The largest industrial centers of the fuel and energy complex. FEC - what is it? Decoding the abbreviation

29.06.2020

1.1 Definition

The fuel and energy complex (FEC) is a complex intersectoral system of extraction and production of fuel and energy (electricity and heat), their transportation, distribution and use.

The dynamics, scale and technical and economic indicators of social production, primarily industry, largely depend on the development of the fuel and energy complex. At the same time, proximity to sources of fuel and energy is one of the main requirements for the territorial organization of industry. Massive and efficient fuel and energy resources serve as the basis for the formation of many territorial production complexes, including industrial ones, determining their specialization in energy-intensive industries. From the point of view of the national economy, the distribution of resources across the territory is unfavorable. The main energy consumers are located in the European part of the Russian Federation, and 80% of geological reserves of fuel resources are concentrated in the eastern regions of Russia, which determines the transportation distance and, in connection with this, an increase in production costs.

The fuel and energy complex has a large area-forming function: a powerful infrastructure is developed near energy sources, which favorably contributes to the formation of industry and the growth of cities and towns. But the fuel and energy sector accounts for about 90% of greenhouse gas emissions, about half of all harmful emissions into the atmosphere and a third of harmful substances discharged into water, which, undoubtedly, cannot be positive.

The well-being of all Russian citizens, problems such as unemployment and inflation are directly related to the fuel and energy complex, because in the fuel and energy sector there are more than 200 large companies and more than 2 million people are employed in its industries.

The fuel and energy complex is the basis for the development of the Russian economy, an instrument for carrying out domestic and foreign policy, 20% of GDP is generated by the fuel and energy complex, more than 40% of the country’s budget and 50% of Russia’s exports come from the sale of fuel and energy resources.

The condition and technical level of the existing capacities of the fuel and energy complex are now becoming critical. More than half of the equipment in the coal industry, 30% of gas pumping units have exhausted their design life; half of the equipment in oil production and more than 1/3 in the gas industry have worn out over 50%. The wear and tear of equipment in oil refining and power generation is especially high.

The implementation of state policy in the fuel and energy sector is carried out by the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation and its subordinate organizations.

1.2 Structure of the fuel and energy complex

1. Fuel industry:

Oil, gas, coal, shale, peat.

The Russian oil industry includes oil production enterprises, oil refineries and enterprises for the transportation and marketing of oil and petroleum products.

The Russian gas industry includes enterprises engaged in geological exploration, drilling of exploration and production wells, production and transportation, underground gas storage facilities and other gas infrastructure facilities.

Coal is mined by underground mining and open pit mining (40% of total production). The most productive and cheapest method of coal mining is open-pit (in quarries), but at the same time it significantly disturbs natural systems.

2. Electric power industry:

thermal power plants

· nuclear power plants (NPP)

· hydroelectric power stations (HPP)

· other power plants (wind, solar power plants, geothermal stations)

· electrical and heating networks

· independent boiler rooms

The structure of electricity produced is distributed as follows: thermal power plants - 68%, hydroelectric power plants - 18%, nuclear power plants - 14%.

2. Complex of industries for the production of construction materials and chemicals

2.1 Definition

Structural materials are natural and artificial materials intended for the manufacture of finished products or structures. They are divided into new (plastics, polymers, metal-ceramics, fiberglass, metal-plastic, glass concrete) and traditional (cast iron, steel, clay, sand, wood, natural rubber, natural fibers).

Russia produces a variety of construction materials, especially traditional ones: ferrous and non-ferrous metals (primarily aluminum, zinc, copper, nickel), cement, wood. The production of new materials (plastics and synthetic resins), some types of non-ferrous metals is still insufficient, and in modern conditions their production is declining. It is necessary not only to increase the volume of production of structural materials, but also to economically use the natural resources necessary for their production. Complexes of extractive industries and construction materials are the largest polluters of the environment. In this regard, there is a need to take into account the environmental factor and create waste-free technologies during the construction of enterprises.

The basic principles for the placement of industries in the complex are concentration and combination. The high concentration and uneven distribution of mineral raw materials predetermine the creation on the territory of the country of large bases with high processing capacity (concentration), and the complex nature of the raw materials means their use by various sectors of the complex (combination). In ferrous metallurgy, combination based on the sequential processing of raw materials (ore - cast iron - steel - rolled products) predominates, in non-ferrous metallurgy - based on its complex use: for example, several metals are obtained from polymetallic ores. High concentration leads to aggravation of environmental problems, while combination provides ample opportunities for waste disposal.

Factors of placement of a complex of structural materials Leontiev V.V. Intersectoral economics. - M, Economics, 1997. Pp. 95.

1. Raw materials

2. Energy

3. Consumer

4. Proximity to water

5. Ecological

6. Labor intensity

The metallurgical complex is a set of industries producing a variety of metals. 90% of all metals used in modern production are ferrous metals (iron and alloys derived from it). However, the number of non-ferrous metals is much larger, they have very valuable properties, therefore non-ferrous metallurgy is of great importance for industries that ensure the development of scientific and technological progress in the national economy.

Russia is one of the leading countries in the world in the production of metal ores and metal smelting. The country's metallurgical complex employs 1.3 million workers and concentrates 1/8 of all production assets.

The current crisis is associated with the provision of the complex with raw materials: iron ore production has decreased by 7%, scrap metal procurement has decreased by 38%, and the export of non-ferrous metal ores from the republics of the former USSR and socialist countries (Mongolia, Cuba) has decreased. The conversion of the defense complex also led to a decrease in demand for metallurgical products.

Against this background, there is a decline in the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Thus, in 1993, compared to the previous year, 87% of cast iron and steel, 83% of refined copper, 76% of nickel, 69% of titanium were produced. In 1993, 148 tons of gold were obtained, which is 6% less than in the previous year.

The main form of territorial organization of the metallurgical complex is metallurgical bases, within which the entire process of metal production is concentrated - from mining, preparation of ores and fuel to metal production, production of auxiliary materials (refractories, oxygen, etc.). The basis of metallurgical bases is made up of large plants - enterprises of several technologically and economically interconnected industries in various industries. The plants produce all the pig iron, the bulk of the steel and non-ferrous metals. The costs of creating metallurgical enterprises are enormous - the cost of a metallurgical plant, taking into account the costs of providing it with raw materials, fuel and transport, can reach tens of billions of rubles. Metallurgical bases are characterized by high material consumption: up to 7 tons of raw materials and fuel are consumed to produce 1 ton of steel, so they focus on sources of raw materials.

Metallurgical bases are the largest polluters of the environment. They account for 20% of all industrial emissions into the atmosphere and wastewater. Just one copper smelter, producing 125 thousand tons of copper per year, emits 2 billion m3 of gases and 43 thousand tons of dust into the atmosphere.

3. Chemical forestry complex

The chemical-timber complex is a system of technologically interconnected enterprises of the forestry and chemical industries, where the latter plays a leading role. The importance of the chemical industry is determined by the widespread use of chemical technologies and materials in all sectors of the national economy. The chemical industry has an extensive raw material base: various minerals, wood, water, air, industrial waste. Now it is difficult to find a chemical element that would not be used in production, but the main raw materials for it are oil refining products, coal coking, i.e. specially prepared raw materials. Russia occupies a leading place in the world in terms of reserves of chemical raw materials and wood.

The chemical forestry complex consists of about 10 thousand enterprises employing 2.8 million workers. The possibilities for combining and using various raw materials are great, which makes it possible to build complex enterprises everywhere. But this is impractical due to the high energy and water intensity of its production, and most importantly, due to the negative impact on the ecology of the region.

Those industries gravitate towards raw materials where the costs of raw materials are significant and the waste of their processing is high; the consumer factor is significant for enterprises producing difficult-to-transport (acids), bulky and easily damaged products (furniture, plastic products).

A combination of large reserves of raw materials, water resources and cheap electricity is quite rare. Therefore, production factors oriented towards this system can be located only in a limited number of areas.

Without taking into account the impact of chemical and forestry industries on the environment, their placement is currently unthinkable.

The composition of the chemical and forestry industries is very complex. Both industries have great potential for combination. This is due to the fact that their technology allows for the integrated use of raw materials and the production of different products from the same types. Combination leads to the creation of enterprises that comprehensively use raw materials, water, energy and produce a diverse range of chemical products - plants that are centers of chemical forestry bases, mainly focused on raw materials.

The Northern European base has rich reserves of chemical raw materials and timber, large reserves of fuel, energy and water resources. Chemical industry enterprises are leaders in the production of phosphorus (based on apatite concentrate in Khibiny and Kingisepp) and nitrogen fertilizers (Cherepovets, based on coal coking products), processing of polymer materials (St. Petersburg). The largest centers of the pulp and paper industry are located in the republics of Karelia (Segezha, Kondopoga, Suoyarvi) and Komi (Syktyvkar) and the Arkhangelsk region (Arkhangelsk, Koryazhma, Kodino, Novodvinsk).

The basis for the development of the timber industry is taiga forests, which are not only industrial raw materials. In sanitary (around cities), protected areas, field protection and forest protection zones, industrial logging is prohibited. The territory of Russia is 45% covered with forest, each Russian has about 5 hectares of forest, the reserves account for 22% of the world, the main part is in Siberia and the Far East. The largest pulp and paper mills are located in Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Baikalsk, and Amursk. Babina Yu.V., Moskvin V.V. Economic geography of Russia: Textbook - M, Infra-M, 1999. Page 154.

Structure of the fuel and energy complex

The fuel and energy complex is an interdependent combination of industries and industries involved in the extraction of fuel and energy resources, their processing, conversion into electricity and its delivery to the consumer.

The industry is a powerful basis for the development of absolutely all sectors of the national economy, and the pace, scale and economic indicators of social production largely depend on the level of its development, and therefore the fuel and energy complex has always been considered an industry that determines the level of development of scientific and technological progress in the country.

The fuel and energy complex is a complex inter-industry system, which includes the fuel industry (oil, gas, coal, shale, peat, nuclear) and the electric power industry, as well as a developed production infrastructure in the form of main power transmission lines (PTLs) and pipelines that form unified networks.

The fuel and energy complex has received a high level of development in Russia. This industry accounts for 1/3 of the cost of production fixed assets and capital investments in industry, up to 1/5 of those employed in public production, the industry consumes 2/3 of the pipes produced, and a significant amount of mechanical engineering products.

The development of the fuel and energy complex is based on the fuel and energy balance, which is the relationship between the extraction and production of energy, on the one hand, and their use, on the other:

Fuel reserves in the country are estimated in conventional units. A conventional unit of fuel is usually understood as a unit of Donetsk coal, which emits 7000 kcal of heat. The highest calorie content is for oil, which emits 10 thousand kcal per unit of fuel, combustible gas - 8 thousand kcal, peat - 3 thousand kcal.

Until the 90s, the fuel and energy complex in the country developed at an accelerated pace. During the period from 1941 to 1989, fuel production increased 11 times, and energy production increased 34 times. In 1989, 2.3 billion tons of mineral fuel were extracted (about 20% of global production) and 1,722 billion kWh of electricity were generated.

However, since the beginning of the 90s, the fuel and energy sector has been subject to crisis phenomena. The reason for this is, first of all, the development and depletion of the richest fuel deposits, a reduction in oil and coal production; secondly, crisis phenomena in the country's economy. Therefore, at present, it is becoming urgent to review the main directions of development of the fuel and energy sectors. First of all, it is necessary to implement energy-saving policies and changes in the structure of the fuel and energy balance. The most important directions for restructuring the structure of energy consumption are the replacement of fossil fuels with other energy carriers, primarily nuclear and hydropower, as well as liquid and solid fuels with natural gas and the expansion of the use of new energy sources.

Fuel industry

The fuel industry is a set of industries for the extraction of all types of fuel and energy resources and their processing. Includes oil, gas, coal, shale, peat, and nuclear industries.

In terms of reserves, the CIS is the only association of states among the large industrialized countries of the world that is fully provided with absolutely all fuel and energy resources and exports them to a large extent.

The leading role in providing resources belongs to Russia. The total resources of its territory are 6,183 billion tons of standard fuel; 57% of the world's coal reserves, more than 25% of natural gas, more than 60% of peat, more than 50% of shale, and 12% of hydropower are concentrated here. The dominant position among all explored reserves belongs to hard coal, which accounts for 9/10 of the deposits.

The main feature of the distribution of fuel resources is that about 9/10 of mineral fuel reserves and over 4/5 of hydropower are located in the eastern regions, while 4/5 of the produced fuel and energy are consumed in the European part of Russia.

The fuel industry in the country is located as follows.

Coal industry

In terms of volume of fuel production in physical terms, it is in first place, significantly surpassing all other sectors of the fuel industry, as well as in the number of workers and the cost of production assets.

The total geological reserves of coal are 6,806 billion tons, of which the balance reserves are 419 billion tons. Over 1/10 of the mined hard coals are coking coals, the main reserves of which are concentrated in Kuzbass, Pechora, South Yakutsk, as well as Donbass and Karaganda.

About 75% of coal resources are located in the Tunguska (2299 billion tons), Lena (1647 billion tons), Kansk-Achinsk (638 billion tons) and Kuzbass (600 billion tons) basins.

The main share of coal in Russia is mined by open-pit mining, with open-pit mining accounting for 40%. Currently, coal production is 250 million per year.

The leading coal basin is Kuzbass. It accounts for 40% of all production. Its balance reserves amount to 600 billion tons, the thickness of working seams is from 6 to 14 m, and in some places reaches 20-25 m. Coals are distinguished by low ash content and high calorie content - up to 8.6 thousand kcal. Relatively profitable EGP: located in close proximity to the Trans-Siberian Railway, but remote from the main consumers in the Center of Russia

The second major coal base is Pechora basin. Its reserves amount to 210 billion tons. The thickness of the layers is up to 2 m, the caloric content is 4-7.8 thousand kcal. The pool occupies a fairly advantageous EGP, because... located in the North of the European part of Russia, close to the consumer, but located in extreme natural conditions (behind the polar pole), which complicates the conditions for its development and production.

South Yakutsk basin began to be developed in the late 70s, when the BAM railway reached the city of Neryungri. The reserves are estimated at 30 billion tons, the thickness of the working seams reaches 3 m, and the coals are of high quality. The main disadvantage of the EGP of this basin is that it is significantly removed from the areas of main consumption, and therefore has not yet been sufficiently developed and developed. Currently, the Neryungri open-pit mine is being developed here.

Russian part of Donbass(Shakhty, Rostov region) makes up a small part of the entire Donetsk basin, however, it produces about 9% of Russian coal production. The coals are of high quality, but they lie deep and in thin layers, so production has recently been reduced due to the high cost of development.

Among the CIS countries, Ukraine stands out in terms of coal reserves. Europe's largest Donetsk coal basin and a number of brown coal deposits are located on its territory. Donbass reserves are estimated at 140 billion tons, the basin covers an area of 60 thousand square meters. km. The coals are of very high quality.

In Kazakhstan, hard coal is mined in the Karaganda basin. Reserves are estimated at 7.84 billion tons, the thickness of the layers reaches 30 meters. However, coal has a high ash content and low calorific value.

Among lignite basins, the leading place in Russia is occupied by Kansk-Achinsk basin, whose reserves amount to 60 billion tons. The basin is accessible for open-pit coal mining. The thickness of the layers is from 14 to 70 m, the calorific value of a conventional unit is 2.8-4.6 thousand kcal. Such a low calorific value limits the possibility of transporting coal over long distances, so it is economically feasible to use it locally for electricity generation, energy technology processing to obtain transportable fuel, and the production of synthetic liquid fuel.

Podmoskovny the basin began to be developed during the pre-war five-year plans as a base for the electric power industry of the Central region. Pool area 120 thousand square meters. m., is available for coal mining only by mining. Currently, coal reserves in the basin amount to 5 million tons; production is declining very quickly, since the coal here is very expensive and of low quality.

Oil industry

Russia has huge oil reserves - 150 billion tons. To date, the exploration of oil in the European regions of Russia and Western Siberia reaches 65-70%, while in Eastern Siberia and the Far East it is only 6-8%, and the sea shelves are explored by 1%. But it is precisely these hard-to-reach regions of the country that account for 46% of promising and 59% of forecast oil resources.

The main oil base of Russia is the West Siberian region; here, in the Middle Ob region, up to 2/3 of Russian oil is produced. Oil production here began on a large scale in the 70s with the discovery of a number of large fields - Samotlor, Ust-Balyk, Surgutskoye, Megionskoye, etc. But more valuable deposits here have already been developed. The cheapest method of oil production - flowing, when oil itself rises through wells under the influence of reservoir pressure, can no longer be used, but more complex technologies must be used.

The second major oil production area is the Volga-Ural region. Oil began to be produced here in the 50s, and peak production was reached in the 70s. In 1994, about ¼ of Russian oil was produced here - approximately 70 million tons, including in Tatarstan - 23 million tons, Bashkortostan - 9 million tons, Samara region - 6-8 million tons.

The remaining oil production areas (Komi, Sakhalin, Perm region) account for about 10% of Russian production.

The shelf coasts of the Barents and Okhotsk seas are considered promising oil production areas in Russia. Large reserves have been explored on the Taimyr Peninsula, but development of deposits is difficult due to the lack of transport routes.

Gas industry

It began to develop in the 50s in Russia. Includes the production of natural gas, associated gas and the production of coke oven gas at enterprises.

Potential natural gas reserves in Russia are estimated at 80-85 trillion. cubic meters, explored - 34.3 trillion. cubic meters, of which the European part accounts for only 12%, and the eastern regions - 88%, including Siberia and the Far East - 77%.

The main feature of the location of the gas industry is its high territorial concentration: up to 90% of all gas is produced in the Ob region, with 85% in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and 5% in the Khanty-Mansiysk.

In the Urals, in the Orenburg region, 5% of Russian production is produced. The Komi Republic accounts for 1%.

The immediate prospects for the Russian gas industry are related to the development of fields on the Yamal Peninsula.

Electric power industry

Electric power industry is a complex branch of the economy, which includes industries for the production of electricity (at various types of power plants) and its transmission to the consumer.

Electric power industry is an industry that ensures the development of absolutely all sectors of the national economy, determines the level of development of scientific and technological progress in the country, and also acts as the most important factor in the territorial organization of economic activity.

In terms of electricity production, Russia is in second place in the world after the United States, but the difference in indicators is significant (in 1995, the United States produced more than 3,000 billion kW/h of electricity, and in Russia – 957 kW/h).

The bulk of the electricity produced in Russia is used by industry - 60% (in the USA - 39.5%), 9% of electricity is consumed in agriculture (in the USA about 4%), 9.7% - by transport (in the USA - 0.2%), other industries - service and consumer services, advertising, etc. - 13.5% (in the USA, service and consumer services, advertising are the main area of electricity consumption - 44.5%).

Among the countries of the former Union, Russia accounts for 62.5% of electricity generation, Ukraine - 17%, Kazakhstan - 5%, Belarus and Uzbekistan - 2-3% each, and the remaining republics - up to 1.4%.

The location of electric power depends on two main factors:

1. availability and quality condition of fuel and energy resources, reserves, conditions for the extraction of raw materials and the possibilities of their transportation,

2. volumes of consumption of produced electricity.

Significant changes have recently occurred in the structure of the electric power industry: the share of thermal electricity produced is decreasing, but the role of nuclear power plants is increasing.

The leading role in energy production is occupied by thermal power engineering. This branch of the electric power industry is represented by the following types of power plants:

1. using traditional fuels (coal, gas, fuel oil, peat)

Condensation

Combined heat and power plants (CHP)

2. using non-traditional types of energy resources

Geothermal power plants

Solar power plants

Condensing power plants are a type of production in which the exhaust steam passing through a turbine is cooled, condensed and returned to the boiler. This type of power plant is capable of providing energy to fairly large areas. These power plants account for up to - generated energy in the country.

CHP is a production facility in which waste steam is used for heating. CHP plants are usually built in large cities, since the transmission of steam or hot water is possible over distances of no more than 20 km.

Geothermal power plants use the deep heat of the earth's interior as a raw material, and therefore are located in close proximity to energy sources. In Russia there is currently only one geothermal station in Kamchatka (capacity 5 MW).

Solar power plants use the energy of solar radiation, and therefore can be located in areas with long daylight hours.

Traditional thermal power plants are located either in areas where raw materials are produced or in areas where electricity is consumed. As a rule, the most powerful power plants are located in places where fuel is produced, because The larger the power plant, the further it can transmit energy.

The positive qualities of thermal power plants include their mobility, the ability to produce electricity without seasonal fluctuations; These power plants have a relatively low capital intensity and are built in a relatively short time. The negative aspects include the following circumstances: thermal power plants use non-renewable mineral resources as raw materials and have an extremely adverse impact on the environment. It has been established that thermal power plants around the world annually emit 200-250 million tons of ash and about 60 million tons of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere and absorb huge amounts of oxygen.

Despite the noted shortcomings, the share of thermal power plants in the structure of the electric power industry will remain high. In the near future, it is planned to increase the share of gas in the fuel balance of power plants, since thermal power plants operating on natural gas are environmentally significantly cleaner than coal, fuel oil and shale plants.

Hydroelectric power is in second place in terms of the amount of energy generated. This industry is represented by the following types of power plants:

Hydroelectric power station (use the energy of falling water),

Tidal power plants.

Tidal power plants use the energy of pressure that is created between the sea and the bay cut off from it during the high tide and in the opposite direction when the tide is low. Therefore, these power plants are located in seas with frequent ebbs and flows. In Russia, the Kislogubskaya tidal power plant is currently operating off the northern coast of the Kola Peninsula with a capacity of 1.2 thousand kW/h.

The location of hydroelectric power stations depends entirely on natural conditions: terrain, river regime, geomorphology, etc. These conditions also determine the type of power plant. Hydraulic construction in flat conditions is more difficult than in the mountains, due to the predominance of soft foundations under dams and the need to create large reservoirs. The construction of hydroelectric power stations on lowland rivers also entails significant material damage caused by flooding of territories.

The most powerful hydroelectric power stations are created on large rivers (with large reserves of hydropower resources) in a system of hydropower cascades. The cascade is a group of hydroelectric power stations located in steps along the flow of water flow for the consistent and complete use of its energy. The largest hydroelectric power stations in our country are part of the Angara-Yenisei cascade: Sayano-Shushenskaya (6.4 million kW), Krasnoyarsk (6.0 million kW), Irkutsk (4.0 million kW), Bratsk (4.0 million kW), 5 million kW), Ust-Ilimskaya (4.3 million kW), Boguchanksaya hydroelectric power station (4 million kW) is being built. In the European part of the country, the largest Volga-Kama cascade of hydroelectric power stations has been created, which includes Ivankovskaya, Uglichskaya, Rybinskaya, Votkinskaya, Gorodetskaya, Cheboksary, two Volzhskaya (near Samara and Volgograd), and Saratovskaya. The average power of these hydroelectric power plants is about 2.4 million kW.

Hydroelectric power plants are a fairly efficient source of energy. They rely on free energy carriers (the energy of falling water), use renewable natural resources, which allows saving exhaustible mineral resources, are easy to manage (the number of personnel at hydroelectric power plants is 20 times lower than at thermal power plants), and have a high efficiency of more than 80%. As a result, the energy produced at hydroelectric power plants is the cheapest. However, the construction of hydroelectric power plants requires long periods and significant capital investments (a capital-intensive industry). The construction of hydroelectric power stations is associated with loss of land on the plains and damages fisheries. Hydroelectric power stations are completely dependent on climatic conditions and river regimes, and therefore the full power of hydroelectric power stations is realized only in a short period, in high water conditions.

Currently, the most promising are considered nuclear power plants.

The share of nuclear power plants in the total electricity generation in Russia is still 12%, in the USA - 20%, Great Britain - 18.9%, Germany - 34%, Belgium - 65%, France - over 76%.

Currently, there are nine nuclear power plants in Russia with a total capacity of 20.2 million kW: in the Northwestern region - Leningrad NPP, in the Central Chernobyl Region - Kursk and Novovoronezh NPPs, in the Central Economic Region - Smolensk and Kalinin NPPs, in the Volga region - Balakovo NPP, in the North - Kola NPP, Ural - Beloyarsk NPP, Far East - Bilibino NPP.

Nuclear power plants use transportable fuel. When 1 kg of uranium (235 U) is consumed, heat is released equivalent to the combustion of 2.5 thousand tons of the best coal. This feature eliminates the dependence of the nuclear power plant on the fuel and energy factor and ensures maneuverability of placement.

NPPs are aimed at consumers located in areas with a tense fuel and energy balance or in places where identified mineral fuel resources are limited. In addition, nuclear power industry is an extremely knowledge-intensive industry. With a reliable design and proper operation, nuclear power plants are the most environmentally friendly sources of energy. Their operation does not lead to the “greenhouse effect”, which is the result of the massive use of organic fuel (coal, oil, gas), especially at thermal power plants. However, if operation is disrupted, nuclear power plants represent the most environmentally hazardous industry, since accidents cause severe damage to the ecology of the territories.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education

Moscow Pedagogical State University

Fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation

Stavropol, 2016

energy carrier industrial world market

Introduction

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The fuel and energy complex is the basis of the modern economy of any country. At the same time, the fuel industry is one of the main polluters of the natural environment. Coal mining and oil production, as well as the transfer of oil and petroleum products, have a particularly strong destructive impact on natural complexes.

The Russian fuel and energy complex is the leader and engine of the country's economy. The principle of using advanced technologies in the cycle of production and processing of hydrocarbon raw materials has always been applied in the industry at all stages of its development. It is impossible to do without it even in modern conditions, when competition in the market is great and we have to look for the most effective forms of both the production and business processes themselves, and their management.

The purpose of this work is to consider the fuel and energy complex of Russia.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to complete the following tasks: give the concept of the fuel and energy complex (FEC), identify the share of industries in the fuel and energy complex, identify the essence of the fuel balance of Russia, find out the essence of the program Energy Strategy of Russia until 2020, Energy Saving, consider the geography of the main oil, gas and coal deposits in the Federal District of the Russian Federation, analyze the state and prospects of the fuel and energy complex, find out the integration ties of Russia and its place in energy trade.

1. The concept of "fuel and energy complex", its structure and meaning

The fuel and energy complex (FEC) is a complex intersectoral system of extraction and production of fuel and energy (electricity and heat), their transportation, distribution and use.

The fuel and energy complex is characterized by the presence of a developed production infrastructure in the form of main pipelines (for transporting oil and petroleum products, natural gas, coal) and high-voltage power lines. The fuel and energy complex is connected with all sectors of the national economy; it uses products from mechanical engineering and metallurgy, and is connected with the transport complex. Almost 30% of funds are spent on its development, 30% of all industrial products are provided by the fuel and energy sector. The well-being of all Russian citizens, problems such as unemployment and inflation are directly related to the fuel and energy complex, because in the fuel and energy sector there are more than 200 large companies and more than 2 million people are employed in its industries. The fuel and energy complex is the basis for the development of the Russian economy, an instrument for carrying out domestic and foreign policy, 20% of GDP is generated by the fuel and energy complex, more than 40% of the country’s budget and 50% of Russia’s exports come from the sale of fuel and energy resources.

The bulk of Russia's exports are fuel and energy products. The CIS countries are especially dependent on oil and gas supplies from Russia. At the same time, Russia produces only half of the oil production equipment it needs and, in turn, depends on the supply of energy equipment from Ukraine, Azerbaijan and other countries. The condition and technical level of the existing capacities of the fuel and energy complex are now becoming critical. More than half of the equipment in the coal industry, 30% of gas pumping units have exhausted their design life; half of the equipment in oil production and more than 1/3 in the gas industry have worn out over 50%. The wear and tear of equipment in oil refining and power generation is especially high.

Anti-crisis measures in the fuel and energy complex involve restoring pre-crisis levels and increasing the production of fuel and energy resources in the coming years. Russia's regional strategy in the fuel and energy complex is aimed at developing market relations and maximizing the energy supply of each region independently. The implementation of state policy in the fuel and energy sector is carried out by the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation and its subordinate organizations.

Structure of the fuel and energy complex.

Fuel industry:

Oil, gas, coal, shale, peat.

The Russian oil industry includes oil production enterprises, oil refineries and enterprises for the transportation and marketing of oil and petroleum products.

Electric power industry:

Thermal power plants.

Nuclear power plants (NPP).

Hydroelectric power plants (HPP).

Other power plants (wind, solar, geothermal)

Electrical and thermal networks.

Independent boiler rooms.

The structure of electricity produced is distributed as follows: thermal power plants - 68%, hydroelectric power plants - 18%, nuclear power plants - 14%.

2. The share of fuel and energy industries in the structure of industrial production in Russia, the largest countries of the world and the CIS

With 2.8% of the population and 12.8% of the world's territory, Russia has 12-13% of predicted resources and about 12% of proven oil reserves, 42% of predicted and 34% of natural gas reserves, about 20% of proven stone reserves and 32% of reserves. brown coal. Total production over the entire history of resource use is currently 17% of the projected recoverable resources for oil and 5% for gas. The availability of proven fuel reserves for oil and gas production is estimated at several decades. The leader in production growth among fuel and energy sectors in 2008 was oil production, where this figure reached 8.6%. Production volumes increased in the gas industry by 2.8%, in oil refining by 2.3%, and in the electric power industry by 0.3% compared to the previous year. Oil production is carried out in a large number of countries, according to recent years, their number is approaching 80. The leading role in the global oil industry (43% of all production) is played by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), which includes Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE , Qatar, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Venezuela.

The top ten largest oil producers are Saudi Arabia (412 million tons), USA (354), Russia (304.8), Iran (175), Norway (149.3), China (158.9), Venezuela (157.4 ), Mexico (162.6), UAE and Great Britain (about 100 million tons) (as of 2014). The role of the CIS countries, primarily Russia, Azerbaijan (Absheron Peninsula, shelf and bottom of the Caspian Sea), Turkmenistan (fields in the Uzboy region), Kazakhstan (Tengiz and Karachaganak fields, Mangyshlak Peninsula, Ural-Emba basin) is also very large in global oil production. Of the CIS republics, Tajikistan, Armenia, Georgia and Kyrgyzstan have reserves not exceeding 15 million tons. Among the CIS republics, the Russian Federation (19481 million tons) and Kazakhstan (2104 million tons) have the largest reserves. This is followed by Azerbaijan (460), Turkmenistan (264), Uzbekistan (253).

Oil production is of significant importance in North America (USA, Canada, Mexico), in the North Sea on the shelf of Great Britain and Norway, in China and Southeast Asia (Bahrain, Malaysia, etc.). The world's oil refining industry is largely focused on the main consumers of oil and petroleum products - developed countries (concentrating more than 60% of its capacity). The share of the United States (21% of the world's refinery capacity), Western Europe (20%), Russia (17%), and Japan (6%) is especially large. About half of all oil produced is exported. In addition to OPEC member countries, whose share in world oil exports is 65%, its largest suppliers to the world market are also Russia, Mexico, and the United Kingdom. Oil is imported in large quantities by the USA (up to 250 million tons), Japan, China and European countries (France, Germany, the Netherlands, etc.).

Gas industry. Russia concentrates 1/3 of the world's proven natural gas reserves (47,600 billion cubic meters). About 30% of the world's natural gas reserves are produced in the CIS republics (and 80% of them are in Russia, which is far ahead of all other countries in the world in this indicator) and in the USA (25% of world production). Then, many times behind the first two countries, follow Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, Indonesia, and Algeria. These states are also the largest exporters of natural gas.

The presence of significant explored reserves of natural gas, the low cost of its production, transportation and use contribute to the development of the industry. World natural gas production is constantly growing. In terms of natural gas production, Russia stands out (589 billion m 3, 24.4%), the USA (531 billion m 3, 22%), Canada (174 billion m 3, 7.2%), Great Britain (104 billion m 3, 4.3%), Algeria (83 billion m 3, 3.4%). The Netherlands (75 billion m3), Indonesia (66 billion m3, 2.7%), Iran (52 billion m3, 2.2%), Saudi Arabia (47 billion m3) are also of great importance , 2.0%).

Among the CIS countries, Turkmenistan has a high gas potential (Achakskoye, Shatlykskoye, Mayskoye and other fields); in terms of reserves and production of natural gas, the republic ranks second among the CIS countries, behind Russia; Kazakhstan (Karachaganakskoye, etc.), Uzbekistan (Gazlinskoye, Mubarekskoye etc.), Azerbaijan (Karadag). There are small deposits in Ukraine (Dashavskoye and Shebelinskoye). The world's largest producers of natural gas - Russia, the USA, Canada, the Netherlands, the UK - simultaneously consume natural gas in large quantities, therefore, in comparison with oil, the share of natural gas supplies for export is relatively small - only about 15%. Its largest exporters are Russia (about 30% of world exports), the Netherlands, Canada, Norway, and Algeria. The USA, being one of the largest consumers of natural gas, uses not only its own, but also gas from other countries - Canada, Algeria, etc. Along with the USA, Japan and most European countries import gas (especially in large quantities - Germany, France, Italy ). Natural gas is supplied for export via gas pipelines (from Canada and Mexico to the USA, from Russia and Turkmenistan to the CIS countries and Europe, from Norway and the Netherlands to Europe) or by sea in liquefied form (from Indonesia to Japan, from Algeria to Western Europe and USA). The supply of natural gas to the world economy at the current level of its production (2.2 trillion cubic meters per year) is 71 years.

The coal industry is very promising in the global energy supply (coal resources have not yet been truly explored; their geological reserves significantly exceed those of oil and natural gas). Modern world coal production is at the level of 4.5-5 billion tons. Among the main coal-mining countries are representatives of almost all regions of the world. The exception is the coal-poor countries of Latin America, whose share in global coal production is extremely small. The largest coal producers in the world are China (1,160 million tons), the USA (930), Germany (270), Russia (245), India (240), Australia, Poland, South Africa (approximately 200 million tons each), Kazakhstan, Ukraine (approximately 100 million tons each).

The largest coal basins in the world are Appalachian (USA), Ruhr (Germany), Upper Silesian (Poland), Donetsk (Ukraine), Kuznetsk and Pechora (Russia), Karaganda (Kazakhstan), Fushun (China). Open-pit coal mining is effective - USA, Australia, South Africa. About a tenth of global coal production (mostly coking) is exported annually. The largest coal exporters are Australia, USA, South Africa, Poland, Canada, Russia. The main importers are Japan, South Korea, Italy, Germany, Great Britain. Australia supplies coal mainly to Japan and South Korea. The USA and South Africa work on the European and Latin American markets. The spread of Russian coal (Pechora and Kuznetsk basins) abroad is limited by its weak competitiveness (due to the high cost of production, distance from main consumers, etc.) with local and imported fuel from other countries.

Global electricity production is approximately 13.5 trillion. kWh, Most of the world's electricity production occurs in a small group of countries, among which are the USA (3600 billion kWh), Japan (930), China (900), Russia (845), Canada, Germany, France (about 500 billion kWh). The gap in electricity production between developed and developing countries is large: developed countries account for about 65% of total output, developing countries - 22%, countries with economies in transition - 13%.

In general, in the world, more than 60% of all electricity is generated at thermal power plants (TPPs), about 20% - at hydroelectric power plants (HPPs), about 17% - at nuclear power plants (NPPs) and about 1% - at geothermal, tidal, solar, wind power plants. However, there are large differences in this regard across countries around the world. For example, in Norway, Brazil, Canada and New Zealand, almost all electricity is generated by hydroelectric power plants. In Poland, the Netherlands and South Africa, on the contrary, almost all electricity generation is provided by thermal power plants, and in France, Sweden, Belgium, Switzerland, Finland, and the Republic of Korea, the electric power industry is mainly based on nuclear power plants.

3. Fuel balance of Russia, its characteristics, changes at the present stage

Fuel and energy balance is the balance of production, transformation and use (consumption) of all types of energy: mineral, organic raw materials, kinetic energy of water flows, ebbs and flows, wind, solar energy, geothermal energy, etc. Fuel and energy balance is an important tool analysis of the functioning of the energy sector of the country's economy. It reflects the ratio of the production of various types of fuel and generated energy and their use in the national economy.

The proportions in the extraction of various resources, energy production and their distribution among various consumers are characterized by fuel and energy balances (TEB). Fuel and energy balance is the ratio of the production of different types of fuel and generated electricity (income) with their use in the national economy (consumption). In order to calculate this balance, different types of fuel that have different calorific values are converted into standard fuel, the calorific value of which is 7 thousand kcal.

Conversion to standard fuel

Consolidated fuel and energy balance (TEB) of Russia for 1991-1995. was characterized by a drop in the volume of extraction and production of energy resources by 460 million tons. t. (24.7%), compared with the period 1985-1990, or an average of 4.5% per year. For 1996-1998 extraction and production of fuel and energy resources decreased by another 28.5 million tons. t. In 1999, there was an increase in the production of organic fuel by 15 million tons and the production of electricity at hydroelectric power stations and nuclear power plants by 5.9 million tons of fuel equivalent. (in terms of standard fuel). In 2002, the growth in fuel production continued (by 4.1% per year), but electricity production at hydroelectric power stations and nuclear power plants decreased by 10.1 million tons of fuel equivalent. t. (by 6.7%).

Balance of energy resources of Russia for 2008 * (million tons of standard fuel)

The fuel and energy balance of Russia today is as follows: more than 50% gas, 30% oil, 14% coal, unconventional sources - less than 2%. According to the "Energy Strategy of Russia until 2025", our balance should become coal- atomic.

The total volume of the world's fuel and energy balance (total annual production of primary energy resources equal to total energy consumption) is 12 billion tons of standard fuel. Coal accounts for approx. 26%, oil - approx. 40%, gas - 24%, hydropower - 3%, nuclear energy - approx. 7%. Specific energy consumption per capita on average. in the world - approx. 2 tons of standard fuel per year, but in economically developed countries this figure is several times higher. The location of energy sources and the production of primary energy carriers differs markedly from the geography of energy consumption. Some countries, having an excess of energy resources, export oil, gas or coal. Others depend on energy imports. The latter primarily include the countries of Western Europe, Japan and, to a large extent, the USA and China.

4. The essence of the programs “Energy Strategy of Russia until 2020”, “Energy Savings”

The current Energy Strategy of Russia for the period until 2020 was approved by the Government of the Russian Federation in August 2003. The main task of the "Energy Strategy until 2020" is to determine ways to achieve a qualitatively new state of the fuel and energy complex, increasing the competitiveness of its products and services on the world market based on the use of potential and setting priorities for the development of the complex, the formation of measures and mechanisms of state energy policy, taking into account the predicted results of its implementation .

The priorities of the Energy Strategy are:

complete and reliable provision of energy resources to the population and economy of the country at affordable prices that at the same time encourage energy saving, reducing risks and preventing the development of crisis situations in the country’s energy supply;

Reducing unit costs for the production and use of energy resources through the rationalization of their consumption, the use of energy-saving technologies and equipment, reducing losses in the production, processing, transportation and sale of fuel and energy products;

Increasing financial stability and efficiency in using the potential of the energy sector, increasing labor productivity to ensure the socio-economic development of the country;

Minimizing the technogenic impact of energy on the environment through the use of economic incentives, improving the structure of production, introducing new technologies for production, processing, transportation, sales and consumption of products.

The Energy Strategy pays a lot of attention to environmental policy in relation to the fuel and energy sector, taking into account international standards in this area, primarily those laid down in the Kyoto Protocol. One of the principles of the Energy Strategy is environmental safety. It is understood that energy development should not be accompanied by an increase in its negative impact on the environment. A set of measures is provided in this area that will reduce the level of emissions of harmful substances and greenhouse gases into the environment, consistently limiting the burden of the fuel and energy complex on the environment and bringing the parameters of its activities closer to the relevant European environmental standards.

The energy saving potential is concentrated in the following: fuel and energy complex, industry and housing and communal services. When the tasks for the development of the country's economy as a whole are formed, then in order to maintain the current energy intensity it will be necessary to increase the volume of energy production by three and a half times. In fact, consumption will increase by only one and a half times, and the rest of the effect will be due mainly to structural and technological energy savings. The main way to achieve the goals set in the energy saving program is to stimulate energy saving, i.e. proposal by the authorities to participants in relations in the field of energy consumption of economically beneficial rules of conduct that ensure the efficient use of energy resources. The Russian Ministry of Energy has developed a comprehensive plan of measures to implement energy saving policies and increase the energy efficiency of the Russian economy. The plan includes five main areas:

Development of a modern regulatory framework;

Formation of organizational structures;

State support and creation of a favorable investment climate;

Interaction with the business community and financial institutions on the basis of public-private partnership;

Information and educational support for events at the international, federal, regional and municipal levels.

For each of these areas, specific measures have been developed and the process of their implementation has begun. For example, starting from 2014, Russia is going to completely abandon the circulation and production of incandescent lamps, popularly nicknamed “Ilyich’s light bulbs.” Thus, it fulfills the order of President Dmitry Medvedev, who declared incandescent lamps an enemy of the Russian economy.

5. Geography of the main oil, gas, coal deposits in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the Federal District. Share of the Federal District in the extraction of fuel resources

Far Eastern Federal District. The Far Eastern Federal District has rich oil and gas reserves. The Leno-Vilyui oil and gas province has been discovered in the Sakha Republic. The most significant gas fields are: Ust-Vilyuiskoye, Nedzhelinskoye, Sobo-Khainskoye, Sredne-Vilyuiskoye, Badaranovskoye. The island is rich in oil and gas resources. Sakhalin, a number of fields are exploited here, the largest of them are Kolendo, Tungorskoye, Okhtinskoye, Nekrasovskoye. The most significant oil fields: Srednebotuobinskoye, Talakanskoye (on the border with the Irkutsk region). Sakhalin is rich in oil, as well as the waters of the nearby seas.

In the river basin Aldan has large deposits of coking coal - the South Yakutsk (Aldan) coal-bearing area, Chulmanakskoye, Zyryanskoye and other deposits. In the future, this will favor the development of ferrous metallurgy. A number of coal deposits have been explored on the island. Sakhalin, the coal-bearing deposits of which are very diverse in composition. A large coal deposit is Uglegorsk.

Siberian Federal District. The fuel and energy resources of Siberia are enormous: coal reserves amount to 4.4 trillion. t. - Kuznetsk and Kansk-Achinsk coal basins. The largest coal deposits in the west are Berezovskoye, Nazarovskoye, Uryupiskoye, Itatskoye, in the east - Irsha-Borodinskoye and Abakanskoye. And also: Taimyr (stone) - Krasnoyarsk Territory, Gusinoozersky (brown) - Republic of Buryatia, Kharanorskoye (brown) - Transbaikal Territory, Tunguska Basin (stone) - Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk Basin (stone) - Irkutsk Region, Ulughemsky (stone) - Republic of Tyva.

The territory of the district is very rich in oil and gas. In the Siberian Federal District, the gas fields of the Vasyugan oil and gas region are distinguished - Myldzhinskoye, Luginetskoye, Severo-Vasyuganskoye. Deposits were discovered on the Upper Lena. Also have their own weight: Aleksandrovskoye, Sosninsko-Sovetskoye (village Strizhevoy), Yurubchenko-Takhomskoye, Vankorskoye (Krasnoyarsk Territory), Verkhnechonskoye (Irkutsk region), Kovyktinskoye (Irkutsk region). The Ural Federal District, its natural resources are very diverse. The region contains about 70% of Russian oil reserves and 91% of natural gas, which are concentrated within the Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, including the shelf of the Kara Sea, as well as in the Middle Ob region.

One of the largest oil fields is Samotlor. Megionskoye, Langepas, Fedorovskoye, Kharampurskoye, Urengoyskoye (oil and gas) and others are of great importance. The most significant new fields are Arzhanovskoye, Kottynskoye, Serginskoye, Zapadno-Chistinnoye. The main gas resources are located in the north of the Tyumen region and the Arctic. Gas production is dominated by complexes based on unique fields - Medvezhye, Urengoyskoye, and Yamburgskoye. Such deposits as Zapolyarnoye, Yuzhnorusskoye, Nadymskoye, Pakhromskoye, Igrimskoye, Bovanenkovskoye (the center of Yamal) have their significance. In the Kara Sea - Kruzenshternovskoye, Leningradskoye, Rusanovskoye. Main coal basins: Chelyabinsk and Uzhno-Ural brown coal basins. The Southern Federal District also has reserves of oil, gas and coal. Its largest gas field is Astrakhan, it is of national importance. Of the other deposits, the most significant are North Stavropol, Maikop, and Dagestan Ogni. Oil reserves are concentrated mainly in the Volgograd and Astrakhan regions, the Krasnodar Territory, and the republics of Chechnya and Ingushetia.

Almost all coal resources are located in the Rostov region (Donetsk coal basin). In the Volga Federal District, oil fields are concentrated in Tatarstan (Romashkinskoye, Altemevskoye, Elabuga, Bavlinskoye, Pervomaiskoye), in the Samara region (Mukhanovskoye), Bashkortostan, Orenburg region and in Udmurtia (Arkhangelskoye, Mishkinskoye). In the Penza region, the exploitation of the Verkhozimskoye and Komarovskoye fields has begun. Gas condensate fields predominate in the Volga region. The Orenburg field is the largest in the European part of the country. In the Saratov region, Kurdumo-Elashnskoye, Stepanovskoye. In Bashkiria - Kanchurinskoye, Mayachnoe.

The district is not rich in coal resources. A small amount of production occurs in the Perm region and the Kirov region, Bashkortostan and the Orenburg region. The Kizel coal basin in the Perm region (Kizel, Gubakha) is better known. In the Northwestern Federal District the main gas fields are in the Komi Republic: Vuktyl, Voyvozh, Usa; and Nenets Autonomous Okrug: Vasilkovskoye, Novogulyaevskoye, Prirazlomnoye, Peschanoozersky deposits on the island. Kolguev, Shtokmanovskoye in the Barents Sea. Oil is concentrated: in the Komi Republic - Vuktyl, Ukhta, Usa, Pashinskoye, and Nenets Autonomous Okrug: Ardalinskoye and Kharyeganskoye (near Naryan-Mar), Barents Sea Shelf: Prirazlomnoye, Arkhangelskoye, Novogulyaevskoye, Kolguev Island - Peschanoozersky. Coal is mined in the Timan-Pechersk deposit (Komi Republic and Nenets Autonomous Okrug). The Central Federal District is not rich in resources.

Fuel reserves are represented by the brown coal basin near Moscow - these are the Moscow, Tula, Ryazan, Tver and Smolensk regions. The mining conditions there are unfavorable, and the coals are of low quality.

Table on production of fuel resources by federal districts

Share of the Federal District in the extraction of fuel resources * (2008)

Central

Privolzhsky
Northwestern
Ural
Siberian
Far Eastern
* [Source: www.gks.ru]

From this table it follows that the leader in coal production is the Siberian Federal District, approximately 1/8 of its production goes to the Far Eastern Federal District, the share of other districts, in comparison with them, is insignificant. For gas and oil, the situation is different: the undisputed leader in production is the Ural Federal District, approximately 1/3 of its oil production comes from the Volga Federal District. In other federal districts the share of oil and gas production is insignificant.

6. Analysis of the prospects for the geography of the fuel and energy sector in the Federal Districts of Russia

Ural Federal District.

In the Ural Federal District there will be a stabilization of production volumes of primary energy sources, accompanied by an increase in their consumption (1.3-1.6 times in 2030 compared to 2008 levels). Despite a slight decrease in the self-sufficiency indicator, the Ural Federal District will remain the main energy-producing region of the country. Stabilization and gradual decline in oil production volumes in the region are expected. The decrease in gas production volumes will be compensated by the development of new fields in the Nadym-Purtazovsky region and on the Yamal Peninsula.

Work will intensify on the formation of pipeline systems from existing and newly commissioned fields to oil, gas processing and petrochemical enterprises. Construction of new gas processing and gas chemical complexes will begin. Active development of gas fields on the Yamal Peninsula and the Ob and Taz Bays will compensate for the decline in gas production in traditional production areas. The development of uranium ore deposits in the Kurgan region will begin (Closed Joint Stock Company "Dalur"). And with a further decrease in gas production volumes in the Nadym-Purtazovsky district of the Tyumen region, gas production on the Yamal Peninsula and in the Ob and Taz bays will increase significantly.

Siberian Federal District.

In the Siberian Federal District, by 2030, the production of primary energy sources will increase by 3.2-3.9 times compared to 2008, and the volume of their consumption will increase by 1.4-1.6 times; their supplies to other regions of the country will also increase and for export. The development of oil fields in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Vankor-Suzunsky center) and the Irkutsk region will continue. Active measures will be taken to utilize and comprehensively use associated petroleum gas, and preparatory work will be launched for the development of large gas fields in the region. The creation of new oil and gas chemical centers will begin, the volumes of coal production in the Kansk-Achinsk coal basin will increase while they stabilize in the Kuznetsk coal basin. In isolated industrial hubs, the production of heat and electricity based on renewable energy sources will be developed. Operation of the Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk (based on the Kovykta field) gas centers will begin. Large oil and gas chemical complexes will be created. Considerable attention will be paid to the most rational use of multicomponent hydrocarbons, including helium utilization. Large hydroelectric power plants will become the basis for the formation of territorial energy-industrial complexes in the region. The raw material base of nuclear energy will be actively developed on the basis of uranium deposits in the Trans-Baikal Territory and the Republic of Buryatia. The coal industry will further develop, including through the development of new deposits in the Republic of Tyva and the Trans-Baikal Territory. Coal supplies to the European regions of Russia will be increased, which will require expanding the capacity of railways in a western direction.

Russia's first plant for the production of synthetic motor fuel obtained through coal gasification will be built in Kemerovo; the plant will be built at the Serafimovskoye coal deposit, the reserves of which are 160 million tons. Construction will take 5 years. The total cost of the project is estimated at $800 million. By 2030, the region will steadily occupy first place in Russia in the production of coking and thermal coal, second place in oil and gas production, one of the leading places in petrochemicals, and will also play a leading role in helium supplies Russian and world markets. Thanks to the development of energy transport infrastructure and the use of renewable energy sources, not only will the energy security of all regions of the Siberian Federal District be ensured, but also stable supplies of energy resources will be organized to energy-deficient areas of the country and for export.

Far Eastern Federal District.

Thanks to a significant increase in the production of primary energy sources, the Far Eastern Federal District will transform from an energy-deficient to an energy-rich, export-oriented region. Based on its own energy and raw material base using modern, including energy-saving technologies, a powerful industrial base will be created in the region. At the same time, the consumption of primary energy sources will increase by 1.7-1.9 times compared to the 2008 level. In the near future, the development of oil and gas fields in the Sakhalin region (on the continental shelf of the Sea of Okhotsk) and oil deposits in the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Talakanskoye, Verkhnechonskoye fields) will continue.

The implementation of the Sakhalin-1 and Sakhalin-2 projects will continue, as well as the export of Russian liquefied natural gas to the countries of the Asia-Pacific region. Coal production in the region will increase (mainly due to the deposits of Southern Yakutia). In remote and isolated areas, the production of heat and electricity based on renewable energy sources will be developed. In the south of Primorsky Krai (Russky Island and Popov Island), it is possible to build a wind farm. Gasification of the south of the Far Eastern Federal District based on Sakhalin gas will continue, and electricity exports to China will begin. Further development of the continental shelf of the Sea of Okhotsk will continue (projects Sakhalin-3, Sakhalin-4, Sakhalin-5 and Sakhalin-6).

New oil and gas chemical centers will be created, and an oil refinery will be built in the Primorsky Territory. Operation of the Elga coal deposit in Yakutia will begin. Next, the development of the Yakut gas center (Chayandinskoye, Srednebotuobinskoye, Taas-Yuryakhskoye and other fields), hydrocarbon deposits in the Magadan shelf zone and the Western Kamchatka sector of the Pacific Ocean will begin. Coal production at existing deposits will increase, and new deposits will be put into operation in the Magadan Region. In 2030, the Far Eastern Federal District will be a large energy-rich region, fully meeting its own needs for primary energy sources, including in remote areas through the use of local resources and renewable energy sources, and exporting them to the countries of the Asia-Pacific region.

Central Federal District.

The volume of consumption of primary energy sources in the Central Federal District will increase and by 2030 will exceed the 2008 level by 1.4-1.6 times. At the same time, there will be an increase in domestic production of primary energy sources, which by 2030 should exceed the 2008 level by 1.9 times. As a result, the region's self-sufficiency will be 17-19 percent.

Nuclear energy will receive further development. The increase in the production of energy resources will occur due to the construction of nuclear power plants and pumped storage power plants synchronized with them, as well as thermal power plants with combined cycle gas units. The role of nuclear generation will increase significantly, as will the use of local energy sources. In 2030, the Central Federal District will remain an energy-deficient region with developed electricity, oil refining and petrochemical industries.

Northwestern Federal District.

The volume of consumption of primary energy sources in the Northwestern Federal District by 2030 will be 1.4-1.6 times higher than the level of 2008. The increase in the production of primary energy sources will primarily be achieved through an increase in oil and gas production in the Timan-Pechora province and thermal coal in the Komi Republic. Active work will continue to bring into operation oil and gas fields on the continental shelf of the Arctic seas. Nuclear energy will receive further development. Measures will be taken to ensure the energy independence of the Kaliningrad region. In the future, the development of production at the Shtokman gas condensate field will play a leading role in increasing energy production. A natural gas liquefaction plant will be built on the coast of the Barents Sea, while part of the gas produced on the continental shelf of the Arctic seas will be supplied to the Unified Gas Supply System. The construction of a new oil refinery will be completed in the Leningrad region. In 2030, the Northwestern Federal District will be a large energy-rich region, supplying, including transit, oil, natural gas, including liquefied gas, and electricity to energy-deficient regions of the country and for export.

Southern Federal District.

In the Southern Federal District there will be an increase in the consumption of primary energy sources (1.5-1.6 times compared to the 2008 level) and a significant increase in their production (2.1-2.2 times compared to the 2008 level), as a result of which the region's self-sufficiency in its own primary energy resources will be practically achieved (at the level of 89-97 percent). The use of local energy resources (biomass, geothermal waters) will be further developed. The construction of the oil product pipeline "South" and the modernization of the oil loading terminal in Novorossiysk will be completed. The modernization of the oil refinery in Tuapse will be completed. The export of Russian energy resources to European countries will increase through the territory of the Southern Federal District - the construction of the South Stream gas pipeline will be completed, the capacity of the Caspian Pipeline Consortium transport system will be increased, and a new seaport will be built on the Black Sea coast with a high-performance coal terminal.

Electricity production will increase at nuclear and hydroelectric power plants, as well as based on local energy sources. Based on the development of energy transport infrastructure, the region’s energy security will not only be ensured, but its role as a transit and export hub ensuring the supply of Russian energy resources to the world market will also be increased.

Volga Federal District.

In the Volga Federal District there will be an increase in the consumption of primary energy sources (1.2-1.4 times in 2030 compared to the 2008 level), accompanied by a reduction in their own production (70-80 percent in 2030 compared to the 2008 level). There will be a gradual decline in oil and gas production in traditional production areas. Electricity production at existing hydroelectric power plants will increase by increasing the levels of reservoirs at the Cheboksary and Nizhnekamsk hydroelectric complexes to design levels. By the end of this stage, the first stage of a new oil refinery in the Republic of Tatarstan will be put into operation. In the future, oil and gas production in the Caspian region will increase against the backdrop of a further decline in oil production volumes in the Volga-Ural oil and gas province. Next, there will be a stabilization of oil and gas production volumes in the Caspian region, and a further decrease in oil production in the Volga-Ural oil and gas province will be observed. By 2030, the share of oil and gas in the structure of the fuel and energy balance will decrease, while the share of coal and hydroelectric power will increase.

7. Integration ties between Russia and the CIS countries on the development of the fuel and energy complex and the use of energy resources

Russia's foreign economic relations with countries that were former republics of the USSR have a number of features that make it possible to distinguish them into a special group. Traditionally, these connections are characterized by an imbalance in exchange, which is expressed in the excess of the volume of exports from Russia compared to the amount of imports from the CIS. This means that part of the national income created in Russia is transferred to the needs of other republics. Russia supplies energy and raw materials to the CIS countries at domestic prices, which are often lower than world prices.

However, even in this case, there remains a need for Russia to provide loans to other CIS countries in order for them to purchase energy resources and other Russian goods. A new stage in the development of relations between Russia and the CIS was the agreement “On the creation of a free trade zone”, signed in April 2004 and immediately entered into force, which marks the transition from a bilateral to a multilateral mechanism for regulating the foreign trade regime. The rapprochement in the oil industry between Russia and Belarus occurred quite easily. Thus, in 1994, by decision of the governments of these countries, the joint oil company Slavneft was created, which was another step towards integration. At the moment, Slavneft enterprises are successfully operating in the territories of Russia and Belarus, for example, part of the oil produced by the company in Russia is processed at the Mozyr Oil Refinery in Belarus. The process of establishing economic cooperation in the oil sector between Russia and Ukraine is not proceeding so smoothly and is accompanied by numerous complications. The first Russian oil company to settle in Ukraine was Tatneft. In the first half of 2010, the Russian Federation and Ukraine will hold consultations on the preparation of an agreed draft of a new intergovernmental agreement on cooperation in the gas industry. In addition, issues related to the transit of Russian oil through the territory of Ukraine and its supplies to Ukraine were considered.

Russia and Kazakhstan are part of the same macro-region with a common energy, transport and environmental infrastructure, and the prospects for their development are largely related to the further deepening of cooperation in the fuel and energy complex, with the restoration of a unified energy system. A customs union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Russia was created. These states account for 83.4% of foreign trade turnover with the CIS countries. In the trade structure of exports, the largest share falls on fuel and energy resources. Next, the structure of exports of Russian fuel and energy resources to the CIS countries is considered.

Export of Russian fuel and energy resources to the CIS countries (2007)

From this table it follows that the CIS needs all the fuel and energy resources of Russia, but oil and gas predominate in the structure.

8. Russia’s place in global energy trade, problems of expanding world markets

Russia ranks first in the world in the export of natural gas, third and fourth in the export of oil, petroleum products, and electricity, fifth and sixth, respectively, in the production of iron ore and coal. One area of cooperation where Russia has significant advantages compared to other developed countries is the export of energy and energy resources. Between Russia and China in June 1997. an alliance was concluded on cooperation and construction of gas pipelines from Siberia. An agreement was signed between the Russian Ministry of Energy and the Chinese Petroleum Corporation on the implementation of projects in the field of oil and gas production and transportation, including the development of the Kovyktinskoye field. An agreement has been reached with India on cooperation in the development of coal deposits.

The Russian gas and oil industries are of great interest to foreign investors. Gazprom and Edison have created a new joint venture to purchase and supply Russian natural gas to consumers in Italy. There are about 40 joint ventures in the oil industry, operating mainly in fields with deposits of highly viscous oils. The Russian-American joint venture Polar Lights was created to develop the Ardalin oil field. Foreign economic ties between Russia and North American countries (USA, Canada) are becoming increasingly stronger. The United States, among non-European industrialized countries, is Russia's largest trading partner (in 1997, trade turnover between the Russian Federation and the United States amounted to $8.9 billion, including Russian exports - 4.8 billion, imports - $4.1 billion). Russia's trade with Canada is stable. The main place in Russian exports to the United States is occupied by primary processed goods - aluminum, ferrous metals, nitrogen and potassium fertilizers, precious stones, oil and petroleum products. Russia exports mainly petroleum products and mineral raw materials to Canada. Russia is seriously gaining a foothold in Latin America and investing tens of billions of dollars in the region’s economy. Both politically and economically, this is an unconditional success. Firstly, Venezuela is an equal and solvent partner, cooperation with which brings huge profits to our economy. Secondly, by developing South American fields, Russian companies can gain valuable experience in processing heavy oil, which can be useful when developing energy deposits in Eastern Siberia. Thirdly, and this is perhaps the most important thing, the growing economic ties between Russia and Venezuela show that the Russian Federation and the flagships of its energy industry are confidently adapting to the role of global players with interests not only in the near abroad.

The energy partnership, Russia-EU, is developing successfully, a mechanism has been agreed for promotion in the main areas of cooperation - infrastructure projects, security of transport networks, energy saving, energy technologies, nuclear safety issues. An important place is occupied by long-term cooperation in the field of supplies of energy resources from Russia to Central and Western Europe in exchange for investments and technologies for the Russian fuel and energy complex. This dialogue will help strengthen the energy security of the continent and provide the necessary basis for sustainable growth of the European economy.

Against the background of the dynamic development of relations between Russia and the EU, there are many points that cause concern. These include EU protective measures regarding the import of a number of Russian goods, for example, steel, European guidelines for diversifying energy supply sources and liberalizing energy markets, and limiting access to the EU market for Russian nuclear fuel cycle products. Trade and economic cooperation between Russia and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region (Japan, South Korea, North Korea, China, countries of Southeast Asia, etc.) is relatively small, but has recently been developing very dynamically and has significant potential for further growth. The geographical proximity of the eastern regions of Russia, rich in natural resources, to the countries of East and Southeast Asia favors this.

In Western Asia, foreign trade cooperation is most actively developing with neighboring (on the Black Sea) Turkey (it accounts for approximately half of Russia’s foreign trade turnover in this subregion). Oil and natural gas are the main sources of oil and natural gas supplied to Turkey from Russia. If we take all items of raw material exports, then more than 75% of Russia’s exports are direct and indirect exports of non-renewable resources, i.e. Our country acts on the world market almost exclusively as a supplier of raw materials and semi-finished products. The sale of raw materials and semi-finished products on the international market has become the main goal of extraction and primary processing of raw materials, and domestic consumption of these resources has receded into the background.

However, this state of affairs should not be viewed only from a negative side:

On the one hand, the extractive industries, primarily the fuel and energy complex (FEC), serve as a unique means of easing the economic crisis in the country and mitigating the overall decline in production. As long as there is demand for this type of product, the volume of such production grows, jobs are saved, workers receive wages, and enterprises make profits, which provides the country with the necessary funds for the implementation of the current socio-economic policy of the country;

On the other hand, an excessive focus on the export of raw materials leads to an increase in economic dependence on the state of the world market, prices for the most important raw materials, and creates the danger of wasting non-renewable resources.

Conclusion

Russia has significant reserves of energy resources and a powerful fuel and energy complex, which is the basis for economic development and an instrument for conducting domestic and foreign policy. A country's role in global energy markets largely determines its geopolitical influence.

The energy sector ensures the vital activity of all sectors of the national economy, contributes to the consolidation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and largely determines the formation of the main financial and economic indicators of the country. Natural fuel and energy resources, production, scientific, technical and human resources potential of the energy sector of the economy are the national treasure of Russia. Its effective use creates the necessary prerequisites for putting the country's economy on the path of sustainable development, ensuring an increase in prosperity and an increase in the standard of living of the population. Only a qualitatively new fuel and energy complex (FEC) can meet the requirements of new times - financially stable, cost-effective and dynamically developing, meeting environmental standards, equipped with advanced technologies and highly qualified personnel.

For the long-term stable supply of the country's economy and population with all types of energy, a long-term energy policy that is scientifically grounded and accepted by society and government institutions is necessary. The goal of the energy policy pursued by the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation is the most efficient use of natural fuel and energy resources and the potential of the energy sector for economic growth and improving the quality of life of the country's population.

Bibliography

1. Amelin A. Economy and fuel and energy complex today / A. Amelin // Energy efficiency and energy supply. - 2009. - No. 11.

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Electric power industry

Electric power industry- a basic industry, the development of which is an indispensable condition for the development of the economy and other spheres of life. The world produces about 13,000 billion kWh, of which the USA alone accounts for up to 25%. Over 60% of the world's electricity is produced at thermal power plants (in the USA, Russia and China - 70-80%), approximately 20% - at hydroelectric power stations, 17% - at nuclear power plants (in France and Belgium - 60%, Sweden and Switzerland - 40-45%).

The most supplied with electricity per capita are Norway (28 thousand kW/h per year), Canada (19 thousand), Sweden (17 thousand).

The electric power industry, together with the fuel industries, including exploration, production, processing and transportation of energy sources, as well as electric energy itself, forms the most important for the economy of any country. fuel and energy complex(TEK). About 40% of the world's primary energy resources are spent on generating electricity. In a number of countries, the main part of the fuel and energy complex belongs to the state (France, Italy, etc.), but in many countries the main role in the fuel and energy complex is played by mixed capital.

Electric power industry deals with the production of electricity, its transportation and distribution. The peculiarity of the electric power industry is that its products cannot be accumulated for later use: the production of electricity at each moment of time must correspond to the size of consumption, taking into account the needs of the power plants themselves and losses in the networks. Therefore, connections in the electric power industry are constant, continuous and carried out instantly.

Electric power has a great impact on the territorial organization of the economy: it allows for the development of fuel and energy resources in remote eastern and northern regions; the development of main high-voltage lines contributes to a freer location of industrial enterprises; large hydroelectric power plants attract energy-intensive industries; in the eastern regions, the electric power industry is a branch of specialization and serves as the basis for the formation of territorial production complexes.

It is believed that for normal economic development, the growth in electricity production must outpace the growth in production in all other sectors. Most of the generated electricity is consumed by industry. In terms of electricity production (1015.3 billion kWh in 2007), Russia ranks fourth after the USA, Japan and China.

In terms of the scale of electricity production, the Central Economic Region (17.8% of all-Russian production), Eastern Siberia (14.7%), the Urals (15.3%) and Western Siberia (14.3%) are distinguished. Among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in electricity generation, the leaders are Moscow and the Moscow region, the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, the Irkutsk region, the Krasnoyarsk Territory, and the Sverdlovsk region. Moreover, the electric power industry of the Center and the Urals is based on imported fuel, while the Siberian regions operate on local energy resources and transmit electricity to other regions.

The electric power industry of modern Russia is mainly represented by thermal power plants (Fig. 2) operating on natural gas, coal and fuel oil; in recent years, the share of natural gas in the fuel balance of power plants has been increasing. About 1/5 of domestic electricity is generated by hydroelectric power plants and 15% by nuclear power plants.

Thermal power plants, working on low-quality coal, as a rule, gravitate towards the places where it is mined. For fuel oil power plants, it is optimal to locate them near oil refineries. Gas-fired power plants, due to the relatively low costs of its transportation, primarily gravitate towards the consumer. Moreover, first of all, power plants in large and major cities are switched to gas, since it is an environmentally cleaner fuel than coal and fuel oil. Combined heat and power plants (which produce both heat and electricity) gravitate towards the consumer, regardless of the fuel on which they operate (the coolant quickly cools down when transferred over a distance).

The largest thermal power plants with a capacity of more than 3.5 million kW each are Surgutskaya (in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug), Reftinskaya (in the Sverdlovsk region) and Kostroma State District Power Plant. Kirishskaya (near St. Petersburg), Ryazanskaya (Central region), Novocherkasskaya and Stavropolskaya (North Caucasus), Zainskaya (Volga region), Reftinskaya and Troitskaya (Urals), Nizhnevartovskaya and Berezovskaya in Siberia have a capacity of more than 2 million kW.

Geothermal power plants, which harness the deep heat of the Earth, are tied to an energy source. In Russia, Pauzhetskaya and Mutnovskaya GTPPs operate in Kamchatka.

Hydroelectric power stations- very efficient sources of electricity. They use renewable resources, are easy to manage and have a very high efficiency (more than 80%). Therefore, the cost of the electricity they produce is 5-6 times lower than at thermal power plants.

It is most economical to build hydroelectric power plants (HPPs) on mountain rivers with a large difference in elevation, while on lowland rivers, large reservoirs must be created to maintain a constant water pressure and reduce dependence on seasonal fluctuations in water volumes. To make fuller use of the hydroelectric potential, cascades of hydroelectric power stations are being built. In Russia, hydropower cascades have been created on the Volga and Kama, Angara and Yenisei. The total capacity of the Volga-Kama cascade is 11.5 million kW. And it includes 11 power plants. The most powerful are Volzhskaya (2.5 million kW) and Volgogradskaya (2.3 million kW). There are also Saratov, Cheboksary, Votkinsk, Ivankovsk, Uglich and others.

Even more powerful (22 million kW) is the Angara-Yenisei cascade, which includes the largest hydroelectric power stations in the country: Sayanskaya (6.4 million kW), Krasnoyarsk (6 million kW), Bratsk (4.6 million kW), Ust-Ilimskaya (4.3 million kW).

Tidal power plants use the energy of high tides in a bay cut off from the sea. In Russia, there is an experimental Kislogubskaya TPP off the northern coast of the Kola Peninsula.

Nuclear power plants(Nuclear power plants) use highly transportable fuel. Considering that 1 kg of uranium replaces 2.5 thousand tons of coal, it is more expedient to locate nuclear power plants near the consumer, primarily in areas deprived of other types of fuel. The world's first nuclear power plant was built in 1954 in Obninsk (Kaluga region). There are currently 8 nuclear power plants in Russia, of which the most powerful are Kursk and Balakovo (Saratov region) with 4 million kW each. In the western regions of the country there are also Kola, Leningrad, Smolensk, Tver, Novovoronezh, Rostov, Beloyarsk. In Chukotka - Bilibino ATPP.

The most important trend in the development of the electric power industry is the integration of power plants in energy systems that produce, transmit and distribute electricity between consumers. They represent a territorial combination of power plants of different types operating at a common load. The integration of power plants into energy systems contributes to the ability to select the most economical load mode for different types of power plants; in conditions of the large extent of the state, the existence of standard time and the mismatch of peak loads in individual parts of such energy systems, it is possible to maneuver the production of electricity in time and space and transfer it as needed in opposite directions.

Currently operational Unified energy system(UES) of Russia. It includes numerous power plants in the European part and Siberia, which operate in parallel, in a single mode, concentrating more than 4/5 of the total power of the country’s power plants. In the regions of Russia east of Lake Baikal, small isolated power systems operate.

Russia's energy strategy for the next decade provides for the further development of electrification through the economically and environmentally sound use of thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, hydroelectric power plants and non-traditional renewable types of energy, increasing the safety and reliability of existing nuclear power plants.

The largest industrial centers of the fuel and energy complex. FEC - what is it? Decoding the abbreviation

Oil industry

Gas industry

Electric power industry

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