In force from April 27 to July 8, 1906, for one session. The principles of the State Duma's activities were determined by the Manifesto of October 17, 1905, which declared the foundations of civil liberties and the convening of a legislative body in which all segments of the population would be allowed to participate in the elections. Emperor Nicholas II Alexandrovich promised that no law could be approved by the Tsar without the approval of the State Duma; executive authorities should have provided the opportunity for State Duma deputies to participate in monitoring the implementation of legislation.
Deputies V. Nabokov and A. Aladin
On December 11, 1905, the law on elections to the State Duma was issued. While maintaining the curial system previously established for elections to the Bulygin Duma, the law added a workers' curia to the landowner, city and peasant curiae and expanded the composition of voters in the city curia. 49% of all electors belonged to the peasant curia. According to the workers' curia, men employed in enterprises with at least 50 workers were allowed to vote. This and other restrictions deprived about 2 million male workers of the right to vote. The elections were not universal (women, young people under 25, active duty military personnel, and a number of national minorities were excluded), not equal (one elector per two thousand population in the landowning curia, per 4 thousand in the urban curia, per 30 thousand in the peasant curia, 90 thousand - in labor), not direct (two-degree, but for workers and peasants three- and four-degree).Having recognized the legislative rights of the State Duma, the Tsar sought to limit them in every possible way. By the Manifesto of February 20, 1906, the highest legislative institution of the Russian Empire - the State Council, which had existed since 1810, was transformed into an upper legislative chamber with the right to veto decisions of the State Duma. The Manifesto of February 20, 1906 explained that the State Duma does not have the right to change basic state laws. A significant part of the state budget was withdrawn from the jurisdiction of the State Duma. According to the new edition of the main state laws dated April 23, 1906, the emperor retained full power to govern the country through the government responsible only to him, the leadership foreign policy, army and navy management. The Tsar could issue laws during breaks between sessions, which were then only formally approved by the State Duma.
The Bolsheviks called for a boycott of the State Duma elections, hoping to overthrow the autocracy through revolutionary means. However, given the decline of the revolutionary movement, the boycott failed. Elections to the State Duma took place in February-March 1906. Of the 478 elected deputies, there were 161 Cadets, 70 Autonomists (members of the Polish Kolo, Ukrainian, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian ethnic groups), 13 Octobrists, 100 non-party members, 107 Trudoviks. The Trudovik faction included ten Social Democrats, including mainly Mensheviks. They were elected by the votes of mainly peasant and urban electors. In June 1906, by decision of the Fourth Congress of the RSDLP, the Social Democratic deputies became an independent faction.
The grand opening of the State Duma took place on April 27, 1906 in the Throne Hall of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. One of the leaders of the cadets, a professor at Moscow University, legal scholar S.A., was elected Chairman of the State Duma. Muromtsev. The agrarian question became central at the meetings of the First State Duma. The Cadets advocated the partial compulsory alienation of landowners' land. On May 8, they submitted to the State Duma a bill signed by 42 deputies, proposing land allocation to peasants at the expense of state, monastery, church, appanage, cabinet lands, as well as partial alienation of landowners’ land for ransom “at a fair valuation.” However, the government, even on the eve of the convening of the State Duma, decided to dissolve it if the question of forced alienation of land was raised. On May 23, the labor workers came up with their agrarian bill (“Project 104”), in which they demanded the alienation of landowners’ and privately owned lands that exceeded the “labor norm,” the creation of a “national land fund,” and the introduction of equal land use according to the “labor norm.” This was a revolutionary bill that meant the abolition of landownership. On June 8, 1906, a group of 33 deputies introduced a draft land law, which was based on the views of the Social Revolutionaries. This project required immediate destruction private property to land, socialization of land and equalization of land use. The State Duma refused to discuss the radical “Project of 33”. The Social Democratic faction voted for the agrarian project of the Trudoviks. Reacting to the land reform projects in the State Duma, the government issued a statement on June 20 in which it categorically supported the inviolability of landownership.
From the very beginning of its activity, the First State Duma demonstrated that it did not intend to put up with authoritarianism royal power. In response to the tsar’s speech from the throne on May 5, 1906, the Duma adopted an address in which it demanded an amnesty for political prisoners, the real implementation of political freedoms, universal equality, and the liquidation of state, appanage and monastic lands. Eight days later, Chairman of the Council of Ministers I.L. Goremykin rejected all the demands of the State Duma. She, in turn, passed a resolution of no confidence in the government, demanding his resignation. During the 72 days of its work, the First State Duma accepted 391 requests for illegal government actions. In the conditions of actual confrontation between the State Duma and the government, Nicholas II decided to exercise his right to dissolve the State Duma at any time, which he did, justifying his decision using the wording “for evading issues not within the competence of the Duma.” The Tsar's manifesto on the dissolution of the First State Duma was published on July 9, 1906.
On July 9, 1906, Nicholas II dissolved the State Duma of the Russian Empire of the first convocation. This was the first attempt to create a representative legislative body in the country. Before the February Revolution of 1917, the State Duma was convened three more times.
Grand opening of the State Duma
After the revolution of 1905, Nicholas II was faced with the task of transferring the monarchy from autocratic to parliamentary. This is how the State Duma appeared. It was assigned the role of a legislative advisory body. The first convocation was elected for five years and served for 72 days. During this time, the deputies managed to hold one session. Each subsequent convocation worked longer.
The State Duma of the first convocation worked less than the next three
The procedure for holding elections in each of the four convocations assumed that not all residents of the country could vote: only owners of large real estate; taxpayers who contributed the most to the treasury; a small percentage of those who could participate in the elections were peasants.
The procedure was multi-stage: those who had the right to vote were divided into curia, each of which elected electors to the assembly of district voters, which then elected as many deputies as were due from the given district. The government and the emperor abandoned the idea of direct, equal and secret elections, fearing that in a peasant country where the majority of the population was not sophisticated in political art, they would lead to victory of irresponsible demagogues.
Radicals boycotted the elections to the State Duma of the first convocation
The first convocation was less representative in terms of political movements. Members of left-wing and far-right parties boycotted the elections under the pretext that the Duma did not have real power.
State Duma meeting
The lower house of parliament was extremely opposed to the government and the emperor. This ultimately led to its dissolution. Subsequently, amendments were made to the electoral legislation so that the composition of the State Duma was selected more loyal to the executive branch. As a result, the election procedure became more complicated, which provoked an increase in distrust in the Duma as an institution of power.
At the meetings of the first convocation, extremely pressing issues were raised. In the future, the deputies did not allow themselves such radical behavior. Questions about the amnesty of all political prisoners, the abolition death penalty, the abolition of the State Council, the establishment of responsibility of the Council of Ministers before the Duma, the allocation of land to peasants - the deputies whiled away the time at the meetings discussing these topics.
Over time, the procedure for elections to the State Duma only became more complicated
The government refused almost all of the Duma's proposals and demands. Moreover, in early June, the Council of Ministers, accusing the Duma of escalating the situation and unnerving the population, decided to dissolve it. A month later, a corresponding decree of Nicholas II followed.
Political cartoon, 1906
“Instead of the work of legislative construction, they deviated into an area that did not belong to them and turned to investigating the actions of local authorities appointed by Us, to pointing out to Us the imperfections of the Fundamental Laws, changes to which can only be undertaken by Our Monarch’s will, and to actions that are clearly illegal, as an appeal on behalf of Duma to the population. Confused by such disorders, the peasantry, not expecting a legal improvement in their situation, moved in a number of provinces to open robbery, theft of other people’s property, disobedience to the law and legitimate authorities,” said the manifesto on the dissolution of the State Duma.
The Duma of the first convocation was perhaps the least bureaucratic. Over time, the period for considering legislative initiatives became longer, and the procedure itself became more complex. Numerous committees for the preliminary examination of documents, an office and other departments appeared.
The First State Duma met in April 1906, when estates were burning almost all over Russia and peasant unrest was not subsiding. As Prime Minister Sergei Witte noted, “The most serious part of the Russian Revolution of 1905, of course, was not the factory strikes, but the peasant slogan: “Give us the land, it must be ours, for we are its workers.” Two came to a collision powerful forces- landowners and cultivators, nobility and peasantry. Now the Duma had to try to resolve the land question - the most burning issue of the first Russian revolution.
The procedure for elections to the First Duma was determined in the election law issued in December 1905. According to it, four electoral curiae were established: landowner, city, peasant and workers. According to the workers' curia, only those workers who were employed in enterprises with at least 50 employees were allowed to vote. As a result, 2 million male workers were immediately deprived of the right to vote. Women, young people under 25, military personnel, and a number of national minorities did not take part in the elections. The elections were multi-stage electors - deputies were elected by electors from voters - two-stage, and for workers and peasants three- and four-stage. In the landowning curia there was one elector per 2 thousand voters, in the urban curia - per 4 thousand, in the peasant curia - per 30, in the workers' curia - per 90 thousand. The total number of elected Duma deputies in different time ranged from 480 to 525 people. On April 23, 1906, Nicholas II approved the Code of Basic State Laws, which the Duma could only change on the initiative of the Tsar himself. According to the Code, all laws adopted by the Duma were subject to approval by the tsar, and all executive power in the country also continued to be subordinate to the tsar. The tsar appointed ministers, single-handedly directed the country's foreign policy, the armed forces were subordinate to him, he declared war, made peace, and could introduce military or state of emergency. Moreover, a special paragraph 87 was introduced into the Code of Basic State Laws, which allowed the tsar, during breaks between sessions of the Duma, to issue new laws only in his own name.
In the elections to the First State Duma, the Cadets (170 deputies) won a convincing victory; in addition to them, the Duma included 100 representatives of the peasantry (Trudoviks), 15 Social Democrats (Mensheviks), 70 autonomists (representatives of the national outskirts), 30 moderates and rightists and 100 non-party deputies. The Bolsheviks boycotted the elections to the Duma, considering the revolutionary path to be the only correct direction of development. Therefore, the Bolsheviks could not have made any compromises with the first parliament in Russian history. The grand opening of the Duma meeting took place on April 27 in the Throne Hall of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg.
One of the leaders of the cadets, professor at Moscow University, lawyer S. A. Muromtsev, was elected Chairman of the Duma.
S. A. Muromtsev
If in the villages the manifestations of the war were the burning of estates and mass floggings of peasants, then in the Duma verbal battles were in full swing. Peasant deputies ardently demanded the transfer of land into the hands of farmers. They were equally passionately opposed by representatives of the nobility, who defended the inviolability of property.
A deputy from the Kadet Party, Prince Vladimir Obolensky, said: “The land problem was the focus of the First Duma.”
The Cadets who predominated in the Duma tried to find “ middle way", reconcile the warring parties. The Cadets offered to transfer part of the land to the peasants - but not for free, but for a ransom. We were talking not only about landowners, but also about state, church and other lands. At the same time, the Cadets emphasized that it was necessary to preserve “cultured landowner farms.”
The cadets' proposals were harshly criticized on both sides. Right-wing deputies saw them as an attack on property rights. The left believed that the land should be transferred to the peasants without ransom—for nothing. The government also categorically rejected the cadet project. By the summer of 1906, the struggle had reached its utmost intensity. The authorities decided to push the situation to a resolution. On June 20, the government announced that it would not allow any violation of the rights of landowners. This caused an explosion of indignation among the majority of deputies. On July 6, the Duma issued a declaration confirming its intention to transfer part of the landowners' lands to the peasants. The authorities' response to this was the dissolution of the Duma. The highest decree on dissolution followed three days later, on July 9, 1906.
The beginning of land reform was announced by a government decree of November 9, 1906, adopted as an emergency, bypassing the State Duma. According to this decree, peasants received the right to leave the community with their land. They might as well sell it. P. Stolypin believed that this measure would soon destroy the community. He said that the decree “laid the foundation of a new peasant system.”
In February 1907, the Second State Duma was convened. In it, as in the First Duma, the land issue remained the center of attention. The majority of deputies in the Second Duma, even more firmly than in the First Duma, were in favor of transferring part of the noble lands to the peasants. P. Stolypin resolutely rejected such projects: “Doesn’t this remind you of the story of Trishkin’s caftan: “cut off the floors in order to sew sleeves from them?” Of course, the Second Duma showed no desire to approve Stolypin’s decree of November 9. In this regard, there were persistent rumors among the peasants that it was impossible to leave the community - those who left would not get the landowner's land.
In March 1907, Emperor Nicholas II, in a letter to his mother, noted: “Everything would be fine if what is happening in the Duma remained within its walls. The fact is that every word said there appears the next day in all the newspapers, which people read greedily. In many places they are already talking about land again and are waiting for what the Duma will say on this issue... We need to let it reach an agreement to the point of stupidity or disgustingness and then clap.”
Unlike many countries in the world, where parliamentary traditions have developed over centuries, in Russia the first representative institution (in the modern sense of the term) was convened only in 1906. It got the name - The State Duma and existed for about 12 years, until the fall of the autocracy, having four convocations. In all four convocations of the State Duma, the predominant position among the deputies was occupied by representatives of three social strata - the local nobility, the urban intelligentsia and the peasantry.
It was they who brought the skills of public debate to the Duma. The nobility had, for example, almost half a century of experience working in the zemstvo.
The intelligentsia used skills acquired in university classrooms and court debates. The peasants carried with them to the Duma many democratic traditions of communal self-government.
FORMATION
Officially, the people's representation in Russia was established by the Manifesto of August 6, 1905.
The intention to take into account the public need for a representative body of government was stated in the manifesto.
FIRST STATE DUMA
- According to election law 1905 years, four electoral curiae were established: landowning, urban, peasant and workers. According to the workers' curia, only those proletarians who were employed in enterprises that employed at least fifty people were allowed to vote, which deprived two million workers of the right to vote.
The elections themselves were not universal, equal and direct (women, youth under 25, military personnel, and a number of national minorities were excluded; in the landowning curia there was one elector per 2 thousand voters, in the urban curia - per 4 thousand voters, in the peasant curia - per 30 thousand, in the working class - for 90 thousand; a three- and four-degree election system was established for workers and peasants.)
I State Duma.
The first “popularly” elected Duma lasted from April to July 1906.
Only one session took place. Party representation: Cadets, Trudoviks - 97, Octobrists, Social Democrats. The Chairman of the first State Duma was cadet Sergei Andreevich Muromtsev, a professor at Moscow University.
From the very beginning of its activity, the Duma demonstrated that a representative institution of the people of Russia, even elected on the basis of an undemocratic electoral law, will not tolerate the arbitrariness and authoritarianism of the executive branch. The Duma demanded an amnesty for political prisoners, the real implementation of political freedoms, universal equality, the liquidation of state, appanage and monastic lands, etc.
Then the Chairman of the Council of Ministers decisively rejected all the demands of the Duma, which in turn passed a resolution of complete no confidence in the government and demanded its resignation. The ministers declared a boycott on the Duma and exchanged demands on each other.
In general, during the 72 days of its existence, the first Duma accepted 391 requests for illegal government actions and was dissolved by the tsar.
II State Duma.
It existed from February to June 1907. One session also took place. In terms of the composition of the deputies, it was significantly to the left of the first, although according to the plan of the courtiers it should have been more to the right.
Fedor Alekseevich Golovin, a zemstvo leader, one of the founders of the Cadet Party and a member of its Central Committee, was elected Chairman of the Second State Duma.
For the first time, the recording of government revenues and expenditures was discussed.
It is interesting that most of the meetings of the first Duma and the second Duma were devoted to procedural problems.
This became a form of struggle between deputies and the government during the discussion of bills that, according to the government, the Duma had no right to discuss. The government, subordinate only to the tsar, did not want to reckon with the Duma, and the Duma, as the “people's chosen one,” did not want to submit to this state of affairs and sought to achieve its goals in one way or another.
Ultimately, the Duma-Government confrontation was one of the reasons that on June 3, 1907, the autocracy carried out a coup d'etat, changing the election law and dissolving the Second Duma.
As a result of the introduction of a new electoral law, a third Duma was created, already more obedient to the tsar. The number of deputies opposed to the autocracy has sharply decreased, but the number of loyal elected representatives and far-right extremists has increased.
III State Duma.
the only one of the four who served the entire five-year term prescribed by the law on elections to the Duma - from November 1907 to June 1912.
Five sessions took place.
The Octobrist Alexander Nikolaevich Khomyakov was elected Chairman of the Duma, who was replaced in March 1910 by the prominent merchant and industrialist Alexander Ivanovich Guchkov, a man of desperate courage who fought in the Anglo-Boer War.
The Octobrists, a party of large landowners and industrialists, controlled the work of the entire Duma.
Moreover, their main method was blocking on various issues with different factions. Despite its longevity, the Third Duma did not emerge from crises from the very first months of its formation. Acute conflicts arose on various occasions: on issues of reforming the army, on the peasant issue, on the issue of attitude towards the “national outskirts”, as well as because of personal ambitions that tore apart the deputy corps. But even in these extremely difficult conditions, opposition-minded deputies found ways to express their opinions and criticize the autocratic system in the face of all of Russia.
IV State Duma
The Duma arose in a pre-crisis period for the country and the whole world - the eve of world war.
The composition of the Fourth Duma differed little from the Third. Except that there has been a significant increase in clergy in the ranks of deputies.
The Chairman of the Fourth Duma for the entire period of its work was a large Ekaterinoslav landowner, a man with a large-scale state mind, the Octobrist Mikhail Vladimirovich Rodzianko.
The deputies recognized the need to prevent revolution through reforms, and also advocated returning to Stolypin’s program in one form or another.
During the First World War, the State Duma without hesitation approved loans and adopted bills related to the conduct of the war.
The situation did not allow the Fourth Duma to concentrate on large-scale work.
She was constantly feverish. There were endless, personal “showdowns” between the leaders of the factions, within the factions themselves. Moreover, with the outbreak of the World War in August 1914, after major failures of the Russian army at the front, the Duma entered into an acute conflict with the executive branch.
Historical significance: Despite all sorts of obstacles and the dominance of reactionaries, the first representative institutions in Russia had a serious impact on the executive branch and forced even the most notorious governments to reckon with themselves.
It is not surprising that the State Duma did not fit well into the system of autocratic power and, that is why Nicholas II constantly sought to get rid of it.
- formation of democratic traditions;
- development of publicity;
- the formation of right-wing consciousness, political education of the people;
- the elimination of the slave psychology that has dominated Russia for centuries, the intensification of the political activity of the Russian people;
- gaining experience democratic decision the most important government issues, improving parliamentary activities, forming a layer of professional politicians.
The State Duma has become the center of legal political struggle, it provided the possibility of the existence of official opposition to the autocracy.
The positive experience of the Duma deserves to be used in the activities of modern parliamentary structures of Russia
Introduction - 3
1. Third State Duma (1907–1912): general characteristics and features of activity - 5
2. State Duma of the third convocation in the estimates of deputies - 10
Conclusion - 17
List of used literature - 20
Introduction
Experience of the first two legislative assemblies was assessed by the king and his entourage as unsuccessful.
In this situation, the June Third Manifesto was published, in which dissatisfaction with the work of the Duma was attributed to the imperfection of the election legislation:
All these changes in the election procedure cannot be carried out in the usual legislative way through the State Duma, the composition of which We have recognized as unsatisfactory, due to the imperfection of the very method of electing its Members.
Only the Authority that granted the first electoral law, the historical Authority of the Russian Tsar, has the right to repeal it and replace it with a new one.
The electoral law of June 3, 1907 may have seemed to those around the Tsar a good find, but the State Duma, formed in accordance with it, reflected the balance of power in the country so one-sidedly that it could not even adequately outline the range of problems the solution of which could prevent the country's slide towards disaster. As a result, replacing the first Duma with the second, the tsarist government wanted the best, but it turned out as always.
The First Duma was the Duma of hopes for a peaceful evolutionary process in a country tired of revolution. The Second Duma turned out to be a Duma of intense struggle between deputies among themselves (even to the point of fights) and an irreconcilable struggle, including in an offensive form, between the left part of the deputies and the authorities.
Having the experience of dispersing the previous Duma, the most prepared for parliamentary activities, the most intellectual faction of the Cadets tried to bring both the right and left parties into at least some framework of decency.
But the intrinsic value of the sprouts of parliamentarism in autocratic Russia was of little interest to the right, and the left did not give a damn about evolutionary development democracy in Russia. On the night of June 3, 1907, members of the Social Democratic faction were arrested. At the same time, the government announced the dissolution of the Duma. A new, incomparably more stringent restrictive electoral law was issued.
State Dumas in Russia (1906 – 1917)
Thus, tsarism deeply violated one of the main provisions of the manifesto of October 17, 1905: no law can be adopted without the approval of the Duma.
Further course political life demonstrated with terrifying clarity the fallacy and ineffectiveness of forceful palliatives in solving fundamental problems of the relationship between various branches of government. But before Nicholas II and his family and millions of innocent people who fell into the millstones of the revolution and civil war, there were the third and fourth Dumas.
As a result of the third of June 1907
After the Black Hundred coup d'etat, the electoral law of December 11, 1905 was replaced by a new one, which in the Cadet-liberal environment was called nothing less than “shameless”: so openly and crudely did it ensure the strengthening of the far-right monarchist-nationalist wing in the Third Duma.
Only 15% of the subjects of the Russian Empire received the right to participate in elections.
The peoples of Central Asia were completely deprived of voting rights, and representation from other national regions was limited. The new law almost doubled the number of peasant electors. The formerly single city curia was divided into two: the first included only owners of large property, who received significant advantages over the petty bourgeoisie and intelligentsia, who made up the bulk of the voters of the second city curia, i.e.
the main voters of the Cadets-liberals. The workers could actually appoint their deputies only in six provinces, where separate workers' curiae remained. As a result, the share of noble landowners and the big bourgeoisie accounted for 75% total number electors. At the same time, tsarism showed itself to be a consistent supporter of the conservation of the feudal-landowner status quo, and not of accelerating the development of bourgeois-capitalist relations in general, not to mention bourgeois-democratic tendencies.
The rate of representation from landowners was more than four times higher than the rate of representation from the big bourgeoisie. The Third State Duma, unlike the first two, lasted for a set period (11/01/1907-06/09/1912).
Processes of positioning and interaction of political forces in the Third Duma Tsarist Russia strikingly reminiscent of what happened in 2000-2005 in the Duma democratic Russia, when political expediency based on unprincipledness is put at the forefront.
Purpose of this work is a study of the features of the third State Duma of the Russian Empire.
1.
Third State Duma (1907–1912): general characteristics and features of activities
The Third State Duma of the Russian Empire operated full term powers from November 1, 1907 to June 9, 1912 and turned out to be the most politically durable of the first four state dumas. She was elected according to Manifesto on the dissolution of the State Duma, on the time of convening a new Duma and on changing the procedure for elections to the State Duma And Regulations on elections to the State Duma dated June 3, 1907, which were published by Emperor Nicholas II simultaneously with the dissolution of the Second State Duma.
The new electoral law significantly limited the voting rights of peasants and workers.
The total number of electors for the peasant curia was reduced by 2 times. The peasant curia, therefore, had only 22% of the total number of electors (versus 41.4% under suffrage Regulations on elections to the State Duma 1905). The number of workers' electors accounted for 2.3% of the total number of electors.
Significant changes were made to the election procedure for the City Curia, which was divided into 2 categories: the first congress of urban voters (big bourgeoisie) received 15% of all electors and the second congress of urban voters (petty bourgeoisie) received only 11%. The First Curia (congress of farmers) received 49% of the electors (versus 34% in 1905). Workers of the majority of Russian provinces (with the exception of 6) could participate in elections only through the second city curia - as tenants or in accordance with the property qualification.
The law of June 3, 1907 gave the Minister of the Interior the right to change the boundaries of electoral districts and at all stages of elections to divide electoral assemblies into independent branches.
Representation from the national outskirts has sharply decreased. For example, previously 37 deputies were elected from Poland, but now there are 14, from the Caucasus there used to be 29, but now only 10. The Muslim population of Kazakhstan and Central Asia was generally deprived of representation.
The total number of Duma deputies was reduced from 524 to 442.
Only 3,500,000 people took part in the elections to the Third Duma.
44% of the deputies were noble landowners. The legal parties after 1906 remained: “Union of the Russian People”, “Union of October 17” and the Peaceful Renewal Party. They formed the backbone of the Third Duma. The opposition was weakened and did not prevent P. Stolypin from carrying out reforms. In the Third Duma, elected under the new electoral law, the number of opposition-minded deputies significantly decreased, and on the contrary, the number of deputies supporting the government and the tsarist administration increased.
In the Third Duma there were 50 far-right deputies, 97 moderate right-wing and nationalists.
Groups appeared: Muslim - 8 deputies, Lithuanian-Belarusian - 7, Polish - 11. The Third Duma, the only one of the four, worked for the entire five-year term prescribed by the law on elections to the Duma, five sessions were held.
An extreme right-wing deputy group arose led by V.M. Purishkevich. At Stolypin’s suggestion and with government money, a new faction, the “Union of Nationalists,” was created with its own club. She competed with the Black Hundred faction “Russian Assembly”.
These two groups constituted the “legislative center” of the Duma. Statements by their leaders were often overtly xenophobic and anti-Semitic.
At the very first meetings of the Third Duma , which opened its work on November 1, 1907, a right-wing Octobrist majority was formed, which amounted to almost 2/3, or 300 members. Since the Black Hundreds were against the Manifesto of October 17, differences arose between them and the Octobrists on a number of issues, and then the Octobrists found support from the progressives and the much improved Cadets.
This is how the second Duma majority was formed, the Octobrist-Cadet majority, which made up about 3/5 of the Duma (262 members).
The presence of this majority determined the nature of the activities of the Third Duma and ensured its efficiency. A special group of progressives was formed (initially 24 deputies, then the number of the group reached 36; later, on the basis of the group, the Progressive Party arose (1912–1917), which occupied an intermediate position between the Cadets and the Octobrists.
The leaders of the progressives were V.P. and P.P. Ryabushinsky. Radical factions - 14 Trudoviks and 15 Social Democrats - stood apart, but they could not seriously influence the course of Duma activities.
Number of factions in the Third State Duma (1907–1912)
The position of each of the three main groups - right, left and center - was determined at the very first meetings of the Third Duma.
The Black Hundreds, who did not approve of Stolypin’s reform plans, unconditionally supported all his measures to combat opponents of the existing system. Liberals tried to resist the reaction, but in some cases Stolypin could count on their relatively friendly attitude towards the reforms proposed by the government. At the same time, none of the groups could either fail or approve this or that bill when voting alone.
In such a situation, everything was decided by the position of the center - the Octobrists. Although it did not constitute a majority in the Duma, the outcome of the vote depended on it: if the Octobrists voted together with other right-wing factions, then a right-wing Octobrist majority (about 300 people) was created, if together with the Cadets, then an Octobrist-Cadet majority (about 250 people) . These two blocs in the Duma allowed the government to maneuver and carry out both conservative and liberal reforms.
Thus, the Octobrist faction played the role of a kind of “pendulum” in the Duma.
Question
Answers and solutions
Table “Activities of the State Duma from the first to fourth convocations”
| I Duma | from 04/27/1906 to 07/9/1906 | 497 deputies: 153 cadets, 63 autonomists (members of the Polish Kolo, Ukrainian, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, etc. | S.A. Muromtsev | bills were approved on the abolition of the death penalty and on assistance to victims of crop failure, discussion of the land issue |
| II Duma | from 02/20/1907 to 06/2/1907 | 518 deputies: 65 Social Democrats, 37 Socialist Revolutionaries, 16 People's Socialists, 104 Trudoviks, 98 Cadets, 54 Rightists and Octobrists, 76 Autonomists, 50 non-party members, 17 from the Cossack group | F. | activities bore the features of confrontation with the authorities, which led to the dissolution of the Duma |
| III Duma | from 1.11.1907 to 9.06.1912 | 441 deputies: 50 extreme rightists, 97 moderate rightists and nationalists, 154 Octobrists and those associated with them, 28 “progressives”, 54 cadets, 13 Trudoviks, 19 social democrats, 8 from the Muslim group, 7 from the Lithuanian-Belarusian group, 11 from the Polish group | ON THE. Khomyakov, A.I. THE STATE DUMAGuchkov, M.V. Rodzianko |
the activities of the Duma were reduced to routine work without legislative initiative |
| IV Duma | from 11/15/1912 to 10/6/1917 | 442 deputies: 120 nationalists and moderate rightists, 98 Octobrists, 65 rightists, 59 Cadets, 48 progressives, 21 from national groups, 14 social democrats (Bolsheviks - 6, Mensheviks - 8), 10 Trudoviks, 7 non-party members | M.V. Rodzianko |
in the first period, the work of the Duma was routine in nature without legislative initiative |
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In April 1906 it opened The State Duma- the first assembly of people's representatives in the history of the country with legislative rights.
I State Duma(April-July 1906) – lasted 72 days. The Duma is predominantly cadet. The first meeting opened on April 27, 1906. Distribution of seats in the Duma: Octobrists - 16, Cadets 179, Trudoviks 97, non-party 105, representatives of the national outskirts 63, Social Democrats 18.
The workers, at the call of the RSDLP and the Socialist Revolutionaries, mostly boycotted the elections to the Duma. 57% of the agrarian commission were cadets. They introduced an agrarian bill into the Duma, which dealt with the forced alienation, for a fair remuneration, of that part of the landowners' lands that were cultivated on the basis of a semi-serf labor system or were leased to peasants in bondage.
In addition, state, office and monastic lands were alienated. All land will be transferred to the state land fund, from which peasants will be allocated it as private property.
As a result of the discussion, the commission recognized the principle of forced alienation of land.
In May 1906, the head of government, Goremykin, issued a declaration in which he denied the Duma the right to resolve the agrarian question in a similar way, as well as the expansion of voting rights, a ministry responsible to the Duma, the abolition of the State Council, and political amnesty. The Duma expressed no confidence in the government, but the latter could not resign (since it was responsible to the tsar).
A Duma crisis arose in the country. Some ministers spoke in favor of the Cadets joining the government.
Miliukov raised the question of a purely Cadet government, a general political amnesty, the abolition of the death penalty, the abolition of the State Council, universal suffrage, and the forced alienation of landowners' lands. Goremykin signed a decree dissolving the Duma.
In response, about 200 deputies signed an appeal to the people in Vyborg, where they called on them to passive resistance.
II State Duma(February-June 1907) - opened on February 20, 1907 and lasted 103 days. 65 Social Democrats, 104 Trudoviks, 37 Socialist Revolutionaries entered the Duma. There were 222 people in total. Peasant question remained central.
Trudoviks proposed 3 bills, the essence of which was the development of free farming on free land.
On June 1, 1907, Stolypin, using a fake, decided to get rid of the strong left wing and accused 55 Social Democrats of conspiring to establish a republic.
The Duma created a commission to investigate the circumstances.
The commission came to the conclusion that the accusation was a complete forgery. On June 3, 1907, the Tsar signed a manifesto dissolving the Duma and changing the electoral law. The coup d'état of June 3, 1907 meant the end of the revolution.
III State Duma(1907-1912) - 442 deputies.
Activities of the III Duma:
06/3/1907 - change in the electoral law.
The majority in the Duma was made up of the right-wing Octobrist and Octobrist-Cadet bloc.
Party composition: Octobrists, Black Hundreds, Cadets, Progressives, Peaceful Renovationists, Social Democrats, Trudoviks, non-party members, Muslim group, deputies from Poland.
The Octobrist party had the largest number of deputies (125 people).
Over 5 years of work, 2197 bills were approved
Main questions:
1) worker: 4 bills were considered by the commission min.
STATE DUMA OF RUSSIA (1906-1917)
Finnish Kokovtsev (on insurance, on conflict commissions, on reducing the working day, on the elimination of the law punishing participation in strikes). They were adopted in 1912 in a limited form.
2) national question : on zemstvos in the western provinces (the issue of creating electoral curiae based on nationality; the law was adopted regarding 6 of 9 provinces); Finnish question (an attempt by political forces to achieve independence from Russia, a law was passed on equalizing the rights of Russian citizens with Finnish ones, a law on the payment of 20 million
marks by Finland in exchange for military service, a law limiting the rights of the Finnish Sejm).
3) agrarian question: associated with the Stolypin reform.
Conclusion: June third system- the second step on the path to transforming the autocracy into a bourgeois monarchy.
Elections: multi-stage (occurred in 4 unequal curiae: landowner, urban, workers, peasants).
Half of the population (women, students, military personnel) were deprived of the right to vote.
IV State Duma(1912-1917) - Chairman Rodzianko. The Duma was dissolved by the provisional government due to the start of elections in constituent Assembly.
Composition of deputies of the State Duma 1906-1907
Deputies of the State Duma of the 1st convocation
Left parties announced a boycott of the elections due to the fact that, in their opinion, there was no real influence The Duma could not have the life of the state.
Far-right parties also boycotted the elections.
The elections lasted for several months, so that by the time the Duma began work, about 480 out of 524 deputies had been elected.
State Duma of the Russian Empire
In terms of its composition, the First State Duma turned out to be almost the most democratic parliament in the world. The main party in the First Duma was the party of constitutional democrats (cadets), representing the liberal spectrum of Russian society.
According to party affiliation, the deputies were distributed as follows: Cadets - 176, Octobrists ( official name parties - “Union of October 17”; adhered to center-right political views and supported the Manifesto of October 17) - 16, Trudoviks (the official name of the party is “ Labor group"; center-left) - 97, social democrats (Mensheviks) - 18.
Non-party rightists, close in political views to the Cadets, soon united into the Progressive Party, which included 12 people. The remaining parties were organized along national lines (Polish, Estonian, Lithuanian, Latvian, Ukrainian) and sometimes united into a union of autonomists (about 70 people).
There were about 100 non-party deputies in the First Duma. Among the non-party deputies were representatives of the extremely radical Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs). They did not unite into a separate faction, since the Socialist Revolutionaries officially took part in the boycott of the elections.
Cadet S.A. Muromtsev became the Chairman of the first State Duma.
In the very first hours of work, the Duma showed its extremely radical mood.
The government of S. Yu. Witte did not prepare major bills that the Duma was supposed to consider. It was assumed that the Duma itself would be involved in lawmaking and coordinate the bills under consideration with the government.
Seeing the radicalism of the Duma and its reluctance to work constructively, Minister of Internal Affairs P. A. Stolypin insisted on its dissolution. On July 9, 1906, the imperial manifesto on the dissolution of the First State Duma was published.
It also announced new elections.
180 deputies who did not recognize the dissolution of the Duma held a meeting in Vyborg, at which they developed an appeal to the people calling not to pay taxes and not to give recruits.
Deputies of the State Duma of the 2nd convocation
In January and February 1907, elections to the Second State Duma were held.
The election rules have not changed compared to the elections to the first Duma. Election campaigning was free only for right-wing parties. Executive branch I hoped that new line-up The Duma will be ready for constructive cooperation. But, despite the decline in revolutionary sentiment in society, the second Duma turned out to be no less oppositional than the previous one.
Thus, the Second Duma was doomed even before work began.
Left parties abandoned boycott tactics and received a significant share of the votes in the new Duma. In particular, representatives of the radical party of Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) entered the Second Duma.
Far-right parties also entered the Duma. Representatives of the centrist party “Union of October 17” (Octobrists) entered the new Duma. The majority of seats in the Duma belonged to Trudoviks and Cadets.
518 deputies were elected.
The Cadets, having lost some mandates compared to the first Duma, retained a significant number of seats in the second. In the Second Duma, this faction consisted of 98 people.
A significant part of the mandates was received by left factions: Social Democrats - 65, Socialist Revolutionaries - 36, Party of People's Socialists - 16, Trudoviks - 104. Right-wing factions were also represented in the Second Duma: Octobrists - 32, moderate right faction - 22. In the Second Duma There were national factions: the Polish Kolo (representation of the Kingdom of Poland) - 46, the Muslim faction - 30.
The Cossack faction was represented, which included 17 deputies. There were 52 non-party deputies in the Second Duma.
The Second State Duma began work on February 20, 1907. Cadet F.A. Golovin was elected Chairman. On March 6, Chairman of the Council of Ministers P. A. Stolypin spoke at the State Duma.
He announced that the government intends to carry out large-scale reforms with the aim of turning Russia into constitutional state. A number of bills were proposed for consideration by the Duma. In general, the Duma reacted negatively to the government's proposals. There was no constructive dialogue between the government and the Duma.
The reason for the dissolution of the Second State Duma was the accusation of some Social Democrats of collaborating with militant workers' squads.
On June 1, the government demanded immediate permission from the Duma to arrest them. A Duma commission was formed to consider this issue, but no decision was made, since on the night of June 3, an imperial manifesto was published announcing the dissolution of the Second State Duma. It said: “Not with a pure heart, not with a desire to strengthen Russia and improve its system, many of the people sent from the population began to work, but with a clear desire to increase unrest and contribute to the disintegration of the state.
The activities of these individuals in the State Duma served as an insurmountable obstacle to fruitful work. A spirit of hostility was introduced into the environment of the Duma itself, which prevented a sufficient number of its members who wanted to work for the benefit of their native land from uniting.”
The same manifesto announced changes to the law on elections to the State Duma.
Deputies of the State Duma III convening
According to the new election law, the size of the landowner curia significantly increased, and the size of the peasant and worker curia decreased. Thus, the landowning curia had 49% of the total number of electors, the peasant curia - 22%, the workers' curia - 3%, and the urban curia - 26%.
The city curia was divided into two categories: the first congress of city voters (big bourgeoisie), which had 15% of the total number of all electors, and the second congress of city voters (petty bourgeoisie), which had 11%.
The representation of the national outskirts of the empire was sharply reduced. For example, Poland could now elect 14 deputies against the 37 previously elected.
In total, the number of deputies in the State Duma was reduced from 524 to 442.
The Third State Duma was much more loyal to the government than its predecessors, which ensured its political longevity. The majority of seats in the third State Duma were won by the Octobrist party, which became the support of the government in parliament. Right-wing parties also won a significant number of seats. The representation of Cadets and Social Democrats has sharply decreased compared to previous Dumas.
A party of progressives was formed, which in its political views was between the Cadets and the Octobrists.
By factional affiliation, the deputies were distributed as follows: moderate right - 69, nationalists - 26, right - 49, Octobrists - 148, progressives - 25, cadets - 53, social democrats - 19, labor party- 13, Muslim party - 8, Polish group - 11, Polish-Lithuanian-Belarusian group - 7.
Depending on the proposed bill, either a right-wing Octobrist or a Cadet-Octobrist majority was formed in the Duma. and during the work of the third State Duma, three of its chairmen were replaced: N. A. Khomyakov (November 1, 1907 - March 1910), A.
I. Guchkov (March 1910-1911), M. V. Rodzianko (1911-1912).
The Third State Duma had less powers than its predecessors. Thus, in 1909, military legislation was removed from the jurisdiction of the Duma. The Third Duma devoted most of its time to agrarian and labor issues, as well as the issue of governance on the outskirts of the empire.
Among the main bills adopted by the Duma are laws on peasant private ownership of land, on insurance of workers, on the introduction local government in the western regions of the empire.
Deputies of the State Duma of the IV convocation
Elections to the Fourth State Duma took place in September-October 1912. The main issue discussed in election campaign, there was a question about the constitution.
All parties, with the exception of the extreme right, supported the constitutional order.
The majority of seats in the Fourth State Duma were won by the Octobrist party and right-wing parties. They retained the influence of the Cadets and Progressives party. A small number of seats were won by the Trudovik and Social Democratic parties. The deputies were divided into factions in the following way: right - 64, Russian nationalists and moderate right - 88, Octobrists - 99, progressives - 47, Cadets - 57, Polish colony - 9, Polish-Lithuanian-Belarusian group - 6, Muslim group - 6, Trudoviks - 14, social Democrats - 4.
The government, which after the assassination of P. A. Stolypin in September 1911 was headed by V. N. Kokovtsev, could only rely on right-wing parties, since the Octobrists in the Fourth Duma, as well as the Cadets, entered the legal opposition.
The Fourth State Duma began work on November 15, 1912. The Octobrist M.V. Rodzianko was elected Chairman.
The Fourth Duma demanded significant reforms, which the government did not agree to.
In 1914, after the outbreak of the First World War, the opposition wave temporarily subsided. But soon, after a series of defeats at the front, the Duma again took on a sharply oppositional character. The confrontation between the Duma and the government led to a state crisis.
In August 1915, a progressive bloc was formed, which received a majority in the Duma (236 out of 422 seats).
It included Octobrists, progressives, cadets, and some nationalists. The formal leader of the bloc was the Octobrist S.I. Shchidlovsky, but in fact it was headed by the cadet P.N. Milyukov. The main goal of the bloc was the formation of a “government of people's trust,” which would include representatives of the main Duma factions and which would be responsible to the Duma, and not to the Tsar. The Progressive Bloc program was supported by many noble organizations and some members royal family, but Nicholas II himself refused to even consider it, considering it impossible to replace the government and carry out any reforms during the war.
The Fourth State Duma existed until the February Revolution and after February 25, 1917.
no longer formally planned. Many deputies joined the Provisional Government, and the Duma continued to meet privately and advise the government. On October 6, 1917, in connection with the upcoming elections to the Constituent Assembly, the Provisional Government decided to dissolve the Duma.
The First State Duma, with the dominant People's Freedom Party, sharply pointed out to the government the latter's mistakes in matters of public administration.
Taking into account that the second place in the Second Duma was occupied by the opposition, represented by the People's Freedom Party, whose deputies amounted to about 20%, it turns out that the Second Duma was also hostile to the government.
The Third Duma, thanks to the law of June 3, 1907, turned out differently. The predominant ones were the Octobrists, who became government party and took a hostile position not only to socialist parties, but also to the opposition, like the People's Freedom Party and the Progressives.
Having united with the right and nationalists, the Octobrists formed a government-obedient center of 277 deputies, representing almost 63% of all Duma members, which contributed to the adoption of a number of bills. The Fourth Duma had clearly defined flanks (left and right) with a very moderate center (conservatives), a job that was complicated by internal political events.
Thus, having considered a number of significant factors that influenced the activities of the first parliament in the history of Russia, we should next turn to the legislative process carried out in the State Duma.
More than 100 years ago, the First State Duma of the Russian Empire began its work in the historical hall of the Tauride Palace. This event caused various responses and reactions in Russia at that time - from enthusiastic-optimistic to alarming-pessimistic.
The manifesto of October 17, 1905 proclaimed the convening of the State Duma. Its task was to initiate cases to repeal, change existing or issue new laws, with the exception of basic state laws. Unlike many countries in the world, where parliamentary traditions have developed over centuries, in Russia the first representative institution was convened only in 1906. It was named the State Duma and existed for about 12 years, until the fall of the autocracy. There were four convocations of the State Duma in total.
Some believed that the formation of the State Duma was the beginning of Russia’s entry into European life. Others were sure that this was the end of Russian statehood, based on the principle of autocracy. In general, the elections to the State Duma and the very fact of the start of its work caused Russian society beginning of the 20th century new expectations and hopes for positive changes in the country. Meeting room of the State Duma in the Tauride Palace, St. Petersburg
Meeting room of the State Duma in the Tauride Palace, St. Petersburg
Having just experienced the revolution of 1905, the country was expecting a profound reform of the entire state system of the Russian Empire.
Although in Russia for a long time there was no parliament and the principle of separation of powers, but this does not mean that there were no representative institutions - they were in the form of the Veche in Ancient Rus', city dumas and zemstvos in subsequent eras. But they were all legislative in relation to supreme power, now not a single law could be adopted if it was not approved by the State Duma.
In all four convocations of the State Duma, the predominant position among the deputies was occupied by representatives of three social strata - the local nobility, the urban intelligentsia and the peasantry.
The Duma was elected for five years. Duma deputies were not accountable to voters, their removal could be carried out by the Senate, and the Duma could be dissolved early by decision of the emperor. With a legislative initiative, the Duma could include ministers, commissions of deputies and the State Council.
First State Duma
Elections to the First State Duma were held in February-March 1906, when the revolutionary situation in the country was already beginning to be controlled by the authorities, although instability continued to persist in some outlying areas, and elections could not be held there.
478 deputies were elected to the First Duma: Cadets - 176, Octobrists - 16, non-party members - 105, peasant labor workers - 97, Social Democrats (Mensheviks) - 18, and the rest were members of regional-national parties and associations, in large part adjacent to the liberal wing.
The elections were not universal, equal and direct: women, young people under 25, military personnel, and a number of national minorities were excluded;
- there was one elector per 2 thousand voters in the landowning curia, and per 4 thousand in the city curia;
- voters, in the peasant sector - by 30 thousand, in the labor sector - by 90 thousand;
— a three- and four-degree election system was established for workers and peasants.
Before the convening of the First State Duma, Nicholas II approved a set of “Basic State Laws”. The articles of the code confirmed the sacredness and inviolability of the king’s person and established that he carried out legislative branch in unity with the State Council and the Duma, the supreme leadership external relations, army, navy, finance and so on. One of the articles consolidated the power of the State Duma and State Council: “No new law cannot follow without the approval of the State Duma and the State Council and accept force without the approval of the sovereign emperor.”
The opening of the Duma was a major public event; All the newspapers described it in detail.
Cadet S.A. Muromtsev, a professor at Moscow University, was elected chairman. Prince P. D. Dolgorukov and N. A. Gredeskul (both cadets) became the chairman’s comrades. Secretary - Prince D.I. Shakhovskoy (cadet).
The main issue in the work of the First State Duma was the land issue. On May 7, the cadet faction, signed by 42 deputies, put forward a bill that provided for additional allocation of land to peasants at the expense of state, monastic, church, appanage and cabinet lands, as well as partial forced purchase of landowners' lands.
During the entire period of work, deputies approved 2 bills - on the abolition of the death penalty (initiated by deputies in violation of the procedure) and on the allocation of 15 million rubles to help victims of crop failure, introduced by the government.
On July 6, 1906, instead of the unpopular I. L. Goremykin, the decisive P. A. Stolypin was appointed chairman of the Council of Ministers (who also retained the post of Minister of Internal Affairs). The government, seeing signs of “illegality” in the actions of the Duma, dissolved the Duma on July 8. The First Duma lasted only 72 days.
Second State Duma
Elections to the Second State Duma took place at the beginning of 1907, and its first session opened on February 20, 1907. A total of 518 deputies were elected: 98 Cadets, 104 Trudoviks, 68 Social Democrats, 37 Socialist Revolutionaries, and 37 non-party members. 50, Octobrists – 44.
One of the leaders of the cadets, Fyodor Aleksandrovich Golovin, was elected Chairman of the Duma .
The agrarian question again came into focus, but now there was already government program reorganization of land tenure and land use, which has become the object of fierce attacks.
Right-wing deputies and Octobrists supported the decree of November 9, 1906 on the beginning of the Stolypin agrarian reform. The Cadets tried to find a compromise on the land issue with the Trudoviks and autonomists, minimizing demands for the forced alienation of landowners' lands. Trudoviks defended a radical program of alienation of landowners and privately owned lands that exceeded the “labor norm” and the introduction of equal land use according to the “labor norm”. The Social Revolutionaries introduced a project for the socialization of the land, the Social Democratic faction - a project for the municipalization of the land. The Bolsheviks defended the program of nationalization of all land.
Most of the meetings of the Second State Duma, like its predecessor, were devoted to procedural issues. This became a form of struggle to expand the competence of Duma deputies. The government, responsible only to the tsar, did not want to reckon with the Duma, and the Duma, which considered itself as the people's chosen one, did not want to recognize the narrow scope of its powers. This state of affairs became one of the reasons for the dissolution of the State Duma.
The Duma was dissolved after existing for 102 days. The reason for the dissolution of the Duma was the controversial case of the rapprochement of the Duma faction of Social Democrats with the “military organization of the RSDLP”, which was preparing armed uprising in the troops on June 3, 1907. Along with the Manifesto on the dissolution of the Duma, a new Regulation on Elections was published. The change in the electoral law was carried out in clear violation of the Manifesto of October 17, 1905, which emphasized that “no new laws can be adopted without the approval of the State Duma.”
Third State Duma
In the III State Duma, 51 rightists were elected, 136 Octobrists, 28 progressives, 53 cadets, 90 nationalists, 13 Trudoviks, 19 social democrats. The chairmen of the State Duma of the third convocation were: N.A. Khomyakov, A.I. Guchkov, M.V. Rodzianko.
As one might expect, the composition III State The Duma was formed by a majority of rightists and Octobrists. It continued its work from November 1, 1907 to June 9, 1912 and held 611 meetings during this period, considered 2,572 bills, of which 205 were put forward by the Duma itself.
The main place was still occupied by the agrarian question related to the Stolypin reform, labor and national. The Duma approved 2,197 bills, most of which related to estimates of various departments and departments, and the state budget was approved annually in the State Duma. In 1909, the government, once again violating the fundamental law, removed military legislation from the jurisdiction of the Duma.
Over the five years of its existence, the Third State Duma adopted a number of important bills in the field of public education, strengthening the army, and local self-government. The Third Duma, the only one of the four, served the entire five-year term required by the law on elections to the Duma - from November 1907 to June 1912. Five sessions took place.
Fourth State Duma
In June 1912, the powers of the deputies of the III State Duma expired, and in the fall elections to the IV State Duma took place. The Duma of the IV convocation began its work on November 15, 1912 and continued until February 25, 1917. The chairman all this time was the Octobrist M.V. Rodzianko. The composition of the State Duma of the fourth convocation: rightists and nationalists - 157 seats, Octobrists - 98, progressives - 48, Cadets - 59, Trudoviks - 10 and Social Democrats - 14.
The situation did not allow the Fourth Duma to concentrate on large-scale work. Moreover, with the outbreak of the World War in August 1914, after major failures of the Russian army at the front, the Duma entered into an acute conflict with the executive branch.
On September 3, 1915, after the Duma accepted the war loans allocated by the government, it was dissolved for vacation. The Duma met again only in February 1916.
But the Duma did not last long. On December 16, 1916 it was dissolved again. It resumed its activities on February 14, 1917, on the eve of the February abdication of Nicholas II. On February 25 it was dissolved again. There were no more official plans. But formally and actually it existed.
The new State Duma resumed its work only in 1993.
Let's sum it up
During the existence of the State Duma, progressive laws for those times were adopted on education and on labor protection at work; Thanks to the consistent line of Duma members, significant budgetary allocations were allocated for the rearmament of the army and navy, which were seriously damaged during the Russo-Japanese War.
But the pre-revolutionary Dumas were unable to resolve many pressing issues of their time, in particular the land issue.
In Russia it was the first representative institution of parliamentary type.
Elections to the State Duma of the Russian Empire of the first convocation took place from March 26 to April 20, 1906, and their preparation began in January 1906. The first elections were not direct, equal and universal. Women, young people under 25, military personnel and a number of national minorities were not allowed to participate. Elected Duma The first convocation held only one session and existed for 72 days, after which it was dissolved by Emperor Nicholas II.
We present to you a small photo gallery of the First State Duma of the Russian Empire.
Postcard dedicated to the elections to the First State Duma (1906)
State emblem on the Duma department
Elections to the State Duma of the first convocation. Working apparatus election commission for the election of electors in the hall of the City Duma
Grand opening of the State Duma and State Council ( lower and upper houses of parliament) took place on April 27, 1906 in the Winter Palace with the participation of Nicholas II. On the same day, the first meeting of the Duma took place in the Tauride Palace in St. Petersburg.
Emperor Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna with their entourage walk along the Neva embankment on the opening day of the First State Duma
Emperor Nicholas II, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna and their entourage walk along the Neva embankment to the Winter Palace to receive deputies of the First State Duma
A group of deputies of the First State Duma goes to the Winter Palace for a reception with Emperor Nicholas II
Grand opening of the State Duma and State Council. Winter Palace. April 27, 1906
Officers of the Guards regiments at the Winter Palace during Emperor Nicholas II's reception of members of the City Council and deputies of the First State Duma
A group of retinue generals on the Neva embankment near the Winter Palace on the opening day of the First State Duma
State Duma building, Tauride Palace
Meeting room of the State Duma in the Tauride Palace, St. Petersburg
Arrival of deputies of the First State Duma for the first meeting at the Tauride Palace (in a white hat - deputy from the Tula province, Prince G. E. Lvov)
A group of deputies of the First State Duma at the Tauride Palace on the opening day of the Duma
First meeting of the Duma in the Tauride Palace
A group of deputies of the First State Duma in the meeting room of the Tauride Palace
Wives of deputies of the First State Duma at tea
Of the 478 deputies of the Duma of the first convocation (initially there were 499 deputies, the election of 11 was annulled) there were 176 deputies from the Cadet Party, 16 - Octobrists, 97 - Trudoviks, 105 - non-party members, 18 - Social Democrats (Mensheviks). The rest were part of regional-national parties and associations, which were largely aligned with the liberal wing.
Deputies of the State Duma of the first convocation, 1906
Social Democratic faction of the 1st State Duma
Labor Group I of the State Duma
The first State Duma in Russia lasted only 72 days. The discussion of the agrarian question caused an increase in public excitement among the broad masses and revolutionary uprisings in the country.
Meeting of the Agrarian Commission of the First State Duma, St. Petersburg, May 1906
On July 9, 1906, deputies came to the Tauride Palace for next meeting and came across closed doors. Nearby on a pole hung a manifesto signed by the tsar about the termination of the work of the First Duma, since it, designed to “bring calm” to society, only “incites unrest.” During its work, the State Duma accepted 391 requests about illegal government actions.
Deputies of the State Duma dissolved in 1906 arrive in Vyborg
After the dissolution of the Duma, about 200 deputies, including Cadets, Trudoviks and Social Democrats, gathered in Vyborg, where they adopted the appeal “To the people from the people’s representatives.” The government initiated action against the signatories of the Vyborg Appeal. criminal prosecution. By court decision, all “signatories” served three months, and then were deprived of voting rights in elections to the new Duma and other public positions.
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