provides support for his position.
Based on the text and social science knowledge, formulate three judgments about the role of information in modern world
The modern information revolution leads to the formation of post-industrial societies a new class, which we called the “class of intellectuals.” Western sociologists paid attention to this back in the late 50s; Moreover, it is very characteristic that no traces were visible behind this process at that time. negative consequences. Since, according to popular belief, “information is the most democratic source of power,” most researchers came to the conclusion that the formation of a dominant class that is non-capitalist in nature leads to overcoming the class character of society, making it classless in the long run.
However, real socio-economic processes increasingly contradict such assumptions. With each new stage of the technological revolution, the “intellectual class” gains more and more power and redistributes everything in its favor most public wealth. In the emerging new economic system the process of self-increase in the value of information goods turns out to be largely divorced from material production. As a result, the “class of intellectuals” turns out to be dependent on all other layers of society to a much lesser extent than the ruling classes of feudal or bourgeois societies were dependent on the activities of the peasants or proletarians they exploited. This creates the preconditions for the emergence of another class on the historical stage, uniting in its ranks those who are not able to actively participate in high-tech production. His share in social wealth is steadily declining, leaving no opportunities for improving his skills and replenishing the “class of intellectuals.” This social group, for the time being associated with the lower strata of the proletariat, by the beginning of the 90s acquired a pronounced class definition, and it is impossible not to take it into account when analyzing the problems of modern society.
1. The political orientation towards finding compromises is based on the possibility of reaching agreement, making decisions on the principle of unanimity, which is called1)consensus
2) pluralism
3)democracy
4) federalism
2. Generally binding decisions state power, the possibility of repealing decisions of non-state political organizations, the possession of a number of exclusive rights constitute the essence
1) publicity of state power
2) legitimacy of state power
3)sovereignty of state power
4) structures of government
3. Measures to meet people’s needs for housing, protect public health, and provide for the disabled and elderly are characterized by
1)legal fiction of states
2) the political function of the state
3) social function of the state
4) cultural and educational function of the state
4.On what basis are political parties divided into conservative, liberal, socialist parties?
1) organizational
2) attitude towards to the ruling regime
3) ideological
4) place in the political spectrum
Thank you in advance...
Under the influence of objective and subjective circumstances, the consequences of conflicts can be as follows:
Aggravation of the conflict, escalation in its nature and intensity;
- deepening, expanding in areas of manifestation and number of participants;
- resolution as a result of the intervention of a third force, creating an advantage for one of the parties;
- resolution with the participation of a third force (arbiter), who has the means of moral or legal influence on the parties to the conflict;
- self-destruction as a result of exhaustion of enemy resources;
- self-liquidation as a result of the exhaustion of its causes or loss of relevance due to changes external conditions;
- winning in the conflict of one of the participants at the expense of the other;
- loss of both sides;
- conscious resolution of the conflict by its participants themselves.
The role of conflicts in the development of society is twofold. On the one hand, they have negative consequences, the most important of which are:
Destabilization of social relations;
- unfavorable changes in policy;
- human and material losses.
At the same time, political conflicts perform certain functions:
1) promote the integration of society, the establishment of balanced relations between different groups, integrative processes in them through clarification of mutual claims and positions of the parties;
2) contribute to social changes, being a source of development and renewal of social relations through the revelation of diverse, opposing interests of social subjects and their awareness;
3) unite social communities and groups, in particular:
A) promote the emergence of innovations, reassessment of values and norms, as well as the development of new ones;
b) contribute to the aggregation of group interests and clearer social differentiation;
c) enhance communication capabilities social system at the level of internal and intergroup interaction, increase the adaptability of institutions to social changes.
If a political conflict is not resolved, it can lead to a political crisis, meaning a breakdown in the functioning of political system. Depending on the scale and location political crises can be divided into governmental, parliamentary, constitutional, national and international.
The choice of conflict resolution method depends on the conflicting parties and the conditions of their interaction (balance of power in society, historical experience, institutional conditions for conflict actions, as well as for possible negotiations and consultations).
Conflict management aims to maximize the positive consequences of conflicts and prevent or minimize the damage they cause. Part of the conflict management mechanism is conflict resolution - the development and application of a system of measures aimed at reducing the intensity and scale of the conflict.
Methods of conflict resolution depend on the goals set by the initiators of this process. Common methods of preventing, managing and resolving conflicts include compromise and consensus.
Compromise (from Latin compromissum) is an agreement based on mutual concessions. Compromises can be forced or voluntary. Forced compromises are imposed by prevailing circumstances. Voluntary compromises are concluded on the basis of agreement on certain issues and correspond to some part of political interests all interacting forces.
Consensus (from Latin consensus - agreement, unanimity) - agreement in the absence of fundamental objections from the majority of interested parties.
Resolving conflicts through the conscious actions of opponents is not always final. Their complete exhaustion requires changes in the interests or strategies of the parties. Since there are no single universal means of conflict management, their search is the subject of special scientific research, which are carried out within the disciplinary framework of conflict theory (conflictology).
4.
Conflict and democracy
§3. Handling Conflicts
1.
The most important concepts characterizing the handling of conflict
Skillful handling of conflicts – the most important condition minimizing their negative consequences and achieving the goals of their participants. Conflict handling is the position of their participants in relation to conflicts and the behavior corresponding to it. Conflict management includes both activities prevention conflicts, and, if they arise, control them.
Conflict management is control over its process and forms of occurrence in order to minimize its costs and maximize positive results. It can be carried out both by the parties to the conflict (each of the parties, or their joint efforts), and external forces: peacemakers, instigators or arbiters (for example, the state in relation to acutely conflicting radical parties).
Conflict management is usually aimed at permission or settlement. Conflict resolution involves eliminating the source of the conflict; its resolution means the cessation of conflicting actions and hostility, reducing the significance of the source of the conflict. It is usually achieved through negotiation, compromise and persuasion.
2.
Diagnosis and prevention of conflict
The starting point for effectively dealing with conflicts is their diagnosing, which involves the collection and analysis of diverse information about the conflict. The following are the most important aspects of conflict diagnosis:
1. The causes or sources of the conflict, that is, the underlying objective and/or subjective contradictions.
2. The nature of the conflict: does it exist on the basis of law, are the goals of its participants or one of them compatible with national interests And public morality and so on.
3. The biography of a conflict is its history, including turning points in its development, and the background (environment) against which it arose and progressed, as well as the stage and trends of its development.
4. Parties to the conflict: individuals, groups, organizations, states.
5. The attitude of the parties to the conflict: what are their goals, hopes, expectations, conditions, do they want to resolve the conflict themselves or are they ready to turn to mediators, etc.
6. Formal and informal relationships and positions of the parties, including their leaders.
Understood in the most common, broad sense conflict prevention includes actions that exclude the emergence of a conflict situation or involve eliminating the causes and sources of conflict, defusing conflict tension, preventing the formation of conflict consciousness, crisis and conflict actions.
3.
Strategies for Handling Conflicts
Activity political subject on conflict management directly depends on the overall strategy that he is focusing on. Known three main strategies for dealing with conflict:
1. Regulatory or moral-legal strategy . It focuses on conflict resolution, on an administrative-legal or ethical basis. Rival parties turn to laws and norms of behavior adopted in the state. The chances of conflict resolution directly depend on the acceptance and compliance by all parties to the conflict of the relevant norms and those based on them general rules games. In general, this strategy is focused on peaceful competition within certain rules. Moreover, respect for the rules and thereby maintaining the sphere of consensus is considered, ultimately, more important than victory in the conflict.
2. Realistic strategy . It proceeds from the inevitability of conflict due to man’s innate desire for dominance and the possession of scarce values and focuses mainly on a temporary resolution of the conflict using any means suitable in a given situation.
3. Idealist (integrative) strategy It is focused on finding new common goals and values that devalue the old ones that serve as a source of conflict, as well as on cooperation between the parties to achieve them. This strategy provides for the benefit of all parties to the conflict as a result of its successful resolution.
Concentration of attention not on stated positions (demands), but on the real interests of the opponent. Very often, official statements by the parties only camouflage their true interests;
Expanding communications between parties in order to obtain reliable information and build trust;
Segmentation, fragmentation of the subject of conflict into many components. This allows you to see common ground in the positions of the parties and find issues on which agreement, compromise or cooperation are possible;
Distinguishing between the participant and the subject of the conflict. Rivalry on certain issues should not escalate into personal hostility and insults;
Relativity of the opponent. The opposite side cannot be viewed as the enemy of last resort;
Limiting the scope of competition. It is impossible to affect the main goals and values of the opponent, or to allow the areas of dispute to expand;
The complex, multi-component nature of the rival parties. If there is more than one person on each side of a conflict, their positions very rarely coincide completely. By taking a differentiated approach to your opponent, you can weaken his position and find people ready to cooperate;
Temporary (stage-by-stage) limitation of the conflict. The sooner the conflict unfolds, the easier it is to resolve it, and vice versa, the further the conflict goes, the more difficult and expensive it is to resolve it;
Expanding the time horizon of the conflict. As follows from game theory, the most dangerous games characterized by their short time horizon. Establishing a long-term prospect for complete resolution of the conflict, as a rule, facilitates its resolution;
The desire for a final solution to the conflict is less desirable than the desire for its ameliorative (implying a gradual improvement of the situation) solution. This means that in most cases (though not always) you cannot act according to the principle: “either all or nothing”;
Conflicts are resolved through change, not through freezing the existing state;
Undesirability of unilateral concessions. In this case, the party that made such concessions will feel infringed and offended, which undermines the strength of the agreement;
When resolving a conflict, it is important to respect the dignity of the losing party or even give it the opportunity to gain prestige in the eyes of its supporters and others. You can't drive your opponent into a corner. This can cause a sudden surge in his aggressiveness, the transition of the conflict to a new, more dangerous plane using more destructive methods and means;
The resolution of the conflict must be legitimized by culture, i.e. rely on values recognized by all parties and others. In this case, there will be less mutual grievances and the solution will be much stronger;
Focus on polycausality (multi-causality) of the conflict and the use of a variety of means. This means that conflict often has multiple causes. And even if there is only one cause, the means to eliminate it can be varied. Focusing on the polycausality of the conflict and the variety of tools for resolving it is also useful due to the fact that, by focusing on the search for many causes and means, it reduces the likelihood of error;
Arbitration, inclusion of a third party in the conflict resolution process (communications, preparation, formulation and interpretation of decisions, control over their implementation). Conflicts between two sides are difficult to resolve without the involvement of mediators;
Preference for bets on cooperation between interdependent parties over bets on temporary gains. A temporary victory is fragile and may soon result in a renewal of the struggle or even defeat. The trust established during cooperation is a valuable potential for future mutually beneficial interaction between the parties;
Limiting the number of participants in conflict resolution by representatives (leaders) of the rival parties. Relying exclusively on the institution of the majority makes it difficult to find mutually acceptable solutions and, ultimately, contributes not to resolution, but to the aggravation of conflicts;
Determining the range of possible alternatives and acceptable concessions before making a joint decision. Without this, it is difficult for each of the parties to find a compromise solution during negotiations;
Determination in the early stages of a conflict, or better before it occurs, the price of victory and defeat. In deep and protracted conflicts, not only the vanquished, but also the formal winners usually lose, since the price of victory is too high. Very often, a sober analysis of the costs of effort and resources associated with confrontation helps to prevent a conflict or stop it in its early stages;
The outcome of the settlement must be based on a clear and distinct agreement that allows for effective monitoring.
Of course, all these and some other rules and recommendations are not universal. They must be applied creatively, taking into account all the factors of a conflict situation. However, their good knowledge expands the conflictological horizons of politicians, helps them find the right solutions and direct conflicts in a safe direction.
Conclusion
Political conflict is an interaction based on real or imaginary contradictions between parties pursuing incompatible, mutually exclusive goals, whose actions are directly directed against each other and exclude mutual benefit. A feature of political conflict is that people’s interaction is mediated by their relationship to power. Therefore, driven by conflicting social interests, political conflicts always involve issues of acquiring, forming, using or maintaining power.
Summarizing brief analysis political conflicts, we can conclude that society is preserved as a single whole, thanks to its inherent internal conflicts. It is the presence of conflicts, their complex multiple interweaving that prevents society from splitting into two hostile camps, which can lead to civil war.
Political crises and conflicts disorganize and destabilize the situation, but at the same time they serve as the beginning of a new stage of development if they are resolved positively.
Each of the types and types of conflict, having certain characteristics, is capable of playing a certain, constructive or destructive, destructive role in the development of political processes. Therefore, it is important to know these features in order to correctly navigate political situation, as a rule, is very changeable, dynamic, and takes a thoughtful political position.
List of used literature:
1. Zerkin D.P. Political Science: Series “Textbooks and Teaching Aids”. – Rostov n/d: “Phoenix”, 2006. – 448 p.
2. Zerkin D.P. Fundamentals of political science: Course of lectures. – Rostov n/d: “Phoenix”, 2007. – 576 p.
3. Kravchenko A.I. Sociology and political science: A textbook for students of secondary vocational educational institutions. – M.: Publishing center “Academy”; Mastery: Higher School, 2006. – 312 p.
4. Mukhaev R. T. Political science: a textbook for university students - M.: UNITI-DANA, 2008. - 495 p.
5. Political science. Higher education/ Pugachev V.P. – M.: Philol. o-vo "WORD"; LLC Publishing House Eksmo, 2007. – 576 p.
The concept of “conflict” is one of the most frequently used: conflict in the family, conflict between generations, conflict at work, conflict in work of art, conflict in the diplomatic sphere, military conflict and so on.
A conflict is a clash of conflicting interests, opinions, feelings, forces, a serious disagreement, a sharp dispute and a struggle between warring parties. Conflicts cover all human relationships in objective reality.
Conflict in general and political conflicts in particular have a very long history of study. Conflict as a source of movement was already understood by ancient Chinese philosophers of the 7th-6th centuries BC. e. (yang and yin). IN Ancient Greece the doctrine of opposites and their role in the emergence of things was created (Anaximander). And Heraclitus even made an attempt to reveal the cause of movement as a struggle of opposites. Similar thoughts were developed by Socrates, Plato, Epicurus, and Polybius. N. Machiavelli was the first to speak about conflict in society as a special phenomenon, noting their positive role in the development of social processes.
Later, much was written about political conflict and its role in the development of human society A. Smith, G. Hegel, A. Tocqueville, K. Marx, V.I. Lenin, G. Simmel, R. Dahrendorf, K. Boulding, L. Coser.
The American scientist L. Coser believed that society is characterized by social inequality, dissatisfaction of members of society with their current situation, which is where the eternal struggle with each other stems. Social conflict for L. Coser is a struggle “for values and claims to a certain status, power and resources..., in which the opponents’ goals are to neutralize, cause damage or destroy the opponent.” The German political scientist R. Dahrendorf, studying political conflicts, created the theory of the “conflict model of society.” He believed that in any society social conflict is constantly present, since society is based on coercion of some in relation to others, and there is inequality of people in relation to the distribution of power, differences in their interests and aspirations. K. Boulding, an American researcher, created the “general theory of conflicts.” Political conflict, he believed, is inseparable from society, inherent in the very nature of man, who is constantly at odds with other people and prone to violence in this struggle. He emphasized the conscious participation of individuals in conflicts, and developed strategies and tactics for behavior in them.
In the works of K. Marx, F. Engels, V. I. Lenin, great place theories of political conflicts. However, this problem is presented somewhat simplistically, since we're talking about mainly about the clash between antagonistic classes. Marxists believed that class struggle, the law of development of human society, would lead to the overthrow of capitalism and the establishment of the most just society - communist, in which there would be no conflicts.
G. Simmel defines political conflict as one of the forms of disagreement that unites opposing but interconnected parties.
So, political conflict has its own specifics:
· political conflict characterizes the region political relations;
· the parties to the conflict are fighting for the affirmation of the values they need, for political power, redistribution of resources, for changing the status of various social groups and individuals in the system of government.
The subjects of political conflict are states, classes, social strata, ethnic groups, factions in parliament, political parties and movements, as well as individuals.
IN modern political science There are two models of conflicts:
· a pluralistic model based on the fact that political conflicts are ubiquitous, inevitable and even necessary in society;
· authoritarian (or elitist) model, according to which political conflicts reflect contradictions between the masses and the elite. The essence of the conflict is that the vast majority of the population is deprived of power and does not even have access to it.
So, the conflict is eternal, since it is impossible to create a social system in which the needs of everyone would be satisfied fully and equally. Political conflict inevitably appears in the analysis of such phenomena as power, coup d'etat, revolution, counter-revolution, war, confrontation between states and their alliances.
IN public life there are conflicts:
1. national-ethnic - regarding the rights and interests of nations and ethnic groups. Most often, such conflicts are related to status and territorial claims, the dominant idea in which is the sovereignty of a people or ethnic group;
2. social - the essence of which is in the collision different positions regarding the means of life support, competition in the struggle for status, advantages, and other distribution of life's goods.
In our time, social conflict in developed countries has acquired a new color: the classic class conflict, according to leading political scientists, no longer exists. All social strata defend their well-being, but there is no organized class struggle, which would embody traditional class antagonisms. Thus, R. Dahrendorf believes that social conflict weakens if there is an implementation program civil rights, and demands for increased well-being are not given political overtones;
3.political, that is, regarding state power, dominance in it, influence on it, increasing authority in it. It is political conflicts that are of most interest to political science and political scientists.
If political conflict is an inevitable phenomenon, then what are its causes? Most common cause is the unequal position of people in society, where some rule and command, while others are forced to obey and carry out the instructions of their superiors. As the American political scientist D. Easton rightly notes, “poverty prevails in all societies. This is the main, starting point of political analysis. There are no goods (valuable things) in quantities sufficient to satisfy all members of society... Differences and conflicts over goods, whose supply is limited are inevitable."
Political conflicts like social phenomenon Objectively, they can be positive and productive and, conversely, negative and inhibiting the development of society.
Positive consequences political conflict:
1. defusing tension, when the conflict plays the role of an “exhaust valve” or “exhaust channel”;
2. formation of a socially necessary balance;
3. stimulation and driving force of social change;
4. revaluation and change of previous, outdated, values and norms in society (thanks to the resolution of political conflict);
5. strengthening group cohesion, a clearer awareness of one’s own and opposing interests;
6. indication of new interests of various groups of society, the implementation of which can contribute to the further development of society;
7. creating the basis for mutual understanding in society and the formation of consensus.
Negative consequences of political conflict:
1. creating a threat to the integration of society;
2. the possibility of leading to a split in unstable social groups;
3. exerting an adverse influence on relations within the government;
4. acceleration of destabilization of society;
5. the possibility of an increase in crime;
6. proliferation of illegal weapons storage.
It should be noted that the distinction between the positive and negative consequences of conflicts is very conditional and depends on the specific social situation in which they develop. Only in this way can the issue in relation to this conflict be resolved - is this the norm in the development of society at this stage or a deviation from it.
IN political literature Conflicts are also characterized by their level, scale, severity, and area of their occurrence. They can be between countries, nations, enterprises, workers and administrations and are formed at the levels of groups, large systems (or subsystems), classes, social strata, at the regional, national or global levels.
There are usually three main types of political conflicts:
· conflict of interests - predominates in economic developed countries, stable states where the political norm is bargaining over the division of the economic pie, and the scope of social security. Thus, Russia, which in Denver in June 1997 was ranked among the countries with “industrial democracy,” is a sad example of the dominance of interest groups, and the worst of these groups is not a flexible and quick-learning oligarchy, but a bureaucracy hiding behind the interests of the people;
· value conflicts are more typical for developing countries with unstable power. These conflicts require great effort to resolve them, since they are difficult to compromise (the “either-or” rule applies here);
· identification conflicts - characteristic of societies in which oneself identifies with a certain group (ethnographic, religious or linguistic), and not with the state and society as a whole.
Sociologist S. M. Lipset notes that states characterized by the presence of a charismatic leader are characterized by less stability compared to other states. A charismatic leader is usually a source and representative of power. Under charismatic dominance, dissatisfaction with the leader's activities and power structures weakens the rule of law political system, leads to political conflict, which may result in the fall of the leader and his system (for example, the fall of the charismatic leader Syngman Rhee in Korea).
The most significant conflicts are those that simultaneously cover all levels of social and political life, affect and involve the maximum number of participants possible under specific conditions - general conflicts. Such political conflicts will occur in the sphere public relations related to problems of maintaining or overthrowing power, strengthening or undermining it. Have less importance partial conflicts affecting only part of social communities. However, under certain conditions (instability, tension in the country) they can develop into general ones.
Political conflicts according to their quality characteristics can be divided into "zero-sum" conflicts - where the positions of the parties are opposite, and therefore the victory of one of them means the defeat of the other, and "non-zero-sum" - in which there is at least one way to find mutual agreement.
Conflicts can also be open, manifested, for example, in the form of demonstrations, strikes, rallies, and closed (latent), for example, relationships within ruling elite, between different branches of government.
Conflictologists identify three conditions for the emergence of conflicts:
· presence of a conflict situation;
· presence of subjects of a conflict situation (individuals, groups, parties);
· presence of a reason to start a conflict.
Most often, political conflict manifests itself in unstable political systems of society, where the question of changing the type of political system or replacing its individual elements and relations is raised.
Political conflicts have their own psychology of development,
associated with the behavior of people involved in conflict:
· aggressive behavior:
behavior prone to compromise;
behavior prone to To subordination;
· withdrawal, escape from conflict.
The best type behavior in conflict is considered the second. Any type of behavior is emotional in nature, which increases the severity of the conflict.
The conflict includes participants (any person, organization, party and parties, if they know exactly the goals and objectives of the conflict), subjects (people and parties capable of creating conflict situations and influencing their course in accordance with their interests), mediators (the state , religious figures and organizations, outstanding people, UN, groups of deputies)
Political conflicts most often ripen for a long time and go through several stages in their development: the hidden stage, the stage of tension, the stage of antagonism, incompatibility (the political conflict itself), the end stage - the most difficult stage, since the newly emerging balance of political forces depends on its results.
Since political conflicts are an indispensable attribute of society, there is a whole system of methods for resolving them. Political conflicts arise from conflict situations that do not necessarily develop into long-term conflicts. Conflict situations political nature can be resolved by political means, with the help of which it becomes possible to avoid social tensions that contribute to the further growth of the crisis. If a conflict situation develops into a conflict, then, according to R. Dahl, three alternatives may arise in its resolution: “deadlock, coercion, peaceful resolution.”
Deadlock in conflict resolution arises when each participant in a political conflict continues to block the actions of the other, while at the same time being unable to change his behavior, which leads to a further aggravation of the conflict.
Coercion method all or one of the conflicting parties with the use of armed forces, police, through mass dismissals of participants in the conflict, illegal arrests most common in states seeking to avoid civil disobedience or even insurrection.
Often armed conflict arises on interclass and interethnic grounds, on state border due to violation territorial integrity, infringement of sovereignty. The danger of an armed conflict is that it often becomes protracted and tends - if its causes are not resolved - to increase in size and scope, which can lead to the threat of the use of weapons of mass destruction with unpredictable consequences (for example, the events of 1990-1991 in the Persian Gulf).
It should be noted that armed conflicts in the form of small and big wars have always accompanied human history. Thus, over 5.5 thousand years there were about 15 thousand wars and armed conflicts on Earth, in which about 3.5 billion people died. And the 20th century is one of the bloodiest and most destructive: during this time there were two world wars, on the battlefields of which 65 million people died, which is much higher than the number of deaths in 19 centuries. However, in our century, due to the invention of nuclear weapons, it becomes impossible to decide controversial issues between states and peoples, eliminate various contradictions with the help of military force, as this can lead to the destruction of humanity and even all life on Earth. The radical way to eliminate wars and armed conflicts is to reduce armed forces and weapons, pursue a policy of peace and peaceful coexistence.
To the question: “Do they still shoot on our planet?” The yearbook of the Stockholm Independent Institute gives a clear answer: yes, they shoot, but not as fiercely as before. If in 1989 there were 36 military hotbeds, then in 1995 there were already 30, and in 1996 - 27.
IN recent years managed to extinguish conflicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chechnya, Guatemala, Sierra Leone, and the Philippines. But there is still unrest in the Middle East, a deadlock has developed in Nagorno-Karabakh and Abkhazia, and the situation in Afghanistan remains very difficult.
On the planet as a whole it continues The general trend reducing military spending, weapons production and trade. For example, cuts affected NATO, and this bloc is now the leader in terms of defense spending. In terms of arms trade, the United States is in first place (44%), Russia is in second place (20% of all arms exports in the world).
Probability peaceful resolution of the conflict increases when democracy is developed, with political institutions, which provide consultations, negotiations, which ultimately leads to consensus. Consensus is always aimed at a positive result. It is the opposite of the majority voting method, which results in continued tension as the majority's victory hurts the interests of the minority. After such a vote, tension does not disappear; it only takes on a different form of expression and, over time, can cause the outbreak of a new conflict.
One should also consider the method of resolving the conflict using the so-called indifferent approach, which consists in complete indifference, indifference and indifference to the manifestations of the political conflict. In this case, the authorities, as a rule, ignore the presence of conflict in society, do nothing to resolve it, and the demands of the conflicting parties remain on paper and are forgotten. This approach is typical for totalitarian and authoritarian regimes. The above rules apply when resolving not only internal, but also international conflicts, and recent political history has repeatedly confirmed this possibility.
In conclusion, let us cite the statement of the classic of world conflictology K. Boulding: “Conflict is dissonance; the opposite concept to conflict is harmony. Dissonance may be necessary, it has meaning... Only the progress of the conflict towards resolution determines its... significance.”
Issues for discussion
1. What definitions of conflict exist in political science?
2. Which scientists are representatives of conflictology? Describe their main views.
3. What methods of resolving political conflicts are usually identified? Which method is the best?
4. Trace the development of conflicts in the political life of modern Russia.
Literature
1. Dahrendorf R. Elements of the theory of political conflict. // Sociological research. 1994, №5.
2. Zhovtun D.T. Conflictology. Interethnic conflicts in the structure of modern Russian society. // Social and humanitarian knowledge. 2000, no. 1.
3. Utkin E.A. Conflictology: theory and practice. – M., “Tandem”, 2000.
4. Feldman D.V. Political science of conflict: tutorial. – M., “Strategy”, 1998.
Plan 1) 2) 3) 4) The concept of “social conflict” Typology of social conflicts Stages of conflict and its causes Consequences and methods of resolving social conflicts
Conflict – (from Latin “conflictus” - clash) – a dispute, a clash between two people or social groups over the possession of something that is equally highly valued by both parties. Social conflict is an explicit or hidden state of confrontation between objectively divergent interests, goals and development trends of social subjects; - direct or indirect clash of social forces based on opposition to the existing social order; - special shape historical movement towards a new social unity.
Typology of social conflicts 1. 2. 3. 4. Intrapersonal; Interpersonal; Conflicts between the individual and the group; Intergroup conflicts.
Types of social conflicts: By duration - long-term; short-term; one-time; protracted; repetitive. By volume - global; national; local; regional; group; personal. According to the source of occurrence - objective; subjective; false. According to the means used - violent; non-violent. In shape - internal; external. In terms of influence on the course of development of society - progressive; regressive. By the nature of development - deliberate; spontaneous. In spheres of public life - economic (production); political; ethnic; family and household. By type of relationship - intra- and intersystem (individual psychological) levels; intra- and intergroup (socio-psychological) levels; intranational and international (social) levels. According to the degree of openness - hidden and open According to the positions of opponents - vertical and horizontal
Life cycle social conflict includes four stages: 1. Pre-conflict situation. Its sign is the growth of tension in relations between subjects. 2. Conflict. 3. Attempts to resolve the conflict. 4. The end of the confrontation and the post-conflict stage.
Causes of conflicts 1. Focusing attention not on information, but on emotions. 2. High internal tension, which is released through conflict situations. 3. Emotional burnout. 4. Gossip as a veiled form of aggression. 5. Use of conflict agents
Conflict triggers are words, actions (or inaction) that can lead to conflict. “Women do not attach any importance to their words, but they attach great importance to what they hear themselves.”
Striving for superiority Condescending attitude; Boasting; Categorical; Imposing your advice; Interrupting the interlocutor; Withholding information; Violations of ethics, intentional or unintentional Banter; Deception or attempted deception; Reminder…
Manifestation of aggressiveness: a person with increased aggressiveness is a “walking conflictogen”, since he splashes out accumulated irritation on others. a person with below average aggressiveness risks achieving much less in life than he deserves. A complete lack of aggressiveness borders on apathy or spinelessness, for it means a refusal to fight.
Manifestation of egoism Egoism is a person’s value orientation, characterized by the predominance of selfish needs, regardless of the interests of other people. The manifestation of egoism lies in the attitude towards another person as an object and a means of achieving selfish goals.
The role of social conflict is positive Informing about the presence of common problems Stimulating social changes Relieving psychological tension of participants in the conflict: awareness of one’s interests and the interests of others negative Creation stressful situations Disruption of the order of social life Destruction of the balance of power, a stable position
CONFLICT RESOLUTION TECHNOLOGY Resolving a conflict means: eliminating a conflict situation; end the incident. The second conflict formula: the sum of two (or more) conflict situations leads to conflict. Each of the conflict situations, through its manifestation, plays the role of an incident for the other. Resolving a conflict means eliminating each of the conflict situations.
Key role The correct formulation of the conflict situation plays a role in conflict resolution. Rule 1. Remember that a conflict situation is something that needs to be eliminated. Rule 2. A conflict situation always arises before a conflict. Rule 3. The wording should tell you what to do. Rule 4. Ask yourself questions “why?” ” until you get to the root cause from which others flow. Rule 5. Formulate the conflict situation in your own words, if possible without repeating words from the description of the conflict. Rule 6. Use a minimum of words in your formulation. "brevity is the soul of wit". A conflict situation is a diagnosis of a disease called “conflict”. Only a correct diagnosis gives hope for healing.
Choose the correct judgments about social conflicts and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. 1) Objective contradictions of social conflicts are caused by phenomena and processes that depend on the will and consciousness of people. 2) If all conflicting parties show a tendency to compromise, then this does not resolve, but drives the social conflict inside. 3) One of the conditions for the emergence of social conflict may be differences in values warring parties. 4) Social conflict is the highest stage of development of contradictions in the system of relations between people, social groups, social institutions, and society as a whole. 5) Social conflict prevents the ossification of the social system and opens the way to new forms - innovation. 3 4 5
Choose the correct judgments about social conflicts and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. 1) Social conflicts can only occur in the form civil wars. 2) Conflicts can have an impact positive impact on society. 3) One of the ways to resolve social conflict is mutual concessions of the warring parties. 4) All social conflicts are caused by economic reasons. 5) The cause of social conflict is always objective circumstances. 2 3
Choose the correct judgments about social conflicts and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. 1) The consequences of social conflicts can only be negative. 2) Social conflicts began to arise in society only with the advent of the state. 3) The basis for classifying social conflicts can be their duration. 4) Social conflicts always arise due to economic reasons. 5) Social conflict is a way of interaction between individuals, communities, and social institutions. 6) The first stage of social conflict is the hidden stage, at which the contradictions between the parties to the conflict are not yet realized. 3 5 6
Formulate three possible positive consequences of a conflict political situation and provide relevant examples. -the emergence of a conflict political situation makes it possible to detect problems that were initially invisible and try to resolve them (public speeches after parliamentary and presidential elections 2011/2012 led to the resumption of direct elections of governors and changes in electoral legislation); - strengthening internal cohesion in the event of external conflicts (after the outbreak of the First World War, most political parties expressed support for the government by uniting under the banner of patriotism); - developing among the participants in the conflict the skills and abilities necessary to protect their interests (attempts to introduce juvenile justice in Russia led to the formation public organizations who opposed it, used different methods struggle; collection of signatures, appeals to the authorities, reaction of the authorities). - identification of political groups and their leaders (in Russia, the so-called non-systemic opposition is gradually taking shape, its leaders are being identified,
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