
May lily of the valley is a widely known medicinal plant, included in the pharmacopoeias of many countries.
The raw materials used are lily of the valley herb - Herba Convallariae, lily of the valley leaf - Folium Convallariae, lily of the valley flowers - Flores Convallariae. These are the above-ground parts collected during the flowering period. wild plants, dried at a temperature of 50 - 60 ° C or in air in the shade.
The main active ingredients are cardiotonic glycosides (cardenolides), derivatives of strophanthidin, strophanthidol. The main ones are convallotoxin, convalloside, convallotoxol.
Cardiotonic drugs are produced from raw materials: tincture and Korglykon.
In addition to cardiotonic drugs, the total flavonoid drug convaflavin is obtained, which is used as a choleretic agent for cholecystitis, cholangitis, etc.
In ornamental gardening
Lily of the valley has long been cultivated (since the 15th century) for its beautiful fragrant flowers, and has several garden forms (cultivars):
"Alba Pleno", or "Alba Plena" ("Flore Pleno", or "Flore Plena") - has up to 12 large white double flowers
"Albostriata" - notable for its leaves with creamy white longitudinal stripes
"Aureovariegata", or "Lineata", or "Striata", or "Variegata" - with yellow longitudinal stripes
"Berolinensis" - large-flowered, used for forcing
"Latifolia" - with wide leaves and pink double flowers
"Grandiflora" - with large flowers
"Picta" - with purple spots at the base of the filaments
"Prolificans" - notable for the fact that the pedicels branch, forming crowded inflorescences
"Rosea" - with light pink flowers
Varieties with 22-24 flowers in an inflorescence ("Fortin's Giant"), with a yellow-green border on the leaves ("Hardwick Hall"), with white or golden frequent stripes on the leaves ("Vic Pawlowski's Gold") have been bred and introduced into cultivation. up to 50 cm high (“Viktor Ivanovich”) and others.
Miscellaneous
Essential oil Lily of the valley is highly valued in the perfume industry.
The leaves of the lily of the valley are eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera, including Antitype chi.
The entire lily of the valley plant is poisonous!
Curious information
Lily of the valley is also known as "tears" Mother of God", because, according to Christian legend, the tears of the Virgin Mary, shed on the Holy Cross, turned into a lily of the valley
According to another legend, lilies of the valley appeared from drops of the blood of St. George during his battle with the dragon
In 1967, the lily of the valley became the national flower of Finland.
Lily of the valley is also used in some English translations Song of Songs (Song 2:1) for the Hebrew word shoshana (usually meaning rose).
In France, the Lily of the Valley Festival is celebrated annually on the first Sunday of May.
Stylized images of lily of the valley are placed on the fields of the coats of arms of the cities of Weilar (Germany), Lunner (Norway) and Mellerud (Sweden)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Medicinal plants in scientific and folk medicine, 1974.
Gubanov I. A., Kiseleva K. V., Novikov V. S., Tikhomirov V. N. Illustrated plant guide Central Russia. T. 3. - M: T-vo scientific publications KMK, Institute of Technological Research. - 2004.
Kirpichnikov M.E. Family Compositae, or Asteraceae (Asteraceae, or Compositae) // Plant life. In 6 volumes. T. 5. Part 2. Flowering plants / Ed. A. L. Takhtadzhyan. - M.: Education, 1981
Botany. Encyclopedia “All the Plants of the World”: Trans. from English (ed. Grigoriev D. et al.) - Könemann, 2006 (Russian edition)
Illustrated plant guide Leningrad region/ Ed. A. L. Budantseva and G. P. Yakovleva. - M.: Partnership of Scientific Publications KMK, 2006.
Vermeulen, Nico. Useful herbs. Illustrated Encyclopedia: Trans. from English - M.: Labyrinth Press, 2002.
Belyaevskaya E.K. Bulbous and tuberous plants. - M: LLC "TD "Publishing World of Books"", 2006
Let's say right away - this is not a guide to poisoning - this is information about which plants and which parts of them are poisonous and where you can find them. It is designed to protect you and your loved ones, especially children, from accidents.
No one is safe from encountering poisonous plants; you can encounter them not only in wildlife, but also at your own dacha, and it is no coincidence that these will be poisoners sneaking in - harmful and deadly poisonous pets can be planted on the site with my own hands, without even knowing it.
From a practical point of view, what matters is not the strength of the poison, but how real the possibility of it entering the body is.
Some deadly plants are simply unlikely to be encountered in the garden.
Where can poisonous plants grow?
So, henbane usually grows in wastelands, hemlock (vekh) and omezhnik— in reservoirs, belladonna is grown only by collectors. And the terrible aconite, although not uncommon in gardens, is also not dangerous: it is unappetizing to look at, and even a small child would not think of eating it, much less digging up the roots for this.
But the most common one potato has many victims on its account. Just eat the green tubers and you're done. They can accumulate up to 700 mg of alkaloids per 1 kg, and a dose of 400 mg is considered lethal for an adult.
They are also poisoned by its green berries, and at the same time by the unripe fruits of related vegetables - eggplant, physalis, black nightshade and other red ones, even green tomatoes should not be abused, at least in its raw form.
Except side effects food crops, a common cause of accidents is the similarity of poisoners to food plants. According to statistics, children under six years of age predominate among the victims. What attracts them? First of all, berries, which are always associated with food.
Fortunately, most harmful berries, although they look tempting, taste disgusting, which makes it difficult to eat a large toxic dose. A dozen berries will only cause an upset stomach. Fruits of most species are dangerous honeysuckle, snowberry, asparagus, red elderberry, joster and buckthorn, privet, euonymus and, finally, the destructive power of which is significantly exaggerated.
Cardiac glycosides of lily of the valley are poorly absorbed in the intestine and cannot have a strong effect when swallowed. Bright red fruits are much worse Arizema or arum.
Their juice immediately causes pain and swelling of the mucous membranes of the pharynx and esophagus, which makes breathing difficult.
You should not rely on chance, and if there are small children in the house, it is better not to grow such especially dangerous plants. Among them we can also include moonseed, step, raven eye , and are especially often poisoned by the magnificent Lakonosom. Although its berries cause a burning sensation in the mouth, this does not always stop children, and a handful is enough to cause cramps, stomach upset and vision. Serious harm is caused to fruits, wolfberry And .
They are especially insidious, their mature pulp is completely harmless, but the seeds contained in it are toxic and damage the body when chewed. Some people are happy to eat sweet acetals yew, but who can guarantee that a deadly seed will not fall on the tooth?
They are poisoned not only with berries, but also with dry fruits, reminiscent of such tasty nuts and peas. Beans yellow acacia, lupine, decorative beans, hyacinth bean is unpleasant for many, but, as you know, the taste and color...
If eaten in large quantities, they will cause serious problems: confusion, convulsions, suffocation. However, the most dangerous plants in this group are castor bean And .
Already three castor bean seeds cause symptoms of poisoning, six are fatal for children, and 20 are fatal for an adult. Treatment for such poisoning is difficult and lengthy.
Horse chestnut It is very bitter and you can’t eat a lot of it, but one nut is enough to cause a painful stomach upset. A large dose will lead to disruption of the nervous system.
Adults can also be caught by the external similarity of plants, and here the leaders are bulbs that imitate onions: daffodils, hyacinths, colchicum.
The worst thing is poisoning Colchicum, leading to a painful, protracted illness that can result in paralysis. Therefore, symptoms that appear immediately - numbness of the lips, tongue and throat - should alert you and force you to put off food.
It's not just the colchicum bulb that is poisonous: a serving of lettuce made from its leaves can be fatal. Such cases are known and the reason for them is the similarity of the leaves of this plant with wild garlic.
You need to take a closer look at fragrant herbs from Umbelliferae. Weeds can creep in among parsley and dill. hemlock, stupefying buten and kokorush. They act no worse than the popular hemlock and eating them can end in disaster - paralysis and suffocation.
They are distinguished by their unpleasant odor (hemlock, corysh) or its complete absence(butcher), purple spots and bristles on the stem, which do not occur in food grasses.
The appetizing curls of ferns may seduce those who have heard of them being eaten. However, eating, and then little by little, is only possible bracken, and shield insects and nomads contain neurotoxins that remain even after cooking.
In the garden you need to remain vigilant at all times. The frivolous habit of chewing twigs can lead to stomach problems if you get caught in a twig yew, boxwood, thuja, the already mentioned privet and wolfberry.
A special group consists of plants whose juice causes damage to the skin, mucous membranes and is dangerous if it gets into the eyes. You need to cut them off carefully, and do not rub your eyes with hands stained with juice.
The milky sap of many plants directly causes irritation, for example milkweed, milkweed, molokan, celandine.
Indirectly, increasing skin sensitivity to sunlight and causing burns, the juice of the famous Sosnovsky's hogweed and beautiful ash tree. At the same time, allergic dermatitis is often included as a bonus. And on especially hot sunny days you can suffer in the same way from garden friends: lovage, parsley, rue, celery.
✓ Note:
A hastily assembled salad may contain other random ingredients that, while not lethal, will provide several unpleasant hours. These include common garden plants: aquilegia, anemone and other buttercups, as well as irises, hellebore, and sedum.
First aid for poisoning by an unknown plant
The methods used to cleanse the body, as well as antidotes, depend on what plant caused the poisoning, which is not always known, especially in cases with children.
Inappropriate remedies will not help, or even worsen the effect of toxins, so we will limit ourselves to the most general information about first aid for mild disorders of the digestive system.
If the victim has trouble breathing, heartbeat, fainting and paralysis, then you should urgently consult a doctor without wasting time on self-care.
First of all, you should quickly cleanse the stomach, since within 1 - 2 hours any poison enters the bloodstream.
To do this, the victim is given plenty of warm, possibly salty (3 teaspoons of salt per glass), water and induces vomiting. This method is not recommended for general weakness, fainting and convulsions, as the patient may suffocate. It is useful to give laxatives, such as petroleum jelly.
Antidotes are given after cleaning the stomach. Versatile Activated carbon, but it is effective only in the first 30 minutes after poisoning. In many cases, potassium permanganate in the form of a 0.1% solution will help. It can be used for poisoning with henbane, hemlock and veh. Popular remedies such as egg whites or strong tea help only in specific cases, and milk can even be harmful in case of fat-soluble poisons (ferns).
If after cleansing the stomach the victim feels tolerable, then after taking activated charcoal, he can limit himself to rest and a glass of strong tea. But you should not let your guard down: in some cases (for example, with yew and castor beans), symptoms may appear a day after poisoning.
If hogweed juice or the like comes into contact with the skin, immediately wash it off with soap and water and apply a sunscreen bandage. If irritation has already begun, wash with an antiseptic and apply a bandage with hydrocortisone ointment or anesthesin. If juice gets into your eyes, then after thorough rinsing, wear black glasses for at least a week.
Note: Beware of poison!
The gardener should familiarize all uninformed household members and guests with potentially dangerous plants. Planting material, especially bulbs that like to be kept in the refrigerator along with food, must be provided with a warning label. In the garden, it is better to grow food crops separately from ornamental ones, and if you want to decorate your garden, then choose safe plants for this.
List of poisonous plants that can be found in the garden
| NAME OF THE PLANT | POISONOUS NASTY |
| Aquilegia(Aquilegia) | All parts of the plant |
| Aconite (Aconitum) | All parts of the plant |
| Arizema (Arisaema) | Fruit |
| Eggplant (Solanum melongena) | Unripe fruits |
| Colchicum(Colchicum) | Bulbs and leaves |
| Henbane(Hyoscyamus) | All parts of the plant |
| Belladonna(Atropa belladonna) | All parts of the plant |
| Euonymus(Euonymus) | Fruit |
| Privet(Ligustrum) | Fruits, bark and leaves |
| Hemlock(Conium) | All parts of the plant are poisonous |
| Hogweed Sosnovsky(Heracleum sosnowskyi) | Juice causes burns |
| Red elderberry(Sambucus racemosa) | Fruit |
| Butane intoxicating(Chaerophyllumtemulum) | All parts of the plant |
| Vatochnik(Asclepias) | Juice |
| Anemone(Anemone) | All parts of the plant |
| Daphne(Daphne) | Fruits, korai leaves |
| Crow's eye(Paris) | Fruit |
| Hyacinth(Hyacinthus) | Bulbs |
| Hyacinth bean(Dolichos lablab) | Fruits in large quantities |
| yellow acacia(Caragana arborescens) | Fruits in large quantities |
| Honeysuckleordinary(Loniceraxylosteum) | Fruits in large quantities |
| Joster (Rhamnus) | Fruit |
| Iris(Iris) | Leaves |
| Potato(Solanum tuberosum) | Green tubers, berries |
| Castor bean(Ricinus communis) | Fruits and seeds |
| Kokorysh(Aethusa cynapium) | Ground part of the plant |
| Horse chestnut (Aesculus) | Fruit |
| Kochedyzhnik(Athyrium) | All parts of the plant |
| Buckthorn brittle(Frangula alnus) | Fruits and bark |
| Lakonos (Phytolacca) | Fruit |
| Lily of the valley (Convallaria) | Fruit |
| Lunosemyannik(Menispermum) | Fruit |
| Lovage (Levisticum) | Juice |
| Lupine(Lupinus) | Fruits are poisonous in large quantities |
| Molokan (Lactuca) | Juice |
| Euphorbia (Euphorbia) | Juice |
| Narcissus | Bulbs |
| Omezhnik water(Oenanthe aquatica) | All parts of the plant |
| Caustic sedum(Sedum acre) | Juice |
| Nightshade red and p. black (Solanum) | Unripe fruits |
| Step (Bryonia) | Fruit |
| Podophyllum(Podophyllum) | Fruit |
| Ruta | Juice |
| Boxwood (Buxus) | Ground part |
| Snowberry(Symphoricarpos) | Fruits in large quantities |
| Asparagus | Fruit |
| Tiss(Taxus) | Ground parts and seeds (pulp is harmless) |
| Thuja | Bark and needles |
| Decorative beans(Phaseolus) | Fruits in large quantities |
| Physalis | Unripe fruits |
| Hemlock (veh)(Cicuta) | |
| Hellebore (Veratrum) | All parts of the plant |
| Celandine (Chelidonium) | Juice |
| Shieldweed(Dryopteris) | All parts of the plant, especially the rhizome |
| Ash tree (Dictamnus) | Juice |
Dispensed strictly according to prescription!
Since ancient times, the medical truth has been known: “Everything is poison, everything is medicine; both are determined by the dose.” Among garden plants used in folk medicine, many are poisonous. In the hands of an experienced herbalist they will be beneficial, but the difference between a medicinal and a dangerous dose is very small. Therefore, under no circumstances should they be used for self-medication. Here are some of these plants.
DIGITALIS
In old reference books, digitalis purpurea is often mentioned as a remedy for tachycardia and heart failure. True, one of the main active ingredients – digitoxin – is very poisonous. It was believed that a safe dosage could be found. However, it was later discovered that digitoxin can accumulate in the body, which can ultimately lead to an overdose. Therefore, digitalis extracts are now only included in potent medicines that are used under strict control.
LILY OF THE VALLEY
This is another well-known remedy for the heart. But for heart diseases such as cardiosclerosis, endocarditis and some others, lily of the valley preparations will only lead to a rapid deterioration of the condition. Also, tinctures of lily of the valley leaves and flowers are recommended for neuroses, insomnia, epilepsy, glaucoma, however, the slightest non-compliance with the dosage leads to severe poisoning.
HELLEBORE
Some time ago, Caucasian hellebore became a fashionable remedy for weight loss, as well as cleansing and general health of the body. But this plant actually has an irritating effect on the intestines. So it may be possible to lose weight, but to get healthier - big question. Hellebore poisons, like foxgloves, accumulate in the body and can lead to dangerous consequences if taken for a long time.
ACONITE
Blue and variegated aconite is occasionally found in flower beds. The plant is quite elegant, looks a bit like a delphinium, but all its parts are highly poisonous. In ancient times, aconite juice was used to lubricate spear and arrow tips and sword blades. Various sources recommend using aconite preparations for injuries, pain, and also very serious illnesses, up to tuberculosis and oncology. Although the slightest carelessness in use may not speed up recovery, but cause the opposite effect.
DELPHINIUM
This plant is not only similar to aconite, they are “relatives”, both belong to the buttercup family, generally famous for its poisonous “abilities”. As an ornamental plant, delphinium does not pose any particular harm, but it should not be used to treat the liver, kidneys, and especially malignant tumors without the supervision of a doctor.
ECHINACEA
Rudbeckia purpurea, or Echinacea, is grown in flower beds and is also used to restore the body after long-term use of drugs, in the treatment of non-healing wounds and burns. However, it is contraindicated in autoimmune diseases and cannot be combined with many medications.
CLIMCIBLE
Colchicum autumnalis is very similar to spring crocuses, but blooms in the fall. Even transplanting colchicum should be done with gloves to avoid burns. The poison colchicine, which accumulates in all parts of the plant, kills like arsenic. So do not try to treat rheumatism, gout, or kidney disease with it yourself.
CASTOR BEAN
This unusual plant is loved by gardeners for its size and spectacular carved leaves. The famous castor oil is squeezed from castor bean seeds, which is widely used in cosmetology and for constipation. Refined oil industrial production won't cause much harm. But direct use of castor bean seeds and fruits is very dangerous, since the poisons they contain are not inferior in strength to cyanide. Do not make decorations from castor beans, do not let children play with them!
Below are other entries on the topic “Do-it-yourself cottage and garden”
Poisonous plants produce and accumulate poisons during their life processes. Causes poisoning of animals and humans. More than 10 thousand species of poisonous plants are known in the world flora, mainly in the tropics and subtropics; there are many of them in countries with temperate and cold climates.
2. Typically, poisoning by poisonous plants occurs when plants enter through the mouth, respiratory system (by inhaling dust particles of poisonous plants or volatile substances released by them), as well as through the skin as a result of contact with the juices of poisonous plants.
3. Children are often poisoned by tempting-looking poisonous fruits. Poisoning after eating poisonous plants can appear within a few minutes, for example after eating yew needles, in other cases - after several days or even weeks.
4. Wolf's bast is a small forest shrub, very beautiful, but very poisonous. Blooms in early spring. And in summer its red berries ripen. Do not put them in your mouth under any circumstances!
5. Forest honeysuckle - often found in forests and urban plantings. This shrub has yellowish flowers and dark red berries, arranged in pairs. They are not edible, which is why the plant itself is popularly called “wolf berries.” Another species is very often planted in cities - Tatarian honeysuckle, which is distinguished by white or pink flowers and orange or bright red fruits.
6. Snowberry (snowberry) - a low shrub, a common plant in green spaces. Its homeland is North America.
7. Privets are often planted in hedges. It is a shrub with leathery leaves and black fruits the size of a pea. These fruits are poisonous!
8. Henbane. The stem is erect, sticky, pubescent, 30-90 cm high. The flowers are large, up to 2 cm in length, dirty yellow (purple in the middle) with a network of purple veins. The leaves are wide with large teeth, pubescent. The fruit is a capsule with a cap and a septum inside a five-toothed calyx. The box contains small black or yellow seeds, similar to poppy seeds. The root resembles parsley, soft, juicy, with a sweet and sour taste. The plant has an unpleasant odor.
9. Crow's eye. Straight trunk 30-40 cm high. At the top of the bare stem there are four leaves in a circle (rarely 3 or 5), and between them on a low peduncle, a single greenish-yellow flower. The flower develops into a fruit - a bluish-black shiny berry. The entire plant is poisonous, especially the rhizome and berries.
10. Buckthorn is a forest shrub usually 2-3 meters high. The inedible fruits of buckthorn, when ripe, are first greenish, then red, then black. It is interesting that fruits of all colors can be seen at the same time. Buckthorn fruits and bark are used in medicine.
11. About 400 species of poisonous plants grow on the territory of the Russian Federation. Many edible plants can cause poisoning if used incorrectly.
Many plant poisons in small (so-called therapeutic) doses are used as medicines (for example, cardiac glycosides obtained from digitalis and lily of the valley, atropine - from henbane). Insecticides are obtained from some poisonous plants (for example, pyrethrum - 113 Dalmatian chamomile).
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