There were times when there was no church organization, cult, dogmas, there were no officials. From the masses of ordinary believers came prophets and preachers, teachers and apostles. They were the ones who replaced the priests. They were believed to be endowed with power and capable of teaching, prophecy, performing miracles, and even healing. Any adherent could call himself a charismatic Christian faith. Such a person often even managed the affairs of the community if a certain number of like-minded people joined him. Only by the middle of the 2nd century did bishops gradually begin to direct all affairs of Christian communities.
The name "Papa" (from the Greek word - father, mentor) appeared in the 5th century. At the same time, according to the edict of the Emperor of Rome, all bishops were subject to the papal court.
The pinnacle of the power of papal power was a document that appeared in 1075, called the “Dictate of the Pope.”
The papacy at different periods of its history experienced dependence on emperors, as well as their governors, on French kings, even on barbarians, a split in the church that forever divided all adherents of Christianity into Orthodox and Catholics, the strengthening of power and the rise of the papacy, and the Crusades.
Who was awarded such a high title of "Pope"? A list of these people is presented to your attention in the article.
The temporal power of the Pope
Until 1870 inclusive, the Popes were the rulers of multiple territories in Italy, which was called the Papal States.
The Vatican became the Seat of the Holy See. Today there is no smaller state in the world, and it is completely located within the boundaries of Rome.
The Holy See, and therefore the Vatican, is headed by the Roman Pontiff (Pope). He is at life imprisonment elected by the conclave (college of cardinals).
The power of the Pope in the Church
In the Catholic Church, the pontiff has full power. It does not depend on the influence of any person.
He has the right to make laws, called canons, which are binding on the church, to interpret and change them, even to repeal them. They are combined into codices First - 451.
In the church, the Pope also has apostolic authority. He controls the purity of doctrine and spreads the faith. He has the authority to convene a meeting and approve the decisions he has made, postpone or dissolve the council.
The pontiff has judicial power in the church. It hears cases as a first instance. It is prohibited to appeal against my father’s verdict in a secular court.
And finally, as the highest executive branch, he has the right to establish bishoprics and liquidate them, appoint and remove bishops. He ordains saints and blessed ones.
Papal power is sovereign. And this is very important, since the rule of law allows us to maintain and maintain order.
Pope: list
The oldest of the lists is given in the treatise of Irenaeus of Lyons “Against Heresies” and ends in the year 189, when Pope Eleutherius died. It is recognized as reliable by most researchers.
In the list of Eusebius, which was brought up to the year 304, when he completed his earthly path Pope Marcellinus, contains information about the time of accession of each pontiff to the throne and the duration of their pontificates.
So who was awarded the title "Pope"? The list, with corrections in the Roman edition, was compiled by Pope Liberius and appears in his Catalog. And here, in addition to the names of each bishop, starting with St. Peter, and the duration of the pontificates with the greatest possible accuracy (to the day), there are other details, such as the dates of the consulates, the name of the emperor who ruled during these periods. Liberius himself died in 366.
Researchers note that the chronology of papal reigns up to 235 was obtained, for the most part, by calculations, and therefore their historical value is questionable.
To the more authoritative of the lists for a long time attributed to the Book of Popes, which contains descriptions up to and including Pope Honorius, who died in 1130. But, in fairness, it is worth noting that the Catalog of Pope Liberius became a source of information about the Popes of the early periods.
Is there an exact list of people who have been awarded the title "Pope"? The list was compiled by many historians. They were influenced by developing history, as well as the author’s point of view on the canonical legitimacy of a particular election or deposition. Moreover, the pontificates of ancient popes usually began counting from the moment when their ordination as bishops took place. With the later custom that arose until the ninth century, when Popes were crowned, the period of reign began to be calculated from the moment of coronation. And later, from the pontificate of Gregory VII - from the election, that is, from the moment when the Pope received rank. There were pontiffs who were elected, or even proclaimed themselves as such, in defiance of the fact that they were canonically elected.
Popes are wicked
In the history of the Vatican, which dates back more than 2000 years, there are not only blank blank pages, and Popes are not always and not all standards of virtue and righteous people. The Vatican recognized the pontiffs as thieves, libertines, usurpers, warmongers.
At all times, no Pope had the right to remain aloof from politics European countries. Perhaps that is precisely why some of them used its methods, often quite cruel, and as the most wicked, remained in the memory of their contemporaries.
- Stephen VI (VII - in separate sources).
They say that he did more than just “inherit.” On his initiative, a trial was held in 897, which was later called the “corpse synod.” He ordered the exhumation and put on trial the corpse of Pope Formosus, who was not just his predecessor, but also his ideological opponent. The accused, or rather the corpse of the pontiff, already half-decomposed, was seated on the throne and interrogated. It was a terrible court hearing. Pope Formosus was accused of treachery, and his election was declared invalid. And even this sacrilege was not enough for the pontiff, and the accused’s fingers were cut off and then dragged through the city streets. He was buried in a grave with foreigners.
By the way, at this very time an earthquake occurred, the Romans took it as a sign given to them from above to overthrow the Pope.
- John XII.
The list of charges is impressive: adultery, sale of church lands and privileges.
The fact of his adultery with many different women, among them his father’s partner and his own niece, is recorded in the chronicles of Liutprand of Cremona. He was even deprived of his life by the woman’s husband, who caught him in bed with her.
- Benedict IX.
He turned out to be the most cynical pontiff without any morality, “the devil from hell in the guise of a priest.” Far from it full list his acts of rape, sodomy, organization of orgies.
It is also known about the Pope's attempts to sell the throne, after which he again dreamed of power and planned to return to it.
- Urban VI.
He initiated the Schism in the Roman Catholic Church in 1378. For almost forty years those who fought for the throne were at enmity. He was a cruel man, a real despot.
- John XXII.
It was he who decided that he could make good money from the remission of sins. Forgiveness for more grave sins it cost more.
- Leo X.
A direct follower of the work begun by John XXII. He considered the “tariffs” to be low and in need of increasing. Now it was enough to pay a large sum, and the sins of a murderer or someone who committed incest were easily forgiven.
- Alexander VI.
A man with a reputation as the most immoral and scandalous Pope. He earned such fame through debauchery and nepotism. He was called a poisoner and an adulterer, and was even accused of incest. They say that he even got the position of Pope through bribery.
To be fair, it should be noted that there are plenty of unfounded rumors around his name.
Popes who were brutally murdered
The history of the church is rich in bloodshed. Many ministers of the Catholic Church became victims of brutal murders.
- October 64 St. Peter.
Saint Peter, as the legend goes, chose to die the death of a martyr, like his teacher Jesus. He expressed a desire to be crucified on the cross, only head down, and this undoubtedly increased the suffering. And after his death he became revered as the first Pope of Rome.
- Saint Clement I.
(from 88 to 99)
There is a legend according to which he, while in exile in the quarries, practically performed a miracle with the help of prayer. Where the prisoners were suffering from unbearable heat and thirst, a lamb appeared out of nowhere, and a spring gushed out of the ground in that very place. The ranks of Christians were replenished by those who witnessed the miracle, among them convicts and local residents. And Clementius was executed by the guards, an anchor was tied to his neck and the corpse was thrown into the sea.
- Saint Stephen I.
He served only 3 years as pontiff when he had to fall victim to the discord that engulfed the Catholic Church. Right in the middle of his sermon, he was beheaded by soldiers serving Emperor Valerian, who was persecuting Christians. The throne, which was drenched in his blood, was kept by the church until the 18th century.
- Sixtus II.
He repeated the fate of his predecessor, Stephen I.
- John VII.
By the way, he was the first among the Popes to be born in noble family. He was beaten to death by the woman's husband when he caught them in bed.
- John VIII.
He is considered almost the greatest church figure in history. Historians associate his name primarily with a large number political intrigues. And it is not surprising that he himself became their victim. It is known that he was poisoned and received a strong blow to the head with a hammer. It remained the mystery it was the real reason his murders.
- Stephen VII.
(from May 896 to August 897)
He became notorious for the trial of Pope Formosus. The Corpse Synod clearly did not receive the approval of Catholic supporters. He was eventually imprisoned, where he was later executed.
- John XII.
He became a dad at eighteen. And to most he was a leader, inspiring and godly. At the same time, he did not disdain theft and incest, he was a player. He is even credited with involvement in political assassinations. And he himself died at the hands of a jealous husband, who caught him and his wife in bed in his house.
- John XXI.
This pontiff is also known to the world as a scientist and philosopher. Philosophical and medical treatises came from his pen. He died some time after the roof collapsed in the new wing of his palace in Italy, in his own bed, from his injuries.
About some representatives of the papacy
He had to lead the church during the Second World War. He chose a very cautious position in relation to Hitlerism. But on his orders, Catholic churches sheltered Jews. And how many Vatican representatives helped Jews escape from concentration camps by issuing them new passports. The Pope used all possible means of diplomacy for these purposes.
Pius XII never hid his anti-Sovietism. In the hearts of Catholics, he will remain the pope who proclaimed the dogma of the Ascension of Our Lady.
Pontificate Pius XII ends the “era of Piev.”
The first Pope with a double name
The first Pope in history to choose for himself double name, which was made up of the names of his two predecessors. John Paul I innocently admitted that he lacked the education of one and the wisdom of the other. But he wanted to continue their work.
He was nicknamed “The Cheerful Papa Curia” because he constantly smiled, even laughed uninhibitedly, which was even unusual. Especially after the serious and gloomy predecessor.
Protocol etiquette became an almost unbearable burden for him. Even in the most solemn moments, he expressed himself very simply. Even his enthronement was carried out sincerely. He refused the tiathra, walked to the altar, did not sit in the chesatorium, and the roar of the cannon was replaced by the sounds of the choir.
His pontificate lasted only 33 days until he suffered a myocardial infarction.
Pope Francis
The first pontiff from the New World. This news was joyfully received by Catholics throughout the world. He gained fame as a brilliant speaker and talented leader. Pope Francis is intelligent and deeply educated. He is concerned about a variety of issues: from the possibility of a third world war to illegitimate children, from interethnic relations to sexual minorities. Pope Francis is a very humble man. He refuses luxury apartments, a personal chef, and doesn’t even use the “daddy car.”
Pilgrim Dad
Pope, the last one born in the 19th century, and the last one to be crowned with a tiara. Later this tradition was canceled. He established the Synod of Bishops.
Because he condemned contraception and artificial birth control, he was accused of conservatism and retrogradeness. It was during his reign that priests received the right to celebrate mass facing the people.
And he was nicknamed the “Pilgrim Pope” because he personally visited each of the five continents.
Founder of the Catholic Action movement
The Pope restored the old tradition when he addressed the believers with a blessing from the balcony of the palace. This was the first act of the pontiff. He became the founder of the Catholic Action movement, designed to bring to life the principles of Catholicism. He established the feast of Christ the King and defined the principles of the doctrine of family and marriage. He did not condemn democracy, like many of his predecessors. It was under the Lateran Agreements, signed by the Pope in February 1929, that the Holy See acquired sovereignty over the territory of 44 hectares, known to this day as the Vatican, a city-state with all its attributes: coat of arms and flag, banks and currency, telegraph, radio, newspaper, prison, etc.
The Pope has repeatedly condemned fascism. Only death prevented him from once again making an angry speech.
Conservative Pontiff
He is considered a conservative pontiff. He categorically does not accept homosexuality, contraception and abortion, and genetic experiments. He was against the ordination of women as priests, homosexuals and married men. He alienated Muslims by speaking disrespectfully about the Prophet Muhammad. And although he later apologized for his words, mass protests among Muslims could not be avoided.
First Pope of a united Italy
He was a versatile and educated man. Dante quoted from memory and wrote poetry in Latin. He was the first to open for those who study in Catholic educational institutions, access to some archives, but at the same time left under personal control the results of the research, their publication and content.
He became the first in a united Italy. He died the same year he celebrated a quarter century since his election. The longest-liver among popes lived for 93 years.
Gregory XVI
He had to take the throne when Italy arose and grew revolutionary movement, which was headed by the Pope, had a very negative attitude towards the doctrine of liberalism, which was being promoted in France at that time, and condemned December uprising in Poland. He died of cancer.
Everyone knows that the residence of the Pope is in Rome. But it was not always so. King Philip the Fair of France, who was in conflict with the clergy, placed a new residence at the disposal of the popes in Avignon in 1309. The Captivity of Avignon lasted for about seventy years. Seven pontiffs were replaced during this time. The papacy returned to Rome only in 1377.
The Pope has always strived to improve the relationship between Christianity and Islam and is known to everyone for his active actions in this direction. He was the first Pope to visit the mosque, and even prayed in it. And having completed the prayer, he kissed the Koran. This happened in 2001 in Damascus.
On traditional Christian icons Round halos are depicted above the heads of the saints. But there are canvases with halos of other shapes. For example, triangular - for God the Father, symbolizing the Trinity. And the heads of popes who have not yet died are decorated with rectangular halos.
There is a stainless steel ball on the TV tower in Berlin. The cross is reflected on it in the bright rays of the sun. This fact has given rise to several witty nicknames, and "the Pope's revenge" is one of them.
On the throne of the Pope there is a cross, but upside down. It is known that Satanists use this symbol, and it is also found among black metal bands. But Catholics know him as: after all, it was on the inverted cross that he wished to be crucified, considering it unworthy for himself to die like his Teacher.
Everyone in Russia knows Pushkin’s “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish,” adults and children. But does everyone know that there is another one called “The Fisherman and His Wife” and it was created by the famous storytellers the Brothers Grimm. For the Russian poet, the old woman returned to nothing when she wished to become a sea mistress. But for Grimm she became the Pope. When I wanted to become God, I was left with nothing.
Pope Francis (Francesco), known in the world as Jorge Mario Bergoglio, was born on December 17, 1936 in Buenos Aires. He comes from a family of Italian emigrants, his father worked for railway. First chapter Catholic world from the New World, and also the first Jesuit pope.
Ordination and teaching activities
Bergoglio entered the Villa Devoto Seminary in Buenos Aires at the age of 22. In 1958 he joined the ranks of the Jesuit Order. The novitiate with the study of the humanities took place in Chile. Then, returning to Argentina, he entered St. Joseph's College. After graduating with honors, he taught humanities at colleges in Buenos Aires.
In addition to his native Spanish, he is fluent in Italian and German languages. The new Pope also has a secular education as a chemical technologist.
The ordination took place on December 13, 1969. As befits a true priest, Bergoglio was unpretentious and persistent, and also had good knowledge, which he continuously improved. Thanks to these qualities, soon took over the post of rector of St. Joseph's College, which he once brilliantly graduated from. Then, having received his doctorate in Germany, he became director of the Archdiocese of Cordoba.
Highest positions in the church hierarchy
Bergoglio became Primate of Argentina at the age of 61. In fact, he performed these duties for several years before entering the rank, being an assistant to Cardinal Antonio Quarracino. Here is his talent as a leader and the qualities inherent true father The churches revealed themselves to the fullest and were appreciated.
In 2001, Pope John Paul II (Giovanni Paulo II) elevated Archbishop Bergoglio to the rank of cardinal. In this rank he held various posts in the Roman Curia.
The biography of the most modest of priests was not cloudless. In 2005, a scandal broke out. A criminal case was opened against Cardinal Bergoglio. Human rights activist Myriam Bregman accused him of allegedly turning over two Jesuit priests to the junta in 1976. The version about the priest’s connection with the junta has not been confirmed, Judge Herman Castelli called the indictment a “total lie.”
In April of the same 2005, after the death of John Paul II, the cardinal took part in the Conclave as pope-elector. But in the second round, the majority of votes was given to Joseph Ratzinger, who took the name Benedetto XVI.
After Benedict's abdication of the papacy on February 28, 2013, the Argentine again participated in the Conclave, this time successfully. Catholics all over the world received with delight the news that from now on the humble cardinal from Latin America.
Speeches
The new Pope is known not only as a talented leader, but also as a brilliant speaker. The speeches of Francis I testify to his versatile mind and deep education. The range of problems that concern dad is wide and varied: a possible third World War, restless Ukraine, interethnic relations, problems of sexual minorities and illegitimate children.
- In a speech dedicated to the centenary of the beginning of the First World War, Francis I, calling on his flock for peace and unity, said that the third world war, whether we like it or not, has already begun.
Evidence of this is the ongoing armed conflicts shaking the world, the most striking examples of which are Syria and Ukraine. He said that his grandfather was a participant in the First World War, after which he emigrated to Argentina.
- One of the most heartfelt speeches of the pontiff - speech delivered in the European Parliament. Raising his voice on behalf of the Church, the pope spoke about the inadmissibility of arms trafficking and human trafficking, emphasizing that democracy without the pursuit of truth slides into the swamp of universal selfishness.
Francis compared Europe to a poplar tree that will wither without roots. “Where is your strength, Europe?” – asked the head of the Catholic world. Strength, according to the pope, lies in a reasonable and respectful attitude towards historical heritage.
- Speech about the Armenian genocide on April 12, 2015 angered the president Republic of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan by just using the word “genocide”.
The ambassador was summoned to the Turkish Foreign Ministry in Ankara to give an explanation, but the pontiff insisted that the events of 1915 marked the beginning massacres on national grounds, which darkened the 20th century. According to the pope, hidden evil can be likened to “a bleeding wound that has not been bandaged.”
Liturgies
The Roman Mass is an important part of the life of any person who professes Catholicism, and for everyone else it can be an interesting spectacle. The official Vatican website provides a schedule of liturgies held in. The pope himself holds mass only on holidays; there are many visitors; it is recommended to arrive two hours before the start.
On Sunday morning (at 11 o'clock) Pope Francis reads the Angelus sermon to those gathered in St. Peter's Square from the window of his chambers. IN Sunday afternoon There is a special grace for Christians; everyone can see their shepherd and plunge into the atmosphere of unity with fellow believers.
Irish prophecy
The prophecy of the holy Archbishop of Ireland Malachy says that the last Pope, called Peter the Roman (Petrus Romanus), will rule “among many torments,” after which the Eternal City will face complete destruction.
It would seem that all of the above has nothing to do with the current pontiff. But the interpreters sacred texts They made an analogy by breaking down the pope’s surname into two words – Berg and Oglio. Petrus (Latin) and Berg (German) are translated as “stone”, Oglio (Ollia) is a river in Italy, one of the tributaries of the Po. And dad himself is an ethnic Italian! His secular surname can be interpreted as "stronghold in the stream". Such reasoning looks (and in fact is) controversial, but due to the many coincidences of Malachi’s mottos with facts about previous popes, those who wish find reason to claim that ancient prophecy about Peter the Roman performed by an Argentine cardinal.
- Known for personal modesty. I gave up luxury apartments, a dad car, and a personal chef. Like his namesake Francis of Assisi, he is devoted to the ideals of evangelical poverty.
- In young age worked as a bouncer in the night club.
- Is a football fan, a fan of the San Lorenzo club from Buenos Aires.
- At first Maundy Thursday after enthronement washed the feet of 12 juvenile prisoners, among whom were two girls (a Catholic and a Muslim). With his gesture, the new Pope set an example of mercy for teenagers at the very bottom of their lives.
- The English magazine Time recognized him as "".
- Dad's email, addressed to Gustavo Vera, chairman of the Latin American Society against Drug Abuse, caused a diplomatic row. The reason for this was the desire expressed by the pontiff to prevent the “Mexicanization” of Argentina. The topic of such an unfortunate e-mail was the rampant drug mafia in Latin American countries. The indignation of the Mexican side knew no bounds, but the Vatican press service stated that a personal letter should not become a reason for such a quarrel and His Holiness did not want to offend anyone, he only emphasized the danger of increasing drug trafficking.
Feedback – how to contact Pope Francis?
The pontiff does not have a public e-mail; all messages to the Holy Father are sent to the following address: His Holiness Francesco, Courtyard of Santa Marta, 00120 Vatican (Sua Santità Francesco, Casa Santa Marta, 00120 Città del Vaticano).
The letter form is free, it is allowed to write in native language, addressing the pope "Your Holiness" or "Holy Father". At the Papal Court there is a Directorate of Correspondence, consisting of four people and headed by Monsignor Giuliano Gallorini. This small unit sorts and reads the many letters addressed to Pope Francis. Most often, they write the answers, strictly observing the papal style.
Only in the most difficult cases When the letter contains complaints of great injustice and oppression, the pope himself responds.
To receive a special blessing from the Holy Father, you need to fill out a special form, the form of which is provided by the website of the Papal Court. There are three ways to submit the completed form:
- by handing it over personally or via courier, going through the Gate of St. Anna (l’Ingresso Sant’Anna) on the right side of St. Peter’s Colonnade (open Monday to Saturday from 9.00 to 12.00);
- by fax +39 32 06698831;
- by regular mail, sending to the address: Apostolic Charitable Institution, Office of Scrolls - 00120 Vatican (Elemosineria Apostolica, Ufficio pergamene - 00120 Città del Vaticano).
Dates of papal audiences and forms for participation in them are located at. The data form is sent to the Vatican Prefecture or faxed to +39 63 06698858. You must indicate the type of audience and the number of participants. Tickets are issued at the office behind the Bronze Door, located to the right of St. Peter's Basilica (Basilica di San Pietro).
You can clarify the details of the procedures you are interested in at the Vatican Prefecture by calling the numbers: +39 76 06698848, +39 14 06698831, +39 73 06698832, from 9.00 to 13.00.
Papal audiences and blessings are free.
The official history of the papacy covers a period of 1,700 years. The papacy itself is not a purely religious institution. It would be more correct to call it political-religious. It unites 1 billion 300 million Catholics living in almost all countries of the world. Relies on bishops, of whom there are 4 thousand. In Catholicism there are three degrees of priesthood: deacon, priest and bishop.
There are also cardinals. These are clergy from deacons, priests and bishops. Depending on the priesthood, cardinals are divided into ranks and united in the College of Cardinals. She performs advisory functions with the pope and elects the next pope at the conclave. This system is streamlined, proven and highly effective. It is not for nothing that Catholicism is so popular in the world and unites a huge number of believers into a single confession.
Was the Apostle Peter the first pope?
The Catholic Church officially considers the Apostle Peter to be the first pope.. He is also considered the first bishop. It was this man who created the first Christian community in Rome after Christ was crucified. In '64 in " eternal city“A terrible fire broke out. The Romans believed that the culprit was Emperor Nero. He allegedly wanted to destroy Old city, and in its place build a new one and call it after itself.
To divert suspicion from himself, Nero blamed Christians for the arson. Members of the community were captured and thrown into prison. Peter was also arrested. He was crucified upside down, since the apostle considered that he had no right to be crucified like his teacher Christ. The Basilica of St. was subsequently erected on the site of the tragedy. Petra. This is official version Catholics.
Apostle Peter walking on water
However, the data historical facts are highly doubtful. The point is that Peter did not know Latin. And, therefore, he could not stand at the head of the Roman community. In Rome, people spoke precisely this language, and a disciple of Christ was born in Bethsaida of Galilee. This is an Israeli city in which the family of a simple fisherman Jonah lived.
The future first pope was born in it. He received the name Simon, but did not receive any education. This man could neither read nor write. But he knew how to listen, and Christ’s sermons made an indelible impression on him. It was the Son of God who named him Peter, but did not teach him the Latin language, as well as literacy.
Maybe a miracle happened and the apostle received the necessary knowledge in the blink of an eye? This is unlikely, since we all understand that if we are guided by miracles, we will not be able to objectively perceive history. Therefore, it is more reasonable to assume that Peter’s righteous activities in Rome are fiction.
Papacy from the time of Constantine to the present day
Emperor Constantine and Christianity
The persecution of Christians had no effect on the new religion. It took deep roots in people's souls. The long-awaited shoots appeared only during the reign of Emperor Constantine (306-337). It was outstanding political figure. He moved the capital of the Roman Empire to the Greek city of Byzantium. Significantly expanded it and made it the center not only of the empire, but also of the Christian religion. Subsequently, the city began to be called Constantinople. It was under Constantine that Christians began to gain strength, and the first basilica was built in Rome in 324.
Before Constantine, bishops were considered the spiritual mentors of the flock. They all stayed in Rome. The formation of the papacy began under Bishop Sylvester. His whole life was distinguished by holiness, and this venerable man died in 335. After 2 years, Emperor Constantine also left for another world. But the grace-filled shoots that sprouted under him strengthened the church and made it an authoritative institution, which soon began to significantly influence political life states.
Papacy and power
The struggle for power within the Christian church flared up sharply in 366 under Damasus. He became bishop of Rome, expelling his rival from the city. In this case, about 200 Christians died, since any power requires sacrifices. It was Damasius who was the first to call himself pope and was on the church throne from 366 to 384.
His authority and influence reached such magnitude that the Roman Emperor Theodosius I (379-395) was forced to convene an Ecumenical Council in 381. The Council recognized the Bishop of Constantinople as second only to the Bishop of Rome and forbade the bishops to interfere in each other's affairs. Damasius died at the age of 84 and was canonized.
Actually, from the time of Damasus, the history of the papacy began its inevitable course. And before that there was foreplay, since christian religion was very weak and did not have the appropriate authority and weight.
In 753, Pope Stephen II (III), venerable in all respects, showed church and lay people a document allegedly signed by Emperor Constantine himself. It was written in black and white that the ruler transfers all power over the western part of the empire to the Pope, while he himself leaves the eastern part under his control. That is, it turned out that the rank of the pope corresponded to the rank of the emperor. Only in the 15th century did it become clear that this document was a fake.
In July 1054 there was a split in the Christian Church.. It was divided into Roman Catholic and Orthodox. The reason for this tragedy must be sought in the ritual and ethical differences between the Latins and Greeks. Contradictions had been brewing for many hundreds of years, and in the 11th century a denouement came. The Patriarch of Constantinople anathematized the papal legates, and in retaliation they took and excommunicated the Patriarch of Constantinople.
The clergy turned out to be very vindictive. They remembered the insults inflicted for 1000 years. Only in 1965 were the mutual anathemas lifted. But Catholics and Christians, naturally, did not become a single flock, although warmer relations were established between them.
Conflict between Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV
In 1073, Pope Gregory VII took the papal throne. This most respectable man in all respects led the Catholic Church until 1085. His reign is notable for his conflict with the future Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV (1050-1106).
Gregory VII declared that the power of the pope was superior to the imperial. He arrogated to himself the right to depose European rulers. The German king Henry IV opposed this. He gathered the German bishops in 1076, and they declared the pope deposed.
Then the pontiff excommunicated the king from the church. The German princes, who had given an oath of allegiance to Henry IV, found themselves freed from it and rebelled. They began to prepare for the election of another Holy Roman Emperor.
The debunked monarch went through the Alps to the castle of Canossa, where at that time the head of the Catholic Church was located. In January 1077, he found himself under the walls of the fortress. Barefoot, dressed in a hair shirt, the king stood in the cold and waited for the papal decision. Gregory VII watched him from the window of the fortress tower. Only at the end of the third day did he forgive the daring autocrat and remove his penance.
Pornocracy
The history of the papacy is inextricably linked with popes and antipopes. The second are those who bore the sacred title illegally. They received it through bribes or other various cunning methods. A striking example Pornocracy can serve as anti-papacy. This is a whole historical period, which lasted several decades. It began with the accession to the papal throne of Sergius III (904-911).
He is considered the murderer of his two predecessors. He turned the papal court into a place of debauchery and theft. Got myself a 15 year old mistress named Marozia. She gave birth to new dads, and then killed them. By her order, 4 popes were killed. At the same time, shamelessness and corruption flourished in the holy of holies of the Catholic Church. Eventually, Marozia was arrested by one of her sons, imprisoned, where she died in 954.
In 955, Pope John XII, the grandson of Marozia, received papal power. He was in power for 8 years. But the situation has not changed in better side. Murder, incest and other immoral acts flourished again. Dad finished poorly. He was killed by a deceived husband who found his wife in the arms of the head of the Catholic Church. This is where the pornocracy ends.
The Pope and his flock
Papacy and money
Popes and antipopes changed, and the desire for absolute power continued. A serious attempt to make church authority Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303) committed over the secular. On this sensitive issue he issued a bull. It said that the pope holds spiritual power in one hand, and secular power in the other.
But the head of Catholicism miscalculated. The period of feudal fragmentation was ending. Royal power grew stronger. And the bull was met with hostility by European monarchs. King Philip IV of France was especially outraged by the papal claims. He initiated the convocation States General. The members of this high assembly demanded that the pope appear before church court. But the trial did not take place. This was prevented by the death of the pontiff.
After this incident, the ambitions of the popes diminished. They never again clearly laid claim to secular power. High-ranking holy fathers took up other matters. Starting from the 14th century, they began to absolve sins for money. The business turned out to be terribly profitable. Of course, officially such things were categorically prohibited. But it's official. There were many abuses. Naturally, they were carried out with the tacit consent of the popes.
The Church, having forgiven the sinner his sins, gave him an official document - indulgence. That is, everything was furnished to the highest level. The sins of the dead were also forgiven. But here everything depended on the relatives. If they expressed a desire to pay, then the soul of the deceased, it must be understood, went to heaven. True, some far-sighted people discussed a similar procedure in their will. Practiced by the Catholic Church and issuing licenses brothels. At the same time, the priestesses of love no longer worried about God's punishment. All sinful acts were forgiven to them in advance.
This whole bacchanalia continued until 1567, that is, more than 250 years. In 1566, Pope Pius V took the papal throne. And the church immediately felt a harsh master's hand. All the outrages that disgrace the work of God were put to an end. The new pope turned out to be a stern, tough man, a supporter of an ascetic lifestyle. He kicked out all the crooks, careerists and opportunists. He put things in order in financial and divine affairs. At the same time, the authority of the Catholic Church increased significantly.
Schism of the Catholic Church
But this did not save her from a split. The Catholic Church has accumulated too many sins over the past centuries. Here no pope could resist the emergence of Protestantism. Led religious reforms Martin Luther(1483-1546). He found many followers. As a result, all this resulted in religious wars that rocked Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries.
In the end, the Catholic Church came to terms with the new denomination. Currently, Protestants live all over the world, and their number numbers 1 billion people. They dont have single center, unlike Catholics and Orthodox. All churches are united in church unions and enjoy equal rights.
View of the Vatican from above
Vatican and the election of the Pope
Today, the history of the papacy is associated with the Vatican. This is a city-state located on the territory of Rome. The Vatican is the seat of the head of the Roman Catholic Church. It has existed in its current form since February 1929.
It is in this place that the new pope is elected by a conclave or meeting of cardinals. Elected for life. Until a new head of the church is elected, the duties of the pope are assigned to the camerlenge. This is the highest court position. It is very ancient, and originated in the 11th century. The people will learn about the election of a new pontiff by the column of white smoke that rises from chimney Sistine Chapel. The elections themselves take place in a special room in the Vatican Palace. Until February 28, 2013, Benedict XVI was Pope. He was chosen for this high post in April 2005.
On February 11, 2013, Benedict XVI announced his decision to abdicate the throne. It came into force on February 28, 2013 at 20:00 Rome time. Former dad retained the rank of cardinal, but did not take part in the conclave due to his venerable 80 years of age.
On March 13, 2013, the conclave elected a new pope. It was announced to the breathless world that Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio had become the head of the Catholic Church. He is Argentinean with Italian roots. Born in Buenos Aires in 1936 into a working-class family. The newly elected pope took the name Francis in honor of Francis of Assisi. This is a saint who was compassionate and helped the sick and poor. New chapter The Vatican is a worthy candidate for high office. May God bless him and sincere faith Catholics.
After the abdication of Benedict XVI, who occupied the papacy for 8 years, from the rank of Pope came into force on the last day of February 2013 (for the first time in 600 years!), the question arose of appointing a new leader of the Roman Catholic Church.
Traditions of the election of the pontiff
According to the canons Catholic Church period of time between renunciation current Pope from the throne (and often from the moment of his death) until the election of a new one is called Sede Vacante.
Usually this period does not exceed 20 days (in the 20th century there was not a single case with a longer period of time). However, the then-incumbent Pope in 1996 adopted an apostolic constitution called Universi Dominici Gregis, which adjusted the process of electing the Roman pontiff. According to the document, a conclave cannot be convened earlier than 15 and later than 20 days from the moment the throne is declared vacant. No more than 120 cardinals under the age of 80 can take part in the vote. The final election of the Pope is considered valid if one of the candidates wins two-thirds of the votes, but no more than 4 votes can be held per day.
Francis - Pope: how it happened
On the eve of the election of the new Pope, on February 25, Benedict XVI made changes to the statutes to speed up the election of a successor, and on March 4, a meeting of members of the General Congregation of Cardinals was held in the Vatican, as a result of which a date was set for voting for a new pontiff.
On March 12, 2013, in the world-famous place where voting traditionally takes place, a conclave of 115 cardinals met, the purpose of which was to elect the Pope. The abdicated throne did not take part in the meeting, which lasted 2 days.
On the first day, the conclave failed to elect a new Pope, and as a sign of this, black smoke came out of the chapel chimney. The second vote also did not determine Benedict XVI's successor, and again the pilgrims saw black smoke. The next day, the vote gave a positive result, and at 19:05 white smoke appeared from the chimney of the Apostolic Palace - evidence of a successfully completed vote.
At 20:05, parishioners heard from Cardinal Protodeacon Jean-Louis Tauran the traditional phrase on such occasions: Habemus papam (which means “we have a Pope”). He proclaimed 76-year-old Jorge Maria Bergoglio Vicar of Christ. After this, Francis, the Pope of Rome, who took his name in honor of his beloved Saint Francis of Assisi, came out onto the balcony. In addition, adherents of Franciscanism profess the covenants of goodness and brotherhood, which was also adhered to by Jorge Maria Bergoglio. He was the first representative of the New World, or more precisely, Argentina, in the history of the Catholic Church.
Pope Francis: biography
The newly elected head was born in December 1936 to Italian immigrants living in Buenos Aires. Despite his origins (Jorge Mario came from a working-class family), he dedicated his life to serving the Lord.
He first studied chemistry at one of the universities in Buenos Aires, and then studied at the seminary in Villa Devoto. After graduating in 1958, Bergoglio joined the ranks of the Jesuits. At the age of 33, the future Pope Francis was ordained. Jorge Mario's main occupation was teaching theology, philosophy and literature at the university. In the 1970s, the current Pope Francis 1, having impressed the leaders of the Jesuit Society with his activities, became provincial of Argentina, and in the 1980s received the post of rector of the Seminary of St. Joseph.
Francis' career
Moving higher and higher career ladder, in 1992 Bergoglio was appointed auxiliary bishop of Buenos Aires and later consecrated bishop.
The dedication ceremony took place at cathedral cities. Jorge Mario received the title from Cardinal Antonio Quarracino.
1998 brought Bergoglio a new title - this time he received the title of Archbishop of Buenos Aires, and after 3 years he was elevated to cardinal by Pope John Paul II himself.
In the 2005 elections, the name of Jorge Mario Bergoglio appeared on the so-called “papabile” - the list of main contenders for the papal throne. However, the choice fell on Benedict XVI.
Francis, the Pope, is known as a multifaceted man with a comprehensive conservative education. In addition to Spanish, he is fluent in German and Italian languages. The pontiff is known for speaking out against the legalization of euthanasia, abortion, marriages between supporters of sexual minorities and the adoption of children by such couples. This is the first Jesuit to head the papal throne.
What is he like, the new pontiff?
Francis, the Pope, leads a modest lifestyle.
While living in his hometown, even when he was already an archbishop, Bergoglio traveled to church by metro and lived in a modest one-room apartment.
After the invitation to Rome, he took only one suitcase, with which he began the journey to a new life.
Some astrologers and predictors claim that Francis is the last Pope, after whose death two Suns will appear in the sky and all living things will perish. This is allegedly evidenced by some of the prophecies of Nostradamus. However, skeptics cast great doubt on such versions.
In the Catholic Church Dad is also the supreme ruler Holy See , the auxiliary sovereign territory of which is Vatican , where his permanent residence is located.
Pope(lat. Pontifex Romanus- Roman Pontiff; or lat. Pontifex Maximus- supreme sovereign pontiff) - in international law- a sovereign person of exceptional quality (persona sui generis), since he simultaneously possesses three inseparable functions of power:
- monarch and sovereign Holy See ,
- as the successor of the Saint (the first Roman bishop) - the head of the Catholic Church and its supreme hierarch,
- sovereign of a city-state Vatican .
Full sovereignty Popes as a monarch Holy See is retained by him regardless of the presence of territorial possessions.
Sovereignty Vatican (territory in which it is located The Holy See ), confirmed by the Lateran Accords in 1929, stems from sovereignty Holy See .
Official title of the Pope:
Bishop of Rome, Vicar of Christ, successor of the Prince of the Apostles, Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church, Pontifex Maximus, Primate of Italy, Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province, Sovereign of the Vatican City State, servant of the servants of God.
In Latin:
Episcopus Romanus, Vicarius Christi, Successor principis apostolorum, Caput universalis ecclesiae, Pontifex Maximus, Primatus Italiae, Archiepiscopus ac metropolitanus provinciae ecclesiasticae Romanae, Princeps sui iuris civitatis Vaticanae, Servus Servorum Dei.
In the first centuries of Christianity, the term pope (ancient Greek πάππας, páppas - “father”) was applied to all bishops, and initially to all priests who enjoyed the right of blessing. There is evidence that in the 6th century some bishops were still called popes. But, from the 7th century to the present, the title Popes was given exclusively to the Roman and Alexandrian bishops.
According to Catholic teaching, Dad is the successor as the first Bishop of Rome, and by virtue of this has supremacy in the Church.
Dad exercises supreme legislative branch in the church: Dad has the right to make laws binding on the whole Church or part of it, interpret them, change or repeal their effect.
Laws issued by councils and By dads on matters of church discipline were called canons. They were combined into special canonical collections - codes of canon law.
To dad belongs to the supreme canonical, apostolic authority in the Church. In matters of faith and morals Dad monitors the purity of the doctrine, rejecting pseudo-teachings, directs the spread of the faith (missionary activities), convenes Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church, conducts their meetings (personally or through persons authorized by him), approves their decisions, postpones or dissolves the councils.
The subject of doctrine is the revelations of God, the custodian of which is the entire Church. The Church communicates these revelations (dogmas of faith) either at the Ecumenical Council or by proclaiming it Dad. The dogmas of the councils (and after the First Vatican Council, since 1870, and announced Dad) on matters of faith and morals are declared to be valid for the entire Church and infallible (Latin infallibitas), that is, they cannot be mistaken (the dogma of infallibility Popes).
Dad endowed with the highest judiciary in the church. Any legal case can be submitted to him as the first instance. It has sole jurisdiction over cardinals, nuncios and bishops accused of criminal offenses. Dad resolves cases in the 3rd instance on appeals in church trials. It is prohibited to appeal to a secular court against a sentence passed Dad.
To dad possesses the highest executive power in the Church: he establishes, changes and liquidates bishoprics; appoints, confirms, transfers and removes bishops; fills vacancies, manages top level church property, proclaims new blessed and saints.
Dad- guarantor of universality and unity of the Catholic Church. Because the Dad- the guarantee of the unity of the Church, then papal power is sovereign. Through Dad operate in full force and parts of the Church. The unity of the pope is necessary to maintain the rule of law and maintain order within the Church. The Roman Church is autocratic and tolerates neither democracy nor aristocracy. Without Popes No Ecumenical Council. In case of death Popes during the council, its meetings are suspended until the election of a new Popes.
After Kamerlengo will officially certify death Popes, the period of the vacant throne begins (lat. Sede Vacante), lasting until the election of a new pontiff.
After death or renunciation Popes and during the conclave until the enthronement of the new Popes his duties (with significant limitations) are performed by Kamerlengo.
Camerlengo , or chamberlain of the Roman Catholic Church (Italian: Camerlengo, Latin: Camerarius) - one of the highest court positions under Holy See . The position of camerlengo has secular administrative functions, among which are the management of finances and property. Papal Throne . Camerlengo heads Apostolic Chamber (Camera Apostolica). General Administrator of the Papal Household and Superintendent of Property and Revenue Papal throne . The post of Camerlengo is always held only by a cardinal. The title appeared around the 11th century.
The Camerlengo’s own independent power manifests itself only during the period Sede Vacante (vacant Throne) and akin to the functions of the Regent (Locum Tenens of the Throne) in the monarchy. During periods of vacancy in the See, the camerlengo is both the temporary sovereign of the Holy See and the sovereign head of the Vatican City State. According to tradition, the cardinal-camerlengo strikes the deceased three times with a silver gavel. Dad on the forehead and calls him three times by the name given to him at baptism and asks to respond (for example, in the case John Paul II this phrase sounded like this: “Carolus, dormisne?”, that is, “Carolus, are you sleeping?”). After this, the camerlengo pronounces the sacramental formula: “The Pope is really dead” (Latin: Vere Papa mortuus est). The Holy See and the Roman Catholic Church are entering a phase of "vacant see". Also the camerlengo breaks Golden ring Popes , on which the name of the deceased pontiff is engraved, and the seal of the pope. These actions symbolize the end of the late Pope's power. The camerlengo then notifies the relevant officials of the Roman Curia and the Dean of the College of Cardinals of the death of the pontiff and makes preparations for the conclave and funeral of the pope.
In the entire history of this office, only five camerlengos have been elected popes: cardinal Cencio Savelli (Honorius III, in 1216); cardinal Rinaldo Conti di Segni (Alexander IV , in 1254); cardinal Cosimo Gentile Migliorati (Innocent VII , 1404); cardinal Gioachino Pecci (Leo XIII , 1878) and cardinal Eugenio Pacelli (Pius XII , 1939).
Pope elected for life at a meeting of cardinals - a conclave - after the death of his predecessor (or abdication, which is extremely rare). As soon as the newly elected one declares his acceptance of the throne (this happens immediately after the election), the pontificate is considered to have begun. In theory, Dad Any unmarried Catholic man may be elected; if necessary, immediately after accepting the throne, he must be ordained priest and bishop. In practice, over the past few centuries, only cardinal priests have become popes. The last non-cardinal pope was Urban VI in 1378. The last pope who was not a priest at the time of his election was Leo X in 1513 (he was a so-called lay cardinal). The last dad, no former bishop upon election - Gregory XVI in 1831.
Immediately after the election at the conclave, the new Dad chooses a name and a corresponding number under which he will rule. After 1555, all popes changed their name upon accession to the throne, although the pope was not formally obliged to do so.
The Code of Canon Law provides for the right Popes renounce the Throne, and this renunciation does not require approval by anyone: the only condition for the validity of the renunciation is free will Popes upon renunciation.
Dad Benedict XVI On February 11, 2013, he announced the decision to abdicate the Roman throne at 20.00 on February 28, 2013, before him the last pope to exercise this right was Gregory XII in 1415. There is an assumption that in the early 2000s John Paul II considered the possibility of abdication due to poor health.
List of popes buried in St. Peter's Basilica. Marble slab at the entrance to the sacristy in St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican.
Dad- Head of State of the Vatican.
The pinnacle of the temporal power of papal power was marked by a document known as the “Dictatus of the Pope” (Latin: Dictatus paraae), issued in 1075
Among Popes John XX is missing, but there were John XXI , John XXII And John XXIII .
In 2009, the name, image and symbols associated with the head of the Roman Catholic Church were protected by copyright.
There have been periods in the history of the Catholic Church when several claimants called themselves Popes at the same time they challenged each other for high rank.
Usually the question is which of the candidates simultaneously challenging the papal rank was legitimate Dad, and who is the anti-pope, i.e. illegally held the title Popes, was decided after the historical “victory” of the adherents of one of them. Upon acceptance By dads serial number number Popes, recognized as an antipope, is not taken into account. Despite the fact that the Church does not recognize antipopes, in the annual official directory Annuario Pontificio, their names are included in the register of pontiffs, enclosed in brackets.
List of Popes and antipopes
|
Reign date |
Years of life |
Name in the world |
Origin |
Note |
||
| 1 | 1 Apr. 33 – 29 June '67 | ? – June 29 '67 | Shimon bar Yona, Simon Cephas | Jew from Bethsaida of Galilee | One of the twelve apostles | |
| 2 | 29 Jun '67 - September 23 '76 | OK. 13 – 23 Sep. '76 | Roman from Tuscany | Believed to have died a martyr's death | ||
| 3 | 23 Sep. '76 - April 26 '88 | ? – April 26 '88 | Roman | Died a martyr's death. Some sources report two different popes: Anaclete And Klete | ||
| 4 | 26 Apr 88 – 23 Nov. '99 | ? – 23 Nov. '99 | Roman | Died a martyr's death | ||
| 5 | 23 Nov. 99 – 27 Oct. 107 | ? – 27 Oct. 107 | Greek (from Antioch?) | Believed to have died a martyr's death | ||
| 6 | Oct 27 107 – May 3, 115 | ? – May 3, 115 | Roman | |||
| 7 | May 3, 115 – April 3 125 g. | 42 – 3 Apr. 125 g. | Roman | |||
| 8 | 3 Apr. 125 – Jan 5 136 | ? – Jan 5 136 | Greek | |||
| 9 | 5 Jan 136 – 11 Jan. 140 g. | ? – 11 Jan. 140 g. | Greek (from Athens?) | Believed to have died a martyr's death | ||
| 10 | 11 Jan 140 – 11 Jul 155 | ? – July 11, 155 | Italian from Aquileia | Died a martyr's death | ||
| 11 | 11 Jul 155 – 20 Apr. 166 | ? – April 20 166 | Syrian | Believed to have died a martyr's death | ||
| 12 | Apr 20 166 - April 22 174 g. | ? – April 22 174 g. | Italian from Campania (Fondi?) | Died a martyr's death | ||
| 13 | 22 Apr 174 – May 26, 189 | ? – May 26, 189 | Greek from Nikopolis in Epirus | Died a martyr's death | ||
| 14 | May 26, 189 – July 28 199 | May 15, 120 – July 28 199 | from the Roman province of Africa | |||
| 15 | 28 Jul. 199 - 20 Dec. 217 | OK. 160 – 20 Dec. 217 | Roman | |||
| 199 - ? | OK. 150 g - approx. 210 g. | first antipope | ||||
| 16 | 20 Dec 217 - 14 Oct. 222 | ? — 14 Oct. 222 | Roman | Died a martyr's death | ||
| 217 - 235 | OK. 170 - approx. 235 | Roman, Greek by birth | Antipope. Church writer. Exiled to Sardinia. Reconciled with dad; died a martyr's death | |||
| 17 | Oct 14 222 - May 23, 230 | ? - May 23, 230 | Roman | |||
| 18 | Aug 21 230 - 28 Sep 235 | ? — Sep 28, 235 | Roman | |||
| 19 | 21 Nov. 235 – 3 Jan. 236 | ? — Jan 3 236 | Greek | |||
| 20 | 10 Jan 236 - 20 Jan. 250 g. | OK. 200 – 20 Jan. 250 g. | Roman | |||
| 21 | Mar 6 251 – June 25 253 | OK. 180 – June 25 253 | Roman | Believed to have died a martyr's death | ||
| 251 — 258 | Novatian | Roman | antipope, believed to have died a martyr's death | |||
| 22 | 25 Jun 253 – 5 Mar. 254 | ? — March 5 254 | St. Lucius I | Roman | ||
| 23 | 12 Mar 254 – Aug 2 257 | ? — Aug 2 257 | St. Stephen I | Roman | ||
| 24 | Aug 30 257 – Aug 6 258 | ? — Aug 6 258 | St. Sixtus II | Greek (from Athens?) | Died a martyr's death | |
| 25 | 22 Jul. 259 – 26 Dec. 268 | ? — 26 Dec. 268 | St. Dionysius | Greek | ||
| 26 | 5 Jan 269 – 30 Dec. 274 | ? — 30 Dec. 274 | St. Felix I | Roman | ||
| 27 | 4 Jan 275 – 7 Dec. 283 | ? — 7 Dec. 283 | St. Eutychius (Eutichian) | Italian from Luni | ||
| 28 | 17 Dec 283 – 22 April 296 | ? — Apr 22 296 | St. Guy (Kai) | Dalmatian | executed | |
| 29 | 30 Jun 296 – April 26 304 | ? — Apr 26 304 | St. Marcellinus | Roman | ||
| 30 | May 27, 308 – Jan 16 309 | ? — 16 Jan. 309 | St. Marcellus I | Roman | Died a martyr's death | |
| 31 | 18 Apr 309 – Aug 17 309 | ? — Aug 17 309 | St. Eusebius | Greek | ||
| 32 | 2 Jul. 311 – 11 Jan. 314 | ? — 11 Jan. 314 | St. Miltiades (Melchiades) | African | The first pope after the end of the persecution of Christians | |
| 33 | 31 Jan 314 – 31 Dec. 335 | ? — 31 Dec. 335 | St. Sylvester I | Roman | ||
| 34 | 18 Jan 336 – 7 Oct. 336 | ? — 7 Oct. 336 | St. Mark | Roman | ||
| 35 | Feb 6 337 – April 12 352 | ? — April 12 352 | St. Julius I | Roman | ||
| 36 | May 17, 352 – Sept. 24 366 | ? — 24 Sep. 366 | Liberius | Roman | ||
| 355 — 357 | ? - November 22, 365 | Felix II | Roman | Antipope, pretender outside Rome. Pope during the exile of Pope Liberius. Deposed | ||
| 37 | 1 Oct. 366 – 11 Dec. 384 | 300 – 11 Dec. 384 | St. Damasius I | Hispanic | In the fight against Arianism he supported Basil of Caesarea. On his instructions, Jerome corrected Latin translation Bible | |
| 366 — 367 | ? - after 384 | Ursin | Roman | antipope, submitted to Pope Damasus I | ||
| 38 | 17 Dec 384 – 26 Nov. 399 | OK. 320 - November 26, 399 | St. Siricium | Roman | First bishop of Rome to use the title Papa("Dad"). The earliest surviving decretals are associated with his name. | |
| 39 | 27 Nov. 399 – 19 Dec. 401 | ? — 19 Dec. 401 | St. Anastasius I | Roman | ||
| 40 | 21 Dec 401 – 12 Mar. 417 | ? — March 12 417 | St. Innocent I | Italian from Albano | ||
| 41 | 18 Mar 417 – 26 Dec. 418 | ? — 26 Dec. 418 | St. Zosima | Greek | ||
| 42 | 28 Dec 418 – 4 Sep. 422 | ? — 4 Sep. 422 | St. Boniface I | Roman | ||
| 29 Dec 418 - Apr. 419 | ? — 423 | Eulaliy | Roman? | antipope | ||
| 43 | 10 Sep. 422 – 27 Jul. 432 | ? — 27 Jul. 432 | St. Celestine I | Italian from Campania | ||
| 44 | 31 Jul 432 – Aug 18 440 | ? — Aug 18 440 | St. Sixtus III | Roman | ||
| 45 | 29 Sep. 440 – 10 Nov. 461 | 390 – 10 Nov. 461 | St. Leo I the Great | Italian from Tuscany | Convinced Attila, the leader of the Huns, to stop his invasion of Italy | |
| 46 | 19 Nov. 461 – 29 Feb. 468 | ? — Feb 29 468 | St. Gilarius (Ilarius) | Sardinian | ||
| 47 | Mar 3 468 – 10 Mar. 483 | ? — March 10 483 | St. Simplicius | Italian from Tivoli | ||
| 48 | 13 Mar 483 – 1 Mar. 492 | ? — March 1 492 | St. Felix III (II) | Roman | ||
| 49 | 1 Mar 492 – 21 Nov. 496 | ? — Nov 21 496 | St. Gelasius I | African | ||
| 50 | 24 Nov. 496 – 19 Nov. 498 | ? — Nov 19 498 | Anastasius II | Roman | ||
| 51 | 22 Nov. 498 – 19 Jul. 514 | ? — 19 Jul. 514 | St. Symmachus | Sardinian | ||
| 498, 501 — 506 | ? — 506 | Lavrentiy | antipope | |||
| 52 | 20 Jul. 514 - Aug 6 523 | ? — Aug 6 523 | St. Gormizd | Italian from Frosinone | Father of Pope Silverius | |
| 53 | Aug 13 523 - May 18, 526 | ? — May 18, 526 | St. John I | Italian from Tuscany | ||
| 54 | 12 Jul. 526 – 22 Sep. 530 | ? — 22 Sep. 530 | St. Felix IV (III) | Italian from Sannio | ||
| 55 | 22 Sep. 530 – 17 Oct. 532 | ? — 17 Oct. 532 | Boniface II | Roman | ||
| 22.9.530 — 14.10.530 | ? — 14 Oct. 530 | Dioscorus | Alexandrian | antipope | ||
| 56 | 2 Jan 533 – May 8. 535 | ? — May 8. 535 | John II | Mercury | Roman | first pope to change his name upon accession to the throne |
| 57 | may 13. 535 – April 22 536 | ? — Apr 22 536 | St. Agapit I | Roman | ||
| 58 | 8 Jun 536 – 11 Mar. 537 | ? — 2 Dec. 537 | St. Silverius | Italian from Campania | exiled | |
| 59 | Mar 29 537 – June 7 555 | ? — June 7 555 | Vigilius | Roman | elevated to the papal throne during the life of Silverius | |
| 60 | 16 Apr 556 – 4 Mar. 561 | ? — March 4 561 | Pelagius I | Roman | ||
| 61 | 17 Jul. 561 – 13 Jul. 574 | ? — 13 Jul. 574 | John III | Giovanni Catalino | Roman | |
| 62 | 2 Jun 575 – 30 Jul. 579 | ? — 30 Jul. 579 | Benedict I | Roman | ||
| 63 | 26 Nov. 579 – 7 Feb. 590 | ? — Feb 7 590 | Pelagius II | Roman | ||
| 64 | 3 Sep. 590 – 12 Mar. 604 | OK. 540 – 12 Mar. 604 | St. Gregory I the Great | Roman | The first pope to use the title "Servus servorum Dei" and "Pontifex Maximus". Benedictine monk | |
| 65 | 13 Sep. 604 – 22 Feb. 606 | ? — Feb 22 606 | Sabinian | Italian from Blaira in Tuscany | ||
| 66 | 19 Feb 607 – 12 Nov. 607 | ? — 12 Nov. 607 | Boniface III | Bonifacio Catodioci | Roman | Obtained from Phocas recognition of the primacy of the Roman See over the others |
| 67 | 15 Sep. 608 – May 8, 615 | ? — May 8, 615 | St. Boniface IV | Italian from the region of Marcy | The first pope to take the same name as his predecessor. Benedictine monk | |
| 68 | 13 Nov. 615 – 8 Nov. 618 | ? — Nov 8 618 | St. Adeodate (Deusdedit) I | Roman | ||
| 69 | 23 Dec 619 – 25 Oct. 625 | ? – 25 Oct. 625 | Boniface V | Bonifacio Fummini | Neapolitan | Reformed church administration in England |
| 70 | Oct 27 625 – 12 Oct. 638 | ? — 12 Oct. 638 | Honorius I | Italian from Campania | monophelyte | |
| 71 | May 28. 640 – Aug 2 640 | ? — Aug 2 640 | Severin | Roman | ||
| 72 | 24 Dec 640 – 12 Oct. 642 | ? — 12 Oct. 642 | John IV | Dalmatian | ||
| 73 | 24 Nov. 642 – May 14. 649 | ? — May 14. 649 | Theodore I | Greek | ||
| 74 | 5 Jul. 649 – 12 Nov. 655 | ? — 12 Nov. 655 | St. Martin I | Italian from Todi | Exiled by Emperor Constans II to Chersonesos | |
| 75 | Aug 10 654 – June 2 657 | ? — June 2 657 | St. Eugene I | Roman | elected during the life of Martin I, exiled by Emperor Constant II to Chersonesos | |
| 76 | 30 Jul. 657 – 27 Jan. 672 | ? — Jan 27 672 | St. Vitaly (Vitalian) | Italian from Segna | In 666, by decree, he introduced the organ into liturgical use. | |
| 77 | 11 Apr 672 – June 17 676 | ? — June 17 676 | Adeodate II | Roman | Benedictine monk | |
| 78 | 2 Nov. 676 – 11 Apr. 678 | ? — Apr 11 678 | Domn (Don) | Roman | ||
| 79 | 27 Jun 678 – 10 Jan. 681 | ? — 10 Jan. 681 | St. Agathon | Sicilian | ||
| 80 | Aug 17 682 – 3 Jul. 683 | 611 – 3 Jul 683 | St. Leo II | Sicilian | ||
| 81 | 26 Jun 684 – May 8, 685 | 635 - May 8, 685 | St. Benedict II | Roman | ||
| 82 | 23 Jul. 685 – Aug 2 686 | 635 - Aug 2 686 | John V | Syrian | ||
| 83 | Oct 21 686 – 21 Sep. 687 | 630 – 21 Sep. 687 | Konon | origin unknown | ||
| 687 — 687 | ? — 687 | Theodore | antipope | |||
| 687 — 692 | ? — 692 | Easter | antipope | |||
| 84 | 15 Dec. 687 – 8 Sep. 701 | 650 – 8 Sep. 701 | St. Sergius I | Syrian | ||
| 85 | Oct 30 701 – 11 Jan. 705 | 655 - Jan 11 705 | John VI | Greek | ||
| 86 | 1 Mar 705 - 18 Oct. 707 | 650 – 18 Oct. 707 | John VII | Greek | ||
| 87 | 15 Jan 708 - Feb 4 708 | 650 – 4 Feb. 708 | Sisinniy | Syrian | ||
| 88 | 25 Mar 708 – April 9 715 | 664 – Apr 9 715 | Konstantin | Syrian | ||
| 89 | May 19, 715 – Feb. 11 731 | 669 – 11 Feb. 731 | St. Gregory II | Roman | Under him, the struggle against iconoclasm began | |
| 90 | 18 Mar 731 – 28 Nov. 741 | 690 – 28 Nov. 741 | St. Gregory III | Syrian | ||
| 91 | 3 Dec. 741 – 22 Mar. 752 | 679 – 22 Mar. 752 | St. Zachary | Greek | ||
| 23 Mar 752 – 25 Mar. 752 | ? — March 23 752 | Stephen II | is not included in the official lists of popes, died 4 days after his election. I failed necessary ritual episcopal consecrations. Since 1961, by decree of the Second Vatican Council, he has not been included in the list of pontiffs, and all subsequent popes with the name Stephen have been assigned double numbering |
|||
| 92 | 26 Mar 752 – April 26 757 | 715 – April 26 757 | Stephen II (III) | Roman | ||
| 93 | May 29, 757 – June 28 767 | 700 – June 28 767 | St. Paul I | Roman | ||
| 94 | Aug 7 768 – 24 Jan. 772 | 720 – 24 Jan. 772 | Stephen III (IV) | Sicilian | ||
| 28.4.767 — 769 | Constantine II | Italian from Nepi | antipope | |||
| 31.7.768 — 31.7.768 | ? — July 31, 769 | Philip | antipope, immediately after his election he was imprisoned in a monastery | |||
| 95 | 1 Feb. 772 – 26 Dec. 795 | 700 – 26 Dec. 795 | Adrian I | Roman | ||
| 96 | 26 Dec 795 – June 12 816 | 750 – June 12 816 | St. Leo III | Roman | Refused to accept the filioque addition to the creed introduced by order of Charlemagne | |
| 97 | 22 Jun 816 – 24 Jan. 817 | ? - Jan 24 817 | Stephen IV (V) | Roman | ||
| 98 | 25 Jan 817 – 11 Feb. 824 | ? - 11 Feb. 824 | St. Paschal I | Pasquale Massimi | Roman | |
| 99 | May 8. 824 – Aug 27 827 | ? - Aug 27 827 | Evgeniy II | Roman | ||
| 100 | Aug 31 827 – Aug 10 827 | ? - 16 Sep. 827 | Valentine | Valentino Leoni | Roman | |
| 101 | 20 Dec 827 – 25 Jan. 844 | ? - Jan 25 844 | Gregory IV | Roman | ||
| 844 | 818 - ? | John VIII | antipope | |||
| 102 | 25 Jan 844 – 27 Jan. 847 | ? - Jan 27 847 | Sergius II | Roman | ||
| 103 | 10 Apr 847 – 17 Jul. 855 | 790 - 17 Jul. 855 | St. Leo IV | Roman | Benedictine monk | |
| 08.855 — 09.855 | 810 - 879 | Anastasy Librarian | Antipope. Some researchers deny identification church leader Anastasia the Librarian, who advocated for the unity of the church, with Antipope Anastasia | |||
| 104 | 29 Sep. 855 – Apr 7 858 | ? - April 17 858 | Benedict III | Roman | ||
| 105 | 24 Apr 858 – 13 Nov. 867 | 800 - 13 Nov. 867 | St. Nicholas I the Great | Roman | ||
| 106 | 14 Dec. 867 – 14 Dec. 872 | 792 - 14 Dec. 872 | Adrian II | Roman | ||
| 107 | 14 Dec. 872 – 16 Dec. 882 | OK. 820 - 16 Dec. 882 | John VIII | Roman | Died a violent death | |
| 108 | 16 Dec 882 – May 15. 884 | ? - May 15, 884 | Marin I | Tuscan | ||
| 109 | May 17, 884 – Sept. 15 885 | ? - 15 Sep. 885 | St. Adrian III | Roman | ||
| 110 | 14 Sep. 885 – 4 Sep. 891 | ? - 14 Sep. 891 | Stephen V (VI) | Roman | ||
| 111 | Oct 6 891 – April 4 896 | 816 - April 4 896 | Formosa | Italian, Bishop of Porto | Posthumously sentenced to the so-called "Corpse Synod", which was assembled by Stephen VI (VII) in 897. The trial took place over the corpse of Formosus. | |
| 112 | 11 Apr 896 – April 26 896 | ? - April 19 896 | Boniface VI | Roman | ||
| 113 | May 22, 896 – Aug 14 897 | ? - Aug. 897 | Stephen VI (VII) | Roman | ||
| 114 | Aug 14 897 – Nov. 897 | ? - Dec. 897 | Novel | Romano Marin | Tuscan | |
| 115 | Dec. 897 – 20 Dec. 897 | 840 - Dec. 897 | Theodore II | Roman | ||
| 116 | 18 Jan 898 – Jan 5 900 | 840 - 900 | John IX | Italian from Tivoli | Benedictine monk | |
| 117 | 1 Feb. 900 – 30 Jul. 903 | ? - Jul. 903 | Benedict IV | Roman | ||
| 118 | 30 Jul. 903 - Dec. 903 | ? - Sept. 903 | Leo V | Italian from Ardez | deposed | |
| 10.903 — 01.904 | ? - OK. 904 | Christopher | Roman | Antipope. Until the beginning of the 20th century. Christopher was considered the legitimate pope | ||
| 119 | 29 Jan 904 – April 14 911 | ? - April 14 911 | Sergius III | Roman | The beginning of the period of pornocracy | |
| 120 | 14 Apr 911- Jun. 913 | ? - Jun. 913 | Anastasius III | Roman | ||
| 121 | 7 Jul. 913 – 5 Feb. 914 | ? - 5 Feb. 914 | Landon | Italian from Sabine region | ||
| 122 | Mar. 914 – May 28. 928 | 860 - 928 | John X | Italian from Tossignano, near Imola | killed | |
| 123 | 28 May 928 - Dec. 928 | ? - Dec. 928 | Leo VI | Roman | ||
| 124 | 3 Feb 928 – 13 Feb. 931 | ? - March 15 931 | Stephen VII (VIII) | Roman | ||
| 125 | 15 Mar 931 - Dec. 935 | 906 - Dec. 935 | John XI | Roman | ||
| 126 | 3 Jan 936 – 13 Jul. 939 | ? - 13 Jul. 939 | Leo VII | Roman | Benedictine monk | |
| 127 | 14 Jul. 939 – 30 Oct. 942 | ? - Oct. 942 | Stephen VIII (IX) | Roman | ||
| 128 | Oct 30 942 – May 1, 946 | ? - May 1, 946 | Marin II | Roman | ||
| 129 | 10 May 946 – 8 Nov. 955 | ? - Nov 8 955 | Agapit II | Roman | ||
| 130 | 16 Dec 955 – 6 Dec. 963 | 937 - May 14, 964 | John XII | Octavian Tuscolo | He crowned Otto I, but opposed the expansion of his power and was expelled by the emperor on December 4, 963. After Otto left Rome in February 964, he returned and was soon killed. The end of the period of pornocracy | |
| 6 Dec. 963 – 26 Feb. 964 | ? - March 1 965 | Leo VIII | Roman | Elected during the life of John XII. He was elevated to the holy throne under pressure from Otto I, and after his departure from Rome he fled. After the return of Otto I to Rome in July 964, he was officially recognized by the pope | ||
| 130 | 26 Feb 964 – May 14, 964 | 937 - May 14, 964 | John XII | Octavian Tuscolo | Roman, Octavian of the Counts of Tusculo | |
| 131 | May 22, 964 – June 23 964 | ? - 4 Jul. 966 | Benedict V | Roman | Elected by the citizens of Rome. Deposed by Otto I and exiled to Hamburg | |
| 132 | 23 Jun 964 – 1 Mar. 965 | ? - March 1 965 | Leo VIII | Roman | ||
| 133 | 1 Oct. 965 – 6 Sep. 972 | OK. 938 - 6 Sep. 972 | John XIII | Roman | ||
| 973 — 974 | Domnus II | antipope | ||||
| 134 | 19 Jan 973 – June 8 974 | ? - Jun. 974 | Benedict VI | Roman | Deposed and killed | |
| 6.974 — 8.974 | ? - 20 Jul. 985 | Boniface VII | Franco Ferrucci | Roman | Antipope. He took the holy throne after the overthrow of Benedict VI, but in August 974 he fled to Constantinople. In the summer of 980 he reoccupied Rome, but in March 981 he was knocked out by the troops of Otto II | |
| 135 | Oct. 974 – 10 Jul. 983 | ? - 10 Jul. 983 | Benedict VII | Roman | ||
| 136 | Dec. 983 – Aug 20 984 | ? - 10 Jul. 983 | John XIV | Pietro | Italian from Pavia | Elected under pressure from Otto II, after his death - overthrown. |
| 4.984 — 20.07.985 | ? - 20 Jul. 985 | Boniface VII (repeat) | Francona | Roman | Antipope. He occupied the Holy See for the third time. | |
| 137 | Aug 20 985 – Apr 1 996 | ? - April 1 996 | John XV | Giovanni di Gallina Alba | Roman | Deposed. Some lists mention another pope, John XV, who reigned for several months after the death of Boniface VII, and this pope is called John XVI |
| 138 | May 3, 996 – Feb 18 999 | 970/972 - 18 Feb. 999 | Gregory V | Bruno of Carinthia, of the Dukes of Carinthia | Saxon | The first pope of German descent in history |
| 04.997 — 02.998 | ? - Aug 26 1001 | John XVI | Giovanni Filagato | Greek from Rossano | Antipope. Deposed. | |
| 139 | 2 Apr. 999 – May 12. 1003 | 946 - May 12, 1003 | Sylvester II | Herbert of Aurillac | Frenchman from Auvergne | The first French pope |
| 140 | 16 May 1003 – 6 Nov. 1003 | ? - 6 Dec. 1003 | John XVII | Giovanni Siccone | Roman | This John took serial number XVII, despite the fact that the previous John XVI was an antipope. Perhaps the calculation took into account the mythical John XV, who ruled for several months after the death of Antipope Boniface VII |
| 141 | ...1.1004 — ...7.1009 | ? - 18 Jul. 1009 | John XVIII | Giovanni Fasano | Roman | |
| 142 | 31.7.1009 — 12.5.1012 | ? - May 12, 1012 | Sergius IV | Pietro Martino Boccadiporco | Roman | |
| 143 | 18.5.1012 — 9.4.1024 | ? - April 9 1024 | Benedict VIII | Theophylact II, Count of Tuscolo | Italian, Geophylact | |
| 18.05.1012 — 12.1012 | Gregory VI | Antipope. Expelled | ||||
| 144 | ...4-5.1024 — ...1032 | ? - 6 Nov. 1032 | John XIX | Romano, Count of Tuscolo | Italian | |
| 145 | ...1032 — ...1044 | Benedict IX | Theophylact III, Count of Tuscolo | Italian | Renounced | |
| 146 | 20.1.1045 — 10.2.1045 | ? - 1062 or 1063 | Sylvester III | Giovanni dei Crescenzi-Ottavian | Roman | The legality of the election of Sylvester III is questioned. Possibly an antipope |
| 147 | 10.4.1045 — 1.5.1045 | OK. 1012 - between 18 September 1055 and 9 Jan. 1056 | Benedict IX (second time) | Theophylact III, Count of Tuscolo | Italian | Second time. Deposed |
| 148 | 5.5.1045 — 20.12.1046 | ? - 1048 | Gregory VI | John Gratian or Giovanni Graziano | Roman | Deposed |
| 149 | 24: 25.12.1046 — 9.10.1047 | 1005 - 9 Oct. 1047 | Clement II | Count Sweetger of Schiedger-Morsleben-Gornburg from the family of Morsleben and Hornburg | Saxon | |
| 150 | 8.11.1047 — 17.7.1048 | OK. 1012 - between 18 September 1055 and 9 Jan. 1056 | Benedict IX (third time) | Theophylact III, Count of Tuscolo | Italian | Third time. Deposed |
| 151 | 17.7.1048 — 9.8.1048 | ? - Aug 9 1048 | Damasius II (Damasus) | Count Poppone Brixen | Bavarian | |
| 152 | 12,2.1049 — 19.4.1054 | 21 Jun 1002 - April 19 1054 | St. Leo IX | Bruno, of the Counts of Eguisheim-Dagsburg | Alsatian | |
| 153 | 16.4.1055 — 28.7.1057 | OK. 1018 - 28 Jul. 1057 | Victor II | Count Gebhard von Dolenstein-Hirschberg | German | |
| 154 | 3.8...1057 — 29.3.1058 | OK. 1010/1020 - March 29 1058 | Stephen IX (X) | Count Frederick of Lorraine | Lorraine | Benedictine monk |
| 05.04.1058 — 24.01.1059 | ? - OK. 1073 - 1080 | Benedict X | John Mincius | Roman | Antipope. Deposed | |
| 155 | 24.1.1059 — 27.7.1061 | ? - 27 Jul. 1061 | Nicholas II | Gerard Chevron | from Burgundy | |
| 156 | 1.10.1061 — 21.4.1073 | ? - Apr 21 1073 | Alexander II | Anselmo da Baggio | Italian | |
| 28.10.1061 — 1072 | ? — 1072 | Honorius II | Peter Cadalus (Pietro Cadalo) | Veronese | Antipope. Monk of the Order of Augustinian Canons | |
| 157 | 22.4; 30.6.1073 — 25.5.1085 | 1020/1025 - May 25, 1085 | St. Gregory VII | Hildebrand | Italian from Tuscany | A monk of the Benedictine order, but his affiliation with monasticism is disputed. Gregory's pontificate was marked by his conflict with Emperor Henry IV over investiture. |
| 25.06.1080 — 08.08.1100 | OK. 1029 - 8 Sep. 1100 | Clement III | Gibert (Vibert) | from Parma | antipope | |
| 158 | 24.5.1086 — 16.9 1087 | OK. 1027 - 16 Sep. 1087 | bliss Victor III | Desiderius Epifani Prince of Benevento | Italian from Beneventa | Benedictine monk |
| 159 | 12.3.1088 — 29.7.1099 | OK. 1042 - July 29, 1099 | bliss Urban II | Ed (Odo) de Chatillon de Lagerie | Frenchman | The First Crusade began. Monk of the Benedictine Order. |
| 160 | 13; 14.8.1099 — 21.1.1118 | ? - Jan 21 1118 | Paschal II | Raniero Bieda | Italian from Bieda near Ravenna | Monk of the Benedictine Order. |
| 1100 — 1101 | ? - 1102 | Theodoric (Jiber) | Bishop of San Rufino | antipope | ||
| 1101 | ? - 1102 | Adalbert (Albert) | Bishop of Sabina | antipope | ||
| 1105 — 1106 | ? - 1111 | Sylvester IV (Magginulfo) | Manginulfo | Roman | antipope | |
| 161 | 24.1; 10.3.1118 — 28.1.1119 | ? - Jan 28 1119 | Gelasius II | Giovanni Caetani | Italian from Gaeta | Monk of the Benedictine Order. |
| 10.03.1118 — 22.04.1121 | ? - 1137 | Gregory VIII | Maurice Bourdin de Braga | Frenchman | Antipope. Deposed | |
| 162 | 2; 9.2.1119 — 13.12.1124 | OK. 1060 - 13 Dec. 1124 | Calixtus II | Count Guido, or Guy of Burgundy | from Burgundy | Convened the First Lateran Council |
| 163 | 15; 21.12.1124 — 13.2.1130 | ? – 14 Feb. 1130 | Honorius II | Lamberto Scannabecchi di Fagnano | Italian from Fiagnano near Imola | |
| 16 Dec 1124 | ? — 1126 | Celestine II | Teobaldo Buccapecchi | Roman | antipope | |
| 164 | 14; 23.2.1130 — 25.1.1143 | ? – 24 Sep. 1143 | Innocent II | Gregorio Papareschi dei Guidoni | Roman | Monk of the Order of Augustinian Canons. Convened the Second Lateran Council (1139). |
| 14.02.1130 — 25.01.1138 | ? – 25 Jan. 1138 | Anacletus II | Pietro Pierleoni | Roman | antipope | |
| 03.1138 — 05.1138 | ? - OK. 1140 | Victor IV | Gregorio Conti | antipope | ||
| 165 | 26.9; 3.10.1143 — 8.3.1144 | ? – March 8 1144 | Celestine II | Guido del Castello | Italian from Città di Castello | |
| 166 | 12.3.1144 — 15.2.1145 | ? - 15 Feb. 1003 | Lucius II | Gerardo Caccianemichi | Bolognese | Monk of the Order of Augustinian Canons |
| 167 | 15; 18.2.1145 — 8.7.1003 | ? - July 8, 1003 | bliss Evgeniy III | Bernardo, probably from the Paganelli di Montemagno family | Pisan | Monk of the Cistercian Order |
| 168 | 12.7.1003 — 3.12.1004 | no later than 1073 - December 3. 1004 years | Anastasius IV | Corrado | Roman | |
| 169 | 4; 5.12.1004 — 1.9.1009 | OK. 1100 - 1 Sep. 1009 | Adrian IV | Nikolai Breakspear | Englishman | Monk of the Order of Augustinian Canons. The only English dad; by his bull gave Ireland to Henry II, King of England |
| 170 | 7; 20.9.1009 — 30.8.1181 | 1105 - Aug 30 1181 | Alexander III | Rolando Bandinelli | Sienese | Convened the Third Lateran Council (1179) |
| 07.04.1009 — 20.04.1164 | 1095 - April 20 1164 | Victor IV (II) | Ottaviano di Monticelli | Italian from Monticello near Tivoli | Antipope. Ottaviano di Monticelli did not recognize Gregorio Conti as the legitimate pope, and therefore took the same serial number for himself - Victor IV. Modern church considers them both antipopes | |
| 22.04.1164 — 20.09.1168 | ? - 20 Sep. 1168 | Paschal III | Guido da Crema | Italian from Crema | antipope | |
| 09.1168 — 29.08.1177 | Calixtus III | Giovanni de Strumi | Italian from Arezzo | Antipope. Renounced | ||
| 29.09.1179 — 1180 | ? - 1180 | Innocent III | Landau | Italian from Sedze | Antipope. Deposed | |
| 171 | 1; 6.9.1181 — 25.9.1185 | 1097 - 25 Nov. 1185 | Lucius III | Ubaldo Alucignoli | Italian from Lucca | |
| 172 | 25.11; 1.12.1185 — 20.10.1187 | OK. 1110 - 20 Oct. 1187 | Urban III | Uberto Crivelli | Milanese | |
| 173 | 21; 25.10.1187 — 17.12.1187 | between 1105 and 1110 - 17 Dec. 1187 | Gregory VIII | Alberto Sartori di Morra | Italian from Beneventa | Monk of the Order of Augustinian Canons. Proposed the Third Crusade |
| 174 | 19; 20.12.1187 — ...3.1191 | 1105/1110 - 20 Mar. 1191 | Clement III | Paolo Scolari | Roman | |
| 175 | 30.3; 14.4.1191 — 8.1.1198 | OK. 1106 - Jan 8 1198 | Celestine III | Giacinto Bobone | Roman | |
| 176 | 8.1; 22.2.1198 — 16.7.1216 | OK. 1161 - July 16, 1216 | Innocent III | Lotario Conti, Count of Segni, Count of Lavagni | Italian, according to tradition, was born in Anagni, according to modern research in Gavignano near Rome | Organized the Fourth Crusade. Convened the Fourth Lateran Council (1215). Defended the idea of the pope's supremacy over kings |
| 177 | 18; 24.7.1216 — 18.3.1227 | 1148 - 18 Mar. 1227 | Honorius III | Cencio Savelli | Roman | |
| 178 | 19; 21.3.1227 — 22.8.1241 | OK. 1145 - Aug 22 1241 | Gregory IX | Ugolino di Conti, Count of Segni | Italian from Anagna | He had conflicts with Emperor Frederick II because of the latter’s reluctance to lead the crusade. Handed over the Inquisition to the Dominicans |
| 179 | 25; 28.10.1241 — 10.11.1241 | OK. 1187 - November 10, 1241 | Celestine IV | Goffredo Castiglioni | Milanese | |
| 180 | 25; 28.6.1243 — 7.12.1254 | OK. 1195 - 7 Dec. 1254 | Innocent IV | Sinibaldo Fieschi, Count of Lavagni | Genoese | Convened the First Council of Lyon (1245) |
| 181 | 12; 20.12.1254 — 25.5.1261 | OK. 1185 - 25 May 1261 | Alexander IV | Rinaldo Conti, Count of Segni | Italian, according to tradition, was born in Anagni, according to modern research in the city of Ienna near Rome, | |
| 182 | 29.8; 4.9.1261 — 2.10.1264 | 1195 or 1100 - 2 Oct. 1264 | Urban IV | Jacques Pantaleon Cours Palais | Frenchman from Troyes | |
| 183 | 5; 15.2.1265 — 29.11.1268 | 23 Nov. between 1190 and 1100 - 29 Nov. 1268 | Clement IV | Guy Fulqua Le Gros | Frenchman | |
| 184 | 1.9.1271; 27.3.1272 — 10.1.1276 | OK. 1210 - 10 Jan. 1276 | Blessed Gregory X | Tebaldo Visconti | Italian from Piacenza | Convened the Second Council of Lyon (1274), where he concluded a union with byzantine emperor Michael VIII. Promulgated the law on the conclave. |
| 185 | 21.1; 22.2,1276 — 22.6.1276 | OK. 1225 - June 22, 1276 | bliss Innocent V | Pierre de Tarentaise, or Pietro de Tarantasia | Savoyard | Friar of the Dominican Order |
| 186 | 11.7.1276 — 18.8.1276 | OK. 1105 - Aug 18 1276 | Adrian V | Ottobono Fieschi | Genoese | |
| 05.09.1276 — 06.09.1276 | 1210 or 1215 - 6 Sep. 1276 | Gregory XI | Vicedomino de Vicedominus | antipope | ||
| 187 | 8; 20.9.1276 — 20.5.1277 | between 1210 and 1220 - 20 May 1277 | John XXI | Petrus Rebuli Juliani, or Pedro Julian, Peter of Spain | Portuguese | died |
| 188 | 25.11; 26.12.1277 — 22.8.1280 | OK. 1216 - Aug 22 1280 | Nicholas III | Giovanni Gaetano degli Orsini | Roman | |
| 189 | 22.2; 23.3.1281 — 28.3.1285 | OK. 1210 - 28 Mar. 1285 | Martin IV | Simon Montpitier de Brion | Frenchman | |
| 190 | 2.4; 20.5.1285 — 3.4.1287 | OK. 1210 - April 3 1287 | Honorius IV | Giacomo Savelli | Roman | |
| Vacancy 10.5 months | ||||||
| 191 | 22.2.1288 — 4.4.1292 | 30 Sep. 1227 - April 4 1292 | Nicholas IV | Girolamo Masci d'Ascoli | Italian from Ascoli | Friar of the Franciscan Order |
| 192 | 5.7; 29.8.1294 — 13.12.1294 | 1215 - May 19, 1296 | St. Celestine V | Pietro Angelari del Murrone | Italian from Isernia | Benedictine monk, hermit. The founder of the order, which later received the name Celestians. Abdicated, realizing that, being dependent on Charles II of Naples, he would not be able to implement his own program |
| 193 | 24.12.1294; 23.1.1295 — 11.10.1303 | OK. 1235 - 11 Oct. 1303 | Boniface VIII | Benedetto Caetani | Italian from Anagna | Declared the year 1300 to be the first anniversary year. Came into conflict with King Philip IV, was arrested on his orders, and soon died |
| 194 | 22; 27.10.1303 — 7.7.1304 | 1240 - July 7, 1304 | bliss Benedict XI | Niccolo Boccasini | Italian from Treviso | Friar of the Dominican Order. |
| 195 | 5.6; 14.11.1305 — 20.4.1314 | 1264 - April 20, 1314 | Clement V | Bertrand de Gault | Frenchman | The beginning of the Avignon captivity of the popes. Convened the Council of Vienne (1311-1312). Abolished the Templar Order (1312) |
| 196 | 7.8; 5.9.1316 — 4.12.1334 | 1244 or 1249 - December 4, 1334 | John XXII | Jacques d'Huez | Frenchman from Cahors | Denied the bliss of righteous souls until Last Judgment. His teachings were condemned for the most part theologians and abolished by Benedict XII |
| 12.05.1328 — 25.07.1330 | ? - October 13, 1333 | Nicholas V | Pietro Rainalducci | Italian from Corvaro near Rieti | Antipope. Renounced | |
| 197 | 20.12.1334; 8.1.1335 — 25.4.1342 | 1280s (1285?) - 25 April 1342 | Benedict XII | Jacques Fournier | Frenchman | Monk of the Cistercian order. Reformed the religious orders. Could not reach an agreement with Ludwig of Bavaria, in connection with this, in 1338 the German princes decided that the election of the emperor should not be approved by the pope |
| 198 | 7; 19.5.1342 — 16.12.1352 | 1291 - December 6, 1352 | Clement VI | Pierre Roger | Frenchman | Benedictine monk |
| 199 | 18; 30.12.1352 — 12.9.1362 | 1282 or 1295 - 12 Sep. 1362 | Innocent VI | Cosimo Etienne Aubert | Frenchman | |
| 200 | 28.9; 6.11.1362 — 19.12.1370 | 1309/1310 - 19 Dec. 1370 | bliss Urban V | Guillaume de Grimore | Frenchman | Benedictine monk |
| 201 | 30.12.1370; 5.1.1371 — 27.3.1378 | 1329, 1331 or 1336 - March 27 1378 | Gregory XI | Pierre Roger de Beaufort | Frenchman | He followed the call of Catherine of Siena to return to Rome. The end of the Avignon captivity of the popes. Condemned the teachings of John Wycliffe |
| 202 | 8; 18.4.1378 — 15.10.1389 | 1318 - 15 Oct. 1389 | Urban VI | Bartolomeo Prignano | Neapolitan | |
| 20.09.1378 — 16.09.1394 | 1342 - September 16 1394 | Clement VII | Robert, Count of Geneva | Antipope. Beginning of the Great Western Schism | ||
| 203 | 2; 9.11.1389 — 1.10.1404 | 1356 - 1 Oct. 1404 | Boniface IX | Pietro Tomacelli | Neapolitan | |
| 28.09.1394 — 23.05.1423 | 1328 - 23 May 1423 | Benedict XIII | Pedro Martinez de Luna | Spaniard from Aragon | Antipope. Supporter of Antipope Clement VII, elected after his death. Deposed at the Council of Constance, whose decision he did not recognize. | |
| 204 | 17.10; 11.11.1404 — 6.11.1406 | 1336 - 6 Nov. 1406 | Innocent VII | (Cosma) Cosimo Gentile Migliorati | Italian from Sulmona | |
| 205 | 30.11; 19.12.1406 — 4.7.1415 | 1325/1336 - 18 Oct. 1417 | Gregory XII | Angelo Correr | Venetian | In 1409 he was deposed by the Council of Pisa; abdicated in 1415 |
| 26.04.1409 — 03.05.1410 | OK. 1339 - 3 May 1410 | Alexander V | Peter Philargus, or Peter Candius | from the island of Crete | antipope | |
| 17.05.1410 — 29.05.1415 | OK. 1370 - 22 Dec. 1419 | John XXIII | Balthazar Cossa | Neapolitan | Antipope. He fought with the King of Naples, Vladislav. Deposed at the Council of Constance. End of the Great Western Schism | |
| 206 | 21.11.1417 — 20.2.1431 | 1368 - 20 Feb. 1431 | Martin V | Oddo Column | Roman | Convened the Council of Basel (1431) |
| 10.06.1423 — 26.07.1429 | ? - 28 Dec. 1446 | Clement VIII | Gil Sanchez Muñoz y Carbon | Antipope. Renounced | ||
| 12.11.1425 — 1430 | ? - OK. 1429 | Benedict XIV | Bernard Garnier | antipope | ||
| 207 | 11.3.1431 — 23.2.1447 | 1383 - 23 Feb. 1447 | Evgeniy IV | Gabriele Condulmer | Venetian | Monk of the Augustinian Order. Opposed the Council of Basel. In 1433 he crowned Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, in Rome. Complications between the papacy and France |
| 1433 — 1438 | ? - OK. 1437 | Benedict XIV (II) | Jean Carrier | antipope | ||
| 05.11.1439 — 25.04.1449 | 4 Sep. 1383 - 7 Jan. 1451 | Felix V | Amadeus VIII the Peaceful, Duke of Savoy | Antipope. Considered to be the last historical antipope. Renounced. | ||
| 208 | 19.3.1447 — 24.3.1455 | 15 Nov. 1397 - 24 Mar. 1455 | Nicholas V | Tommaso Parentucelli | Italian from Sarzana | In 1452 he crowned Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, in Rome. |
| 209 | 20.4.1455 — 6.8.1458 | 31 Dec 1378 - 6 Aug. 1458 | Calixtus III | Alonso de Borja (Borgia) | Rehabilitated Joan of Arc | |
| 210 | 3.9.1458 — 15.8.1464 | Oct 18 1405 - 14/15 Aug. 1464 | Pius II | Enea Silvio Piccolomini | Sienese | Member of the Basel Council. His attempt to organize a crusade against the Turks ended in failure. Humanist |
| 211 | 16.9.1464 — 26.7.1471 | 23 Feb 1417 - 26 Jul. 1471 | Paul II | Pietro Barbo | Venetian | Nephew of Eugene IV. Set the interval between anniversary years at 25 years old. Start publishing activities Vatican. |
| 212 | 25.8.1471 — 12.8.1484 | 21 July 1414 - 12 August 1484 | Sixtus VI | Francesco della Rovere | Italian from Savona, near Genoa | Friar of the Franciscan Order |
| 213 | 12.9.1484 — 25.7.1492 | 1432? - July 25, 1492 | Innocent VIII | Gianbattista Cibo | Genoese | He pursued a policy of nepotism. Issued the bull Summis Desiderantes, which marked the beginning of the witchcraft trials |
| 214 | 26.8.1492 — 18.8.1503 | 1 Jan 1431 - Aug 18 1503 | Alexander VI | Rodrigo de Borja (Borgia) | Spaniard from Xativa near Valencia | Nephew of Calixtus III. Father of Cesare Borgia and Lucrezia Borgia. In 1493, the bull Inter caetera divided the non-European world between Spain and Portugal. |
| 215 | 8.10.1503 — 18.10.1503 | May 29, 1439 - Oct 18 1503 | Pius III | Francesco Nanni Todeschini-Piccomini | Sienese | Nephew of Pius II |
| 216 | 26.11.1503 — 21.2.1513 | 5 Dec. 1443 - 21 Feb. 1513 | Julius II | Giuliano della Rovere | Italian from Savona near Genoa | Nephew of Sixtus IV. Convened the Fifth Lateran Council (1512). He proposed a plan for the reconstruction of the Basilica of St. Petra |
| 217 | 19.3.1513 — 1.12.1521 | 11 Dec 1475 - 1 Dec. 1521 | Leo X | Giovanni Medici | Florentine | The last pope who did not have holy orders at the time of his election. Son of Lorenzo de' Medici. In 1516 he concluded a concordat with Francis I, giving the latter greater power over the French church. In 1520 he excommunicated Martin Luther |
| 218 | 31.8.1522 — 14.9.1523 | Mar 2 1459 - 14 Sep. 1523 | Adrian VI | Adrian Florenszoon Buijens van Utrecht | from Utrecht | The only Dutch dad. The last non-Italian pope before John Paul II. He fought against the secularization of the Roman Curia and against the Reformation in Germany. Called on European sovereigns to crusade against the Turks |
| 219 | 26.11.1523 — 25.9.1534 | May 26, 1478 - Sept. 25 1534 | Clement VII | Giulio Medici | Florentine | Cousin Leo X |
| 220 | 3.11.1534 — 10.11.1549 | 29 Feb 1468 - 10 Nov. 1549 | Paul III | Alessandro Farnese | Roman | The Council of Trent opened in 1545 |
| 221 | 22.2.1550 — 23.3.1555 | 10 Sep. 1487 - 23 Mar. 1555 | Julius III | Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte | Roman | |
| 222 | 10.4.1555 — 1.5.1555 | 6 May 1501 - 1 May 1555 | Marcellus II | Marcello Cervini | Italian from Montepulciano | The last dad to use his secular name as official papal |
| 223 | 26.5.1555 — 18.8.1559 | 28 Jun 1476 - Aug 18 1559 | Paul IV | Gianpietro Caraffa | Neapolitan | |
| 224 | 6.1.1560 — 9 12.1565 | 31 Mar 1499 - 9 Dec. 1565 | Pius IV | Giovanni Angelo Medici | Milanese | Reopened the Council of Trent (1562) and completed it in 1563 |
| 225 | 17.1.1566 — 1.5.1572 | 13 Dec 1504 - 1 May 1572 | St. Pius V | Antonio (Michele) Ghislieri | Italian from Bosco near Alessandria | Friar of the Dominican Order. Published the Roman Catechism (1566), in 1571 founded the congregation of the Index of Prohibited Books |
| 226 | 25.5.1572 — 10.4.1585 | 7 Jan 1502 - April 10 1585 | Gregory XIII | Ugo Boncompagni | Bolognese | Active champion of the Counter-Reformation. He carried out a calendar reform in 1582. During the pontificate of Gregory XIII, a revised Code of Canon Law was published. |
| 227 | 1.5.1585 — 27.8.1590 | 13 Dec 1521 - Aug 27 1590 | Sixtus V | Felice Peretti | Italian from Grottammare near Ripatransone | Friar of the Order of Conventual Franciscans |
| 228 | 15.9.1590 — 27.9.1590 | Aug 4 1521 - 27 Sep. 1590 | Urban VII | Giambattista Castagna | Roman | |
| 229 | 8.12.1590 — 16.10.1591 | 11 Feb. 1536 - 15 Oct. 1591 | Gregory XIV | Niccolo Sfondrati | Italian from Cremona | |
| 230 | 3.11.1591 — 30.12.1591 | 20 Jul. 1519 - 30 Dec. 1591 | Innocent IX | Giovanni Antonio Fachinetti de Nuce | Bolognese | |
| 231 | 9.2.1592 — 5.3.1605 | 24 Feb 1536 - 5 Mar. 1605 | Clement VIII | Ipollito Aldobrandini | Florentine | |
| 232 | 10.4.1605 — 27.4.1605 | 2 Jun 1535 - April 27 1605 | Leo XI | Alessandro Ottaviano Medici | Florentine | |
| 233 | 29.5.1605 — 28.1.1621 | 17 Sep. 1552 - 28 Jan. 1621 | Paul V | Camillo Borghese | Roman | |
| 234 | 14.2.1621 — 8.7.1623 | 9 Jan 1554 - 8 Jul. 1623 | Gregory XV | Alessandro Ludovisi | Bolognese | |
| 235 | 29.9.1623 — 29.7.1644 | 5 Apr. 1568 - July 29 1644 | Urban VIII | Maffeo Barberini | Florentine | |
| 236 | 4.10.1644 — 7.1.1655 | May 7, 1574 - Jan 7 1655 | Innocent X | Giovanni Battista Pamphili | Roman | In 1653 he condemned Jansenism |
| 237 | 18.4.1655 — 22.5.1667 | 13 Feb 1599 - 22 May 1667 | Alexander VII | Fabio Chigi | Sienese | In the conflict with France, he lost Avignon and Venenes. In 1665 he condemned Jansenism, and in 1665-1666 - 45 provisions of Jesuit morality |
| 238 | 26.6.1667 — 9.12.1669 | 28 Jan 1600 - 9 Dec. 1669 | Clement IX | Giulio Rospigliosi | Italian from Pistoia | |
| 239 | 11.5.1670 — 22.7.1676 | July 13, 1590 – July 22, 1676 | Clement X | Emilio Bonaventura Altieri | Roman | |
| 240 | 21.9.1676 — 12.8.1689 | May 19, 1611 - Aug 12 1689 | bliss Innocent XI | Benedetto Odescalchi | Italian from Como | Supporter of orthodoxy and the idea of Sacrum imperium. In conflict with the French king Louis XIV relied on the help of Protestant countries |
| 241 | 16.10.1689 — 1.2.1691 | 22 Apr 1610 - 1 Feb. 1691 | Alexander VIII | Pietro Ottoboni | Venetian | Condemnation of the four points of the Gallican Declaration and the return of Avignon and Venesen |
| 242 | 15.7.1691 — 27.9.1700 | 13 Mar 1615 - 27 Sep. 1700 | Innocent XII | Antonio Pignatelli del Rastrello | Italian from Spinazola near Venosa | |
| 243 | 8.12.1700 — 19.3.1721 | 23 Jul. 1649 - 19 Mar. 1721 | Clement XI | Gianfrancesco Albani | Italian from Urbino | |
| 244 | 18.5.1721 — 7.3.1724 | May 13, 1655 - March 7 1724 | Innocent XIII | Michelangelo dei Conti | Roman | |
| 245 | 4.6.1724 — 21.2.1730 | Feb 2 1649 - 21 Feb. 1730 | Benedict XIII | Pietro Francesco (Vincenzo Maria) Orsini | Italian from Gravina | Friar of the Dominican Order |
| 246 | 16.7.1730 — 8.2.1740 | Apr 7 1652 - 6 Feb. 1740 | Clement XII | Lorenzo Corsini | Florentine | |
| 247 | 22.8.1740 — 3.5.1758 | 31 Mar 1675 - 3 May 1758 | Benedict XIV | Prospero Lambertini | Bolognese | Author of works on canon law. He provided patronage to scientists and artists. In 1751 he issued a bull against the Freemasons, in 1753 he condemned the works of Voltaire |
| 248 | 16.7.1758 — 2.2.1769 | 7 Mar 1693 - 2 Feb. 1769 | Clement XIII | Carlo Rezzonico | Venetian | |
| 249 | 4.6.1769 - 22 September 1774 | Oct 30 1705 - 22 Sep. 1774 | Clement XIV | Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio (Lorenzo) Ganganelli | Italian from San Arcangelo near Rimini | Monk of the Order of Conventual Franciscans. In 1773 he published the bull Dominus ac Redemptor, in which he decided to dissolve the Society of Jesus, which for two centuries had been the support of the papacy and the main driving force counter-reformation |
| 250 | 22.2.1775 - 29 Aug. 1799 | 27 Dec 1717 - Aug 29 1799 | Pius VI | Giovanni Angelo Braschi | Italian from Cesena | Condemned French revolution and was expelled from the Papal States by French troops. Final loss to the papal throne of Avignon and the county of Venescens |
| 251 | 21.3.1800 - 20 Aug. 1823 | Aug 14 1742 - 20 Aug. 1823 | Pius VII | Barnaba (Gregorio) Chiaramonti | Italian from Cesena | Monk of the Benedictine Order. Crowned Napoleon with the imperial crown (1804). Refused to support the Continental Blockade, which led to the French occupation of Rome and the Papal States |
| 252 | 5.10.1823 - 10 February 1829 | Aug 22 1760 - 10 Feb. 1829 | Leo XII, | Annibale, Count della Genga | Italian from Genga near Fabriano | Published 5 encyclicals |
| 253 | 5.4.1829 - 30 Nov. 1830 | 20 Nov. 1761 - 30 Nov. 1830 | Pius VIII | Francesco Saverio Castiglioni | Italian from Cingoli | |
| 254 | 6.2.1831 - 1 June 1846 | 18 Sep. 1765 - June 1 1846 | Gregory XVI | Bartolomeo Alberto (Maupo) Cappellari | Italian from Belluno | Monk of the Camaldolian Order. The last non-bishop elected by the pope. To fight the Carbonari he called in Austrian troops to the Papal States. Condemned (1832) the ideas of the Abbé Lamennais |
| 255 | 21.6.1846 - 7 February. 1878 | May 13, 1792 - February 7 1878 | Pius IX | Giovanni Maria, Count of Mastai de Ferretti | Italian from Senigallia, near Ancona | Proclaimed the dogma of immaculate conception Holy Virgin Mary and convened the First Vatican Council, who established the dogmatic doctrine of the infallibility of the Roman Pontiff. The longest pontificate in the history of the papacy |
| 256 | 3.3.1878 - 20 July 1903 | Mar 2 1810 - 20 Jul. 1903 | Leo XIII | Vincenzo Gioachino Rafael Luigi Pecci | Italian from Carpineto, near Anagna | |
| 257 | 9.8.1903 - 20 August 1914 | 2 Jun 1835 - 20 Aug. 1914 | St. Pius X | Giuseppe Melchiore Sarto | Italian from Riese, near Treviso | |
| 258 | 6.9.1914 - 22 January 1922 | 21 Nov. 1854 - 22 Jan. 1922 | Benedict XV | Giacomo, Marquis della Chiesa | Genoese | Called for an end to the First World War |
| 259 | 12.2 1922 - 10 Feb. 1939 | May 31, 1857 - February 10 1939 | Pius XI | Abrogio Damiano Achille Ratti | Italian from Desio, near Milan | Signed the Lateran Agreements with Italy, which recognized the Vatican as a sovereign state |
| 260 | 12.3.1939 - 9 Oct. 1958 | Mar 2 1876 - 9 Oct. 1958 | Pius XII | Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli | Roman | |
| 261 | 4.11.1958 - 3 June. 1963 | 25 Nov. 1881 - June 3 1963 | St. John XXIII | Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli | Italian from Sotto il Monte, near Bergamo | convened the Second Vatican Council; sometimes called "good Pope John" |
| 262 | 30.6.1963 – 6 Aug. 1978 | 26 Sep. 1897 - Aug 6 1978 | Paul VI | Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini | Italian from Concesio, near Brescia | The last pope to be crowned with a tiara. Closed the Second Vatican Council |
| 263 | 3.9.1978 - 28 Sep. 1978 | 17 Oct 1912 - 28 Sep. 1978 | John Paul I | Albino Luciani | Italian from Forno di Canale, near Belluno | |
| 264 | Oct 16 1978 – April 2 2005 | May 18, 1920 - April 2 2005 | St. John Paul II | Karol Jozef Wojtyla | Pole from Wadowice near Krakow | First non-Italian pope since 1523 |
| 265 | 04.24.2005 – 28 Feb.2013 | 16 Apr 1927 — | Benedict XVI | Joseph Alois Ratzinger | German from Marktl am Inn in Bavaria | renounced |
| 266 | 13 Mar 2013 | 17 Dec 1936 — | Francis | Jorge Mario Bergoglio | Argentinean of Italian descent from Buenos Aires | The first Pope from the New World and the first Pope from the Jesuit Order |
Canonization(from the Greek ???????? - regulate, determine, legitimize) - in Catholic and Orthodox Churches- the process of canonizing someone as a saint. Canonization means that the Church testifies to the closeness of these people to God and prays to them as its patrons.
According to the rules of the Catholic Church, the process of canonization usually begins no earlier than five years after the death of a person. Along with canonization, there is also beatification - beatification. The distinction between beatification and canonization was introduced in 1642 by the Pope Urban VIII .
Servant of God(lat. Venerabilis Dei servus) - in Catholicism - an official title that is assigned to a person during the period from the beginning of the process of his beatification to his beatification. Also, before beatification, a deceased righteous person may be called “venerable.”
In a general Christian sense, the expression “servant of God” is used as a synonym for any Christian.
This title should not be confused with one of the official titles Popes “Servant of the Servants of God” (Latin: Servus Servorum Dei).
Venerable(lat. venerabilis) - in Catholicism, a servant of God whose beatification process was officially approved Holy See by issuing a special papal decree declaring that this servant of God possessed heroic virtues. Church veneration of the Venerable until the moment of beatification is not permitted, but individual veneration is permitted.
In Orthodoxy, this face of saints corresponds to the rank of saint.
Blissful(Greek ??????????, Lat. beatus, lit. happy) - a special face of saints in Christianity, having in various Christian churches different meaning. Akin to Art. -glory. blessed, from bliss - to call blessed (to make good, good) along with the original Russian bologo. In a broad sense, blessed is anyone who sees God in heaven (beatific vision).
In the Catholic Church, the term "blessed" refers to ascetics glorified through the process of beatification. A blessed person is a person whom the Church considers saved and in heaven, but for whom church-wide veneration is not established, only local veneration is allowed. Beatification is often a preliminary step before the canonization of a righteous person.
Saint(from Protoslav. sv?tъ, sv?tъjь; plural - saints) - a person especially revered in various religions for holiness, piety, righteousness, persistent confession of faith, intercession before God for people.
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