What religious organizations are called extremist definition. International cooperation in the field of combating extremism

Extremism: concept, reasons for its appearance, development trends.

1. Prerequisites for the emergence and development of extremism.

The reasons for the emergence of extremism are very diverse, but in relation to Russia, the main one should be recognized as social disorganization of citizens. The wealth stratification of the population leads to the fact that society ceases to function as an integral organism, united by common goals, ideas, and values. Social tension is growing, groups are emerging that seek to change the established order, including through violent methods.

It should be especially noted that social base extremist groups are made up of people classified as social outsiders who have failed to adapt to new living conditions (young people without education and a decent standard of living, the unemployed, people laid off from the Armed Forces and other law enforcement agencies). In addition, some forms of extremism have historical roots, which, of course, does not serve to justify it.

The main causes of extremism in a particular country are long periods of socio-economic instability, accompanied, on the one hand, by social differentiation of citizens, a fierce struggle for power, growing crime, and on the other hand, by the low efficiency of the state apparatus and law enforcement agencies, the lack of reliable mechanisms legal protection of the population. All this leads to an increase in attempts to resolve emerging contradictions and conflicts by force, both on the part of the existing government and elements opposed to it.

The conductors of extremism are both radical political parties and political groups and extremist organizations that spontaneously arise on the wave of nationalism and separatism, denying or considering the legal struggle insufficient.

Extremism, as a mass phenomenon, began to spread in Russia in the 90s. XX century mainly among young people from low-income families, who, under the slogans of the struggle for “purity of the nation”, “liberation of the Russian people”, etc., united (usually by territorial principle) into groups, each of which consisted of 7 to 15 people. More often, such groups were engaged in beating up representatives of other nationalities living next to them, as well as petty hooliganism and vandalism.

At first, extremism in Russia was spontaneous in nature, often manifested in the form of protest, despair, hatred, and loss of faith in the inviolability of the existing order.

The redistribution of spheres of influence in the criminal world, financial fraud, corruption, mass alcoholism and drug addiction, unemployment, the bloody Chechen war - all this contributed to the fact that, taking advantage of their impunity, these youth groups matured, gained experience, established connections, and attracted new personnel.

The role and significance of extremism turned out to be underestimated, which largely contributed to the emergence of a whole series of tragic events in recent times, in which young people became participants and victims.

These problems also have a potential crisis and conflict nature. It should be noted that over the past few years, problems associated with the growth of chauvinism, xenophobia and religious extremism, and the intensification of ultranationalist forces have been accumulating in Russia. In a number of regions of Russia, anti-Semitism and anti-immigrant sentiments have become quite widespread.

The problem of unregulated migration poses a threat to Russia's security. The actual threat is created by the fact that, due to the lack of an appropriate regulatory and legal framework, Russia has become a refuge and a real septic tank for many representatives of the opposition from neighboring countries who have suffered defeat in their homeland. Former militants, hiding in Russia, have significantly aggravated the crime situation here. Majority ruling regimes stimulates the migration process. In this way they avoid solving the problems of market transformation of their national economies, solve the problem of employment of their population through significant cash receipts from Russia, forming a fund of accumulation and consumption within their countries, necessary for their survival. Currently, almost 5 million citizens of Ukraine, hundreds of thousands of Moldovans, and hundreds of thousands of citizens from Central Asian states work in Russia. Their work is useful for the Russian Federation and is in demand. But the legal unsettlement of this process and still insufficient attention Russian authorities this phenomenon creates a potential threat to Russia’s national interests.

The accumulated material allows us to identify a number of the most significant factors influencing the formation of extremism in Russia, which can be divided into three groups:

1. Socio-economic:

significant stratification of society by level of material wealth, which, in turn, gives rise to a feeling of social injustice among a significant part of the population, and especially among young people;

high level of unemployment, especially among young people, whose representatives quite easily fall under the influence of radical political movements.

2. Ideological:

a state of ideological vacuum and, as a consequence, the filling of ideological space with radical associations;

the possibility of virtually uncontrolled use of new information systems (the Internet) to promote various ideas, including extremist ones;

the possibility of uncontrolled use of illegitimate technologies for controlling and manipulating human behavior and social communities;

attempts to copy old forms of ideological work that do not have an effective impact on young people, which leads to the formation of a wide range of youth subcultures, including destructive ones.

3. Migration:

an increase in migration flows with subsequent compact settlement of newly arrived migrants and the emergence of problems of their adaptation to the new environment;

changes in the ethnic composition of the population, especially in large cities, and, as a consequence, increased tension in interethnic relations.

Separately, it is necessary to dwell on the problem of the spread of extremist views and ideas through the network Internet as the most relevant and rapidly developing sector used to promote radical ideas. Thus, according to the results of a sociological survey, 40% of young people have repeatedly encountered propaganda of extremist views on the Internet.

Despite the clearly intensified Lately the work of authorities in this area, cyberspace continues to have huge potential for the cultivation of extremism in general, and given the interest of young people in the World Wide Web - and youth in particular. This environment is slightly subject to operational censorship, any resource here can be moved to a new location at any time, and, in addition, access to resources is unlimited geographically.

The mechanism that prevents the public manifestation of extremism on the pages of national newspapers and television channels does not work as effectively in cyberspace. This makes the Internet a favorable environment for promoting extremist ideas.

Thus, at present, cyberspace has begun to be regarded by extremist ideologists as an attractive platform for conducting ideological propaganda and struggle.

At the same time, resources preaching radical ideas have a very wide audience not only in the regions where they are physically located. An analysis of website traffic shows that of all the ideological trends presented, young people have the greatest interest in right-wing radical ideology. Some extremist websites can compete in terms of the number of visitors with the websites of official youth organizations that rely on powerful administrative resources.

“Cyber ​​extremism” is an important factor in the cultivation of both latent extremism and a means of organizing and mobilizing direct extremist actions, as well as the functioning of extremist virtual organizations (in this situation, the example of anti-globalists is indicative). Cyberspace allows for an unprecedented degree of freedom in choosing targets for extremist actions and cultivating objects of hatred.

2. Extremism: concept, types.

The first example of the international consolidation of the definition of “extremism” was the Shanghai Convention on Combating Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism of June 15, 2001. It defines as “extremism” “any act aimed at the violent seizure of power or the violent retention of power, as well as a violent change in the constitutional system of the state, as well as a violent encroachment on public safety, including the organization of illegal armed groups for the above purposes.” or participation in them."

Extremism:(Latin extremus - extreme) - orientation in politics towards extremely radical ideas and goals, the achievement of which is carried out mainly by force, as well as illegitimate and illegal methods and means (for example, terrorism, incitement of religious and racial hatred, armed uprisings, guerrilla wars etc.). Left-wing extremism usually comes from the ideas of Marxism-Leninism and other left-wing views, criticizing the capitalist system for the suppression of the individual and exploitation, and socialist regimes for betraying “the cause of Marx, Lenin, Stalin, Mao”, abandoning the “class struggle” (examples of left-wing extremist groups serve as the “Red Army Faction” in Germany, “Sendero Luminoso” in Peru, Pol Pot in Cambodia, the so-called National Bolshevik Party of E. Limonov in Russia). Right-wing extremism acts from the positions of anti-communism, racism, extreme nationalism or clericalism, etc. The source of extremism as an indicator of social and political ill-being is various crises. In order to achieve their goals, extremists turn to people’s prejudices, deliberately suppressing rational consciousness in them. Participants in extremist groups represent a special psychological type of individual, prone to self-excitation, loss of control over their behavior, and irrational actions.

In the Federal Law “On Combating Extremist Activities” (came into force on July 25, 2002), taking into account the changes made by the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of July 24, 2007 No. 211-FZ “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in Connection with the Improvement of State management in the field of countering extremism" extremist activity (extremism) is defined as:

• violent change in the foundations of the constitutional system and violation of the integrity of the Russian Federation;
• public justification of terrorism and other terrorist activities;
• inciting social, racial, national or religious hatred;
• propaganda of exclusivity, superiority or inferiority of a person on the basis of his social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitudes towards religion;
• violation of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of a person and citizen, depending on his social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion;
• obstruction of citizens' exercise of their voting rights and the right to participate in a referendum or violation of the secrecy of voting, coupled with violence or the threat of its use;
• obstruction of the legitimate activities of state bodies, local government bodies, election commissions, public and religious associations or other organizations, associated with violence or the threat of its use;
• committing crimes for the reasons specified in paragraph “e” of part one of Article 63 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation;
• propaganda and public display of Nazi paraphernalia or symbols or paraphernalia or symbols that are confusingly similar to Nazi paraphernalia or symbols;
• public calls for the implementation of these acts or mass distribution of obviously extremist materials, as well as their production or storage for the purpose of mass distribution;
• public knowingly false accusation of a person replacing public office of the Russian Federation or a public office of a subject of the Russian Federation, in the commission by him, during the performance of his official duties, of the acts specified in this article and constituting a crime;
• organization and preparation of these acts, as well as incitement to their implementation;
• financing of these acts or other assistance in their organization, preparation and implementation, including through the provision of educational, printing and material and technical resources, telephone and other types of communications or the provision of information services.

The law defines the following concepts:

Extremist organization- a public or religious association or other organization in respect of which, on the grounds provided for by this Federal Law, the court made a decision that has entered into legal force to liquidate or prohibit activities in connection with the implementation of extremist activities.

Extremist materials- documents or information on other media intended for publication, calling for the implementation of extremist activities or substantiating or justifying the need to carry out such activities (publications substantiating or justifying national and (or) racial superiority or justifying the practice of committing military or other crimes aimed at complete or partial destruction of any ethnic, social, racial, national or religious group).

It is also necessary to distinguish between the following definitions:

Public association- a voluntary, self-governing, non-profit formation created on the initiative of citizens united on the basis of a community of interests to achieve common goals specified in the charter of a public association (Article 5 of the Federal Law of May 19, 1995 No. 82-FZ “On Public Associations”).

Religious association– a voluntary association of citizens of the Russian Federation, other persons permanently and legally residing on the territory of the Russian Federation, formed for the purpose of jointly professing and spreading the faith and having the following characteristics corresponding to this purpose: religion; performance of divine services, other religious rites and ceremonies; teaching religion and religious education of their followers (Article 6 of the Federal Law of September 26, 1997 No. 125-FZ “On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations”).

Political Party is a public association created for the purpose of participation of citizens of the Russian Federation in the political life of society through the formation and expression of their political will, participation in public and political events, in elections and referendums, as well as for the purpose of representing the interests of citizens in government bodies state power and local government bodies (Article 3 of the Federal Law of July 11, 2001 No. 95-FZ “On Political Parties”).

Trade union– a voluntary public association of citizens connected by common industrial, professional interests by the nature of their activities, created for the purpose of representing and protecting their social and labor rights and interests (Article 2 of the Federal Law of January 12, 1996 No. 10-FZ “On Trade Unions, their rights and guarantees of activity").

Conservatism– ideological commitment to traditional values ​​and orders, social or religious doctrines. In politics - a direction that defends the value of state and social order, rejection of “radical” reforms and extremism. One of the main features of conservatism is the rejection of revolutionary changes. Opposes liberalism, which requires economic freedoms, and socialism, which requires social equality.

Liberalism – political ideology, based on the fact that a person is free to dispose of himself and his property. Liberals are opponents of totalitarianism and actively defend the concepts of freedom of speech, universal human rights, religious tolerance, privacy, private property, free markets, equality, government transparency, and restrictions on government power.

Radicalism- a political principle based on the desire to bring a political or other opinion to its final logical and practical conclusions, without agreeing to any compromises. In practice, it is presented as extreme liberalism (sometimes socialism) in politics.

Totalitarianism– a political regime characterized by extremely broad (total) state control over all aspects of social life. The purpose of such control over the economy and society is to organize them according to a single plan. In a totalitarian regime, the entire population of the state is mobilized to support the government ( ruling party) and its ideology, while declaring the priority of public interests over private ones. Organizations whose activities are not supported by the authorities - for example, trade unions, churches, opposition parties - are limited or prohibited.

Centrism in politics– the political position of a political movement or group, intermediate between right and left movements or groups, rejection of left and right extremism.

Rights(the most extreme forms are ultra-right or radical right) - opposite to the left, in particular putting economic, national or religious goals above equality of rights and chances for all segments of the population. These include conservatism, monarchism, anarchocapitalism, fascism, nationalism and its most extreme form - national socialism. Liberals are usually classified as right-wing.

Left(new left) - a direction in politics that identifies itself with the leftist idea, but opposes itself to traditional communist parties and anarchists (“old left”). Characterized by criticism historical role proletariat and institutional forms of resistance due to the traumatic experience of totalitarianism. Closes with left liberalism.

3. Political extremism.

The concept of “political extremism” is one of those complex social phenomena, the definition of which inevitably raises conflicting opinions. Even among lawyers who are able to find at least instrumental definitions of such phenomena, there is still no unity of views on the definition of “political extremism”, so experts count at least five of the most well-known alternative approaches on this issue.

The activities of extremist organizations and groups currently continue to be a serious factor in destabilizing the socio-political situation in the Russian Federation and pose a serious threat to the constitutional security and territorial integrity of the state. Almost all extremist organizations in one way or another involve minors in their participation: from the distribution of literature of a radical nature and participation in the rituals of religious sects to the most dangerous type of involvement of minors in criminal activities, namely, the preparation and conduct of mass riots, the organization and participation in activities extremist organization, organization and participation in the extremist community. In fact, all known extremist organizations carry out the most active, including illegal, activities in the city of Moscow.

Over the past few years, there has been an increase in extremism and xenophobia, especially among young people. The greatest concern is caused by the growing popularization of the ideology of neo-fascism in the city. This is despite the adoption of new regulations aimed at combating this phenomenon.

In the capital, in recent years, the most active illegal activities were carried out by members of such organizations as: NBP - “National Bolshevik Party”, RNE - “Russian National Unity”, AKM - “Vanguard of Red Youth”.

In 2005, using nationalist slogans, the “Movement against Illegal Immigration” and the “Slavic Union of Demushkin” intensified their illegal activities.

A number of extremist movements and organizations, such as the “National-Bolshevik Party”, “Russian National Unity”, “Vanguard of the Red Youth”, were actively used to carry out unauthorized actions and speeches, including those that violated criminal law, as well as for illegal actions during authorized mass events, youth from other regions of Russia.

Often, members of extremist organizations are prosecuted for crimes they have committed, such as hooliganism, destruction of property, resistance to police officers, but there are no facts of their prosecution for crimes of an extremist nature (Article 282, 282 note, 282 note 2) . Reasons for this:

— firstly, in the absence in the law enforcement system of specialists with the necessary knowledge to conduct research on slogans, printed, audio, and video products. Internet resources.

- secondly, as a result of this, the reluctance of the prosecutor’s office and investigation authorities to initiate criminal cases based on these offenses, the interpretation of borderline situations is not in favor of criminal prosecution.

- thirdly, the lack of basic interaction between units to combat organized crime, criminal investigation departments and duty units of districts, as a result of which operational officers do not go to crimes committed against foreigners and persons of other nationalities, where in order to establish such a qualifying characteristic as inciting ethnic hatred, operational support is necessary from the moment the crime is detected.

4. Religious extremism.

Religious extremism should be understood as a social phenomenon that exists in the following four interrelated forms:

- religious consciousness (social and individual), which is characterized by signs of totalitarianization and exaggeration of the value of a certain set of religious ideas to the detriment of all other religious and secular ideas, nihilism - denial of all other ideas, including religious ones, except one, religious fanaticism - unconditional belief in the only truth religious idea(a set of ideas) and the willingness to follow it under any circumstances.

- religious ideology (religious doctrine), characterized by the arbitrary declaration as true of the only explanation of the problems of the existing world and the proposal of unambiguous (true) methods of resolution, the unconditional separation of all social phenomena into “good” and “evil”, giving an exclusive dominant position to one aspect of being to the detriment of all others; denial of the objectively dominant hierarchy of general social (universal) values, ignoring or belittling the regulatory significance of any social, including legal, norms that do not correspond to the declared true religious doctrine.

- activities to implement the religious doctrine proclaimed to be the only true one.

- organizational forms of implementation of religious doctrine, in particular religious extremist organizations (totalitarian sects).

The growing trend of religious extremism is largely due to the existing contradictions in relationships, both between confessions and within them, and the growth of religious expansion on the part of other states.

Religious expansion from other states led to a significant increase in new religious movements. The intensive growth of religious new formations upsets the existing ethno-confessional balance in the country and causes an increase in interfaith rivalry and discontent among the main part of the population.

Disrespectful attitude towards Russian traditional confessions contributes to the formation of preconditions for extremist manifestations of a religious nature, including at the everyday level, incitement of religious hatred and antisocial actions on religious grounds, and affects the state of interstate relations.

A serious threat to public safety and a significant socially destabilizing political situation The activity of extremist religious associations is a factor.

Noteworthy is the fact that the purpose of the activities of religious extremist organizations has two aspects:

— propagation of destructive ideology;

— creation of operational positions for the subsequent conduct of terrorist activities on the territory of Russia and the capital region in particular.

Taking into account the current socio-political, economic, territorial - demographic situation, we can identify the following trends in the development of the situation in the sphere of religious extremism:

1. Strengthening propaganda and subversive work among part of the youth population of the Russian Federation who profess Islam, especially among those under the age of majority.
2. The use of non-traditional forms of recruitment of the population, especially representatives of the Muslim faith, and propaganda of the ideas of religious extremism by creating various kinds of clubs, collecting donations from individuals and legal entities through a network of subscribed mailboxes.
3. Spreading the ideas of religious extremism at the level of interregional relations through the use of tourist groups and pilgrims under the guise of promoting tolerant religions.
4. Further strengthening and subsequent use of international financial assistance to provide material support for the activities of extremist religious organizations in the capital region.
5. Increasing intensity of actions to incite religious hatred, discord and enmity using the press, television and radio broadcasting and mass communication(Internet, etc.), including for provocative purposes.
6. Strengthening ideas of ethnic separatism in the regions due to the incitement of religious hatred, discord and enmity within religious denominations.

An analysis of the operational situation among religious associations operating on the territory of Russia indicates an increase in the activity of a number of associations cultivating religious fanaticism, which is based on perverted spiritual and ethnic canons. As a rule, this activity is associated with violence against citizens, causing harm to their health, inducement to refuse to perform civil duties, as well as the commission of other illegal acts. At the same time, the carefully camouflaged religious doctrines of these structures allow the use of violence, threats, and blackmail if they are for the benefit of the organization.

The greatest danger to internal security The country today is represented by supporters of a non-traditional trend of Islam for Russian Muslims - “Wahhabism”.

Leaders and ideologists of the “Wahhabi” movement consider work among the youth of the Russian Federation to be one of the main directions of their activity. The main goals of this activity are: the inculcation of destructive ideology and the creation of an extensive infrastructure for the subsequent conduct of subversive activities on Russian territory.

In a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, there are so-called “Islamic youth centers” and “Islamic youth camps”, where members of international terrorist and extremist organizations (“Hizbut-Tahrir”, “IMU”, “Refah”, “Al-Fatah”, “NUR” etc.) training in radical Islam, recruitment and involvement of citizens in extremist formations are carried out. The learning process is built on unquestioning obedience to Sharia law, propaganda of the superiority of Islam over other religions, as well as rejection of the existing government system and legislation as contrary to the very system of Islam. The most active activities of such youth organizations have been recorded in the Republic of Buryatia, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, and Chelyabinsk regions.

Extremists' attempts to expand their influence, primarily at the expense of young people sent to study at foreign Islamic centers controlled by international terrorist and extremist organizations, pose a danger. As a result, to date there has been a negative tendency towards the displacement of the loyal and law-abiding Muslim clergy by radically minded young imams trained in foreign educational centers.

Another religious movement in whose ranks there is a large number of young people is "Satanists".

Satanic cult followers can be divided into several types:

The first type is “self-studying amateurs.” Typically, these are those who are attracted to Satanism through popular books and films on the subject, rock bands that popularize the rituals and paraphernalia of Satanism, and through other available sources. An "amateur" is usually not associated with an organized group or cult, although small local "amateur groups" may exist.

the second type is “psychopathic Satanists.” These are morally crippled individuals with a craving for violence, sadism, necrophilia, etc., who are attracted to Satanism because it clearly expresses and outwardly “ennobles” their pathological deviations and gives them an ideological, ritual coloring. The first two types sometimes partially merge.

the third type - “religious Satanists”, consists of already established structured groups, such as “ Russian Church of Satan", "Southern Cross", "Black Angel" and etc.

the fourth type - “black Satanists”, are secret small groups consisting mainly of hereditary adherents of Satan who are seriously involved in the most repulsive forms of occultism and Satan worship.

Their activities were noted in Moscow, Bryansk, St. Petersburg, Novgorod and some other cities. It is interesting that “black Satanists” are very skeptical about adherents of the third type of satanic sects, considering their activities as “childish games” and “pampering.”

Representatives of all of the above types are responsible for cases of ritual violence and are socially dangerous, especially for young people, because they influence the psyche of young people.

Among the most famous associations of Satanists of our time we can name: the Church of Satan, the International Association of Luciferians of the “Celtic-Eastern Rite”, “Green Order”, “Black Angel”, “Southern Cross”, the cult of Pallas Athena, the cult of Isis, “Goths” and others .

5. Ethnic extremism.

In the Russian Federation as a multinational country, which, in essence, is a voluntary union of peoples living in their historical territories, inciting hatred and enmity between the peoples of our country and inciting sentiments of disintegration pose a particular threat.

Today, crimes committed against individual person due to its different origin, they went beyond the scope of individual cases and became nationally significant negative antisocial phenomena. They have become sources of immediate threat national security not only of the Russian state, but of all humanity. Therefore, an effective mechanism is needed to counter this social evil.

Since the late 1990s, Russian nationalist organizations have become more active, and today they are the most massive and rapidly growing units of national movements in Russia. Thus, the number of youth organizations rallying under the slogan “Russia for Russians” and most often referred to by analysts under the general name “skinheads” has increased by several orders of magnitude. In 1991, there were literally several dozen people in the country who could be defined in this way, but in 2001 there were already over 10 thousand, in 2004 - 33 thousand. This is only according to official data; experts point to significantly higher rates of youth participation in ultra-radical nationalist organizations.

If in the 1990s skinheads were represented by small groups (from 3 to 10 people), then after 2000 large ones began to form (up to 500 people). In Moscow, Skinlegion and Blood&Honor (Russian branch) were the first to emerge international organization Nazi skins), as well as the National Socialist Group 88. Each of them has 200-250 fighters. In total, there are currently about 6 thousand young Nazis in Moscow. In St. Petersburg there are over 3 thousand of them, while only one organization “Russian Fist” includes about 500 people and at least 100 - the organization “Kolovrat”, Nizhny Novgorod- over 2.5 thousand skinheads, 300 of them are members of the largest group “North”.

While maintaining the current growth rate of national fascist youth organizations and their concentration in several of the largest Russian cities their number in these zones in the near future may become comparable to the number of law enforcement agencies. In addition, representatives similar organizations from different cities coordinate their actions well and quickly transfer activists from one city to another.

Unfortunately, the reserves for growth of national fascist organizations are extremely large. Judging by surveys of various sociological organizations, the share of the population supporting in one way or another the idea of ​​“Russia for Russians” since 2002 has been no less than 53%, and in some years it has risen to 60%.

Domestic skinhead groups are quickly becoming politicized under the influence of radical political organizations. Among them are the “National Front”, “People’s National Party”, “National Power Party of Russia” (NDPR), “Freedom Party”, “Russian National Unity” (RNE), “Russian National Union” (ROS), “Russian Guard” ", etc. All these parties are illegal, but they operate openly.

Pickets, rallies and other mass protests held by activists in Russian cities are becoming regular nationalist movements. Increasingly, national extremists are demonstrating their strength.

Extremism and xenophobia (or phobias) are related, but have significant differences. Xenophobia (sometimes called xenophobia) usually refers to various manifestations of intolerance towards groups that are perceived by the mass consciousness as “alien”. The term xenophobia itself precisely means fears, wariness and hostility (i.e., phobias) towards strangers. A special case of xenophobia is ethnophobia (or ethnophobia) - fears directed both against specific ethnic communities and against a certain weakly differentiated conglomerate of “alien” peoples in the mass consciousness (“Caucasians”, “southerners”, “foreigners”).

Xenophobia is one of the features of mass consciousness, which is predominantly spontaneous in nature, even in those cases when it develops under the influence of targeted information and propaganda efforts, while extremism is a more or less formalized ideology and purposeful activity of organized groups, less often of individuals . Xenophobia is the most important source of extremism in several respects: firstly, extremist organizations are formed from the carriers of xenophobia; secondly, xenophobic stereotypes most often serve as raw material for extremist ideas. It is xenophobia that most of all limits the possibilities of all forms of countering extremism, since mass stereotypes of xenophobia have internal inertia and can exist for some time even without the propaganda influence of extremist forces.

Manifestations of xenophobia, including ethnophobia, have varying intensity, since both wariness and hostility can vary from suspicion to fear and from hostility to hatred. On the one hand, ethnophobia and xenophobia, like all phobias, are derived from the fear of losing “resources”; on the other hand, they are a consequence of the fear of “loss of one’s own identity.”

The resurgence of social, ethnic and religious intolerance that underlies extremism almost always accompanies historical change.

At the personal level, the preconditions for ethnic and religious extremism can be caused by almost any change in social status. Many sociological studies have recorded the increase in xenophobia and aggressiveness in the minds of people who have lowered their social status. But even “prosperous” people are not free from the dangers of xenophobia and aggression. As the gap between the aspirations of the individual and the possibilities for their satisfaction increases, aggressive attitudes increase; dissatisfaction usually leads to a search for the culprit - it becomes someone else - the government, competitive groups, representatives of other nations and religions.

At the level of society, ethnic and religious communities, manifestations of extremism increase during periods of historical changes that have begun but are not completed. In such conditions, the so-called “identity crisis” associated with the difficulties of social and cultural self-determination of the individual. The desire to overcome this crisis gives rise to a number of consequences that can act as prerequisites for political extremism, namely: people’s interest in consolidating in primary, natural, or as they are also called “primordial” communities (ethnic and religious); Traditionalism is intensifying and manifestations of xenophobia are growing.

Xenophobia, as a precursor of ethnic and religious extremism, also arises as a result of the self-affirmation of primordial communities based on negativism. At the same time, sociologists have recorded two opposite forms of such self-affirmation - on the one hand, negativism towards groups assessed as being lower than “us” on the civilizational ladder; on the other hand, negativism towards groups towards which “we” feel rivalry, disadvantage or resentment.

The “identity crisis” gives rise to negative ethnic consolidation (unifications of ethnic and religious groups based on the “against” principle). Sociological studies indicate the growth of ethnic self-awareness of almost all ethnic communities in Russia. There is nothing negative in the growth of ethnic self-awareness, but, unfortunately, the most emotionally expressed forms of ethnic self-reflection grow fastest.

6. Youth extremism.

The study of the essence, types, forms of manifestation of extremism among youth has important for the activities of state, federal, especially law enforcement agencies and intelligence services to prevent crimes by youth informal associations in modern conditions. The emergence of informal extremist associations in the Russian Federation and the intensification of their activities pose a threat to the security interests of Russia.

The introduction of extremism into the youth environment has now acquired a very large scale and has dangerous consequences for the future of our country, since the younger generation is a resource for national security, a guarantor of the progressive development of society and social innovation. Youth, due to natural and social features youth is able not only to adapt, but also to actively influence its positive change.

Youth informal associations are spontaneously formed communities that themselves create a structure. They have norms that are not established from the outside, which are not fixed in charters and instructions, but spontaneously arise in the process of communication, as a result of which they are perceived by all their members and take root, turning into individual specific attitudes and value orientations. Informals have different levels of organization. In some associations there is no clear structure on any basis, in others there is a stable composition, a leader, a leadership core, and there is a distribution of roles.

Informal associations arise on the basis of the subjective needs, interests and aspirations of individuals. The interest may be so specific, individual or perverted, which has not found support in existing structures, and which does not allow grouping many people. This becomes the basis of their ideology, elements of the unique culture of a significant part of young people, their standard, the norm of behavior. A system of norms and values ​​that is not fixed in charters and instructions that distinguish a group (association) from other formations is called a subculture. It is influenced by factors such as age, ethnic origin, religion, social group or place of residence.

Informal youth associations are mostly small in number (from 10 to 30 people), but when holding music, sports, etc. events, their numbers increase sharply. Their composition is mixed by age and gender, most of them are young men.

According to the degree of social danger/usefulness, youth informal movements (subcultures) are conventionally divided into radical (extremist), aggressive, socially dangerous, non-aggressive and prosocial. In cases where the movement consists of various multidirectional wings, the determination is made based on the priority vector of movement. At the same time, some movements can be classified into several categories at once, for example, aggressive formations can often be socially dangerous.

It is incorrect to consider informal groups as a force that necessarily opposes formal groups, already because informal relationships, and therefore groups, inevitably arise within every formal organization, as if “built-in” into it. Informality is not yet a sign of illegality, opposition to official authorities, scandalousness, or extremism. Another thing is that in practice there is a lot of formalism and bureaucracy in the activities of state and public organizations, that among the mass of informal groups there are those who behave provocatively, profess extremism, and take the path of illegal actions.

Extremist activities of youth informal associations are carried out in relation to government structures, individual politicians, associations, social systems or social groups, religious communities, religious figures, nations, nationalities, etc.

Hence the types of extremist-minded youth informal associations: those committing illegal actions for political purposes - political, economic purposes - socially oriented, on religious and spiritual grounds - religious, based on national enmity and hatred - national, environmental, cultural and these are not the only varieties groups. It is very difficult to draw a clear line between the above types, since they can act in combination and reinforce each other.

An analysis of the manifestations of extremism among young people shows that this is extremely dangerous phenomenon in the life of society creates a threat to public safety. Illegal acts committed recently by representatives of informal youth associations (football fans, skinheads, nationalists, left- and right-wing radical elements) cause a wide public outcry and can provoke a complication of the situation in the country and in particular in the capital.

Existing youth groups have become more aggressive, organized, and politicized. Their interregional ties are being actively strengthened, efforts are being made not only to develop a unified strategy of action, but also to coordinate issues of behavioral tactics. There is a tendency to consolidate disparate groups of fans, skinheads and representatives of national radical structures.

In connection with the above, countering extremist activities is one of the priorities of the internal affairs bodies.

Currently, informal youth groups can be divided into several groups:

1. Fans of sports teams

2. Nationalist groups (including skinheads)

3. Pro-Western fans of various musical genres (punks, rappers, etc.)

4. Fans of various cults (Satanists, Hare Krishnas, Goths, etc.)

5. Left-wing radical groups (AKM, NBP, SKM).

1.Fans of sports teams.

Fans of sports teams are the most famous and numerous among informal youth associations. Moscow fans publish their own printed publications - Spartak's "Ultra News", "Derzh" and "Gladiator", the army's "Russian Fan-Vestnik", Dynamo's "Wild west story", Torpedo's "Bulldog".

The established leaders of the “football hooligans” movement, as a rule, have a high level of education, have organizational skills, strong-willed qualities, strong ideological views, and are aimed at solving assigned problems by any methods, including violent ones, refusing any compromise solutions.

Increased activity of “young” groups of football fans has been noted. At the same time, illegal actions have become more daring in nature. As a rule, movement around the city is carried out by rented (buses or minibuses) or private transport. Often attacks are carried out on opposing groups that are several times smaller in number, and sometimes on single opponents, waiting for them near their places of residence. In fights, pyrotechnics are used, less often - pre-prepared baseball bats, and fragments of metal reinforcement.

In addition, there has been a tendency to use organized groups of fans to carry out criminal actions of a political nature.

Representatives of football fans are characterized by increased aggressiveness and a tendency to commit illegal acts that have a great public resonance. When moving in large groups, they cause damage to public and private transport, commercial enterprises, etc.

Crimes most often committed by “football hooligans” include hooliganism, harm to health, robbery, participation in riots, and vandalism.

2. Nationalist groups, including skinheads.

Conventionally, they can be classified into several categories.

The first is shaven-headed neo-Nazis, “pioneers”. These are mainly high school students, students of technical schools and vocational schools, and a number of students who know nothing about the skinhead subculture, but wear boots from various English companies, roll up their jeans (a sign of skinheads at a very early stage) and declare that they are Aryans and Nazis. These are the majority.

The most dangerous group - the third - are ideological skinheads - neo-Nazis, boneheads. They are more literate, legible, mostly older, they have the brain and the shock power of movement.

In fights, they use belts with a weighted buckle, wound around the hand, pre-prepared reinforcement. By social origin, the members of the organization are predominantly from among unskilled workers, many of them are unemployed, they are characterized by a low general educational and cultural level, many of them live in single-parent and problematic families. There is no formal membership in skinhead groups.

The greatest danger is posed by RONA - Russian National Liberation Army. This group declared itself after the actual cessation of the existence of “OB-88” in 2001–2002. RONA is organized according to the principle of “United Brigades”, but is much larger in composition. RONA consists mainly of young people aged 16 to 30 years, total number up to 100 people. The unifying feature is the idea of ​​race war and the cult of power. Leadership in this group is quite formal, decisions are mainly made collectively. Authority is enjoyed by any member of the group who has shown himself to be a decisive and cruel person in actions.

The second place in terms of influence on the “skin movement” in Moscow is occupied by the group “Russian Target”.

Currently, the influence of such an organization as “Russian National Unity” among young people is significantly weakened, although active propaganda of the movement is carried out on the Internet, as well as through the distribution of printed materials.

In addition to these organizations, the “Movement against Illegal Migration” and circles close to the editors of the magazine “Russian Host” actively cooperate with skinheads.

“Heavy Rock Corporation”: an association of musical groups “Corrosion of Metal”, “Kolovrat”, “Shmed”, “Vandal”, “Civil Defense” and others are engaged in distributing audio and video products of a nationalist orientation, organizing theme parties involving skinheads.

They are actively distributing propaganda materials containing the ideology of the “skinhead” movement in a number of specialized stores.

The skins' clothing is dominated by the "military" style (camouflage and military boots), short "bomber" jackets in black or khaki, suspenders, paramilitary caps - "gansovki", black jeans with loosely rolled up legs.

Skinheads, moving around the city in groups of 15-20 people, commit beatings and robberies of people from the North Caucasus region, from Asian and African countries, people without a fixed place of residence, and fans of Western musical styles. Through their activities, skinheads are trying to create an atmosphere of fear and intolerance, this is their danger.

Crimes typical of skinheads: bodily harm, murder, robbery, hooliganism, vandalism. They have an extremely negative attitude towards drug use.

3. Punks, rappers and other fans of Western music styles.

Punks appeared as a movement of eternally protesting nihilists, and their protest was expressed not only in music, but also in appearance. Their main task was to go against everyone. They usually do not join any political parties.

Benchmarks emerged as a way of self-expression for low-income working people. Rap originally appeared as dance music and was very well received by a new generation of young residents, first of American cities, and then of the whole world.

4.Satanists.

Satanism, like Hasidism, grew out of Judaism and its secret fanatical and cabalistic sects. Until the 18th century, it developed as a secret Jewish sect, and then, spinning off from Judaism, it became one of the most influential movements of Freemasonry. The core of the rituals of the satanic sects, like the secret savage Jewish sects that preceded them, were bloody rituals.

Satanists believe that the blood of innocent victims is the main guarantee of the success of their rituals of worshiping Satan.

A surge in passion for Satanism in certain circles of the informal youth environment was observed after the start of perestroika. The exact number of adherents and those interested is unknown.

Satanic cults are the most savage and criminogenic variety of destructive cults, even compared to other totalitarian sects. The “morality” of Satanists is based not only on the denial, but also on the complete perversion of Christian vital values. All major Orthodox rituals and prayers among Satanists have variants that are opposite in meaning, but similar in form. The basis of the Satanist cult is sacrifice. The real sacrifice for them is not murder as such, but the mortal pangs of a living creature. Magical actions are performed on him. Animals are often sacrificed. Also, narcotic and psychotropic substances are actively used.

Satanists have not identified clear leaders. They are divided into separate groups, communicating mainly at thematic music concerts in various clubs. They are not known for their aggressiveness towards representatives of other informal associations; they usually carry out their actions in cemeteries, ruins, etc.

5. Left-wing radical groups.

The activities of left-radical groups (“Vanguard of Red Youth”, “National Bolshevik Party”, “Union of Communist Youth”) fall under the signs of acts provided for in Articles 282.1 (“organization of an extremist community”) and 282.2 (“organization of the activities of an extremist organization”) of the Criminal Code Code of the Russian Federation, which are being developed by the authorities for the fight against organized crime.

In recent years, there has been a fairly widespread involvement of young people in extremist organizations and movements. This is explained not only by dissatisfaction with the material side of life. The decline in the ideological component in the educational process has led to the loss of moral guidelines by some young people. Moral values ​​traditional for the Russian mentality, such as patriotism, internationalism, religious tolerance, were subjected to large-scale destructive processing from the outside (often taking the form of manipulation public consciousness). It is young people, who are unable to critically approach the content of media publications due to lack of life experience, who turned out to be most susceptible to such influence.

As a result, one should note the disorientation of some young people, lack of spirituality, lack of clear ideas about the history and prospects for the development of the country, as well as the loss of a sense of belonging and responsibility for its fate.

7. The most active radical movements.

ABOUT harrow - Russian youth socio-political movement. It became famous in early 2005. Has no leader. Member of the opposition coalition “The Other Russia”.

Ideology: Liberalism, social liberalism, social democracy

Allies and blocs: NBP, United Front, Other Russia, Human Rights Movement “For Human Rights”, Movement “Smena”

Activists and ideologists: Yuri Nabutovsky, Eduard Glezin, Oleg Kozlovsky, Alexey Kazakov

It was created in Moscow on March 12, 2005 on the initiative of young activists of the Yabloko, SPS and non-party youth parties. Initially it was assumed that it would become a coalition of youth organizations, but Defense soon transformed into an association of individual citizens. During the formation of the movement, three coordinators were elected: Sergey Zhavoronkov, Dmitry Kokorev And Ilya Yashin.

On April 3, 2005, the first public action of the movement took place - a protest rally “Enough of Putin!”, in which about 200 people took part.

“Defense” has a network structure in which each regional organization retains significant independence, and horizontal connections predominate over vertical ones. Coordination of actions on federal level carried out by the Defense Council, which consists of representatives of all regions, and All-Russian Committee Defense, elected by the Council. The largest regional organizations are managed by coordinating councils, others by coordinators.

A vanguard of red youth (abbreviated as AKM) is a Bolshevik communist organization (of the Stalinist direction) in the countries of the former USSR and abroad, mainly youth. Chairman of AKM - Sergei Udaltsov (never re-elected). AKM was created in 1998. From 1998 to 2004, it was the youth wing (and in fact the strike combat group) of Viktor Anpilov’s Labor Russia. After disagreements arose with the leadership of Labor Russia regarding the ways of development of the organization and communist movement In general, there is a split in the AKM. The vast majority of members of the organization, together with Sergei Udaltsov, are separating from Labor Russia. From 2004 to 2006, AKM was the youth wing of the CPSU of Oleg Shenin. This period can be characterized by AKM as one of the brightest youth organizations of the radical left spectrum. During this period, AKM becomes international. Numerous regional offices are being created. The formal size of the organization, according to statements by its leaders, ranges from 4 to 6 thousand young people. In 2006, the organization decided to leave Oleg Shenin from the CPSU. Currently he cooperates with the opposition coalition “The Other Russia” (in particular, he takes part in the Marches of Dissent), but is not a member of it.

AKM actively cooperates with the communist parties of Russia (CPRF, RCRP) and in 2008 became the main unifying force of the Left Front.

Another Russia is an opposition public association in Russia, operating since 2006, whose goal is to achieve a change in the existing political regime using legal methods of political struggle.

From autumn 2006 to summer 2007 central authority The “Other Russia” coalition was a Political Meeting. Its purpose is to coordinate efforts, promote general program and political mobilization of the masses. The meeting included representatives of political organizations participating in the forum.

After Mikhail Kasyanov and the RNDS left the coalition, the Political Conference ceased its work. After this, from July to September, the organizing committee of “The Other Russia” operated, later transformed into the Executive Committee.

To date, the following organizations are represented in the Executive Committee of “The Other Russia”: United Civil Front (UCF); National Bolshevik Party (NBP) - National Bolsheviks (after ban, as individual citizens; some are subject to criminal prosecution on suspicion of affiliation); Youth movement"Defense"; Youth organization "Smena"; Movement for Human Rights.

The following organizations were previously part of the Political Conference or the organizing committee of the “Other Russia”, but for one reason or another left the coalition: Republican Party of Russia (RPR); Movement “For a Decent Life”; Labor Russia; Russian People's Democratic Union (VDU); Vanguard of Red Youth (AKM).

Key persons: Garry Kasparov - chess player, chairman of the UCF; Eduard Limonov - writer, publicist, chairman of the NBP, after its ban, the de facto leader of the National Bolsheviks; Sergey Gulyaev - ex-deputy of the Legislative Assembly of St. Petersburg, leader of the Russian national liberation movement “PEOPLE”; Lev Ponomarev is the leader of the movement “For Human Rights”.

L 1st front - a left-wing political association. The socialist “Left Front” included representatives of the non-party opposition, in particular the “Vanguard of Red Youth”, the Revolutionary Communist Youth Union, the Russian Communist Party-CPSU (RCP-CPSU), several National Bolsheviks, members of “Working Russia”, the Union of Communist Youth, the Revolutionary -Communist Youth League, Islamic Committee, Association of Marxist Organizations.

According to the leaders of the new organization, they intend to “occupy the niche of street protest,” but do not rule out the possible transformation of the Left Front into a party.

The association is led by a coordination council of 30 people. Among them are Sergei Udaltsov, Alexey Prigarin, State Duma deputy from “ Fair Russia» Ilya Ponomarev, director of the Institute “Collective Action” Karin Clément, head of the Islamic Committee Heydar Dzhemal. “Left Front” intends to engage in local self-government, work with trade unions and associations of citizens fighting development.

National Bolshevik Party (NBP) is a Russian socio-political organization that did not have official party status and was banned in 2007. Leader: Eduard Limonov

Allies and blocs: UCF, AVN, SKM, DPNI, N.A.R.O.D., AKM, Other Russia, Labor Russia, Human Rights Movement “For Human Rights”, “Defense”, A.R.E.S.

Ideology: national Bolshevism, socialism, Bolshevism, situationism, nationalism, communism, anarcho-communism, Eurasianism.

Initially considered a radical nationalist organization, at the end of its existence the NBP acquired the image of a more left-wing, socialist organization.

At the beginning of 2006, the NBP was denied registration as a political party, and in 2007, the NBP was recognized by the court as an extremist organization and its activities were banned on the territory of the Russian Federation. The NBP is the only large-scale all-Russian organization officially recognized by the court as extremist under the law “On Combating Extremist Activities.”

In modern political jargon, party members are called “Limonovites” or “National Bolsheviks.”

Antifa(short for anti-fascism) - international movement, whose goal is to fight fascism. Unites left, radical left and autonomous parties, as well as public organizations fighting neo-Nazism and racism.

Modern anti-fascists in Russia are represented by both informal groups (which call themselves “antifa”) and organizations (Youth Human Rights Movement, Network Against Racism and Intolerance, Memorial International Society) that share anti-fascist ideas.

The activities of the Youth Human Rights Movement are funded by the MacArthur Foundation, which has allocated two- and three-year grants to this organization in the amount of $100,000 and $225,000, respectively, for “activities to reduce xenophobia in Voronezh.” One of the anti-fascist Internet sites “Antifa” in Russia is registered in the name of the MPD in order to hide the names of activists involved in its support.

Critics from the opposing camp call antifa "anti-Russian fascists" due to the fact that, in their opinion, antifa is hostile towards ethnic Russians.

Political opponents also accuse antifa of inflating the myth of Russian fascism in order to receive Western grants to fight it.

"Steel" (from the words “Student Alternative”) is a youth patriotic movement created in May 2007 in St. Petersburg by the leaders of student activists of universities in the city of St. Petersburg. Activists of the movement take part in the All-Russian youth educational forum “Seliger”. At the forum, movement activists developed and presented the following projects: “Antiterror”, “Leader”, “Delo”, “STEEL-Project”, “Foreign Legion”, “Extreme”. The Anti-Terror project was created to “prevent the implementation of extremist activities during mass actions, meetings, rallies, demonstrations and processions and the implementation of a program for the development of tolerance in schools and universities in the city.” As the organizers stated, this project will have, first of all, an “educational focus.”

According to them, the movement has a “socio-political orientation.”

« Autonomous action "(AD) is an interregional anarcho-communist association whose goal is to implement libertarian communism (free communism), based on principles such as direct democracy, public self-government and federalism. The association exists in the countries of the former USSR, mainly in Russia and Belarus.

Founded: 2002

Ideology: anarchism, communism, anti-fascism, feminism, protection of nature.

D movement against illegal immigration (DPNI) is a social movement that has declared its goal to combat illegal immigration in Russia. Goals and ideological basis movements are similar to modern trends in European politics, expressed by such large legal parties as the National Front in France and the Austrian Freedom Party.

The movement is not registered as a public organization.

From its founding until May 17, 2008, the coordinator of DPNI-Russia was Vladimir Basmanov. On July 12, 2008, at the 1st All-Russian Congress of the DPNI, Alexander Belov (Potkin) was elected head of the Movement. At the same Congress, the National Council was elected.

DPNI organizes mass actions - pickets, rallies, processions.

WITH Slavic union (SS) is an ultra-right National Socialist movement that aims to create a Russian national state.

The movement was formed in September 1999. The leader of the Slavic Union is D.N. Dyomushkin, famous for his support of skinheads. Operates almost throughout the entire territory of the Russian Federation.

At the “Right March” on November 4, 2005, about 20 skinheads under an “SS” flag with a stylized swastika performed a “Roman salute” at the request of photojournalists (photos of “Russian fascists” were published in many newspapers).

In 2006, the name National Socialist Movement “Slavic Union” (NSD SS) was adopted.

« Patriots of Russia "(Political Party "Patriots of Russia") is a center-left political party in the Russian Federation. Created in April 2005 based on the unification of a number of parties and public organizations included in the Patriots of Russia coalition (formally and legally, the party was founded by renaming and changing the leadership of the Russian Party of Labor at its next congress). A significant part of the party members joined the “Patriots of Russia” party: “National-Sovereign Party of Russia”, “Russian Party of Labor” and “Eurasian Party - Union of Patriots of Russia”. The party was re-registered under a new name in July 2005.

The leader of the party is Gennady Semigin, chairman of the People's Government (created in March 2005), chairman of the Coordination Council of the People's Patriotic Union of Russia (NPSR).

On November 23, 2008, at the congress, the party unanimously voted for unification in the form of joining the Russian Political Party of Peace and Unity to the PR.

ABOUT united civil front (OGF) (full name “All-Russian public movement in defense of democratic freedoms “United Civil Front”) is a Russian social movement founded by G. Kasparov in June 2005. The UCF is a member of the opposition coalition “The Other Russia”. At the beginning of November 2006, the OCF was officially registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation. The FGF has more than 50 regional branches. The program and charter of the FGU were adopted on February 25, 2006 at the III conference of the FGF.

The UGF participated in the organization of almost all Dissent Marches.

In October 2006, the Dormitory Movement of Moscow and the Moscow Region accused the United Front of Provocations of provocations.

Union of Soviet Officers – interregional public organization of military personnel. Associated with the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.

Created in February 1996 at the first founding congress in Moscow. It is built on a territorial basis.

The Union of Soviet Officers includes 62 republican, regional and regional organizations. Unites more than 25 thousand members.

Leaders - V. Tkachenko (chairman of the presidium Central Council), E. Kopyshev.

Ideology: communism, patriotism, internationalism.

For human rights – a human rights public political movement that defends human rights.

The executive director of the movement is human rights activist L. Ponomarev.

The Movement “For Human Rights” was created on November 20, 1997. At the moment, the movement includes 80 regional and local human rights organizations.

R Russian People's Democratic Union – Russian socio-political movement of centrist democratic orientation. Established in 2006. Leader – former (2000-2004) Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation M. M. Kasyanov.

On April 8, 2006, the Founding Conference of the movement was held in Moscow. The initiative group of the movement included M. Kasyanov, K. Merzlikin, G. Pushko, I. Khakamada and others. About 200 people representing 41 regions of the country took part in the conference.

United Democratic Movement " Solidarity "(ODD "Solidarity") is a Russian socio-political movement. The movement declares its intention to unite citizens who share the values ​​of democracy, human rights, the rule of law and are negatively disposed towards the current government.

Supreme body The Solidarity movement is a Congress convened by the Federal Political Council (FPS) at least once a year. The first congress of Solidarity took place on December 12-13, 2008.

The Congress elects a Federal Political Council of 39 people. The composition of the current FPS: B. Nemtsov, V. Kara-Murza (Jr.), I. Starikov, V. Milov, G. Kasparov, L. Ponomarev, A. Boldyrev, V. Prokhorov, A. Malyavsky, Yu. Malysheva, M. Cooperman, A. Baturin and others.

To quickly resolve issues, the Federal Political Council forms the Bureau of the Federal Border Guard Service. D. Bilunov was elected executive director of the movement.

Regional branches of Solidarity are being formed in the constituent entities of the federation. The supreme body of the regional branch (RO) is the RO Conference, which meets at least once a year. At the moment, there are regional organizations in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Arkhangelsk, Voronezh, Trans-Baikal Territory, Ivanovo, Irkutsk, Kaluga, Krasnodar Territory, Kurgan, Lipetsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Perm region, Ryazan, Saratov, Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Ulyanovsk, Ufa, Chelyabinsk.

PEOPLE (National Russian Liberation Movement) is a Russian liberal-nationalist opposition supra-party movement that unites various forces dissatisfied with the power of Putin and his team. The movement was announced on April 15, 2007 at the March of Dissent; the founding conference was held on June 25, 2007. The organizers of this political project were the Moscow regional branch of the RDP “Yabloko”, the Moscow regional branch of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the organization “The Other Russia” and the national Bolshevik writer Z. Prilepin. Leader - S. Gulyaev.

Allies and blocs: Yabloko, SPS, United Front, NBP, SKM, DPNI, AKM, Other Russia

Ideology: national democracy, social democracy.

Eurasian Youth Union (ESM, the names “Eurasians”, “Young Eurasians” are used) is an all-Russian youth political organization. Created in 2005 as a youth structure within the framework of the International “Eurasian Movement”, headed by Alexander Dugin.

Eurasians, as traditionalists, are characterized by a sharp rejection of the modern world and its values, which are contrasted with the values ​​of the sacred world of “Tradition.” The main representative of the Eurasian paradigm of the “modern world” is the United States and liberal ideology.

The organization is characterized by the press as nationalist and extremist. The activities are aimed at “recreating the great Russian Empire.” Many ESM actions are regarded as vandalism and provocations. ESM is officially banned in Ukraine. The negative position of the Ukrainian government towards the ESM is caused by aggressive actions, including desecration of the symbols of Ukraine, a pogrom at the exhibition “Holodomor in Ukraine” and “egg-throwing” at the Ukrainian Embassy in Moscow.

8. Responsibility for offenses of an extremist nature

In order to adequately respond to existing threats, in recent years the state has taken a significant set of legislative and organizational measures aimed at creating a state system for countering extremism in Russia.

For the first time in Russia, a special law (“On countering extremist activities” dated July 25, 2002 No. 114-FZ) clarified the basic concepts and terms, as well as the basic principles and directions of countering extremist activities, criminal and administrative liability for these illegal acts was established by law .

In addition, in accordance with the Federal Law “On Combating Extremist Activities,” the following are identified as subjects of anti-extremist activities: federal authorities state authorities, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies that participate in countering extremist activities within their competence, and also, as a matter of priority, carry out preventive, including educational, propaganda measures aimed at preventing extremist activities.

Basically, such work is carried out within the framework of the work of advisory bodies, whose competence includes coordinating the activities of various structures for the prevention of both extremism and other crimes among youth.

Also, work on the prevention of youth extremism is carried out by departments (committees) for youth affairs of the administrations of the constituent entities of the Federation, which are entrusted with the task of developing and implementing youth policy in the region.

A significant amount of preventive measures is provided for in various regional programs.

An important organizational function in coordinating the activities of all law enforcement agencies in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the fight against extremism is performed by the Regional Anti-Terrorism Commissions (hereinafter referred to as the RAC).

The topic of countering youth extremism is regularly discussed at meetings of the RAC both through the internal affairs bodies and through the FSB Directorate for each subject of the Russian Federation.

During anti-extremist events, including among youth, great importance is given to the interaction of units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the FSB of Russia.

The joint work of the operational units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the FSB in the framework of countering politicized youth extremist organizations has proven to be the most effective.

Also, employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, together with the FSB of Russia, regularly hold working meetings with diaspora leaders, during which they work out information about the involvement of representatives of certain diasporas in committing extremist actions and disseminating radical ideas, and agree on common approaches in the fight against extremism.

It should be noted that a significant role in the system of countering extremism belongs to the internal affairs bodies, which is determined by their functions in identifying, suppressing and solving extremist crimes, as well as in preventing crimes and other antisocial manifestations that can lead to the emergence of extremism.

The activities of operational and other departments of internal affairs bodies in the fight against extremism are based on preventive work.

A positive result of prevention depends on many factors, including professional literacy, the competence of internal affairs officers, and a clear definition of the scope of their functional responsibilities.

10. Trends in the development of extremism.

Assessing crime trends is both a retrospective and a forward-looking analysis: how crime has changed, in what direction these changes are occurring, what it might be like, at least in the near future.

Crime is studied and assessed in the unity of its qualitative and quantitative characteristics, as well as its various manifestations (facts of crimes, persons who committed them, victims of crimes, damage.)

It is known that when committing organized (pre-planned, premeditated) crimes, as well as crimes involving the presence of criminal professional skills, their subjects take measures in advance to conceal such acts and evade the prescribed responsibility. The latency of such crime can be especially high.

The latency of crime, the successful detection, suppression, detection of crimes, bringing their subjects to criminal liability are strongly influenced by at least the following circumstances:

— the desire of individuals and legal entities, including victims, to cooperate with law enforcement agencies in exposing criminals;

— changes in crime characteristics. In particular, with the emergence of new types of organized crimes that require criminal professionalism, the legislator and law enforcement agencies do not immediately react to this phenomenon and begin to successfully resist it;

- lack of criminologically determined, effective, relatively stable and consistent legal basis combating changing crime.

What is important is a systematic approach when adopting new laws and harmonizing their provisions with existing norms, as well as laws and international legal treaties, etc.;

— insufficient professionalism of a considerable number of law enforcement officers due to the significant proportion of young specialists among such employees, the insufficient development of the mentoring institution;

— lack of established uniform practice in the application of existing laws, in particular by the courts. This is especially evident in the criminal legal assessment of relatively recently criminalized acts, as well as organized crimes, organized criminal groups: illegal armed groups, gangs, criminal communities (criminal organizations), etc.;

— organizational and material support for the investigation. Including the possibility of conducting expensive examinations and attracting highly qualified experts and specialists;

- anti-crime policy - setting optimal priorities in responding to various crimes, crimes of various subjects, legal and organizational resource support for such a response, based on a criminological assessment of changes in crime and analysis of historical domestic and foreign experience, etc.

Success in preventing extremism largely depends on the degree of mutual trust between law enforcement agencies, public organizations, including human rights organizations, the media, and their readiness to counter it.

The concept of extremist activity is given in the Federal Law of July 25, 2002 “On Combating Extremist Activities.” Article 1 of the Law interprets extremist activity as:

Violent change in the foundations of the constitutional system and violation of the integrity of the Russian Federation;

Public justification of terrorism and other terrorist activities;

Inciting social, racial, national or religious hatred;

Propaganda of exclusivity, superiority or inferiority of a person on the basis of his social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion;

Violation of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of a person and citizen, depending on his social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion;

Obstructing citizens from exercising their voting rights and the right to participate in a referendum or violating the secrecy of voting, coupled with violence or the threat of its use;

Obstruction of the legitimate activities of state bodies, local governments, election commissions, public and religious associations or other organizations, combined with violence or the threat of its use;

Committing crimes for the reasons specified in paragraph "e" of part one of Article 63 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation;

Propaganda and public display of Nazi paraphernalia or symbols or paraphernalia or symbols that are confusingly similar to Nazi paraphernalia or symbols;

Public calls for the implementation of these acts or mass distribution of obviously extremist materials, as well as their production or storage for the purpose of mass distribution;

Public knowingly false accusation of a person holding a public office of the Russian Federation or a public office of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation of committing, during the performance of his official duties, the acts specified in this article and constituting a crime;

Organization and preparation of these acts, as well as incitement to their implementation;

Financing of these acts or other assistance in their organization, preparation and implementation, including through the provision of educational, printing and material and technical base, telephone and other types of communications or the provision of information services. Dyakov, S. V. Crimes against the foundations of the constitutional order and security of the state: criminal law and criminological research / S. V. Dyakov. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House of R. Aslanov “Legal Center Press”, 2009. -P.167

It is believed that the word “extremism” comes from the Latin word “extremus” - “extreme”, that is, something that goes beyond certain boundaries or norms. In dictionaries, extremism is interpreted as adherence to extreme views and measures. In the legal literature, extremism is defined in different ways. According to A.G. Khlebushkin, extremism is an illegal activity, the implementation of which causes or may cause significant harm to the foundations of the constitutional system or the constitutional foundations of interpersonal relations. In this concept, he did not reflect the subjective essence of extremism.

The definition of extremism given by Yu.I. lacks the noted drawback. Avdeev and A.Ya. Guskov: “...Extremism is an antisocial socio-political phenomenon, which is a socially and psychologically conditioned, ideologically motivated use of extreme forms and methods in socio-political relations.”

The current Russian legislation does not contain the concept of “extremism”, but it is included in international legal acts.

According to Article 1 of the Shanghai Convention of June 15, 2001 “On the fight against terrorism, separatism and extremism”, extremism is any act aimed at the violent seizure of power or the forcible retention of power, as well as a violent change in the constitutional system of the state, as well as violent encroachment on public safety, including the organization for these purposes of illegal armed groups or participation in them, and prosecuted criminally.

At the same time, it represents a whole direction within the framework of modern ideological currents and socio-political movements seeking to influence the process social development, based on their own norms and dogmas. The theoretical justification of extremism comes down to the fact that modern society has lost the ability to constructively and non-violently solve socio-political problems.

The nature of extremist theory lies in the logical development of any ideas or views taken out of context. Most of these theories are based on a small number of theoretical premises, which are often absolutized and overgrown with a number of consequences and conclusions. It should also be emphasized that extremist movements, as a rule, are not associated with power and strive for dictatorship. All types of extremism use conspiracy theories.

The object of aggressive attacks by extremists are all modern socio-political, economic institutions, power structures that seem imperfect, since they, according to the ideologists of extremism, are the main obstacle to establishing the foundations of a new order. Borisov, S. The essence of extremist crimes / S. Borisov // Justice of the Peace.-2009.-No.4.-P.9

The practice of extremism consists of active and immediate, and therefore aggressive actions to establish a new order in the state, come to power, and achieve other political and economic goals.

Moderate extremists are willing to use existing government institutions; radical ones inevitably slide into methods of terror.

Extremism poses a real threat to the national security of the Russian Federation. Russia, as a multinational country, is formed in accordance with national-territorial and administrative-territorial principles. Therefore, extremist actions are directed not only against a specific person. Donika, E.E. On some problems of countering extremism in Russia at the present stage / E. E. Donika // Proceedings of the Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.-2008.-No. 3.-P.6

Manifestations of extremism are quite diverse - from inciting civil hatred or enmity to the functioning of numerous illegal armed groups that set themselves the goals of changing the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and violating its territorial integrity. The intersection of extremist manifestations and crimes has led to the emergence of a new type of socially dangerous activity - criminal extremism. At the same time, elements of organization are not alien to crime of an extremist nature.

Extremist activities can be carried out with the help of extremist materials. They are understood as documents or information on other media intended for publication, calling for the implementation of extremist activities or substantiating or justifying the need for such activities, including the works of the leaders of the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany, the Fascist Party of Italy, publications substantiating or justifying national and (or) racial superiority or justifying the practice of committing military or other crimes aimed at the complete or partial destruction of any ethnic, social, racial, national or religious group.

Calls to carry out extremist activities mean inflammatory actions, verbal or written, aimed at achieving a specified goal. These calls must be public, i.e. be committed directly in the presence of third parties or (if they written form) in the expectation that other persons will become familiar with them later (for example, pasting posters or slogans with relevant content). The expectation of becoming familiar with the content of other people's appeals in the future may also be characteristic of oral appeals through the use of, for example, tape recordings. Commentary on the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation / rep. ed. V. I. Radchenko, scientific. ed. A. S. Mikhlin, V. A. Kazakova.-M.: Prospekt, 2009.-P.586

In fact, extremism is also characterized by its internal qualifying features, therefore, when defining it, it is necessary to take into account not only the ongoing government policy and the state of the social situation in the country, but also the essence of extremism. Currently, it is becoming widespread throughout Russia.

As a result of the analysis of legislation and literature on extremism, the following characteristics can be identified.

Firstly, extremism is a specific act. From the point of view of law, adherence to extreme measures and views, devotion to reactionary, political, religious and other theories, teachings, and views cannot be considered extremism. It is generally accepted in law that extremist, reactionary ideas, beliefs and sentiments, even if expressed in one form or another and becoming known to outsiders, should not be recognized as offenses. Otherwise, it would be necessary to ban the activities of communist parties, anarchist organizations, religious sects, etc.

Secondly, extremism is the use of extreme, radical forms and methods of activity. “Extreme” implies, as stated in the 2001 Shanghai Convention, physical or mental violence. However, extremists can also commit non-violent actions, for example, producing and distributing extremist materials, inciting hatred or enmity based on gender, race, nationality, language or membership in any group.

Thirdly, all types of extremist activities that are listed in Art. 1 of the Federal Law “On Combating Extremist Activities” is connected by one feature - an ideological basis, which is expressed in the denial of any dissent, xenophobia, and the desire to impose one’s theories and views on other people.

Fourthly, if we consider extremism from a legal point of view, then its characteristic is the illegality of extremist actions, that is, their prohibition by law. They may be prohibited by criminal, administrative and other branches of law. Extremist actions are recognized by the legislator as illegal because they cause harm to certain public relations. If extremist actions cause significant harm to legally protected benefits and interests, then they should be recognized as criminal. In any case, significant harm is caused when there is an encroachment on the peace and security of the state, a violation of the constitutional rights and freedoms of man and citizen, as well as the use of physical or mental violence against victims for extremist reasons.

Fifthly, legal entities and individuals can be subjects of extremist activity. For example, both citizens, including officials, and legal entities bear administrative responsibility for the production and distribution of extremist materials.

From the point of view of the state-political approach, an additional sign must be introduced, which is a sign of public danger. Only those supporters of extreme views and measures can be recognized as extremists, from a state-political point of view, whose adherence to their beliefs directly or indirectly threatens the security of the individual, society and state. If they do not pose such a danger, then classifying them as extremists can only be of a purely formal, casuistic nature.

For example, convinced supporters of the view that the Americans never landed on the Moon and all their “evidence” of being there was filmed in Hollywood pavilions obviously do not pose any serious danger to anyone (at least in Russia). At the same time, supporters of, for example, a complete ban on abortion pose a certain danger for some women who may need an abortion for medical reasons. However, supporters of extreme freedom of abortion also pose a certain social danger, both from the point of view of the morality and health of society, and from the point of view of its demographic security. Finally, supporters, for example, of the doctrine of anarchism, which calls for the complete abolition of the state, pose the most serious danger to society, and the greater the wider the movement of supporters of such ideas and the more violent methods they fight against opponents of such views and programs.

The examples given were intended to demonstrate the existence of varying degrees of danger from various forms of extremism. Therefore, even with the addition of the sign of public danger, we still do not receive grounds for qualifying extremism from a state-political point of view. The state and society should be mainly interested in dangerous, very dangerous and extremely dangerous forms of extremism. Extremism of minor social danger does not deserve serious government and public attention and should be perceived with a certain degree of tolerance. In other words, extremism is allocated to a special state-political category not so much because it represents a certain extreme, but because such an extreme carries with it a high or extreme danger for the individual, society and the state.

From a state-political point of view, determining the degree of public danger of a particular form of extremism should be developed not behind the scenes by experts, but democratically - in the course of broad public, scientific and parliamentary discussions, with final reliance on the broad public opinion of a particular country. It should be borne in mind that the same forms of extremism pose different dangers to different countries. So, for example, racism and extreme nationalism (ethnocentrism) are not relevant or dangerous currently in the context of Japan or Korea, but are very dangerous in countries such as Russia (or the former Yugoslavia). Accordingly, the degree of counteraction to these forms of extremism in different societies should be different. In this case, there is no single international standard applicable to all countries and peoples at the same time.

So, extremism, from a state-political point of view, should be recognized as the commitment of specific individuals or organizations to extreme views and measures of social practice that carry a high degree of danger (potential or actual) for the individual, society and the state. The degree of such danger should be determined on the basis of a broad public opinion, during scientific, public and parliamentary discussions. Measures taken to prevent and counter specific forms of extremism must correspond to the degree of their public danger in a particular country.

However, this more specific definition of extremism is still not enough to fully penetrate its essence. Further specification of this definition requires addressing the social causes and conditions that give rise to dangerous forms of extremism.

Such causes and conditions in the most general form are social contradictions. The social and state fabric of a modern highly developed society with a fairly rich culture and history is permeated with many different contradictions, among which the contradictions between large and super-large groups of people are of particular importance for understanding the essence of extremism, among which the following should be highlighted.

1. Interreligious and interconfessional contradictions.

2. Interethnic and cultural-ethnic contradictions.

3. Interracial contradictions.

4. Political contradictions (between forces fighting for power in the state).

5. Interethnic (interstate, international) contradictions.

6. Interclass contradictions.

7. Market and economic contradictions (between representatives of various sectors of the modern economy and various global players in the modern market).

8. Ideological contradictions (between adherents of different ideological movements and doctrines, offering different forms and methods for resolving all social contradictions).

These main contradictions exist in society objectively, regardless of the will and desires of people, and in public life they manifest themselves in the form of interpersonal and intergroup conflicts.

During these conflicts and their understanding warring parties develop certain ideologies and programs aimed at fundamentally resolving these conflicts. And it is precisely in the specifics of these fundamental permissions that socially dangerous extremism may lie.

From this point of view, the essence of extremism is that one of the parties to a social conflict (or both parties) chooses a method of resolving it that comes down to the moral, legal or even physical destruction of one of the parties to the conflict. Instead of a civilized and socially fruitful way of resolving objective contradictions (and the life of society consists of such everyday resolution of these contradictions), an irreconcilable, antagonistic method is chosen, based on the idea of ​​​​the fundamental unsolvability of a contradiction without the moral, legal or physical destruction of one of the parties.

It is with the choice by the parties to the conflict of this approach and with its implementation in practice that social conflicts become aggravated to the maximum, and the normal life of society begins to be threatened with increased danger. The social danger of extremism, therefore, consists in its choosing an irreconcilable, antagonistic position in relation to its opponent (or adversary) in a particular social conflict that exists within the framework of objective social contradictions.

At the same time, fascism and national socialism, as forms of extremist ideology, establish a whole “bouquet” of insoluble contradictions. First of all, this is racism as a contradiction between the “Aryan” master race and all other “inferior” peoples subject to Aryan enslavement and subjugation. Within the framework of this conflict, German fascism attaches special importance to the conflict with the Jewish people as the most “evil”, subject to complete elimination. Fascism is equally uncompromising towards its ideological opponents - liberalism and communism (socialism). Less radical, but quite harshly, fascism relates to the big bourgeoisie, to the church, to market forms of economic regulation, to supporters of freedom of thought, etc.

Thus, the most socially dangerous, from a state-political point of view, are such extremist doctrines, programs and forms of socio-political action that deny one of the aspects of the objective social contradiction and social conflict an equal right to exist, declaring the coexistence of the parties to the conflict in one form or another impossible and calling for moral, legal or even physical violence against one’s opponent, his property, values, shrines, etc.

To summarize, we can formulate the following concept: extremism is antisocial behavior of individuals or legal entities, which is expressed in the unlawful use of violence or other extreme forms and methods of activity motivated by political, ideological, racial, national, religious hatred or enmity, hatred or enmity towards any social group and similar ideological motives.

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Who are extremists in modern Russia?

The Prosecutor General's Office has recognized a threefold increase in crimes of an “extremist” nature in Russia over the past five years.

What is extremism in Russia, why is it becoming popular among all layers and ages of the population? Why did the entire population suddenly gravitate toward extremist views, and is it even possible to call extremism in Russia what we call this word? Let's try to understand together what does it mean to be an extremist in modern Russia?.

Wikipedia gives the following explanation for the growth of extremism: “The growth of extremism is usually facilitated by: socio-economic crises, a sharp drop in the living standards of the bulk of the population, a totalitarian political regime with the suppression of the opposition by the authorities, and the persecution of dissent. In such situations, extreme measures may become for some individuals and organizations the only opportunity to really influence the situation, especially if a revolutionary situation develops or the state is engulfed in a long civil war - we can talk about “forced extremism.” (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DD%EA%F1%F2%F0%E5%EC%E8%E7%EC)

So, since the Prosecutor General's Office recognizes a threefold increase in extremist crimes, it means it admits -

· sharp decline in living standards of the bulk of the population

totalitarian political regime with suppression of the opposition by the authorities

It just so happens that extremism is growing precisely thanks to these components. And in general, what do we mean by extremism in Russia?

The authorities understand extremism literally as follows:

· If a person publicly says that he is against the existing government, then he is an extremist.

· If a person says that it is necessary to remove parliamentary and presidential immunity and imprison half of the authorities, he is an extremist.

· If a person has nothing in general against Islam, but says that it is forbidden to slaughter sheep on the street, he is an extremist

· If a person says that all government officials stole, he is an extremist.

· If a person simply says that he is Russian and is proud of it, then he is an extremist, a nationalist and even a fascist.

· If a person says that United Russia has usurped power and has become an order of magnitude worse than the CPSU, he is an extremist.

· etc. ad infinitum, this list can be continued

That is, what do we have? Any free expression, any truth about power, any condemnation of the theft of power structures, any condemnation of the illegal actions of persons of non-Russian nationality is called extremism, any criticism of the president and legislators is called extremism in Russia. Of course, this is absurd, we are told that we have a democratic society and at the same time all democratic freedoms are called extremism. Any manifestation of free-thinking and the desire to express one’s opinion is also extremism. In fact, a situation has developed in Russia where any honest person who speaks about the country’s problems or criticizes the existing system falls under the government’s concept of extremism.

It turns out exactly the opposite - democratic freedoms are extremism, and honest people those who are not afraid to exercise their democratic rights are extremists.

Well, at the end of such a gloomy article and reflections, to lighten the mood a little, to the extremists reading this I will give several examples of historically famous extremists. Oh, may the Russian Land not be depleted of extremists – that is, people of honesty and principle.

The Terek flows over the stones,

A muddy wave splashes;

Angry Chechen crawls ashore

Sharpening his dagger;

lines M.Yu. Lermontov - the great Russian “extremist” poet, who incited national hatred and even belonged to a bandit formation called the Tsarist Army, which fought against the Chechens.

Capital is accumulated labor: the Jew loves to trade in other people's labor! But still this does not change anything yet; but the top Jews reigns over humanity more and more strongly and firmly and strives to give the world its appearance and its essence.

Here is the great Russian philosopher and writer, and as it now becomes clear, the prophet F.M. Dostoevsky, in his essay “The Jewish Question,” allowed himself extremist statements.

Even if you are faithful to your destination, is it easier for your homeland, Where everyone is devoted to the worship of their One Person? Countless good hearts, to whom the homeland is holy. God help them!.. and the rest? Their goal is shallow, their life is empty. Some are money-grubbers and thieves, Others are sweet singers, And still others... still others are sages…….

But this is what the great Russian poet N.A. Nekrasov says about civic consciousness, well, sheer extremism.

So the roots of Russian extremism are deep, and according to the “concepts” of the currently ruling United Russia, all these people, if they lived in our time, would be imprisoned under Article 282. And in their time, these poets and writers had a hard time. At all times, only a few dared to tell the truth, for which they often paid with their lives, but what kind of people were they?

Here is a brief summary of what I would like to say about extremists in modern Russia. In general, if you remove all thoughtless radicalism and loudmouths and fools with swastikas, then those who are now called extremists are patriots of Russia and the most honest and worthy part of our society, which does not violate anything, on the contrary, they are deprived of their rights and freedoms, and they protest Against this.

What is extremism and extremist activity and types of responsibility

Extremism is a commitment to extreme measures and views that radically deny the norms and rules existing in society through a set of violent manifestations committed by individuals and specially organized groups and communities. Among such manifestations one can note the provocation of riots, civil disobedience, terrorist acts, and methods of guerrilla warfare.

The most radical extremists often deny in principle any compromises, negotiations, or agreements. The growth of extremism is usually facilitated by socio-economic crises, a sharp drop in the living standards of the bulk of the population, a totalitarian political regime with suppression of the opposition by the authorities, and persecution of dissent. However, extremism as a phenomenon is quite tenacious in states with a democratic system that includes numerous rights and freedoms.
Types of extremism: political, national, religious.
National extremism acts under the slogans of protecting “one’s own people,” economic interests, and cultural values, as a rule, to the detriment of representatives of other nationalities living in the same territory.
Religious extremism is understood as intolerance towards dissident representatives of the same or another religion. In recent years, the problem of Islamic extremism has worsened. The Wahhabi ideology, the slogan of which is “death to all infidels,” has become widespread.
Political extremism is a movement or movement against the existing constitutional order. As a rule, national or religious extremism is the basis for the emergence of political extremism. Today, extremism is a real threat to the national security of the Russian Federation.
The legal definition of what actions are considered extremist is contained in Art. Federal Law-114-FZ “On Combating Extremist Activities”.
In accordance with the amendments made to the said Law on December 25, 2012, extremist activities (extremism) include:
- violent change of the foundations of the constitutional system and violation of the integrity of the Russian Federation;
- public justification of terrorism and other terrorist activities;
- inciting social, racial, national or religious hatred;
- propaganda of exclusivity, superiority or inferiority of a person on the basis of his social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion;
- violation of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of a person and citizen, depending on his social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion;
- obstruction of citizens from exercising their voting rights and the right to participate in a referendum or violation of the secrecy of voting, coupled with violence or the threat of its use;
- obstruction of the legitimate activities of state bodies, local government bodies, election commissions, public and religious associations or other organizations, combined with violence or the threat of its use;
- commission of crimes for the reasons specified in paragraph “e” of part one of Article 63 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (political, ideological, racial, national or religious hatred or enmity, or based on hatred or enmity against any social group);
- propaganda and public display of Nazi paraphernalia or symbols, or paraphernalia or symbols that are confusingly similar to Nazi paraphernalia or symbols, or public display of paraphernalia or symbols of extremist organizations;
- public calls for the implementation of these acts or mass distribution of obviously extremist materials, as well as their production or storage for the purpose of mass distribution;
- publicly knowingly false accusation of a person holding a public office of the Russian Federation or a public office of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation of committing, during the performance of his official duties, the acts specified in this article and constituting a crime;
- organization and preparation of these acts, as well as incitement to their implementation;
- financing of these acts or other assistance in their organization, preparation and implementation, including through the provision of educational, printing and material and technical base, telephone and other types of communications or the provision of information services.
For carrying out extremist activities, citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons bear criminal, administrative and civil liability in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Administrative liability – occurs for committing an administrative offense, i.e. an unlawful act characterized by a lower social danger than a crime. Thus, the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses establishes liability for propaganda and public display of Nazi paraphernalia or symbols or public display of paraphernalia or symbols of extremist organizations (Article 20.3 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation).
Nazi paraphernalia and symbols may include banners, badges, uniform attributes, other distinctive signs, greetings and welcoming gestures. The sale, production or acquisition for the purpose of selling such symbols is also administratively punishable.
The symbols of an extremist organization are the officially registered symbols of an organization in respect of which, on the grounds provided for by the Law, a court has made a decision that has entered into legal force to liquidate or ban its activities in connection with the implementation of extremist activities.
Production and distribution of extremist materials included in published federal list extremist materials, as well as their production or storage for the purpose of mass distribution (Article 20.29 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation).
Extremist materials are documents or information on other media that call for extremist activities. Such materials include the works of the leaders of the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany, the Fascist Party of Italy, publications justifying national and (or) racial superiority, publications justifying the commission of crimes against any ethnic, social, racial, national or religious group.
The most severe form of liability for carrying out extremist activities is criminal. The basis for criminal liability is the commission of a crime, i.e. an unlawful, socially dangerous act (action or inaction), for which the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides for liability. This type of liability is associated with the most serious legal restrictions for persons involved in it, up to imprisonment for certain period.
1) Article 280 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation establishes liability for public calls for extremist activities.
2) Article 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation establishes liability for inciting hatred or enmity, as well as humiliation of human dignity. Responsibility arises only if these actions were committed publicly or using the media.
3) Article 282.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation establishes responsibility for organizing and participating in an extremist community. An extremist community is an organized group of individuals for preparing or committing the above-mentioned crimes of an extremist nature.
4) Article 282.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation establishes responsibility for organizing the activities of an extremist organization.
In addition, the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation establishes in a number of articles criminal liability for committing crimes based on political, ideological, racial, national or religious hatred or enmity based on hatred or enmity against any social group (for example: Art. 105, part 2, paragraph “l” - premeditated murder, Art. 111 Part 2, paragraph “e” – intentional infliction of grievous bodily harm, Article 116, Part 2, paragraph “b” – beatings, etc.).
In order to ensure state and public security, on the grounds and in the manner provided for by federal law, a person who has participated in extremist activities may, by a court decision, have limited access to state and municipal services, military service under contract and service in law enforcement agencies, as well as to work in educational institutions and engaging in private detective and security activities.
If a manager or member governing body public or religious association or other organization makes a public statement calling for the implementation of extremist activities, without indicating that this is his personal opinion, as well as in the event that a court sentence for a crime of an extremist nature comes into force in relation to such person, the corresponding public or religious an association or other organization is obliged, within five days from the day on which the said statement was made, to publicly declare its disagreement with the statements or actions of such a person. If the relevant public or religious association or other organization does not make such a public statement, this may be considered as a fact indicating the presence of signs of extremism in their activities.
In addition, Article 14 of the Federal Law “On Combating Extremist Activities” provides for separate liability for statements by an official, as well as another person in the state or municipal service, about the need, admissibility, possibility or desirability of carrying out extremist activities, made publicly or in performance of official duties, or indicating the position held, as well as failure by an official to take measures to suppress extremist activities in accordance with his competence.
Thus, officials bear responsibility not only for extremist activities carried out by them as citizens of the state, but also for failure to take measures to suppress these activities, within the scope of their competence.

Deputy Prosecutor of Varna District lawyer 1st class I.A. Bagautdinov