Taking into account geographical location peninsula connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus, and the de facto cessation of active cargo movement from mainland Ukraine, it is expected that most of the approximately 14 million tons of cargo processed in Crimean ports in 2013 will be processed in other ports in 2014 Ukraine. The truism is that lost cargo flows are not returned. This is confirmed, for example, by the lost cargo of the Danube ports after the war in Yugoslavia. So the prospects for maintaining cargo handling volumes in Crimean ports will mainly be related to supplies and transit from the Russian Federation. Plus, what is produced in Crimea will be exported through Crimean ports, in one form or another, according to one or another scheme, to one or another country.
Today there is already a problem of adapting to the new rules in Crimea: the legislation of the Russian Federation regulating the export of grain and maritime transport differs significantly from the Ukrainian one, which is de facto not in effect today. What are the rates for port dues? How many are there? What are the transshipment rates? How are they regulated? Who guarantees the safety of navigation and is responsible for the safety of cargo in the ports of Crimea?
Mariupol and Berdyansk will continue to operate traditional cargo, because more than 50% of grain processing products are exported through these ports. Despite possible questions, which we will talk about later, there should hardly be serious systemic problems with ship calls at these ports. Most of the cargo is exported from Ukrainian ports by ships flying a foreign flag. But logisticians will still build new, safer routes where possible. This means that there are all the prerequisites for the development of grain transshipment in the Odessa, Nikolaev and Kherson regions.
Let's note a few points. Some grain terminals belong to the dedicated category, i.e. they are designed to ensure, first of all, the transshipment of cargo of a certain company or group. Along with existing infrastructure problems railway It can be assumed that traffic jams may arise for some time and there will be issues with free access to the available port facilities.
Of course, this situation can become an impetus for the development of new transshipment capacity projects. But it is worth noting that the port reform launched in 2013 has not yet allowed for the implementation of any serious new investment projects based on public-private partnership. There are systemic problems here: lack of transparency of procedures, legislative issues related to land, etc. I would like to believe that these are solvable issues.
Legal status Sea of Azov and Keren Strait
These are matters of public law. They were not fully settled until recently (see, for example:). Now additional questions and difficulties have arisen. The Sea of Azov is a “dead end”, closed sea.
Part 6 art. 10 UNCLOS (1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea) provides for the concept of a historical bay. In this sense, even the sea can be considered a bay. For example, the White Sea is the internal waters of the Russian Federation as a historical gulf. And this does not cause any serious problem, since the shores of the White Sea belong to the same state.
The waters of the Sea of Azov were also considered for a long time to be the internal sea waters of one state - the USSR. With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of independent states on its territory, the legal status of the waters of the Sea of Azov did not change significantly. This is confirmed, for example, by the Agreement on fishing in the Sea of Azov dated September 14, 1993, concluded between Ukraine and Russia in Moscow, and the right to fish in the Sea of Azov was granted only to Russian and Ukrainian vessels. This Agreement established the joint use of living resources of the Azov Sea.
The status of the Kerch Strait, like the Sea of Azov, is a very sensitive issue today, to which, alas, there are no firm answers yet. However, today it can be assumed that there will be some, albeit temporary, changes in status.
Currently, all Ukrainian-Russian agreements are in force, including the Agreement on Cooperation in the Use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait, which notes that the Sea of Azov and Kerch Strait historically are inland waters Russian Federation and Ukraine. The said agreement was signed on December 24, 2003 in Kerch. The settlement of issues related to the waters of the Kerch Strait is the subject of further agreements between Ukraine and the Russian Federation.
The agreement between the Government of Russia and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on measures to ensure the safety of navigation in the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait dated March 20, 2012 develops the Ukrainian-Russian peacetime agreements. Due to the actual change in the status quo, the claims of the Russian Federation regarding the waters of the Sea of Azov will apparently change upward. On March 21, 2014, the Russian Foreign Ministry (Lavrov) stated that the Kerch Strait, after the annexation of Crimea to the Russian Federation, ceases to be the subject of negotiations with Ukraine on the delimitation of the Black and Azov Seas.
Moreover, the organization of navigation in the Kerch Strait will apparently be controlled exclusively by Russia, and the passage of Ukrainian ships and ships of the third flag into sea ports The Sea of Azov will become the subject of Russian legislation.
However, due to the lack of settlement and political aggravation, it is not difficult to predict actual complications. Thus, during the 2011/2012 ice campaign, which lasted about 50 days, the only Ukrainian icebreaker “Captain Belousov” bore, perhaps, the main burden of work in the Sea of Azov. Taking into account the “anti-Ukrainian” sentiments that are actively supported by the media in Russia, reaching an agreement on some kind of coordination of actions in the winter still looks problematic.
Yes, I would like to hope that ships flying a foreign flag will pass through without restrictions. But there are concerns. Our Polish colleague, also practicing in the field of Shipping and Trade, notes that in Poland, in a similar situation, there is an “interesting” experience with the Baltic Strait, which is blocked from time to time by the Russian Federation, despite the fact that this strait is a passage not only to Kaliningrad , but also Polish waters (Vistula or Kaliningrad Lagoon). Most often this is explained by the fact that “Kaliningrad and Baltiysk are important military bases.”
Vessel calls to Crimean ports and other ports of Ukraine
From a legal point of view, first of all, these issues concern the parties to charters - shipowners and charterers. Since the vast majority of charter parties are governed by English law, there are a number of risks that may arise for the parties. Special provisions of the charter provide for the possibility of cancellation, termination or annulment of the contract. Such provisions enshrined in contracts, when implemented in practice, can lead to significant losses for the parties to the charter party.
1. The charter party contains, as a rule, the so-called War Risk Clauses (clauses on military risks) - provisions on situations when military operations in the region of the ports of loading or unloading have already begun or may begin in soon.
2. Shipowners may be faced with the question of whether a ship should call at a port in a region that is or may be an area of military risk or military operations.
3. Some clauses provide for direct liability of the charterer in cases where the port is considered unsafe due to the threat of military action.
For example, the question remains open whether the blockade will be Russian Navy of Ukrainian ports is considered an “incident outside the normal operation of the port”, as a result of which the port may be considered unsafe under a particular charter. It is the fact of whether it was possible to foresee the blockade of the port when concluding the charter that will be decisive in the issue of port security and the right to compensation for losses in this regard.
There are others, no less important questions, for which there are no ready answers - deviation, bills of lading, futility of contracts, force majeure, etc.
So parties involved in maritime transport should pay more attention to the contracts themselves by sea, and constantly monitor the situation. In the meantime, the market responded by increasing freight rates.
To summarize, first of all, I would like to note the unpredictable risks surrounding the situation in Crimea. This is a fact - the situation is not legally resolved. There is no point in counting on a quick resolution of issues related to the situation in Crimea. The Law of Ukraine “On ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens and the legal regime in the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine”, adopted on April 15, 2014, which entered into force on April 27, only adds to the problems. Unfortunately, solving such problems may take not even months, but years.
Our Russia is washed by seas and oceans on all sides, it has seventeen access points to big water, which makes it simply a unique world power. Some seas are located in the southern part of the country and belong to the resort area, while northern Russian waters abound in fish and other commercial species sea creatures. Most often, our compatriots visit the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, which we will compare today.
Sea of Azov: brief description
The Sea of Azov is located in the southern part of Russia, it is a semi-enclosed type of sea and is related to the basin Atlantic Ocean. The sea is connected to the ocean by a chain of straits and various seas. The salinity of the water is ensured by the influx of water masses from the Black Sea, but for the most part they are diluted by river runoff. In recent years, people have been active on the sea coast, so the influx fresh water decreased significantly. This fact affected the population of marine life.
Black Sea: briefly about the main thing
The Black Sea is an inland sea of the Atlantic Ocean and is connected to the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas by various straits. The water area has long been inhabited by people; now Russia, Turkey, Georgia and Bulgaria have access to the waters of the Black Sea.
One of the features of the water area is the impossibility of life existing at great depths. This is due to the release of hydrogen sulfide at a depth of more than one hundred and fifty meters, in addition this feature does not allow different layers of water to mix with each other. Therefore, large temperature differences are observed at shallow depths in the Black Sea.
Where did the Sea of Azov come from?
In ancient times, the Sea of Azov did not exist; this territory was swampy. Scientists believe that the water area was formed approximately five thousand six hundred years BC as a result of the Black Sea flood. This version was also expressed ancient philosophers and is supported by modern hydrologists and oceanographers.
During its existence, the Sea of Azov changed its name many times. Using them, you can even trace the history of the development of the reservoir itself, because the ancient Greeks classified it as lakes, and the Romans as swamps. Although the Scythians already used the word “sea” in their name for the water area.
Scientists have counted more than fifty different names. Every nation that chose the shores of the Sea of Azov sought to give it a new name. It was only in the eighteenth century that the familiar word “Azov” became established in the Russian language. Although back in the first century AD, some Greek scientists mentioned a name that sounded similar to modern pronunciation.
History of the Black Sea
Hydrologists believe that a fresh lake has always existed on the site of today's Black Sea. It is worth noting that at that time it was the largest in the world; the filling of the water area with sea water occurred as a result of the same Black Sea flood, thanks to which the Sea of Azov was formed. A large flow of salt water caused a massive death of freshwater inhabitants of the lake, which became the source of the release of hydrogen sulfide from the depths of the sea.
I would like to note that the Black Sea almost always had names close to today’s. It is believed that the Scythian tribes who lived on the coast called the sea “dark”. The Greeks, in turn, changed the name and began to call the water area the “Inhospitable Sea.” This is associated with frequent storms and difficulties in passing the fairway. Some hydrologists have put forward a hypothesis according to which sailors since ancient times have noticed that anchors, when lifted from the depths, acquire a deep black color. This served as the prerequisite for the name of the sea.
Where are the Black and Azov Seas located: coordinates and dimensions
The Black Sea has an area of more than four hundred thousand square kilometers, the length of the surface between the two most distant points is approximately five hundred and eighty kilometers. The volume of water in the water area is equal to five hundred and fifty cubic kilometers. The coordinates of the Black Sea lie between forty-six degrees thirty-three minutes and forty degrees fifty-six minutes north latitude and between twenty-seven degrees twenty-seven minutes and forty-one degrees forty-two minutes east longitude.
The area of the Sea of Azov is thirty-seven square kilometers, the length between the most distant points is equal to three hundred and eighty kilometers. The sea coordinates lie between 45°12′30″ and 47°17′30″ north latitude and between 33°38′ and 39°18′ east longitude.
Depth
The Black Sea and the Sea of Azov differ significantly from each other. First of all to an ordinary person The differences in depth are striking. The fact is that the depth of the Azov Sea is constantly changing. Scientists are seriously concerned about the trend towards shallowing of the Azov water area. IN this moment The sea is one of the smallest in the world, and the process of shallowing is gaining momentum and becoming more active every year. According to the latest data, the average depth of the Sea of Azov is only seven meters, the deepest place in the entire water area is thirteen and a half meters.
The Black Sea has a heterogeneous bottom topography. Therefore the depth is different areas seriously different. The maximum depth reaches two thousand meters. In the Yalta area, the average depth is five hundred meters, and this mark is reached already several kilometers from the coast.
It's amazing how interconnected everything is in our world. This also applies to the seas. Every schoolchild knows that the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov are connected to each other. It is a narrow strip of water not exceeding four kilometers in width. The average depth of the strait is five meters.
Those who are in Soviet times have often visited the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, they know that there is an absolutely unique place where you can see the contact of the two seas. If you come to Tuslova Spit, then on one side of you there will be the Sea of Azov, and on the other - the Black Sea. Tourists claim that this spit is an unusually good place to relax. There are practically no people here, and the opportunity to swim in both seas at once cannot but delight unspoiled vacationers.
It is worth noting that in comparison with the Sea of Azov, the waters of the Black Sea look lighter. Scientists find it difficult to say what this is connected with.
What does the sea coast look like?
The coasts of the Black and Azov Seas are significantly different from each other. Azov is represented by flat beaches with slightly indented relief. Most of the beaches are covered with sand; the Russian part is two hundred and fifty kilometers of coastal strip. A special feature of the coast of the Sea of Azov are the alluvial spits; they usually protrude deeply into the water area and do not exceed five kilometers in width.
The length of the Russian part of the Black Sea coast is four hundred and fifty-seven kilometers. The coastal strip is slightly indented and is represented mainly by pebble beaches, which in some places are more than three hundred meters wide. The Black Sea is distinguished by a large number of islands, chaotically scattered throughout the water area.
Transparency and color of water masses
The Black Sea and the Sea of Azov have different water compositions, which affects their color. If you look at the Black Sea on a sunny day, you will see how the water takes on a deep cobalt hue. This is due to absorption sun rays red and orange spectrum. The Black Sea is not one of the most transparent, but nevertheless, visibility on a clear day here reaches more than seventy meters.
The waters of the Azov Sea in calm weather have a greenish color, but the slightest wind immediately turns the water into a dirty yellow substance. This is explained by the large amount of phytoplankton that has filled the sea area. The fact is that shallow water with heated water is ideal for its development, which corresponds to the indicators of the Azov Sea. It is shallow depths that affect the transparency of the water; it is almost always cloudy with low visibility.
Flora and fauna of the seas
Hydrologists and oceanologists often compare the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov in terms of the richness of flora and fauna. This indicator reveals significant differences between two water areas.
At one time, the Sea of Azov had no competitors in terms of the quantity of fish; several large companies were engaged in catching it. In recent years the population marine species decreased significantly. According to oceanologists, more than one hundred and three species of fish live in the Sea of Azov. Almost all of them are commercial:
- herring;
- stellate sturgeon;
- sprat;
- flounder and so on.
The Black Sea is considered relatively poor in terms of marine life, because at depth, due to hydrogen sulfide emissions, life is simply impossible. The sea is home to about one hundred and sixty species of fish and five hundred species of crustaceans. But phytoplankton is represented by six dozen species, as opposed to two species in the Sea of Azov.
Despite the fact that the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov are located nearby and even have a common border, they differ significantly from each other. Some of these differences can only be determined by scientists, while some are clearly visible even to ordinary vacationers, who often prefer the coast of these seas to foreign resorts.
Ukraine should soon break all agreements with Russia on common use the Sea of Azov, so that Kyiv could announce the existence of a border and not allow it there Russian ships, having the possibility of unhindered passage throughout the entire water area now.
This was stated by the first deputy “permanent representative of the President of Ukraine in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea” Izet Gdanov.
"We must denounce international agreements, which were from 2003 on the joint use of the Sea of Azov, from 1993 - on the distribution of fishing quotas. All these agreements must be denounced. It is necessary to make a demarcation by sea, to declare a territorial sea for Azov, so that we actually have a 12-mile controlled zone. Today we don’t have it,” the official said.
Previously, the Ukrainian side stated that Russian warships were conducting reconnaissance in the Sea of Azov near the coast of Ukraine.
The day before, Kyiv announced missile firing exercises and closed the water area in the area of Berdyansk and Mariupol, as well as Novoazovsk, which is controlled by the DPR, to navigation until the fall.
A few weeks ago, after Ukraine seized the Crimean seiner Nord, Russia began detaining ships heading to Ukrainian ports for inspections.
Meanwhile, on June 6, the press secretary of the State border service Ukraine Oleg Slobodyan admitted that Ukrainian maritime border guards lack either the resources or equipment to “confront Russian aggression» in the Sea of Azov only by the forces of the State Border Guard Service. He said that “the Russian military continues to demonstrate force” in the Azov waters, but Kyiv is still “ready to respond to aggressive and inadequate actions.”
Today, the Sea of Azov remains an inland sea of Russia and Ukraine, says military expert, captain 1st rank reserve Sergei Ishchenko. - Thus, international maritime law extends to this sea very limited. Ukraine wants this right to operate in full. That is, so that the border of territorial waters is clearly drawn, where ships of other countries cannot enter without permission, so that there is its own economic zone. It is established according to different principles. One of them is 200 miles from the land line. And this is almost half of the Sea of Azov. This is what they want in Kyiv.
In a military sense, Ukraine, of course, cannot defend its territorial waters and coastline in any way. There's just nothing. Therefore, they want to at least protect themselves legally, since they cannot protect themselves militarily.
- Meanwhile, according to the current agreement on the status of the Sea of Azov, warships and merchant ships of third countries can enter the Sea of Azov with the permission of the Russian Federation and Ukraine, and only if they are sent to one of its ports. If Kyiv achieves the division of the Sea of Azov, then warships will be able to enter it foreign countries without Russia's consent?
If Russia does not stipulate special conditions, then yes. However, even before, ships of third countries could enter the Sea of Azov if Russia did not find serious arguments for refusal. Now it is almost impossible for NATO ships to enter the Sea of Azov, since Russia completely controls the Kerch Strait. However, serious warships with a deep draft they simply won’t fit into this mousetrap called the Sea of Azov. The maximum depth there is 14 meters. But mostly - even shallower, plus shallows. Draft American destroyers averages 6−9 meters. That is, such ships can go to sea only along specially laid fairways to Mariupol and Berdyansk. And this greatly reduces their mobility and makes them a convenient target.
- Will Ukraine be able to invite combat boats from the Black Sea NATO countries to its territory in the event of a division of the sea?
This is possible theoretically, but practically, even without application military force Russia can always easily block the penetration of these boats. There is a rather narrow passage under the Kerch Bridge. Suddenly, work may begin under this bridge to strengthen the piles, for example, on the expected day of passage of these boats, or suddenly unexploded ordnance from the Great Patriotic War will be discovered at the bottom of the strait.
- It turns out that in the event of the division of the Sea of Azov, Ukraine will completely lose even legal control over the Kerch Strait, which it de facto lost after the reunification of Russia with Crimea?
An interesting situation has now developed with the Kerch Strait. While it belonged de facto to Ukraine, then any Russian ships, passing into the Sea of Azov, Taganrog or Rostov-on-Don, had to pay a special tax to Ukraine, since the canal dug along the bottom of the strait was closer to the Crimean (Ukrainian at that time) coast. Russia today proceeds from the fact that the Kerch Strait is completely Russian. Therefore, we naturally do not need to pay for using it. But logically, Ukraine must now pay for passage through the shipping canal. But Russia, based on certain considerations, does not yet take money from Ukrainian ships. Although it is not yet clear why. But if the Ukrainians insist on dividing the sea, then the first condition that, I think, Russia will put forward is that Ukrainian ships will have to pay for access to the Black Sea from the Azov Sea.
I am a supporter of the revision of all agreements with Ukraine in general, - says a leading expert at the MGIMO Center for Military-Political StudiesMikhail Alexandrov. - We signed them with a neutral country, which constantly demonstrated its friendly attitude towards Russia. We hoped that over time Ukraine would become not only a neutral, but also an allied country. Many preferences were given to Kyiv in exchange for the obligations it assumed towards Russia. Now Ukraine is not fulfilling any of its obligations. I would raise the question not only about borders in the Sea of Azov, but also about state borders in general. The demarcation of Russia and Ukraine along administrative boundaries after the collapse of the USSR was a big mistake. In addition to regaining Crimea, we must raise the question of the legitimacy of Donetsk, Lugansk and other regions being part of Ukraine.
Therefore, the ideas of Ukrainian politicians about dividing the Sea of Azov must be used in our interests.
- In terms of security in Azov, will Russia benefit if the current treaties are revised?
In general, in the modern world, all contracts are a formality. If anything can ensure safety, it's real strength. In the Sea of Azov, she is clearly on our side. And I personally think that we responded very sluggishly to Kyiv to the provocation with Nord. By the way, this is a typical example of what is called in international politics - the city’s insolence takes over. Ukraine, which is incomparably weaker militarily, is challenging Russia, of course, hoping that the Russian leadership will not want to aggravate relations with the West in an already difficult time. difficult situation. By the way, China behaved in a similar way in 1969 during the conflict on Damansky Island. At that time, the Soviet Union was plunged into confrontation with the West, and also did not want to fight with China until the very end. Yes, we fought back militarily, but in the end we gave the island to the Chinese. To prevent similar situations from happening in the future, we must act decisively. Moreover, I repeat, in disputes with Ukraine, strength is on our side.
Russia is the most big country on everything globe. Its area reaches 17.1 million square meters. The state is located on the Eurasian continent. Russia has a large extent from west to east, so there are significant time differences in its regions.
Customs, economic and other borders of Russia have been moved beyond former USSR, which in itself is a unique phenomenon. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, all CIS countries faced a serious problem. On the one hand, the inconsistency of the legislative and financial systems forced them to close the economic space, but at the same time, the new border lines of the states did not coincide with ethnic cultural borders, and society did not want to recognize the introduced border restrictions, and most importantly, Russia did not have the opportunity to carry out demarcation and arrangement of engineering and technical structures. Also big problem there was the establishment of customs points.
Description of state borders
The length of the borders of the Russian Federation reaches 60 thousand kilometers, of which 40 thousand kilometers are in maritime boundaries. The country's economic maritime space is located 370 kilometers from the coastal zone. The courts of other states for the extraction of natural resources may be located here. The western and southern borders of the Russian Federation are mainly land, the northern and eastern borders are mainly sea. The fact that Russia's state borders are so long is explained by the enormous size of its territory and the uneven outlines of the lines of the sea coasts of the Pacific, Arctic and Atlantic oceans, which wash it on three sides.
Land borders of Russia
In the west and east of the country land borders have a number of characteristic differences. IN pre-revolutionary Russia they were marked along natural boundaries. As the state expanded, it was necessary to somehow fix the boundaries of the seas and land. At the same time, in sparsely populated areas, for greater recognition, they should be clearly marked - this can be mountain range, river and so on. But this type of terrain is observed mainly with east side southern border.
Western and southwestern land borders of the state
The modern lines of the western and southwestern borders of Russia arose as a result of the division of individual subjects on the territory of the country. To a large extent, these are administrative boundaries that were previously intrastate. They turned out to be practically unrelated to natural objects. This is how Russia’s borders with Poland and Finland were formed.
Russia's land borders are also long. After the collapse of the union, the number of neighbors remained the same. There are fourteen of them in total. The Russian Federation has only maritime borders with Japan and the United States. But during the Soviet era, the country bordered only eight states; the remaining lines between states were considered internal and of a conditional nature. In the north-west, the borders of the Russian Federation touch Finland and Norway.
Russia's borders with Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia have already officially received state status. Along the western and southwestern border are Ukraine and Belarus. The southern part of the country borders on Georgia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and the republics of Tuva, Altai, and Buryatia. In the extreme southeast, the Primorsky Territory of the Russian Federation borders on the DPRK. The length of the border line is only 17 km.
Northern border of the country
Russia's maritime border in the north and east of the country is 12 miles from the coastline. The Russian Federation borders 12 countries by sea. Northern borders pass through the waters Arctic Ocean- these are the Kara, Laptev, Barents, East Siberian and Chukchi seas. Within the Arctic Ocean, from the Russian shores to the North Pole itself, is the Arctic sector. It is limited by conventional lines from the west and east of Ratmanov Island to the North Pole. Polar possessions are a relative concept, and the territorial waters of this sector do not belong to Russia; we can only talk about the ownership of the Arctic waters.
Eastern Russian border
The maritime border of Russia from its eastern part passes through the seas Pacific Ocean. On this side, the country's closest neighbors are the USA and Japan. The Russian Federation borders on Japan in the La Perouse Strait, and in the Bering Strait on the United States (between Ratmanov Island, which is Russian, and Kruzenshtern, belonging to the States). Between the peninsulas of Chukotka, Alaska, Kamchatka and the Aleutian Islands is the Bering Sea. Between the Kamchatka peninsulas, Hokkaido, Kuril and Sakhalin islands is the Sea of Okhotsk.
The southern shores of Sakhalin and Primorsky Krai are washed by the Sea of Japan. All seas Far East, with which Russia has a maritime border, are partially frozen. Moreover, Okhotsk, even taking into account the fact that part of it lies in the southern parallel, turns out to be the most severe in this regard. In its northwestern part, the ice period lasts 280 days a year. Due to the large length of the seas along the eastern line of Russia from north to south climatic conditions vary significantly across the country.
IN summer time into the water area Sea of Japan typhoons occur, which are fraught with great destruction. On the Pacific coast, in its seismically active zones, catastrophic tsunamis occur as a result of coastal and underwater earthquakes.
Problems of Russia's eastern border
The maritime borders of Russia and the United States are now marked, but previously there were border problems. Russian empire sold Alaska in 1867 for seven million dollars. There are certain difficulties in determining the borders of states in the Bering Strait. Problems arise between Russia and Japan, which dispute the islands of the Lesser Kuril Ridge, the total area of which is 8548.96 square meters. km. A dispute arose over the state waters and the territory of the Russian Federation with an area of three hundred thousand square kilometers, including economic zone sea and islands, which is rich in seafood and fish, and for the shelf zone, which has oil reserves.
In 1855, an agreement was concluded, according to which the islands of the Lesser Kuril Ridge remained with Japan. In 1875, everything went to Japan Kurile Islands. In 1905, following the results of the Russo-Japanese War, the Treaty of Portsmouth was concluded, and Russia ceded Southern Sakhalin to Japan. In 1945, when Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands became part of the USSR, but their nationality was not defined in the 1951 agreement (San Francisco). The Japanese side argued that this is part of Japan, and they have nothing to do with the treaty of 1875, since they are not part of the Kuril ridge, but belong to and therefore the treaty signed in San Francisco does not apply to them.
Western border of the state
Russia's western maritime border connects the country with many European countries. It passes through the waters of the Baltic Sea, which belongs to the Atlantic Ocean and forms bays off the coast of the Russian Federation. Russian ports are located in them. The northern capital of Russia - St. Petersburg - and Vyborg are located in the Gulf of Finland. Kaliningrad is located on the Preloga River flowing into the Vistula Lagoon. The large Novoluzhsky port is being built at the mouth of the Luga River. It does not freeze only off the coast of the Kaliningrad region. This maritime border of Russia on the map connects the country (via the sea) with countries such as Poland, Germany and Sweden.
Southwestern border
The southwestern part of Russia is washed by the waters of the Azov, Caspian and Black Seas. The maritime borders of the Black Sea give Russia access to the Mediterranean. On the shores of Tsemes Bay there is the port of Novorossiysk. In the Taganrog Bay - the port of Taganrog. The city of Sevastopol has one of the best bays. The Azov and Black Seas are of great importance for transport links between Russia and other countries Foreign Europe and the Mediterranean. Also, the maritime borders of the Russian Federation are in contact with Georgia and Ukraine. In the south, the border with Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan passes through the waters of the Caspian Sea.
Consequently, the borders of the Russian Federation largely follow natural boundaries: mountains, seas and rivers. Some of them make international contacts more difficult ( high mountains, glaciers on the sea and so on). Others, on the contrary, are favorable for cooperation with neighbors and allow the construction of river and land international routes and the creation of economic space.
Extreme points of Russia
In the northern part, the extreme point is Cape Chelyuskin, which is located on the extreme island point, which is located on one of the islands of the Franz Josef-Rudolph archipelago. The extreme southern point is considered to be the crest of the Caucasus Range, the western point is the extremity of the Sandy Spit of the Baltic Sea, and the eastern point is Cape Dezhnev on the Chukotka Peninsula.
Features of the geographical location of Russia
Most of the country is in temperate latitudes, but the northern part is located in the harsh Arctic conditions. is rich in a variety of natural resources that are available here in large quantities. The country occupies a leading position in the world in terms of size and area of land resources. The area of Russian forests reaches seven hundred million hectares.
The huge size of the country is very important both from an economic and defense point of view. The territory of the Russian Federation has the largest plains on the planet. These are the West Siberian and Russian (East European) plains. The northern spaces of the country are affected by air masses Arctic Ocean. The territory of Russia is rich in various kinds of minerals and minerals. It is here that approximately 40% of all world iron ore reserves are concentrated. The main region of deposits and rich reserves of copper ores is the Urals and Ural region. Here, in the Middle Urals, there are deposits precious stones, such as emerald, ruby, amethyst. And one more interesting feature The country is that it is located in all geographical zones of the northern hemisphere, with the exception of the tropics.
In Ukraine they are finally puzzled by the question - how will we divide the Sea of Azov? Here some people decided to introduce a blockade of Crimea from land. This means that some people have other interests.
So here it is. I think the answer will be this.
But we won’t divide it anyhow!
The Sea of Azov is an inland sea of Russia.
And before introducing a blockade, think about how you will pass the Kerch Strait?
You can, of course, hint at other options for the development of the situation. But that's for another time.
On November 28, 1869, the spit’s belonging to the Kuban region was confirmed by a decree of the Russian Senate, and the border was ordered to be considered the middle of the strait between Crimea and the extreme point of the Taman Spit.
After the October Revolution and the Civil War, by the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of August 13, 1922, the Tuzla Spit was included in the Crimean region.
By decree Supreme Council In January 1941, the RSFSR adopted a decision “On the transfer of the island of Srednyaya Kosa (Tuzla) from the Temryuk region of the Krasnodar Territory to the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.”
After the transfer of Crimea to Ukraine in 1954, the administrative border between the Crimean region and the Krasnodar region was not revised.
During the Great Patriotic War, a Soviet naval landing force was landed on the spit occupied by the German garrison. In a fierce battle from October 6 to October 9, 1943, the spit was liberated from German troops.
The practical transfer of the spit and the establishment of an administrative border between the RSFSR and the Ukrainian SSR were implemented only in the early 1970s. Moreover, this was done in the form of agreeing on the graphic outline on the map of administrative boundaries at the level of deputy chairmen of the Crimean Regional Executive Committee and the Krasnodar Regional Executive Committee.
Territorial dispute
According to Russia’s position, from the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the transition of the Crimean region to Ukraine, it follows that only the continental land part of the Crimean region was transferred to Ukraine for administrative-territorial disposal. Jurisdiction over the coastal waters of the seas, based on the principle that the waters of the coastal seas belong to the state as a whole, and not to its individual subjects, remained with the USSR.
In 2003, an attempt was made by the Krasnodar Territory of Russia to restore the spit by creating an artificial dam. This marked the beginning of a conflict between Ukraine and Russia over the ownership of the island, the restored spit and a possible change in the navigation regime in the Kerch Strait. After a meeting between Presidents Putin and Kuchma, construction of the dam was suspended.
I wonder where is this media show clown now? - 2003 - Training for Russia's invasion of Crimea and the island. Tuzla
In 2005 special commission The Ukrainian parliament admitted that the island of Tuzla in the Kerch Strait could disappear within a year if it is not protected from the waves. Currents in the Kerch Strait, which accelerated due to the dam built in 2003, are eroding not only Tuzla, but also the Arshintsevskaya Spit near Kerch. The coast of the island was strengthened with blocks.
In 2014, during the crisis in Ukraine and the aggravation of the situation in Crimea, most of the Crimean Peninsula was actually annexed to Russia, and therefore on March 21, 2014, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov stated that the Kerch Strait “can no longer be a subject negotiations with Ukraine ". http://ru.enc.tfode.com/Kosa_Tuzla
The Kerch Strait (Kerç boğazı;-), called the Cimmerian Bosporus by the ancient Greeks (popularly called Cimmerians) is a strait connecting the Black and Azov Seas. The western shore of the strait is the Crimea Peninsula, the eastern shore is the Taman Peninsula. The width of the strait is from 4.5 to 15 km. The greatest depth is 18 meters. The most important port is the city of Kerch.
The Kerch Strait is a fishing area for many species of fish. Putina begins in late autumn and lasts several months. It is recommended to draw a conditional border between Europe and Asia along the Kerch Strait, leaving the Sea of Azov within Europe. The tradition of division dates back to antiquity.
Story
Myth, archaic
Euripides describes how from the direction of Tauris (Crimea) Io, the beloved of Zeus, swims across the strait, turned by Hera into a cow and driven by a gadfly.
Aeschylus calls the crossing of the strait “Cow Ford”.
In his Lives, Plutarch, referring to Hellanicus, reports that the Amazons crossed the Cimmerian Bosporus on ice.
You are blue, blue waves,
Where the sea merges with the sea,
Where is the sting of the Argive wasp
Once upon a time in the fierce abyss
To the Asian shores of Io
Gone from the pastures of Europe!
Who did you send to us?
Euripides. Iphigenia in Tauris, Art. 393-399.
Antiquity
The fact that nomads crossed the strait on ice in winter is known from Herodotus’s “History”. In the 5th century BC. e. representatives of the ancient Milesian aristocratic family of Archeanactids founded on west bank Strait the city of Panticapaeum - the capital of the Bosporan kingdom on the site of present-day Kerch.Herodotus mentioned the Cimmerian crossings twice
2. You will come later to Isthmus of Cimmeria,
To the close gates of the sea. There, having ventured,
You must swim across the strait of Meotida.
And the glorious memory will remain in people
About this crossing. There will be a name for her -
"Cow Ford" - Bosphorus.
You're leaving Europe
Plains, you will come to the Asian continent.
"Aeschylus, Prometheus Chained", Art. 732-735. (Translated by A.I. Piotrovsky)
In the 2nd century BC. e. on the ice of the strait from the side of Lake Maeotis (Sea of Azov) a battle took place between the army of the commander Neoptolemus and the barbarians: “The ice in these places is so strong at the mouth of Lake Maeotis (that is, in the Kerch Strait) that in the place where in the winter the military commander of Mithridates defeated the barbarians in a horse battle on the ice, he defeated the same barbarians in a naval battle in the summer, when the ice melted" (Strabo, II, 1, 6) "They say that the commander of Mithridates Neoptolemus in the same strait in the summer defeated the barbarians in naval battle, and in winter on horseback.” (VII, 3, 18)
XX century
In April 1944, construction began on a railway bridge across the strait. 115 identical spans of 27.1 m each, a 110-meter span structure rotating on a middle support, a double navigable opening above the fairway for the passage of large ships, overpasses near the shore and a dam made up the full length of the bridge crossing. Construction was completed in the fall of the same year. Since the bridge did not have ice cutters, in February 1945, about 30% of the supports were damaged by ice from the Sea of Azov. The bridge was not restored, and the surviving parts were liquidated, as they were an obstacle to navigation.
To replace the destroyed bridge, the Kerch ferry crossing was opened in 1953, connecting Crimea and Krasnodar region(line Port Crimea - Port Caucasus). Four railway ferries took part in the crossing: Zapolyarny, Severny, Yuzhny and Vostochny. Initially, these ferries were planned to be used at the railway crossing under construction across the Yenisei in Igarka, but in 1953 this construction was closed and the ferries were transported to Crimea. Later, three car ferries were put into operation: Kerchensky-1, Kerchensky-2 and Yeisk.
At the end of the 1980s, due to the aging of railway ferries, the transportation of passenger and then freight trains across the strait was stopped. Due to funding problems, no new ferries were built for the crossing, and for almost 15 years the crossing served only for the transport of cars. Projects for the construction of a new bridge across the Kerch Strait have been repeatedly proposed, but due to the high cost they have not received further development.
In 2004, the Annenkov railway ferry was transferred to the crossing, and in November 2004, on the eve of the second round presidential elections took place in Ukraine Grand opening ferry crossing. The action was attended by Viktor Yanukovych (at that time the Prime Minister and presidential candidate of Ukraine) and Russian President Vladimir Putin. However, after the opening ceremony, rail traffic across the strait was never restored.
Territorial dispute
In 1996, MP Legislative Assembly Krasnodar Territory Alexander Travnikov first raised the question of the territorial affiliation of the Tuzla Spit at a session of the Legislative Assembly. The justification for the legality of Russia's territorial claim to this territory was formulated in A. Travnikov's books "Tuzla Spit Enumerated Territory" and "Tuzla Spit and Russia's Strategic Interests."
In 2003, the Kerch Strait became the center of a dispute between Russia and Ukraine after the authorities of the Krasnodar region, in an effort to prevent erosion of the sea coast, began hastily building a dam from Taman towards the Ukrainian island of Tuzla. Russia was accused of encroaching on Ukrainian territory. The conflict was resolved after the presidents intervened - the construction of the dam was stopped, and Tuzla remained Ukrainian. As a reciprocal concession, Ukraine agreed to sign an agreement under which the Kerch Strait was recognized as joint internal waters of Russia and Ukraine.
10 years have passed since the conflict with the Russian Federation around the island of Tuzla in the Sea of Azov - Details - Inter - 09/29/2013. PinzEnyk, Kuchma... and now the defaulted Rogue/Patrashenko/, who signed a project to restructure Ukraine’s national debt precisely when creditors declared disagreement with the restructuring plan through their representatives - the law firm Shirman and Sterling.
To waste such territory in the hope of exchanging it for glass beads is a classic of Ukrainian greed, irrepressible theft and unprofessionalism.
Negotiations between expert groups on the delimitation of the Azov-Kerch water area and the Black Sea continued for a long time. The Ukrainian Foreign Ministry considered Russia’s position on the delimitation of the Kerch Strait to be illegal. Russia refuses to divide the Kerch Strait along the former intra-Soviet administrative border because in this case it would lose control over two-thirds of the Kerch Strait, which would entail financial and political costs.
Ukraine accused Russia of double standards, recalling that at the insistence of Russia it was the former intra-Soviet administrative border that was recognized as the interstate Russian-Estonian border in the Narva and Gulf of Finland. Ukraine persistently demanded that the Kerch Strait be divided in a similar way “in accordance with international law.”
Tuzla Spit and Russia's strategic interests
Travnikov A.I.
Publisher Phoenix
Year 2005
In politics, the small Tuzla spit in the Kerch Strait is not a small thing. This is the principle. The principle of defending Russia's national interests. And principles cannot be the subject of bargaining. The issue, first raised by A. Travnikov in the mid-90s, erupted in a crisis in relations between Russia and Ukraine in 2003. Today the topic may again become relevant. Moreover, there is no final solution to the issue either on Tuzla or on the Black Sea bases. The book contains only facts. The reader has the right to draw his own conclusions.
http://flikeinvest.org.kniga-diva.ru/kniga/2029
“opinion of the titular Ukrainian nation” and “analysts” on servicing the urkovlady))) - The most unrealistic project of the Kremlin: Kerch ghost bridge
Aug 31 2015
The first bridge will be built across the Kerch Strait in the fall. Currently technological, for transporting materials to construction sites. The passenger bridge will open to traffic in 2018. Construction is currently underway at an accelerated pace
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