The formation of the one-party Soviet political system. The main stages of the formation of a one-party system in the USSR

Within six months in Germany, the Nazis established a one-party dictatorship of the Nazi Party. At the first stage, the Nazis, with the support of conservatives, carried out the forcible liquidation of left-wing parties. The activities of the German Communist Party were not formally prohibited. However, from February 28, 1933, it became illegal. The Social Democratic Party was banned in June 1933. Then, at the end of June - beginning of July 1933, under pressure from the Nazis, the remaining political parties - liberals, the Catholic Center Party, conservative nationalists - announced their self-dissolution.

On July 14, 1933, the Reichstag adopted a law “against the formation” of new parties.” He declared the National Socialist Party to be the only legal political party, and participation in any other political parties a criminal offense.

In May 1933, the Nazis crushed the trade unions. Trade union buildings were seized by stormtroopers. Their leaders were arrested. Trade union property was confiscated. Instead of independent trade unions, the Nazis created the German Labor Front.

In November 1933, new elections to the Reichstag were held. At them, the overwhelming majority of voters (92%) voted for the only list of candidates from the Nazi Party - the Fuhrer's list. On December 1, 1933, the new Nazi Reichstag adopted the law “On ensuring the unity of the party and the state.” He declared the National Socialist Party “the bearer of state thought and inextricably linked with the state.” The party was declared not to be the bearer of state power, but only of the “state idea”, that is, the party did not receive any power functions under this law.

Law on the Supreme Head of the German Empire of August 1, 1934

After the death of the elderly President Hindenburg on August 1, 1934, the government passed the law on the Supreme Head of the German Empire. According to this law, the positions of chancellor and president were combined in the person of the Fuhrer and Reich Chancellor Hitler. The post of president was abolished. His powers passed to Hitler. The rights of head of state were assigned to Hitler for life. At the same time, Hitler, as a monarch, was given the right to appoint a successor. Hitler became supreme commander of the armed forces. Officers and officials took the oath of allegiance in unconditional obedience to Hitler personally.

Due to its special significance, this law was approved by popular vote and thereby acquired the highest constitutional force. This law to give Hitler unlimited power was approved by the overwhelming majority of Germans: 90% or more than 38 million voters voted in favor, only four million two hundred and fifty thousand voted against. The result of the referendum on support for the Fuhrer does not raise any particular doubts about their general more or less correspondence with reality. Hitler's policies thereby received the support of all sections of the Germans. The Third Reich arose through the free expression of mass will.

Lecture No. 7. State mechanism Nazi dictatorship. The essence of a totalitarian political regime

The beginning of the formation of a one-party political system

In January 1918 ᴦ. III took place All-Russian Congress workers' and soldiers' deputies. He supported the Bolsheviks. The congress approved the "Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People", approved the draft law on the socialization of the land, and proclaimed the federal principle government system Russian Soviet Socialist Republic (RSFSR) and instructed the All-Russian Central Executive Committee to develop the main provisions of the country's Constitution.

July 10, 1918 ᴦ. The V Congress of Soviets approved the first Constitution of the RSFSR. The Constitution proclaimed the proletarian character of the Soviet state, the federal principle of the state structure of the RSFSR and the course towards building socialism. Suffrage representatives of the former exploiting classes, clergy, officers and police agents were deprived. The advantage of workers over peasants was introduced in the norms of representation in elections to government bodies (1 worker’s vote was equal to 5 peasant votes). The elections were not universal, not direct, not secret and not equal. The Constitution enshrined the system of central and local authorities authorities.

The Constitution declared the introduction political freedoms(words, press, meetings, rallies, processions). However, in practice this had no real confirmation. Moreover, the first Soviet Constitution did not provide for the possibility of participation of the propertied classes and their parties in the political struggle.

Until October 1918 ᴦ. IN AND. Lenin expressed his firm belief that masses through the Soviets capable of governing the state. But very soon it turned out that practice diverged from the forecast. In 1919 ᴦ. IN AND. Lenin: ʼʼBecause of Russian specifics, ᴛ.ᴇ. lack of culture, the masses cannot rule the state at all. “The dictatorship of the proletariat” in our country from the very beginning began to mean the power of a narrow layer of the Communist Party. Elections to the Soviets were held more and more formally; selected candidates were appointed in advance to deputy positions. In practice, “Soviet power” and “Bolshevik power” increasingly merged. A one-party system began to take shape in the RSFSR politic system.

Economic transformations.

During the short period of its stay in power, the provisional government could not solve the main socio-economic, political and national problems of the country. All these unresolved problems now faced the Soviet government.

Before coming to power, the Bolsheviks imagined a socialist economy as an economy without private property, directive, where the state must take control of all goods and issue them to the population as they are extremely important.

For this reason, immediately after October 1917 ᴦ. The Bolsheviks began to pursue a policy of destroying private property. Already from November 1917 ᴦ. The authorities organized a “Red Guard attack on capital.” A number of large enterprises and industries were nationalized. Further, decrees were adopted on the nationalization of banks, railway transport, and a monopoly on foreign trade was introduced. The beginning of the creation of the public sector in the economy was laid. In December 1917 ᴦ. was created to lead the public sector in the economy High Council National Economy (VSNKh). The transition of enterprises to state control laid the foundations of “state socialism.”

In the spring of 1918 ᴦ. The implementation of the Decree on Land began. The peasants were to receive 150 million dessiatines of land that belonged to the landowners, the bourgeoisie, the church, and monasteries free of charge. The 3 billion debt of peasants to banks was cancelled. Implementation of the Decree on Land poor peasants greeted with approval. The land was divided equally between all groups of peasants, and individual small-scale farming of peasants was preserved. Landownership in the country was destroyed, and along with it the class of landowners ceased to exist.

The agrarian policy of the Bolsheviks caused social tension in the countryside, as the Soviet government supported the poor. This caused discontent among the wealthy peasant kulaks. The fists began to hold back the marketable (for sale) bread. There was a threat of famine in the cities. In this regard, the Council of People's Commissars switched to a policy of harsh pressure on the villages. In May 1918 ᴦ. A food dictatorship was introduced. This meant banning the grain trade and confiscating food supplies from wealthy peasants. Food detachments (food detachments) were sent to the villages. Οʜᴎ relied on the help of the committees of the poor (kombeda), created in June 1918 ᴦ. instead of local councils. The “black redistribution” of land dealt a blow to large farms of landowners, wealthy peasants (otrubniks, farmers), ᴛ.ᴇ. the positive aspects of P.A.’s agrarian reform were destroyed. Stolypin. Equalization of distribution led to a drop in labor productivity and marketability Agriculture, to a worse use of land.

The food dictatorship did not justify itself and failed because... instead of the planned 144 million poods of grain, only 13 were collected, and also led to peasant protests against the Bolshevik power

Social transformations.

Democratic changes were carried out in social sphere. The Soviet government finally destroyed the class system and abolished pre-revolutionary ranks and titles. Free education and medical care were established. Women had equal rights with men. The decree on marriage and family introduced the institution civil marriage. The Decree on the 8-hour working day was adopted, a labor code that prohibited exploitation child labor, guaranteed a system of labor protection for women and adolescents, payment of unemployment and sickness benefits. Freedom of conscience was proclaimed. The church was separated from the state and from the education system. Most of the church property was confiscated.

National politics The Soviet state was determined by the "Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia", adopted by the Council of People's Commissars on November 2, 1917. It proclaimed the equality and sovereignty of the peoples of Russia, their right to self-determination and the formation of independent states. (See Additional textbook material 1 and 2) In December 1917 ᴦ. The Soviet government recognized the independence of Ukraine and Finland in August 1918. - Poland, in December - Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, in February 1919 ᴦ. - Belarus. Self-determination of peoples was becoming a reality. National movements were led by intellectuals, entrepreneurs, clergy, bourgeois and moderate parties, which nominated outstanding political leaders. The Transcaucasian Democratic Party also declared its independence. federal Republic; after its collapse (in June), the Azerbaijani, Armenian and Georgian bourgeois republics arose.

In May 1918 ᴦ. nationalist government North Caucasus(“Union of United Highlanders of the Caucasus”), which arose before the October events, declared the independence of the North Caucasus state and its separation from Russia. In September 1919 ᴦ. An independent "North Caucasian Emirate" was created in Nagorno-Chechnya. In the fall of 1918 ᴦ. Polish statehood was restored from the lands that were part of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia.

The First Soviet Constitution of the RSFSR (adopted on July 10, 1918) established the principle of unitarity of the new state, but the peoples of Russia received the right to regional autonomy. Peoples Russian state within the framework of autonomy they could realize their national interests.

In 1918 ᴦ. the first national regional associations were: the Turkestan Soviet Republic, the Labor Commune of the Volga Germans, the Soviet socialist republic Taurida (Crimea). In March 1919 ᴦ. The Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Republic was proclaimed, and in 1920 ᴦ. Tatar and Kyrgyzstan became autonomous republics. TO autonomous regions Kalmyk, Mari, Votsk, Karachay-Cherkess, Chuvash joined. Karelia became the Labor Commune. In 1921-1922, the Kazakh, Mountain, Dagestan, Crimean autonomous republics, Komi-Zyrian, Kabardian, Mongol-Buryat, Oirot, Circassian, Chechen autonomous regions.

The right to autonomy was deprived of the Cossacks, who were formed over several centuries at the expense of the Russian, Ukrainian, Kalmyk, Bashkir, Yakut and other peoples of Russia and lived compactly. In this case central government showed concern towards the Cossacks as a “socially dangerous element.” The interests of the Russian population were also not taken into account.

At the same time, in its practical activities The Bolshevik leadership sought to overcome the further disintegration of Russia. Using local party organizations, it contributed to the establishment of Soviet power in national areas, provided financial and material assistance Soviet republics Baltic states.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

November 26, 1917 ᴦ. The Bolsheviks adopted the “Decree on Peace,” which, among other things, called on the peoples and governments of the warring countries to conclude democratic world without annexations and indemnities. At that time, the Soviet state did not recognize any state in the world. Only Germany was on the verge of defeat and responded to the Peace Decree.

On December 2, an armistice was signed with Germany. After that in ᴦ. Peace negotiations began in Brest-Litovsk (now Brest). The Soviet delegation proposed concluding peace without annexations and indemnities. Germany sought to take advantage of weakness and isolation Soviet government. January 1, 1918 ᴦ. Germany presented Russia with a harsh ultimatum: demanding to transfer to it a huge territory - Poland, part of the Baltic states, Ukraine, Belarus - with an area of ​​150 thousand square meters. km.

In the Bolshevik state, the ultimatum caused sharp disagreements. Thus, a minority of members of the Central Committee, together with V.I. Lenin insisted on unconditional acceptance German conditions, because The Bolsheviks did not have the strength to continue the war. But the majority of the Central Committee members believed that it was impossible to sign peace on such humiliating terms, since this would push back world revolution for an indefinite period. People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs L.D. Trotsky and his supporters advocated refusing to sign peace during the negotiations, proposing to do this only after German troops went on the offensive and there was a direct threat of the death of Soviet power. They proposed the following formula for Brest-Litovsk: “Neither peace, nor war.” N.I. Bukharin and his supporters (referred to as “left communists”) believed that the Soviet state, having concluded a separate peace with Germany, would become an “accomplice” of German imperialism. They demanded to stop negotiations and declare revolutionary war on international imperialism and provoke a revolutionary crisis in Europe.

The Bolsheviks decided to delay peace negotiations. L.D. Trotsky in February 1918. came up with the famous formula: “We are not signing peace, we are not waging war, but we are disbanding the army.” In response, on February 18, German troops went on the offensive along the entire front.

A direct threat to the Soviet state arose. The Bolsheviks accepted the terms of the German ultimatum, but the Germans tightened their demands. Now they wanted to tear away a territory of 750 thousand square meters from Russia. km. With a population of 50 million people: the entire Baltic region, Belarus and part of Transcaucasia (Ardagan, Kars, Batum) in favor of Turkey. The future fate of the territories separated from Russia, according to the peace treaty, will be “determined” by Germany. Russia had to pay an indemnity of 3 billion rubles. (the amount could be increased by Germany unilaterally), stop revolutionary propaganda in Central European countries.

No military threat for Germany on the Russian side did not exist at that time. The fact is that the theoretical justification for the extreme importance of the destruction of Russia by Germany was prepared for the leadership of the Reich back in 1915 - 1916. Program German expansion to the east at the expense of Russia had by that time become integral integral part political thinking of the German elite. By putting forward the “robbery” conditions of the peace treaty, the German Reich began the first stage of destroying the independent Russian state.

March 3, 1918 ᴦ. The Russian delegation, without discussion, signed an agreement to end the state of war with Kaiser Germany and its allies.

Only the complete victory of the Entente countries over Germany could save the independent Soviet state.

November Revolution in Germany 1918 ᴦ. led to the collapse of the Kaiser's Germany. November 11, 1919 ᴦ. German troops capitulated Western Front. This allowed Moscow to annul the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on the same day and return most of the territories lost under it. German troops left the territory of Ukraine. Soviet power was established in Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. Prerequisites for conservation Russian statehood were restored. (The “robber” nature of the Brest-Litovsk peace dictatorship largely determined the harshness of the terms of the Versailles Peace Treaty, which most Germans perceived as a national humiliation, although the terms of the Versailles Peace Treaty were much more civilized than the conditions of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty).

Question 45. Civil war and the policy of war communism

War communism (policy of war communism) – name domestic policy Soviet Russia, carried out during the Civil War of 1918-1921.

The essence of war communism was to prepare the country for a new, communist society, and the new authorities were oriented towards this. War communism was characterized by the following features:

· extreme degree of centralization of management of the entire economy;

· nationalization of industry (from small to large);

· ban on conducting private trade and coagulation commodity-money relations;

· state monopolization of many sectors of agriculture;

· militarization of labor (orientation towards the military industry);

· total equalization, when everyone received an equal amount of benefits and goods.

It was on the basis of these principles that it was planned to build a new state, where there are no rich and poor, where everyone is equal and everyone receives exactly what is extremely important for a normal life. Scientists believe that the introduction new policy was extremely important in order not only to survive the Civil War, but also to quickly rebuild the country on new type society.

The beginning of the formation of a one-party political system - concept and types. Classification and features of the category “The beginning of the formation of a one-party political system” 2017, 2018.

1. Formation of a one-party political system…………………3

2.Political struggle in leadership Bolshevik Party in the 1920s. The formation of the regime of personal power of I.V. Stalin………………8

3.The political system of the USSR at the end of the 1920s………………………18

Formation of a one-party political system.

In 1922, a trial took place over a group of Socialist Revolutionaries accused of plotting against Soviet power, counter-revolutionary propaganda, complicity with the White Guards and foreign interventionists. The court found them guilty of all charges. The Socialist Revolutionary movement was finally over. In 1923, an irreconcilable struggle began with the Mensheviks, who still had some influence in society. The task was set to “finally smash the Menshevik Party, completely discredit it before the working class.” This task was completed in a short time. The Mensheviks were also socialists, and the world socialist movement had a negative attitude towards the persecution of Menshevism. Therefore, the Bolsheviks did not dare to carry out show trial. They launched a powerful campaign to “expose” their recent party comrades. As a result, the Mensheviks began to be perceived in society as bearers of an extremely hostile, anti-people ideology. The Menshevik party quickly lost supporters and eventually disintegrated, ceasing to exist. By 1924, a one-party political system was finally established in the country, in which the RCP (b) received undivided power.

During the Civil War, the Bolshevik Party actually performed the functions of state bodies. A “dictatorship of the party” had emerged, as was recognized at the XII Congress of the RCP(b). This was dictated by the military situation in the country. During the war, a new party body was also formed in 1919 - Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), a close circle of Bolshevik leaders who made the main decisions. The situation did not change after the Civil War: the Politburo became the main political center countries that determined the path of development Soviet state.

The secretariat of the Central Committee helped Lenin manage party work. Under Lenin it was technical body, created for purely hardware work. But in 1922 Lenin became seriously ill. A position was needed for the head of the secretariat, who could conduct business in the absence of the leader. And to raise authority new position, came up with a spectacular name for her - general secretary. Stalin was appointed to this minor position. But Stalin managed to organize the work in such a way that the secretariat became the main governing body in the party, and the position Secretary General- the main post.

This is how not only the main structures of the party appeared, but also its role in the state took shape. Throughout Soviet history the Communist Party will exercise the actual leadership of the country, and the post of party leader will always be the highest post in the USSR.

In January 1923, Lenin dictated a “Letter to the Congress,” in which he proposed removing Stalin from the post of General Secretary. The leader warned that Stalin’s character traits such as intolerance and rudeness were incompatible with the post of Secretary General. The letter was read out at the XIII Congress of the RCP(b) in May 1924, after Lenin's death. But the delegates decided to leave Stalin as general secretary, citing the difficult situation within the party and the threat of its split from Trotsky. Thus, the Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) determined the path along which the country would go. Under the leadership of Stalin, the political system of the Soviet state would be formed, which would remain virtually unchanged throughout the existence of the USSR.

Stalin, relying on individual statements of Lenin, put forward a new ideological position that socialism could be built “in one particular country.” Trotsky, a staunch supporter of the world revolution, sharply opposed this attitude. An irreconcilable struggle broke out in the party.

There was another reason for the conflict. In 1923, Trotsky criticized the order that had developed in the RCP (b). He stated that the party was divided into two parts - into functionaries elected from above, and into the party masses, on which nothing in the party depends. This was an attack against Stalin, who led the party apparatus. Trotsky categorically objected to Stalin's growing influence in the RCP(b).

Stalin, in turn, sharply condemned Trotsky for not believing in the possibility of building socialism in the USSR.

In 1926, the XV Conference of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) adopted Stalin’s thesis. Trotsky was defeated.

Another cause of the conflict was the party's policy in the village. Kamenev and Zinoviev spoke out against the “village NEP”. They teamed up with Trotsky and decided to act as a single bloc. In 1927, the opposition bloc tried to organize a protest demonstration. The attempt failed, and Trotsky, Kamenev and Zinoviev were expelled from the party. In 1928, Trotsky was exiled to Alma-Ata, and in 1929 he was expelled from the country.

New political conflict broke out in 1927 due to the food crisis.

According to Stalin, small peasant farming is unable to satisfy the growing needs of the country, and large kulak producers are sabotaging grain procurements. He advocated the massive industrialization of the country and fundamental reforms in the countryside, which should result in the emergence of large collective farms (kolkhozes).

Bukharin became Stalin's opponent. The cause of the grain procurement crisis, in his opinion, was the mistakes of the country's leadership. He advocated the preservation of NEP in the countryside and spoke out against the creation of large collective farms, believing that individual peasant farms would remain the basis of the agricultural sector for a long time.

Stalin accused Bukharin and all NEP supporters of “right deviation.” Society supported Stalin. Meetings and rallies were held throughout the country exposing the views of Bukharin, Rykov and their supporters. Massive and merciless criticism of the “right-wingers” was organized in the press. In 1929, Bukharin was removed from the Politburo, Rykov was removed from the post of chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. About 150 thousand people were expelled from the party for “right-wing deviation”.

The implementation of the political lessons of Kronstadt, as well as the economic ones, began at the Tenth Congress of the RCP (b). Among the decisions of the congress was not only a resolution on replacing the surplus appropriation system with a tax in kind, but also a strictly secret one, although no less significant for future fate country's resolution "On Party Unity". It prohibited the creation in the RCP (b) of factions or groups that had a point of view different from the party leadership and defended it at all levels and using various methods (all-party discussions were very popular at that time).

Having introduced unanimity in its ranks, the Bolshevik leadership took on its political opponents outside the ranks of the RCP (b).

In December 1921, at the proposal of the Chairman of the Cheka F. E. Dzerzhinsky, the Central Committee of the RCP (b) decided to hold an open trial of the Socialist Revolutionaries. The trial of the Social Revolutionaries took place in June-August 1922. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee tribunal accused those arrested of different time by the Cheka authorities of prominent figures of the Socialist Revolutionary Party in organizing conspiracies to overthrow Soviet power, in aiding the White Guards and foreign interventionists, as well as in counter-revolutionary propaganda and agitation. And this despite the fact that the Bolsheviks themselves began to practically implement the economic and economic demands put forward by the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks back in 1919-1920, dressing them in the clothes of the “new economic policy.” Twelve defendants were sentenced to death penalty. But after protests from the world community, the execution was postponed and made dependent on the behavior of the party members who remained free. Naturally, after trial the Socialist Revolutionary Party was doomed. In June 1923, the Central Committee of the RCP (b) developed a secret instruction “On measures to combat the Mensheviks,” which set the task of “uprooting Menshevik ties in the working class, completely disorganizing and breaking up the Menshevik party, completely discredit it before the working class." The Bolsheviks did not risk holding the same “show” trial against the Mensheviks as against the Socialist Revolutionaries, given the negative reaction of the world socialist movement. However, the Bolsheviks launched a powerful campaign to defame their recent party comrades. The word "Menshevik" long years became one of the most negative ideological concepts. In 1923, the collapse of the Menshevik party began.

Political opposition outside the Bolshevik Party ceased to exist. A one-party political system was finally established in the country.

Definition 1

An important component of the mechanism of power is the party system, which is a process of development of the political process, its formation in dynamics.

Characterizing the specifics of the party system, it can be noted that the process of its formation is influenced by the most various factors. This may be certain features of the national composition of the population, the influence of religion or historical traditions, ratios political forces and much more.

In order to determine the nature of the political system, it is worth paying attention to the degree of real participation in the life of the state political parties. The important point is that the decisive role is always played not by the total number of parties, but by the direction and number of parties actually participating in the life of the country. Based on the above, the following types of party systems can be distinguished:

• one-party;
• bipartisan;
• multi-party.

One-party system of the USSR

Special attention should be paid to the one-party political system. This system is considered non-adversarial. Its name already suggests that it is based on only one party. Such a system leads to the emasculation of the institution of elections, since there is no possibility of an alternative choice. The center for making certain decisions goes entirely to the party leadership. One way or another, but gradually such a system leads to the establishment of a dictatorial regime and total control. An example of states with this type of system is the USSR in the period from 1917 to 1922.

The key event that influenced the emergence of a one-party system in the USSR was the events of February 1917, when the monarchy was replaced by an indecisive and weak provisional government, which was subsequently overthrown by the Social Democratic Party.

The one-party government was headed by V.I. Lenin. The time has come to “eliminate” all non-Bolshevik parties. The first of the conclusions characterizing the one-party system Soviet period– the decisive role of violence in the formation of one-party rule. However, there was another approach on the way to the goal - the emigration of party leaders, their separation from the country.

Note 1

It is worth noting that the Bolshevik methods of struggle were not peaceful. Quite often boycotts and obstructions were used: speeches were interrupted, mocking remarks were often heard from the audience, and booing was heard. In cases where it was not possible to achieve victory, the Bolsheviks resorted to forming a similar body in the necessary body, recognizing it as the only legitimate one. There is an opinion that this method of fighting was personally invented by V.I. Lenin.

Stages of approval of the one-party system of the USSR

There are several stages in the approval of a one-party system:

1. Establishment of Soviet power. This stage took place in two directions. It is characterized by both the peaceful transfer of control into the hands of the Soviet and a number of resistances by anti-Bolshevik forces.
2. Elections of the Constituent Assembly. Following the path of forming a one-party system, unequal conditions were created for liberal parties. Thus, the election results indicate the inevitable development of the country along the socialist path.
3. Formation of a coalition government by uniting the Bolsheviks and the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. However, such an alliance was not destined to last long. Not supporting the Brest Peace Treaty and the Bolshevik policy, the Socialist Revolutionaries left the coalition union, which led to their subsequent expulsion from the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.
4. The process of redistribution of powers becomes obvious; the power of the councils is transferred to party committees, as well as emergency authorities. The stage of the final ban of all democratic parties. There is only one party left - the Bolshevik.

Figure 1. The formation of the one-party system of the USSR. Author24 - online exchange of student works

1923 is characterized by the collapse of the Menshevik Party. The political opposition ceases to exist outside the Bolshevik Party. A one-party political system is finally established in the country. Undivided power passes into the hands of the RCP(b). By this time, as noted above, the transition of small parties, especially those that did not have any political perspective, had long ended. They came under the leadership in full force main party. Individuals did the same.

Results of the one-party system of the USSR

The one-party system of the USSR greatly simplified all the problems of political leadership. It was reduced to administration. At the same time, it predetermined the degradation of the party, which knew no rivals. The entire repressive state apparatus and influence on the people through means were presented at its service mass media. The created all-pervasive vertical carried out its activities exclusively unilaterally towards the public, without accepting any feedback.

Development occurred due to contradictions characteristic of political parties in general, but in our country they had a specific form, dictated by the one-party system. Thanks to the party system, it became obvious that our society is not capable of development under conditions of monopoly power. In order for a party to gain the necessary strength, and at the same time maintain it, to develop in line with a free commonwealth, the unity of which is based on the unity of not only beliefs, but also actions, it is necessary to have the possibility of free competition of doctrines, strategies, struggle of party representatives in front of by voters.

Today the political system of Russia is multi-party.

After the Bolsheviks came to power, the Cadets Party accepted Active participation in the formation of various kinds of armed groups and underground organizations to fight the new regime. In the spring of 1918, an underground National Center was created in Moscow, headed by the former mayor N.I. Astrov and large homeowner N.N. Shchepkin. The main task National Center was the organization of the fight against Soviet power and the establishment of relations with the Entente countries in order to receive military and financial assistance. In November, the board of the National Center moved to Yekaterinodar. The cadets played a major role in the preparation and conduct of the military coup in Siberia, were part of the inner circle of Admiral A.V. Kolchak, and occupied key positions in the governments of generals A.I. Denikin, N.N. Yudenich and others.

Prominent figures of the Cadet Party V. A. Maklakov, P. N. Milyukov and some others, while abroad, played a large role in securing support for the White armies from Western governments. By the spring of 1920, almost all of the most active members People's freedom parties went abroad, where at the beginning of 1921, on the issue of new tactics of struggle, they were divided into “right” and “left”. Underground organizations operating on the territory of Soviet Russia, including Moscow and Petrograd, were destroyed.
The main political rivals of the Bolsheviks in the struggle for influence over workers and peasants were the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries. In the fight against them, the leadership of the Bolshevik Party used various methods: violent suppression political activity Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks; an agreement with those factions and movements that shared the ideas of the world revolution and recognized the inviolability of the principles of Soviet power; bringing a split within socialist parties until the final organizational break between those who supported the Bolsheviks and those who refused to cooperate with them.

The leadership of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, taking into account the will of the majority of local Soviets to prevent a new Kornilov revolt, temporarily abandoned the tactics of violent liquidation of the Bolshevik regime. The Mensheviks pursued an agreement with the Bolsheviks with the goal of creating a “uniform socialist government.” At the beginning of November 1917, the Left Social Revolutionaries decided to join such a government. As a result, the socialist parties finally split into two camps - into supporters of Soviet and parliamentary democracies (Constituent Assembly). In the first half of 1918, the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries managed to strengthen their influence in a number of industrial centers Russia and among the peasantry. In June 1918, the Social Revolutionaries joined the Committee of Members Constituent Assembly, created in Samara. All this gave rise to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee to adopt a resolution in the same month to expel the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks from its membership. However, in November, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee canceled this decision regarding the Mensheviks in exchange for their recognition of the historically inevitable Bolshevik revolution and deployment political campaign in the West against interference in the internal affairs of Russia. The Social Revolutionaries finally rejected the attempt to overthrow the Soviet regime through armed struggle and refused any blockade with bourgeois parties in February 1919. At the same time, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee reversed its decision regarding the Socialist Revolutionaries. However, the legalization of the activities of opposition socialist parties was incomplete, since the punitive authorities in every possible way prevented them from enjoying the freedom of the press, speech, assembly and re-establishing their organizations. Relations between them and the Bolsheviks became especially tense since the summer of 1919 due to the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks’ criticism of command-administrative methods of management and the call to abandon the utopia of a direct transition to socialism. Using the participation of the Socialist Revolutionaries in the anti-Bolshevik uprisings, the Cheka authorities made a number of arrests from September 1920 to March 1921, which forced the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks to go underground. Subsequently, they were subjected to repression, and by the summer of 1923 the socialist opposition in Russia was practically crushed.

Anarchists, due to their ideological disunity and organizational confusion, were unable to create a “united anarchism”, taking an active part in insurgency V different regions. The Bolsheviks, accusing the anarchists of supporting “bourgeois counter-revolutionaries” and creating their own armed formations - “hotbeds of anarcho-banditry,” used all methods against them, including punitive ones. In 1921, the majority of anarchists collaborated with the Bolsheviks, while the other part emigrated.

Unlike other political parties, the Bolsheviks were the most mobile and disciplined and soon acquired the status ruling party. At the same time, there was no unity in the ranks of the Bolshevik Party on some political, economic and military issues. The discussion about concluding a treaty with Germany led to the emergence of a faction of “left communists”, supporters of the idea of ​​“revolutionary war”, led by N. I. Bukharin (1888-1931), a lawyer and active participant revolutionary movement, theorist of the policy of "war communism". Since May 1918, the Central Committee of the RCP(b) began to gradually subordinate Soviet, trade union, youth and other public organizations to itself. The armed forces and other security structures were completely politicized. The Bolsheviks in practice turned the dictatorship of the proletariat in the form of the Soviets into the dictatorship of their party. In March 1919, at the Eighth Congress of the Bolshevik Party, it was recognized as necessary to achieve complete dominance of the party “in modern government organizations, which are the Soviets." All this allowed the party leadership to pursue a policy based on coercive methods in all areas of the country's life. At the IX Congress of the RCP (b), held on March 29 - April 5, 1920, the group of "democratic centralism" spoke out against this line. (N. Osinsky, T.V. Sapronov, etc.) In September of the same year, at the IX All-Russian Party Conference, they succeeded in achieving the adoption of a resolution on the radical democratization of internal party life, the elimination of bureaucratic centralism and the establishment of greater equality between party members at the end of 1920. The party was involved in a discussion about the tasks and functions of trade unions, but the decisions of the X Congress of the RCP (b), held in March 1921, put an end to all internal party discussions. This was accompanied by a further narrowing of the rights of the Soviets, and as a result, to the end. civil war all power was practically concentrated in the hands of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and the regime of one-party dictatorship in the country was finally strengthened.