Global problems of humanity - the problem of terrorism. The global problem of terrorism in the modern world: identifying the essence, characteristic features, directions, causes and justifications

In modern conditions, the problem of conflicts arising from interfaith rivalry requires special attention. What is hidden behind this: traditional geopolitical contradictions or is the world facing the threat of a revival of jihads and crusades inspired by fundamentalists of various persuasions? No matter how unexpected such a prospect may seem in an era of widespread democratic and humanistic values, the dangers associated with it are too great not to take the necessary measures to prevent them.

Current security problems also include the joint fight against terrorism, political and criminal, crime, and drug trafficking.

There are two main approaches to understanding the methods of combating international terrorism at the present stage.

First approach is to strengthen the powers of law enforcement agencies in the field of public security, restrict civil liberties and democracy in the name of the stable development of human civilization. It is argued that only a strong state and the effective work of intelligence services can serve as the key to a successful counter-terrorism fight. However, it must be recognized that all attempts to combat terrorists using only force and military methods have not ensured the containment or reduction of terrorist activity. US President Barack Obama consciously abandoned the use of the expression “global war on terrorism”, which was often used in the rhetoric of his predecessor George W. Bush, replacing it with “the fight against terrorism.” Increasingly, the US President speaks about the fight against terrorist groups, emphasizing that these organizations do not represent all Arabs and all Muslims.

An approach to the problem of combating international terrorism based entirely on military measures may lead to a weakening of the potential for collective action against terrorism. A significant reduction in the rights and freedoms of man and citizen will lead, if not to decline, then to stagnation of modern democratic states, discontent among large sections of the population and, thus, will contribute to achieving the goals of terrorists.

The essence second approach consists in recognizing non-force methods of combating international terrorism as the main ones, which does not deny the importance and necessity of conducting targeted military counter-terrorism operations. The events of recent years have shown the inability of security forces alone to counter the threats of modern international terrorism. As President of Russia, D.A. Medvedev named as necessary conditions for a successful fight against terrorism the improvement of the economic well-being of the country's population and the state of the social sphere, as well as the strengthening of the moral and spiritual components.

At the moment, the need to transition to a thoughtful and targeted system of a wide range of measures, primarily political, at the international level is beginning to be realized. Military and other means of force in the field of countering the international terrorist threat should be considered as complementary to political methods of struggle.

The development of political aspects of the fight against international terrorism is one of the fundamental factors in the matter of non-violent counteraction to international terrorism. Next we will consider political aspects of the fight against international terrorism, which include:

• 1) the activities of international intergovernmental organizations and political institutions in the field of combating terrorism, which have made the greatest contribution to countering the terrorist threat (structures such as the UN, European political institutions, the G8);
• 2) countering terrorism by civil society within the framework of those international non-governmental organizations that have most studied the possibilities of combating the terrorist threat;
• 3) protection of Islam from extremist influence (counteraction to Islamism by the Muslim community, represented by religious international non-governmental organizations, and dissemination of the image of Islam as a religion of peace, goodness and tolerance).

International cooperation on counter-terrorism issues on an ongoing basis is the foundation for building an effective counter-terrorism system. The greatest contribution to strengthening international cooperation in the fight against terrorism was made by the UN, various European political institutions and the G8, so next we will consider the process of forming a broad front in the fight against international terrorism within the framework of these structures.

For a long time, UN specialists have been carrying out serious work to build an effective counter-terrorism mechanism. However, the real impetus for the active development of measures aimed at combating international terrorism was the tragic events of September 11, 2001. Kofi Annan, who held the post of UN Secretary-General during the terrorist attacks of September 11, stated after the terrorist attacks that “the terrorists who attacked The United States on September 11, targeted one country, but wounded the whole world... In fact, it was an attack on all of humanity, and all of humanity has a vested interest in defeating the forces behind it... No one should doubt the determination that exists throughout the world fight this evil for as long as may be necessary."

To date, the international legal regime for countering terrorism has basically been formed, the foundation for which is various kinds of UN documents, such as conventions, declarations, resolutions, etc.

An analysis of international UN documents devoted to countering the threat under consideration allows us to conclude that most of them enshrine the following main principles of counter terrorism

• resolute condemnation of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, regardless of the goals set by terrorists. Terrorism is a crime that must always be punished;
• refusal of any assistance to terrorists, complicity in a terrorist crime, incitement to terrorism, propaganda of terrorist ideas;
• eliminating the practice of double standards. The use of double standards has the most negative consequences for countering international terrorism. Terrorists for one state cannot be allowed to be perceived as freedom fighters by another state. Eliminating the practice of double standards is possible only with the joint efforts of the international community;
• development of close cooperation in the field of countering international terrorism on the world stage;
• compliance with international law in the fight against terrorism. It is necessary to refrain from using force in any manner inconsistent with the purposes and principles of the UN, to seek the settlement of disputes by peaceful means in accordance with the principles of justice and international law;
• refusal to violate fundamental human and civil rights and freedoms in order to ensure public safety;
• protection of world religions (primarily Islam) from extremist influence, a decisive refusal to identify any religion, culture or nationality with terrorism and violence.

It should be noted that international cooperation on counter-terrorism issues is focused on the following directions.

• 1) regular exchange of information on preventing and combating terrorism;
• 2) effective implementation of conventions and conclusion of agreements on mutual legal assistance and extradition of criminals on a bilateral, regional and multilateral basis;
• 3) conducting various kinds of practical events to exchange experience in the field of counter-terrorism at the international level;
• 4) carrying out scientific and analytical work to develop more effective programs to combat international terrorism, studying the reasons for its emergence;
• 5) an in-depth study of the experience of various states in preventing and eliminating terrorism to obtain a more complete understanding of the methods of combating the terrorist threat and expanding international cooperation;
• 6) analysis of the most effective national legislation for possible application in other countries;
• 7) exchange of experience in the field of combating terrorism by means of political and ideological influence.

The above principles of the fight against terrorism are recognized by the world community, but despite this, not all UN member countries observe them in practice. For example, Great Britain, which is formally a member of the anti-terrorist coalition, has repeatedly violated the principle of rejecting the policy of double standards. The UK regularly provides asylum to people deemed terrorists by courts in other countries. Thus, by a decision of a London court, the Russian Prosecutor General's Office refused to extradite one of the leaders of the Chechen separatists, Akhmed Zakayev, accused in Russia of involvement in the terrorist attack on Dubrovka and the activities of illegal armed groups, of kidnappings and massacres in Chechnya, as well as of inciting hatred against persons of Russian nationality. In November 2003, it became known that A. Zakaev was granted political asylum in the UK. Russian authorities arrested A. Zakaev in absentia in October 2010, but never achieved his extradition.

The problem of combating money laundering and the financing of terrorism is acute. The International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (1999) generally addresses the phenomenon of terrorism and such an important component of it as providing a financial basis. The importance of this area of ​​international cooperation in the fight against terrorism is evidenced by Resolution 1373 (2001), adopted by the UN Security Council on September 28, 2001, which, among the main measures to counter terrorism, outlined the concerted actions of the world community to suppress its financial flows. According to Art. 8 of the Convention, each State, in accordance with the principles of national law, shall take the necessary measures to identify, locate, freeze bank accounts or seize any funds used or allocated for the commission of offenses (within the scope of the Convention) for the purpose of possible confiscation.

Of particular importance among the documents under review is the report of the High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, entitled A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility. It presents a new, comprehensive vision of the concept of collective security in the 21st century. One of the report's key messages is that globalization has ushered in an era of mutual vulnerability. No country can defeat the world's threats alone, and no threat can be effectively addressed until other threats are eliminated. The need for a broader, comprehensive concept of collective security is stated, in which new and old threats that are interdependent in nature will be considered.

The report strongly recommends a comprehensive convention on terrorism, including a clear definition of terrorism. The High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change noted the ongoing need to consolidate the UN system's diverse counter-terrorism efforts into a single framework, and to develop a comprehensive, universal counter-terrorism strategy. A comprehensive counterterrorism strategy must address the factors that contribute to the spread of terrorism, strengthen countries' capabilities to counter the threat, and be based on the rule of law and the protection of human rights and freedoms. The group asked the UN to take a leadership role in promoting such a comprehensive strategy, which was subsequently implemented.

Kofi Annan, who held the post of UN Secretary-General at that time, spoke on the recommendations of the High-Level Panel, expressing his vision of a comprehensive counter-terrorism strategy. His proposed strategy was based on five main elements: convincing terrorist groups not to resort to violence; limiting the means for terrorists to carry out attacks; minimizing support for terrorist groups by other countries; helping to develop countries' capabilities to prevent terrorism; protection of human rights during the fight against international terrorism. At the September 2005 summit, world leaders endorsed elements of the strategy proposed by the Secretary-General. They also appealed to the General Assembly with a request to develop in more detail the main points of the strategy. Kofi Annan made improvements to the counter-terrorism strategy plan by presenting the report “Uniting to Counter Terrorism: Recommendations for a Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy” to the plenary meeting of the General Assembly. UN member states accepted the proposed recommendations as a basis for discussion.

As a result, on September 8, 2006, the UN General Assembly adopted the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy in the form of a resolution and an annexed Plan of Action 1 . This document is a unique tool for creating a united front in the fight against terrorism at the national, regional and international levels. On September 19, 2006, it was brought into effect during the General Assembly. For the first time, most countries in the world have agreed on a common approach to combating terrorism, which is why the Strategy is so important.

The document is based on the consistent, unequivocal and decisive condemnation by UN member states of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, no matter who, where and for what purposes it is practiced. The Strategy contains specific measures to eliminate conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism, to prevent and combat terrorism, to strengthen the capacity of states to prevent and combat this threat and strengthen the role of the UN system in this area, to ensure universal respect for human rights and uphold the rule of law. Member States are required to cooperate with the UN to implement the provisions of the Action Plan, while UN entities must provide support for Member States' actions.

The document states that terrorism cannot and should not be associated with any religion, nationality, civilization or ethnic group. A special role in the Strategy is assigned to new important initiatives. It is expected that the potential for bioterrorism will be minimized through the creation of a single, comprehensive database of biological incidents, provided that special attention is paid to improving national health systems. It is proposed to involve civil society, regional and subregional organizations in the fight against international terrorism, as well as develop partnerships with the private sector. There are plans to modernize border and customs control systems and improve the security of travel documents to prevent the movement of terrorists and the movement of illicit materials.

On July 7, 2008, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon delivered a report containing an in-depth analysis of the activities of the UN system in implementing the Strategy. Ban Ki-moon identified two ways for the UN system to implement the Strategy. Firstly, departments, specialized agencies, and foundations carry out activities in accordance with their work plans, both on an individual basis and within the framework of partnerships. Secondly, the 24 UN agencies and INTERPOL cooperate through the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force (CTIF).

The report presents the results of the implementation of four main areas of activity in the fight against terrorism specified in the Strategy, namely measures to eliminate conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism, to prevent and combat terrorism, to strengthen the capacity of states to prevent and combat terrorism and strengthening the role of the UN system in this area, to ensure universal respect for human rights and the rule of law as the basis for the fight against terrorism.

The Strategy states that Member States are committed to eliminating the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism by strengthening existing programs in the areas of conflict prevention, reconciliation and peacekeeping, mediation, and negotiations. They also intend to place increased emphasis on initiatives aimed at promoting tolerance between religions and cultures, reducing the marginalization of vulnerable populations and promoting social inclusion. The Strategy recognizes the links between elements of the traditional development agenda, such as poverty reduction, social development and the rule of law, and the fight against terrorism. In this section of the Strategy, Member States highlight the need to meet the needs of victims through the establishment of national and regional assistance systems.

In the area of ​​measures taken to eliminate the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism, the Secretary-General made the following conclusions.

Within the UN system, the work outlined in the first action line is supported by the Department of Political Affairs, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, as well as The three working groups of the Task Force are: the Conflict Prevention and Resolution Group, the Support and Public Awareness Group for Victims of Terrorism, and the Combating Radicalization and Extremism that Lead to Terrorism Group.

The Department of Political Affairs carries out a range of tasks to reduce violent conflict in all parts of the world. After the adoption of the Strategy, he created the UN Regional Center for Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia. The center began operations in June 2008; it helps the governments of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan to better respond to cross-border issues and threats such as terrorism, drug trafficking and organized crime.

As called for in the Strategy, the Department of Political Affairs also strives to “promote a culture of peace, justice and human development, ethnic, national and religious tolerance and respect for all religions, religious values ​​and beliefs or cultures” 1 .

In October 2007, UNESCO adopted a medium-term strategy for 2008-2013, which identified the promotion of cultural diversity, intercultural dialogue and a culture of peace as one of its main themes.

The lack of the rule of law and good governance are also identified in the Strategy as conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism. Since the adoption of the Strategy, UNDP and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations have increased their involvement in activities in these areas. The Department of Peacekeeping Operations is committed to reducing the ability of terrorists to support and sustain their activities with criminal proceeds in politically unstable environments. The Department achieves this goal through a variety of programs designed to ensure effective, fair and accountable criminal justice systems, strengthen public safety and establish the rule of law.

The Working Group on Conflict Prevention and Resolution has prepared initial guidance on counter-terrorism issues for the Secretary-General's envoys, special representatives and other peacekeepers. In this guide:

• the significance of the problem of terrorism and measures to combat it for the work of UN peacekeepers in conflict situations is considered;
• outlines existing international legal and policy guidelines on counter-terrorism issues for the information of UN peacekeepers;
• identifies terrorism-related factors that UN peacekeepers may take into account when conducting peace negotiations or concluding peace agreements;
• Attention is drawn to the consequences of terrorist activities from the point of view of the security of UN missions.

The Task Force, through its Working Group on Support and Visibility for Victims of Terrorism, intends to identify measures taken to promote solidarity and support for victims.

The Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism has emphasized the importance of long-term work to ensure universal respect for human rights and justice for victims of terrorism as an important element in achieving societies free from terrorism.

The Strategy recognizes that terrorists need the means to carry out their attacks and therefore calls on Member States to use a variety of measures to deny terrorists access to resources. It also calls for action to protect particularly vulnerable targets.

Regarding the measures taken to prevent and combat terrorism, Ban Ki-moon summed up the following results. Following the adoption of the Strategy, the UN system supports the work of Member States in three main ways:

• by providing assistance in the development of legal instruments and guidelines that define standards for measures to prevent terrorism;
• through the development of registries and databases that can be used to centrally collect information on available resources needed to prevent and respond to terrorist attacks;
• through an assessment of the existing capabilities of Member States in the field of combating terrorism.

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is also making efforts to strengthen the international legal regime in the field of combating terrorism. In accordance with the recommendations contained in the Strategy, the ICAO Legal Committee has developed two draft conventions on compensation for damage caused by aircraft to third parties as a result of acts of unlawful interference or the occurrence of general risks. ICAO has also developed two treaties aimed at updating existing aviation security conventions by addressing new and emerging threats, such as the weaponization of civil aircraft and the use of biological, chemical and nuclear materials in attacks. ICAO has adopted additional security controls regarding baggage screening.

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is working to develop international legal instruments and adopt standards to ensure the protection of international transport from terrorist attacks, and also takes mandatory measures to improve maritime security.

The World Bank helps strengthen legal regimes through three areas: assessing country implementation of the Financial Task Force's 40 anti-money laundering recommendations and nine specific counter-terrorist financing recommendations; providing countries with appropriate technical assistance; providing policy development in this area.

Since July 2007, the Office for Disarmament Affairs has been consulting with government experts and representatives of a number of international organizations on the scope and feasibility of developing a single comprehensive biological incident database as proposed in the Strategy. In April 2008, the Office began developing a biological incident database software platform to create a reliable, web-based tool for entering biological incident data.

The IAEA's Illicit Trafficking Database program began before the adoption of the Strategy, but the initiative has been an important contributor to its implementation. Based on information contained in the IAEA Illicit Trafficking Database, INTERPOL's Project Geiger collects and analyzes data on the theft of radiological materials to identify patterns and trends and assess the vulnerability of materials to terrorist theft. manufacturing so-called “dirty bombs”, which are conventional explosive devices filled with radiological materials.

Assessing the capacity of interested Member States represents the third category of support provided by the UN system. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate play a key role in this area. The Executive Directorate monitors and facilitates implementation by Member States of Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) on behalf of the Committee.

Both the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank are committed to combating money laundering and terrorist financing.

The Strategy calls on the international community, and in particular the UN system, to provide technical assistance to identify gaps or deficiencies, provide opportunities for information exchange and networking that can facilitate intergovernmental cooperation and the dissemination of “best practices”, and improve public awareness of the dangers of terrorism.

The Report states that all members of the Task Force contributed to the implementation of the measures contained in this part of the Strategy.

In the Strategy, Member States committed to take measures to ensure respect for human rights and the rule of law as a basis for the fight against terrorism. They also decided to take action to combat human rights violations and ensure that any decisions taken to combat terrorism are consistent with their human rights obligations.

The Strategy states that the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime's technical support and capacity-building activities in legal and related matters should be based on a criminal justice system that is consistent with the principles of the rule of law and human rights.

In conclusion, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon made recommendations for further work. He indicated that Member States had expressed interest in further systematization to be able to provide guidance to the Task Force on its work, as well as to facilitate greater information sharing between the Task Force and its members. The Secretary-General noted that the United Nations system does not fully utilize the potential of global, regional, subregional organizations and civil society. According to Ban Ki-moon, this situation needs to be corrected.

In addition to developing a legal framework for countering international terrorism, a network of organizations operates within the UN, which includes various committees, departments, and specialized agencies to combat the terrorist threat.

Counter-Terrorism Committee(CTC) and its Executive Directorate regulate UN counter-terrorism activities. The Counter-Terrorism Committee includes all 15 members of the Security Council. These bodies are charged with monitoring the implementation of Security Council resolutions 1373 (2001) and 1624 (2005), as well as the provision of technical assistance to countries that need it. The Counter-Terrorism Committee receives reports from member countries on the work done and events taken. Having analyzed the situation, this body prepares recommendations for member countries and reports to the UN Security Council, taking into account the specific development of each state. The authors of the report, A Safer World: Our Shared Responsibility, believe that the Executive Directorate should become a focal point for intergovernmental military, police and border assistance to strengthen national counterterrorism capabilities.

UN departments, programmes, funds and agencies work both individually and jointly within the framework of Counter-Terrorism Strategy Implementation Task Force(TsGOKS). Established in 2005 by the Secretary-General, the Task Force aims to ensure coordination among the various parts of the UN system involved in the fight against terrorism. The Task Force established a work program and established working groups to implement the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy. They include the following aspects of the fight against international terrorism:

• 1) providing assistance to UN member states in the comprehensive application of the Strategy;
• 2) transfer of counter-terrorism activities into the sphere of conflict prevention;
• 3) providing a forum to address the causes of political and economic exclusion, especially among young people;
• 4) improving the assessment of technical assistance, supply and follow-up;
• 5) improving the coordination of the UN system in planning a response to a terrorist attack using nuclear, chemical, biological or radioactive materials;
• 6) consolidation of stakeholders and partners in discussing the use of the Internet for terrorist purposes and identifying advanced means of combating this phenomenon;
• 7) searching for ways to comply with international standards when fighting the financing of terrorism;
• 8) identifying the most effective ways to protect vulnerable targets, including UN personnel in the field, and creating a mechanism for sharing experiences in this matter;
• 9) assistance to countries in strengthening domestic legislation to protect human rights in accordance with international standards;
• 10) identifying the needs of victims around the world and opportunities for government assistance.

The Task Force is developing cooperation with a number of regional, subregional and international non-governmental organizations, including the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), the European Union (EU), the Council of Europe (CoE) and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).

Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004 )*, exercises control over the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Its experts work to identify shortcomings and propose possible measures to prevent non-state actors from gaining access to weapons of mass destruction and their components.

Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights while countering terrorism works within the framework of the Human Rights Council and ensures the identification, exchange and implementation of the most effective ways to combat the threat that do not contradict human rights and fundamental freedoms. The Special Rapporteur also examines allegations of human rights violations that may have occurred in the fight against terrorism.

In addition to the UN units directly working in the field of terrorism prevention, there are many structures operating under the auspices of the United Nations and closely related to this area.

UN Office on Drugs and Crime assisted more than 125 countries in joining and applying instruments related to preventing and combating acts of terrorism. The Office has provided legal advice in the field of counter-terrorism legislation to more than 80 countries around the world. The organization has developed more than a dozen technical assistance tools, including legislative databases and model legislation, to help countries strengthen their legal regimes against terrorism.

Activity International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA) aims to support Member States. It includes more than 100 assessment missions to help Member States determine their own overall nuclear safety requirements and manage the disposal, disposal and/or storage of approximately 100 highly radioactive and neutron sources. The organization assists member states in training customs and border officials and maintains a 24-hour contact network

to ensure cooperation between Member States during nuclear disasters or radiological emergencies. The Agency also provides assistance to Member States in meeting current and future obligations under instruments related to strengthening the international nuclear safety platform.

International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol assisted the UN Security Council in implementing the al-Qaeda and Taliban sanctions regime by disseminating information to law enforcement agencies around the world. Interpol collects, stores, analyzes and exchanges information about the activities of suspected individuals and groups; it coordinates the dissemination of terrorist alerts and alerts, and has issued practical guidance to the global law enforcement community to assist in reporting terrorist activity.

World Health Organization (WHO) is concerned about the state of readiness of health care institutions to adequately respond to all emergencies of an international nature within the framework of International Health Regulations. WHO has developed standards and enforces biosafety and biosecurity for laboratories to promote the safe use and storage of biological materials, minimizing the risk of misuse.

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights supports the promotion and protection of all human rights, as well as the implementation of effective counter-terrorism measures, as complementary and mutually reinforcing goals. In response to requests from Member States, the Office provides assistance and advice on the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the fight against terrorism, including the development of anti-terrorism legislation and policies that are consistent with human rights.

It is necessary to note the constant cooperation of the UN in the fight against international terrorism with such organizations and intergovernmental institutions as the European Union (EU), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

(OSCE), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Organization of American States (OAS), with specialized structures, in particular Europol, Offshore Group of Bank Supervisors (OGBS) ), the Financial Task Force (FATF) and many others, as well as with various international non-governmental organizations (for example, the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the Pugwash Scientists Movement, etc.).

In addition to developing a legal framework for countering terrorism, creating specialized structures and developing cooperation with various organizations in this area, the UN Security Council, on the basis of Chapter VII of the organization’s Charter, can take coercive measures to maintain or restore international law and order, peace and security. One of these means of influence is international legal sanctions directed against individuals, organizations and states that support terrorism. By international legal sanctions we mean collective or unilateral coercive non-military measures applied by states or international organizations to violators of international law, as a rule, to states.

The UN Security Council resorts to mandatory sanctions as a means of enforcement when peace is threatened and when diplomatic efforts fail. Such sanctions were introduced in 18 cases, and some of them were aimed at countering the terrorist threat.

Sanctions include comprehensive economic and trade sanctions and/or more specific measures such as arms embargoes, entry or travel bans, financial or diplomatic restrictions. The use of mandatory sanctions is intended to put pressure on a state or entity to achieve the goals set by the Security Council without the use of force. Sanctions are therefore an important tool through which the Security Council enforces its decisions.

However, sanctions as a way of putting pressure on a violator of international law have their opponents. A large number of States and humanitarian organizations have expressed concern about the possible adverse impact of sanctions on the most vulnerable populations, as well as the negative impact that sanctions may have on the economies of third countries. There is increasing recognition that the planning, application and implementation of Security Council sanctions need to be improved. The negative impact of sanctions can be reduced either by including carefully crafted humanitarian exceptions directly in General Assembly resolutions or by more targeted application of such sanctions.

As an example, consider the introduction of a sanctions regime against Libya as a country that supports terrorism. Libya was accused of bombing a Pan Am passenger plane over Lockerbie, Scotland in December 1988, killing 270 people (the Lockerbie Affair).

In resolution 748 (1992) of March 31, 1992, the UN Security Council imposed an arms embargo and an air embargo, and also demanded a reduction in the number of Libyan diplomatic personnel working abroad. He also established a Security Council sanctions committee. By resolution 883 (1993) of November 11, 1993, the sanctions regime against Libya was tightened. In this resolution, the Security Council approved the freezing of Libyan funds and financial resources in other countries and imposed a ban on the supply of oil refining and transportation equipment to Libya.

In general, a series of sanctions imposed by the Security Council against the Jamahiriya in the period 1992-1994 included a ban on any form of military-technical cooperation with the Libyan government, prohibited international air traffic with Libya, lowered the level of diplomatic representation of foreign states in the country, and blocked Libyan holdings in foreign banks, prohibited the sale of certain types of oil equipment. At the same time, Libya was not prohibited from exporting oil, thanks to which it annually received revenues amounting to up to $9 billion. Nevertheless, the long-term sanctions regime caused significant damage to Libya, its economy and finances. In monetary terms for the period from 1992 to 1999, it is estimated by local experts at $29 billion.

The sanctions regime against Libya was terminated by resolution 1506 (2003), adopted on 12 September 2003. The Security Council also suspended the mandate of the Libya Sanctions Committee. Thirteen members voted in favor of the resolution, the United States of America and France abstained, and there were no votes against.

The adoption of this decision became possible after Tripoli officially fulfilled all the requirements of the relevant UN Security Council resolutions: it allowed the extradition of two Libyans suspected of organizing the terrorist attack, who were brought to trial; renounced support for terrorism; promised to pay compensation to the families of the disaster victims and took responsibility for the actions of its citizens in the Lockerbie Affair. At the same time, the Libyan leadership admitted only civil liability for the crime, which implies that the terrorist attack was carried out with the participation of employees of Libyan government agencies. At the same time, Tripoli refused to accept criminal responsibility for the criminal act committed. The lifting of sanctions paved the way for the payment of compensation to the families of passengers on the bombed plane. In 2001, Libya condemned the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington, and the head of the country, M. Gaddafi, described US actions against the Taliban regime in Afghanistan as a “legitimate act of defense.” The country's authorities handed over information to Western intelligence agencies about Libyans - members of the international terrorist organization Al-Qaeda.

Thus, if the country's authorities assist terrorists, the state bears full responsibility for this. Another case, quite common in the modern world, is much more complicated. The governments of many countries cannot ensure sovereignty throughout the entire territory of the state, and then an enclave is formed in the uncontrolled territory, which is controlled by international criminal structures and terrorists (for example, Somalia, Indonesia - the north of the island of Sumatra and the Moluccas, part of the Philippines). The international community has yet to find an answer to the question of how to eliminate terrorist enclaves while maintaining respect for the sovereignty of the countries in which they arose.

The UN established a sanctions regime against individuals, groups, businesses and organizations associated with al-Qaeda by creating the Al-Qaeda Sanctions List and establishing the Security Council Committee on the Al-Qaeda Organization and Associated Persons and Entities. The al-Qaeda sanctions list consists of two sections:

• individuals associated with Al-Qaeda (253 individuals);
• legal entities and other groups and enterprises associated with Al-Qaeda (91 legal entities).

All names, titles and identifying information contained in the Al-Qaeda Sanctions List were provided to the Committee by UN Member States and international organizations. The Al-Qaeda Sanctions List is regularly updated, superseding all previous versions of the list.

The sanctions regime was originally established by resolution 1267 (1999) and has been modified and strengthened by subsequent resolutions, resulting in sanctions that now cover individuals and entities associated with Al-Qaida wherever they are located. Sanctioned individuals and entities are included on the Al-Qaida Sanctions List.

The above resolutions require all States to take the following measures with respect to any individuals or entities identified by the Committee as associated with Al-Qaida:

• immediately froze the funds and other financial assets or economic resources of the specified persons and organizations (asset freeze);
• did not allow specified persons to enter or transit through their territory (travel ban);
• prevented the direct or indirect supply, sale or transfer to specified persons and organizations - from their territory, or by their citizens located outside their territory, or using ships or aircraft flying their flag - weapons and related materiel of all types, spare units, and also provided technical advice, assistance or training related to military activities (arms embargo).

In the current situation, UN sanctions are an important non-force method of combating manifestations of international terrorism, having become an integral part of the existing system of countering the terrorist threat under the auspices of the UN.

The countries that are part of the European Union are one of the main targets for various types of terrorist communities. This fact is explained by a number of reasons. Firstly, this region has a dangerous potential for various types of conflicts, which represent fertile ground for terrorism. Secondly, the liberal foundations of European democracies cannot successfully counter the terrorist threat. Thirdly, European integration, which led to transparency of state borders, free movement of people, goods, technologies, financial flows, as a result indirectly contributed to the intensification of terrorist activities.

EU member states have always been concerned about the problem of countering international terrorism, but the process of developing a common counter-terrorism policy within the European Union began especially intensively after the terrorist attacks in March 2004 in Madrid and July 2005 in London.

One of the most important results of work in this direction is the new counter-terrorism strategy, approved by the Council of Ministers of Justice of the EU in December 2005. The main purpose of the document is to explain to the general public the EU policy in the field of combating terrorism. The strategy is based on four key elements: prevent, protect, pursue and respond. It also talks about the need for close cooperation between EU member states for a successful counter-terrorism policy.

Let us consider the most important measures taken in the field of countering international terrorism within the framework of European political institutions.

On May 31 - June 1, 2007, the Political Conference of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) was held in Vienna on the topic “Partnership between states, civil society and the business community in the fight against terrorism.” The political conference was of great importance, becoming unprecedented in terms of the level and composition of participants, continuing the line of the UN Global Strategy to Combat Terrorism and the Strategy for the Development of Anti-Terrorism Partnership between Business and Government, adopted in November 2006 at the Global Forum on Partnership between States and Business in Countering Terrorism in Moscow .

During the first session on the topic “Public-private partnership in the interests of maintaining economic stability and security and eliminating the social, political and economic conditions that feed terrorism,” the “Moscow initiative” was voiced - a proposal to spread the “three Ps” (literally - private-public partnership , i.e. the alliance of government, business and civil society in the fight against terrorism) at the level of cities and local authorities. An integral part of the “Moscow initiative” was the raising of these issues in associations of cities, such as the World Organization of Cities and Local Authorities, the Metropolis Association of Large Cities, “Cities Against Drugs”, etc. In addition, a proposal was made to hold an International Conference of Cities in Moscow in 2008, the main topic of which will be issues of anti-terrorist partnership between government, business and civil society. Moscow's proposal to develop the idea of ​​creating a single center for coordinating actions within the framework of the “three Ps” in order to create a single database, use the most modern technologies and exchange experience was also received with great interest. The “Moscow Initiative” was supported by the organizers of the conference - both a representative of the Russian Foreign Ministry and a representative of the US State Department - and was distributed in the form of a working document in the official languages ​​of the conference.

The second session focused on public-private partnerships to promote tolerance, human rights, the rule of law, democracy, responsible governance and interfaith dialogue. During this session, issues of public-private partnership with the media, including the Internet, and with educational institutions were considered.

The third session - “Public-private partnerships in protecting critical infrastructure, solving problems of preparedness and mitigation of consequences” (transport, energy, ports, borders, aviation and cyber security) - along with technical aspects, also dealt with issues of preparedness for management risks and their possible consequences.

The fourth session considered the issues of public-private partnership in countering terrorism. During this session, representatives of banks and the head of the UN Global Program against Money Laundering, R. McDonnell, spoke.

At the final meeting, brief results of the working sessions were summed up, a statement was made by the chairman, which was adopted as the final document of the conference. It represents the agreed position of the organizers, to which were added some initiatives and proposals expressed during the discussions. Concluding the conference, representatives of Russia and the United States expressed satisfaction with its results and noted that it is an example of cooperation between the initiating countries, which were joined and involved in the work to promote the anti-terrorism partnership, civil society business and the authorities not only of the OSCE member states, but also cooperation partners in Asia and the Mediterranean.

UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, in his report “Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism,” 1 reported that in 2009 and early 2010, the OSCE organized five regional conferences and seminars, as well as several dozen workshops and expert group meetings at subregional and national levels. levels that were devoted to the following issues:

• promoting the creation of an international legal framework for the fight against terrorism;
• increasing the effectiveness of international cooperation in the field of criminal law relating to terrorism;
• ensuring the security of travel documents;
• suppression of terrorist financing;
• promoting the safety of containers containing radioactive materials;
• countering the use of the Internet for terrorist purposes, applying comprehensive measures to ensure security in cyberspace;
• increasing the efficiency of protection of vital energy infrastructure facilities;
• promoting partnerships between the public and private sectors in the fight against terrorism, including interaction with the media;
• combating extremism and radicalism leading to terrorism;
• protection of human rights in the context of the fight against terrorism.

Of course, the events carried out contributed to strengthening the counter-terrorism system of the OSCE member countries.

The member countries of the European Union have managed to significantly strengthen and qualitatively improve cooperation in the field of internal security. A new, more advanced procedure for the exchange of information between EU member states has been established. All information in any way related to the activities of terrorists is subject to mandatory exchange. This kind of information is transmitted to Europol (European Police Office) and Eurojust (European Office for Enhancement of Judicial Cooperation). A special anti-terrorism department was formed in Europol, which included representatives of all EU member countries. The LEN (Legal Enforcement Network) program was developed, the purpose of which is to create a law enforcement network that greatly facilitates the exchange of information between police agencies.

The SitCen organization collects intelligence from experts from external and internal intelligence agencies to monitor and analyze terrorist threats and coordinate strategies used. It should be noted that the exchange of this kind of information requires non-disclosure of sources and the information itself, as well as the detailed development of universal exchange standards, a closed system for accessing the database, and a clear procedure for using the system.

Particular attention is paid to strengthening security at the borders of the European Union. The Schengen Information System (SIS) stores all information in the territory

EU Migration Authorized Structures use it in real time, tracking potentially dangerous individuals and groups of people. Biometric data began to be included in passports and visas in 2005. The second generation system, SIS II, includes biometric data.

The tasks of the European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of EU Member States (FRONTEX) include: systematic risk assessment at the EU borders, training of border guards, coordinating the activities of border services. The European Police College has developed special training programs for police officers of EU member states in the field of countering terrorism. The programs cover such a range of problems as the fight against illegal migration, organized crime, drug trafficking, protection of interstate borders, work to prevent the spread of terrorist ideas, and expansion of the social base of terrorist organizations.

Increased attention is being paid to improving systems for preventing and repelling possible terrorist attacks. International partnerships are important in developing emergency response programs, especially regarding the implementation of agreed preventive measures. One of the points of the Program is a warning system in the event of the use of radioactive, chemical, nuclear, biological materials and means of influence by terrorists. The Program adopted by the European Council provides for both the prevention of a terrorist attack and ways to minimize its consequences. In addition, the European Program for the Protection of Critical Infrastructure in the Crisis Alert System (ARGUS) was developed.

European political institutions are fighting the socio-economic preconditions of international terrorism and the problems that contribute to its spread. Thus, the Council of Europe 1 adopted in 2004 the Strategy for Social

Sales of Fair Trade products are constantly increasing. Thus, in 2007, sales volume amounted to 2.3 billion euros; growth - 47% compared to the previous year. The program plays an important role in overcoming poverty and underdevelopment in third world countries.

The socially responsible sector of the economy also includes various programs aimed at obtaining social and environmental benefits for the state and society. For example, financing educational projects for the poor, systems for the development of renewable energy sources, providing microloans for the disadvantaged, etc.

The European Union is taking comprehensive measures to combat money laundering and the financing of terrorism. At the European level, the first steps aimed at combating money laundering were taken in the early 1990s, when the first directive was adopted, the purpose of which was to “effectively combat money laundering and, consequently, organized crime, which is as follows from the directive, the main threat to the societies of the member countries of the European Union" (91/308/EC of June 10, 1991).

Later, two additional directives were adopted (2001/97/EC of 4 December 2001 and 2005/60/EC of 26 October 2005). These directives contain the following measures to overcome the problem under consideration.

• 1. The need to expand the range of violations related to the laundering of proceeds from crime is recognized. The first directive called on members of the European Union to assume certain obligations in the financial sector, and also included the legalization of proceeds from drug trafficking as money laundering activities. The second and third directives qualified corruption and terrorist financing as serious crimes related to these activities.
• 2. The circle of persons whose responsibility includes reporting cases of money laundering that become known to them in connection with their professional activities is expanding. In accordance with these directives, representatives of credit and financial institutions, as well as legal professions, when they participate in the operations specified by the directives, were classified as specialists who, by the nature of their activities, may have access to such information. The third directive, which took into account the recommendations of the international financial control organization Financial Action Task Force (FATF), further strengthened the anti-money laundering system.

Within the European Union, constant work is being done to prevent the recruitment of young people by terrorist groups and the spread of extremist ideas. It is studying how young people can be kept away from the influence of the ideology of terrorism through education and programs aimed at developing intercultural understanding and religious tolerance. In December 2005, a document devoted to this problem was approved 1 .

To increase the effectiveness of the fight against terrorism, one of the fundamental principles of the judicial process has been revised - the right to confidential communication between a lawyer and his client. Judges in Germany are legally allowed to read correspondence between jailed terrorists and their lawyers. The law excludes the possibility of preliminary contacts between arrested terrorists and their defenders if this will contribute to the possible release of the prisoner.

The European Arrest Warrant, introduced in all EU member states, replaced the extradition procedure, significantly speeding up the process.

From the above analysis, it is obvious that the countries of the European Union have made significant efforts to counter international terrorism. To successfully work in the field of terrorism prevention within the EU, member states need to overcome a number of contradictions, long-standing problems and disagreements. These include:

• weak cooperation and unsystematic exchange of information between EU member states and specialized European structures, between intelligence services and law enforcement agencies;
• large differences in the quality of work of law enforcement agencies and intelligence services of EU member countries, as well as in the financing of these structures;
• linguistic differences that can cause significant difficulties, for example when analyzing information, intelligence data;
• There is a big difference in the legal systems of EU member countries.

However, the main problem is that the formation of the European Union as a single space with free movement of people, goods and services has created favorable conditions for terrorist activities. To defeat international terrorism, it is necessary to strengthen control over border crossings and financial flows, which undermines the very idea of ​​​​creating the European Union.

The G8 is an international informal forum that provides an opportunity for the exchange of views among top officials of the leading democratic, economically developed countries of the world. The creation of the Group was based on the idea of ​​simplifying interaction between the G8 member countries and international organizations, agreeing on a common vision for the future path of development and developing recommendations for other participants in international life. Despite the fact that the G8 is an informal association, it is not based on an international treaty, and its decisions are not binding, the annual meetings of the G8 are an important event in international life. The significance of the G8 summits lies in the fact that heads of state have a unique opportunity for relaxed communication, achieving mutual trust and understanding.

For the G8, the issues of ensuring security and combating organized crime are of particular importance. Under her leadership there are a number of working, expert and task forces in the field of security: the Rome / Lyon Group, the High-Level Group on the Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, the Counter-Terrorism Action Group, the Working Group on Nuclear and Security Security, the Group of Experts on Non-Proliferation.

Despite close attention to security problems, until 2006 the issue of combating international terrorism was not considered comprehensively; work in this area was somewhat fragmented and declarative. Thus, at the Tokyo summit in 1986, the issue of ways to combat international terrorism was considered; in 2002, at Kananaskis, attention was focused on measures to strengthen the capacity to combat terrorism in the G8 member countries. In 2003, at Evian, emphasis was placed on the degree of protection of other countries from the terrorist threat and the ability to resist it, as well as on the areas most vulnerable to a terrorist attack.

The 2006 summit was held for the first time under Russian chairmanship in St. Petersburg. From this moment on, we can say that cooperation in matters of counter-terrorism within the G8 has moved to a qualitatively new level. Despite the fact that the problem of combating terrorism was not included in the list of main topics of the summit, the work carried out in this direction indicates a higher level of anti-terrorism cooperation.

The G8 Summit Declaration on Combating Terrorism, adopted in St. Petersburg on July 16, 2006, not only strongly condemns terrorist acts, but also recognizes the need for a global response to the terrorist threat, as well as a comprehensive strategy. The Declaration highlights priority areas in the field of countering international terrorism at the global level.

Firstly, the central role of the United Nations in the counter-terrorism fight is recognized, and it is argued that it is under its auspices that universal agreement is developed between states in matters of condemnation of terrorism.

Secondly, cooperation is expanding in the field of countering terrorist acts at key energy infrastructure facilities. Adopted an action plan to secure the world's critical energy infrastructure, including identifying and classifying the vulnerabilities of these key assets, assessing emerging and potential risks of terrorist attacks, and developing best practices for effective security across all energy sectors.

Third, it recognizes the importance of working collaboratively with business to counter terrorism and strengthen the ability to protect citizens and private businesses during work and leisure hours.

The Declaration is accompanied by the G8 Statement on Strengthening the UN Program to Combat Terrorism. It recognizes the leading role of the UN in the global fight against terrorism. The G8 countries have committed to strengthening UN efforts and making them more effective. It is stated that the UN is the only organization whose position and breadth of activities make it possible to achieve global unity in condemning terrorism. A comprehensive response to the threat of terrorism must be a priority for the UN. Countering terrorism, state building and development are interdependent and complementary tasks. Efforts to combat terrorism must be undertaken within the UN system in a consistent and coordinated manner. Since 2001, the number of UN programs aimed at combating terrorism has increased significantly, with duplication of efforts in monitoring and capacity-building. The Statement also states that much remains to be done to link disparate programs with each other. G8 countries are committed to working with the UN to ensure that each of these programs is results-oriented and designed to maximize impact by optimizing the performance of supporting agencies and their staffing levels, ensuring their synergies with each other. with each other and with other relevant international institutions in the framework of enhanced cooperation and systemic coherence. The UN is proposed to develop reporting standards on the basis of which it would be possible to evaluate the efforts of each state in terms of ensuring compliance with international anti-terrorism obligations.

The Group of Eight supported the joint statement of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin and President of the United States of America George W. Bush on the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism. The global initiative reflects the desire to take the necessary steps to prevent the acquisition, transportation, use by terrorists of nuclear materials and radioactive substances, improvised explosive devices containing such materials, as well as hostile actions against nuclear facilities. The purpose of the document is to create a systematic basis for working to prevent, suppress and eliminate acts of nuclear terrorism.

The G8 is actively establishing cooperation with business circles in countering international terrorism. An example of such cooperation is the work of the Global Forum on Partnership between States and Businesses, which resulted in the adoption of the Strategy for Partnership between States and Businesses in Countering Terrorism. The document argues that the successful suppression of terrorist activities requires the joint efforts of governments, businesses and civil society as a whole. The main areas of cooperation between states and business to counter the terrorist threat and measures for their implementation are highlighted.

In the financial sector, it is proposed to improve the quality of control and improve mechanisms for the exchange of financial information between government and business.

In the field of telecommunications and information security, it is necessary to reduce the vulnerability of critical information systems from electronic attacks by terrorists. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to improve security mechanisms and information collection methods.

In the area of ​​Internet service provision, close partnerships should be established with Internet service providers at the national and international levels to prevent the use of the Internet for terrorist propaganda and incitement.

To protect the tourism sector, it is necessary to share information on potential terrorist threats to specific regions and tourism destinations in a timely manner.

To ensure the safety and protection of critical infrastructure (energy, communications, chemical industry, water supply, food industry, educational and medical institutions), it is important to establish effective interaction between governments and business. This can be achieved through the adoption of certain regulatory measures, but the best result can be achieved through voluntary cooperation.

For the safety of maritime, rail and other land transport, it is planned to deepen and expand the established partnership.

In order to ensure the safe movement of goods in international trade, it is necessary to promote the development of comprehensive partnerships between the public sector and business.

In conclusion, it was said about promoting the creation of informal international working groups on the establishment of anti-terrorism partnerships in key areas.

In June 2010, the G8 summit was held in Huntsville, one of the main topics of which was the joint struggle of the world community against international terrorism. As a result of the summit, a Statement by the leaders of the G8 countries on countering terrorism was adopted. The document is significant because it recognizes that terrorism cannot be defeated through force alone. The conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism must be addressed, making it critical that governments take action to ensure the rule of law, protect human rights and fundamental freedoms, promote democratic values, establish good governance systems, promote tolerance and prevent the marginalization of certain groups population. It is noted that there is a need to offer a viable alternative to those who could potentially be targeted by terrorists or become involved in violent extremist activities.

G8 member states are committed to helping countries meet basic development needs and help realize the legitimate aspirations of their citizens. The counter-terrorism strategy must be based on full respect for human rights, fundamental freedoms and the rule of law. The central role of the United Nations in the fight against terrorism is reaffirmed. Terrorism must be seen as a global threat that requires a response. No country or group of countries alone can hope to defeat terrorism; The future lies in developing cooperation by strengthening existing partnerships and establishing new ones - with governments, various organizations, the private sector and especially with civil society, which plays a unique role in the fight against terrorism. The G8 declares that it will seek to expand, deepen and detail the global, multilateral counter-terrorism regime. Particular attention is required to work to weaken the influence of extremist elements, debunk the ideas they preach, isolate them from those they serve, and prevent them from using the Internet for their unseemly purposes. Efforts will be aimed at identifying the causes of extremism and related violence and preventing those most at risk of recruitment and radicalization from becoming terrorists.

Despite the fact that the problem of countering international terrorism was not voiced as one of the main topics of the 2011 summit, held in the French city of Deauville, it was discussed during the negotiations. As a result, the presidents of Russia and the United States adopted a joint Statement on cooperation in the fight against terrorism and advocated continued cooperation in eliminating the infrastructure of Al-Qaeda and combating this terrorist organization. An agreement was reached to focus on combining the efforts of law enforcement agencies, ensuring transport security, exchanging information between intelligence agencies, combating the financing of terrorism, and the use of counter-terrorism technologies. The main goal of joint efforts is the protection of people during travel. The parties intend to strengthen cooperation by introducing increased security measures at airports. It is planned to use the latest methods for detecting explosives and mechanisms for interaction within multilateral organizations. The Statement states that terrorist activity cannot be justified and no terrorist should feel immune from international efforts to bring them to justice.

An important event of the 2011 G8 summit was the recognition by the American side of Doku Umarov, the organizer of numerous terrorist attacks on Russian territory, as a terrorist and the appointment of a $5 million reward for information about him.

Today, the work of the Group of Eight in countering international terrorism has moved to a qualitatively new level, becoming systemic, deeply meaningful, more consistent and structured. The G8 focuses on the most pressing issues related to the terrorist threat. There is no doubt that the G8's efforts to resolve intractable problems are an important factor in achieving success in the fight against international terrorism.

Thus, the efforts of the world community to create a global security system should follow the path of advancement:

• to collective security of a universal type, covering all participants in the world community;
• to security of a complex type, covering, along with military and other factors of strategic instability;
• towards long-term security that meets the needs of the democratic global system as a whole.

Modern realities in the face of common challenges and threats are pushing states to act together, together, using their leadership potential. The need for just such an approach to solving international security problems is illustrated by the most recent major political events taking place on the world stage.

In November 2010, a NATO summit was held in Lisbon. At it, Alliance Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen emphasized that the priority is to protect its own territories, but NATO is also interested in security beyond its borders. This is explained by the fact that the Cold War has been replaced by a qualitatively new type of challenges and threats, which requires joint confrontation. This refers to threats of missile strikes, international terrorism, cyber attacks, etc. NATO member countries are particularly concerned about this by Iran and about 30 other states that have access to missile weapons.

The idea of ​​cooperation in the field of planetary security and joint development of a missile defense system is becoming increasingly widespread. However, everything here is not as clear as it might seem at first glance. For a long time, the concept of nuclear deterrence prevailed in the world, and the emergence of a new missile defense system can shake this established balance, which, in turn, can cause tension both in Europe and in the world as a whole. The new missile defense system has the potential to bring both constructive and destructive changes to the course of the global political process, which is why it is so important to approach this issue with caution and take into account all factors that may affect nuclear capabilities. The guarantee that joint work will be effective and directed in the right direction should be such principles as equality, responsibility and transparency, as well as the priority of international environmental stability over the national interests of individual states.

The situation in Afghanistan also causes concern. A serious problem is the active spread of drugs. In this regard, Russia has expressed its initiative: to combat this problem, it will expand the training of drug police. The Secretary General of the North Atlantic Alliance expressed hope that by 2014 the country itself will be able to adequately ensure security within its borders, otherwise NATO’s combat mission will continue.

Thus, international actors are showing increasing interest in the formation of a new strategic concept to solve security problems.

Particular attention at the NATO Summit was paid to the so-called reset of relations between Russia and the alliance. “Despite differences on individual issues, we are convinced that the security of NATO and Russia are closely intertwined and that a strong and constructive partnership based on mutual trust, transparency and predictability can best serve our security.” The strategic partnership is cooperation in the field of missile defense systems, in the fight against drugs, piracy and terrorism, as well as strengthening international security. “Good relations between NATO countries and Russia serve to strengthen the security of us all. We can stop spending our resources worrying about each other and start using them to work together to protect ourselves from the real threats we face,” said NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen.

In his third address to the Federal Assembly, former Russian President Dmitry Medvedev repeatedly touched on the topic of international relations, paying particular attention to security issues, and these problems were viewed mainly through the prism of ecology. Russia has taken a fairly active position in the program to counter missile proliferation and is participating in the development of international cooperation on this issue. “Recently, at the Russia-NATO summit in Lisbon, I shared my thoughts on the formation of a possible European missile defense architecture, which combines the potentials of Russia and the North Atlantic Alliance and ensures the protection of all European countries from missile attacks,” said the President of the Russian Federation. The development of this mechanism has already begun, which, of course, is a positive change in the global political process.

It is noteworthy that in the event of inconsistency in actions and the absence of a constructive conversation on this issue, an arms race may begin again, which, in turn, will provoke tension in international relations. It is obvious that the power potential of the leading countries, combined with the environmental imperative, corresponds to modern conditions and can become the optimal way of global governance, making international cooperation mutually beneficial. Instead of the fierce competition of the past, states are increasingly seeking partnerships based on the principles of predictability, mutual trust and shared global security. According to these principles, world leadership cannot be considered separately from international security. It is indivisible, and each state, especially if it has sufficient leadership potential, is responsible for it and contributes to its development.

In connection with the increasing frequency of emergency situations, striking examples of which are natural and man-made disasters in Japan, the Gulf of Mexico, etc., the heads of various states are expressing ideas for jointly combating them. In particular, Russia, having unique experience in this matter, powerful technical and human resources, can take the initiative in the formation of a global and trans-European system for the prevention of emergency situations.

The mutual benefit of cooperation between states in the environmental context is well illustrated by the fact that it subsequently pushes political actors towards partnership in other equally important areas. An agreement has been developed between Russia and the EU, called “Cooperation for Modernization”, which should develop in three directions: “Firstly, this is a mutual exchange of technology, harmonization of technical standards and regulations, practical assistance to the European Union, and the European Union should help us with this. .. Secondly, this is a simplification of the visa regime with the near prospect of its complete abolition... Thirdly, this is a significant expansion of professional and academic exchanges,” said Dmitry Medvedev.

Recently, cooperation between Russia and the United States of America has been actively developing in the economic sphere, which is also an integral component of the leadership potential of the state. Russia has already established a so-called modernization partnership with France and Germany, and in the future, joint work on this issue is planned with China, Korea, Japan, Singapore, India, Brazil, Italy, Canada and many other countries.

“Humanity is beginning to look for new forms of relationship with nature that would fit into the framework of sustainable development. However, achieving this type of development is impossible through the efforts of just a few states - it requires joint action by all countries of the world.”

Thus, taking into account modern realities and events taking place in the world political arena, we can conclude that leadership today is, first of all, responsibility. Advanced countries are responsible for maintaining environmental stability and security in the world. By mutually beneficial cooperation, they can carry out quite effective work in this direction, while at the same time satisfying their own national interests. It seems that it is precisely this realistic approach to understanding international relations, combined with the principles of sustainable development, that is most relevant today.

• Obama abandoned the concept of a "global war on terrorism." 02/08/2009 //http://www.islamnews.ru/news-17208.html
• Gribanov A. Medvedev: five conditions in the fight against terrorism. 04/01/2010 //http://rus.ruvr.ru/2010/04/01/5907493.html
• Kofi L. Unite against terrorism // http://www.un.org/russian/basic/sg/terr.html
• See: International Convention on Crimes and Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft, September 14, 1963 // Combating International Terrorism: Coll. doc. / Scientific ed. V.V. Ustinov. M.: TK Welby: Prospekt, 2005.S. 15-21; Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft of December 16, 1970 // Ibid. pp. 22-25; International Convention against the Taking of Hostages of December 17, 1979 // Ibid. pp. 45-50; Declaration on measures to eliminate international terrorism (resolution 49/60 of the UN General Assembly of December 9, 1994) // Ibid. pp. 318-321; Declaration supplementing the Declaration on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism of 1994 (UN General Assembly resolution 51/210 of December 17, 1996) // Ibid.S. 323-328; International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings of December 15, 1997 // Ibid. pp. 73-80; International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism of December 9, 1999 // Ibid. pp. 86-96; The UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, contained in UN General Assembly resolution A/Res/ 60/288 of September 20, 2006 // www.un.org/russian/ documen/.../gakey/ and others.
• Sanctions list...
• Resolution 1267 (1999), UN Security Council...
• Resolution 1333 (2000), UN Security Council, S/RES/1333 (2000), 12/19/2000 //http://www.un.org/russian/documen/scresol/res2000/resl333.htm; Resolution 1390 (2002), UN Security Council, S/RES/1390 (2002), 01/16/2002 // http://www.un.org/russian/ documen/ scresol/ res2002/ res 1390.htm; Resolution 1455 (2003), UN Security Council, S/RES/1455 (2003), 01/17/2003 // http://www.un.org/russian/documen/scresol/res2003/resl455.htm; Resolution 1526 (2004), UN Security Council, S/RES/1526 (2004), 01/30/2004 // http:// www.un.org/russian/documen/ scresol/res2004/res 1526.htm; Resolution 1617 (2005), UN Security Council, S/RES/1617 (2005), 07.29.2005 // http://www.un.org/russian/documen/scresol/res2005/resl617.htm; Resolution 1735 (2006), UN Security Council, S/RES/1735 (2006), 22.12.2006 // http://www.un.org/ russian/documen/ scresol/res2006/resl 735.htm; Resolution 1822 (2008), UN Security Council, S/RES/1822(2008), 06/30/2008 // http://www.un.org/russian/documen/scresol/res2008/resl822.htm; Resolution 1904 (2009), UN Security Council, S/RES/1904 (2009), 12/17/2009 // http:// www.un.org/russian/ documen/scresol/ res2009/ resl904.htm; Resolution 1989 (2011), UN Security Council, S/RES/1989 (2011), 06/17/2011 //http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/ doc/UNDOC/GEN/Nl 1/380/ 16 /PDF/N1138016.pdf?OpenElement
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• The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) is the world's largest regional organization dealing with security issues. The OSCE includes 56 countries located in Europe, North America and Central Asia. OSCE participating states have equal status and make decisions based on consensus. Although the organization's decisions are not legally binding, they have great political significance.
Vystorobets E.L. Environmental law - motivations in international cooperation. M.: Nauka, 2006.

Recently, the problem of international terrorism has become one of the most pressing global problems of our time related to the sphere of international relations. This transformation is due, in our opinion, to the following reasons:

Firstly, international terrorism, unfortunately, is becoming increasingly widespread on a planetary scale. It manifests itself both in regions of traditional international conflicts (for example, the Middle East, South Asia), and even the most developed and prosperous states (in particular the USA and Western Europe) are not immune from this dangerous phenomenon.

Secondly, international terrorism poses a serious threat to the security of individual states and the entire world community as a whole. Every year hundreds of acts of international terrorism are committed in the world, and the sad count of their victims amounts to thousands of killed and maimed people;

Thirdly, the efforts of one great power or even a group of highly developed states are not enough to combat international terrorism. Overcoming international terrorism as an escalating global problem requires the collective efforts of the majority of states and peoples on our planet, the entire world community.

Fourthly, the connection between the modern phenomenon of international terrorism and other pressing global problems of our time is becoming increasingly clear and visible. At present, the problem of international terrorism should be considered as an important element of the entire complex of universal, global problems.

The problem of international terrorism has many common features characteristic of other universal problems, such as the planetary scale of manifestation; great sharpness; negative dynamism, when the negative impact on the life of humanity increases; need for an urgent solution, etc. At the same time, the global problem of international terrorism also has specific, characteristic features. Let's take a closer look at the most important of them. First of all, you should pay attention to the fact that the problem of international terrorism is connected with the main spheres of life of the world community and societies of individual countries: politics, national relations, religion, ecology, criminal communities, etc. This connection is reflected in the existence of various types of terrorism, which include: political, nationalist, religious, criminal and environmental terrorism.

Members of groups carrying out political terror set as their task the achievement of political, social or economic changes within a particular state, as well as the undermining of interstate relations and international law and order. Nationalist (or as it is also called national, ethnic or separatist) terrorism pursues the goals of solving the national question, which has recently become increasingly separatist aspirations in various multi-ethnic states.

The religious type of terrorism is caused by attempts by armed groups professing one or another religion to fight against a state dominated by another religion or another religious trend. Criminal terrorism is formed on the basis of any criminal business (drug trafficking, illegal arms trafficking, smuggling, etc.) with the aim of creating chaos and tension in the conditions of which it is most likely to receive excess profits. Environmental terrorism is carried out by groups that use violent methods in general against scientific and technological progress, environmental pollution, killing animals and the construction of nuclear facilities.

Another distinctive feature of the global problem of international terrorism is the significant influence of international criminal communities, certain political forces and some states on it. This influence undoubtedly leads to an aggravation of the problem under consideration. In the modern world, there are manifestations of state terrorism associated with attempts to eliminate heads of foreign states and other political figures; with actions aimed at overthrowing the governments of foreign countries; creating panic among the population of foreign countries, etc.

International terrorism is now an integral part of the proliferation of criminal transnational organizations supported by corrupt government officials and politicians. Thus, in the widely known work of English scientists “Global Transformations” it is noted: “There are also negative forms of international organizations, such as terrorist and criminal organizations. Despite the centuries-long conflict between smugglers and authorities, in recent years the growth of transnational criminal organizations is associated with drug trafficking (according to expert estimates, its annual turnover now amounts to over $300 billion) and the widespread prevalence of organized crime. Addressing these issues has become a major challenge for governments and police forces around the world.” Another specific feature of the global problem of international terrorism is its difficulty in predicting. In many cases, the subjects of terrorism are mentally unstable people and overly ambitious politicians. Terrorism is often seen as a way to achieve goals on the world stage and in international relations that cannot be achieved by any other methods. In modern conditions, the forms of terrorist activity are becoming more and more complex, and are increasingly in conflict with universal human values ​​and the logic of world development.

Thus, the problem of international terrorism poses a real planetary threat to the world community. This problem has its own specificity, which distinguishes it from other universal human difficulties. However, the problem of terrorism is closely interconnected with most global problems of modern international relations. It can be considered one of the most pressing global problems of our days.

However, the latest terrorist attacks, primarily the tragic events of September 11, 2001 in New York, have become unprecedented in the history of mankind in their scale and influence on the further course of world politics. The number of victims, the extent and nature of the destruction caused by terrorist attacks at the beginning of the 21st century were comparable to the consequences of armed conflicts and local wars. The response measures caused by these terrorist acts led to the creation of an international anti-terrorist coalition, which included dozens of states, which previously took place only in the case of major armed conflicts and wars. Retaliatory anti-terrorist military actions have also acquired a planetary scale.

The problem of terrorism in the modern world in all its manifestations has become one of the most pressing issues for the world community. It entails massive casualties among innocent civilians. As a result of the actions of bandits, cultural and material values ​​are destroyed, which are very difficult to restore within several years. Terrorist attacks breed hatred and mistrust between ethnic groups. They forced the authorities of many countries to think about an international fight against them.

For many people and organizations, terrorism has become a way to solve national and religious problems. Terrorist attacks are those types of crimes whose victims are mostly innocent citizens, children and the elderly. They have nothing to do with the international conflicts that have arisen. The scale and cruelty of modern terrorism force us to raise the question of new legal methods to combat it.

What it is?

To identify the essence of the problem of terrorism in the modern world, it is necessary to find out what this term means. The word “terrorism” refers to one of the options for political struggle associated with ideologically motivated violence. Its essence is violence to intimidate the population. As a rule, terrorist attacks are prepared by individuals or organizations. Their goal is the government represented by individual officials or society represented by the civilian population. Terrorists can also strike private or government property, important infrastructure and life support systems. The goal of criminals is to achieve their desired development of events, as a rule, the situation in the country, inciting a revolution, declaring war, gaining independence of a certain territory, obtaining concessions from the current government, and more.

Although terrorism is a global problem in the modern world, legislators in different countries have not reached a consensus on its definition. In most countries, terrorism is considered to be acts that are dangerous to society. Moreover, they were committed with the aim of intimidating the population or its social groups. The terrorist's goal is to attract as much attention to the crime as possible. At the same time, he wants to influence any decision previously made by the country's authorities. Terrorism is closely related to a more general concept - terror, which is one of the ways to control public opinion through intimidation. This method of influence is used by both states and various organizations that try to resolve political issues in this way.

Conditions of appearance

Many people ask the question: what is the characteristic feature of the problem of terrorism in the modern world? An important feature of global terrorism is that a prerequisite for committing a criminal act is to attract the maximum attention of the world community to this act. Wide publicity and dissemination of as much information as possible about the crime only plays into the hands of the bandits. A little-known or secret act of violence loses all meaning.

The widest possible dissemination of information about the committed act of terrorism is necessary for criminals to change the mood in society, because mass murders affect mass psychology. Organizations that carry out inhumane crimes demonstrate their strength and capabilities by declaring that they are ready to go to the end to achieve their goal. Bandits sacrifice not only their lives, but also the lives of innocent people. They tell everyone that there is a force in society that under no circumstances will accept the existing order of things and will continue to fight.

What do terrorists want?

To find out what problems of terrorism exist in the modern world, it is necessary to briefly describe the goals of criminals that they pursue when committing an act of violence. They are as follows:

1. Demonstration of powerlessness of power. In the place where the crime occurred, power lost its power. In this place, laws and morals were violated, and an alternative to the current government was established.
2. Propaganda by action. The act of violence carried out makes some members of society sympathize with the terrorists and also join their ranks.
3. The emergence of anti-government sentiments, the intensification of the work of opposition forces, since the terrorist attack is interpreted as a sign of the weakness of the state system. All these actions push the government to make concessions.
4. The crime has a negative impact on the economy of the country where the incident occurred. The image of the city is deteriorating, the flow of tourists is decreasing.
5. Terrorists are pushing the country to change its political course. Often the goal of bandits is to transfer power to an authoritarian form of government.

The problem of terrorism in the modern world is that a terrorist act is the most dangerous form of destabilization of society. Other methods, such as starting a civil war, strikes, uprisings, military destabilization, riots, require a lot of effort and resources. Also, the implementation of plans will require the support of other anti-government forces. To organize enough support for terrorists from a narrow layer of society. Also, criminals will not require large technical resources.

The problem of terrorism in the modern world is that any terrorist attack is one of the ways to weaken power and destroy the political system. Lawyers classify terrorists as criminals who go against the constitutional foundations of the country. They threaten the security of the entire state as a whole.

Society and terrorists

The main problem of countering terrorism in the modern world is that a terrorist attack requires national, or even better, global publicity, so it needs an information society to exist. It first appeared in the 19th century in Europe. It is there that an enlightened society reads newspapers every day. Over time, the media becomes a more powerful force. The greater the role of journalists, the wider the wave of terrorism can be.

Another global problem of terrorism in the modern world is the development of technologies that make it possible to instantly disseminate information about a terrorist attack across the globe. As scientific and technological progress develops, the technogenic environment becomes more and more vulnerable. In the world of modern technology, humanity is faced with disasters that occur without the intervention of criminals. Also, the problem of countering terrorism in the modern world is that the state’s ability to control the activities of each person or group of persons is extremely limited.

Also, the emergence of terrorism is influenced by changes in society, which strives for liberal values. Citizens are getting closer and closer to the idea of ​​a social contract, where the safety and life of a person must be guaranteed by the state. With their actions, terrorists are trying to prove to the whole world that officials and security forces are not able to guarantee a calm and peaceful existence for their citizens. Therefore, the government must be held accountable for the crimes of criminals. If society, on the contrary, tries to unite against a common misfortune, while supporting the authorities with all its might, then terrorist acts lose their force.

In prosperous countries, such manifestations of terrorism occur when mentally unstable people commit acts of violence. However, such phenomena are observed quite rarely. Most often, the grounds for mass murder of citizens are liberation movements, as well as religious and national conflicts.

The problem of international terrorism in the modern world is that these bandits can only exist if some part of the citizens sympathize with them. Unlike trained military saboteurs who can work alone, terrorists need the moral and physical support of citizens. In this they are in many ways similar to partisans. If support fades, the terrorist organization will not be able to survive for long.

The essence of the problem of terrorism in the modern world is that its appearance is an indicator of a crisis in the country. This is a mechanism of communication between society and government, between an individual unit of society and the entire population of the state. Such crimes indicate trouble in the social space. At the same time, it is unlikely that it will be possible to solve the problem using force alone. Suppressing and localizing gangster organizations is only part of the solution. Other methods of struggle must consist of political and cultural changes that will remove the need for a radical solution to the problem on the part of society.

Varieties

Dividing terrorism into types and classes is a difficult task given its diversity. Nevertheless, experts divide the problem of terrorism in the modern world into areas depending on the type of activity of the criminals:

1. An individual criminal who commits a crime alone. In the modern world, terrorists rarely act without the support of an organization. Therefore, as an example of such criminal activity, one can cite the attack on the official Vera Zasulich in 1878.
2. Collective terrorist activity is planned and carried out by a large organization. Nowadays, it is organized terrorism that occurs most often.

Terrorists also pursue different goals. Depending on this, the following types are distinguished:

1. Religious. It is associated with the struggle between adherents of one religion and adherents of another. Sometimes terrorists want to change the government from secular to religious.
2. National. In this case, the bandits are pursuing separatist goals.
3. A social and ideological view that requires changing the political and economic policies of the country. Sometimes this type of protest is called revolutionary. Examples include the Socialist Revolutionaries, anarchists and fascists.

Terrorist methods

Terrorists have several methods in stock to attract attention. Let's look at them in more detail:

1. Explosions of important government or military buildings, transport hubs, residential buildings, theaters, restaurants.
2. Kidnapping of government officials, journalists, and high-ranking military personnel. The main purpose of kidnapping is blackmail in order to exchange for accomplices.
3. Political murders of officials, police officers, and military personnel.
4. Capture buildings containing a large number of people. After such a step, terrorists usually want to negotiate with the authorities. The hostages are either killed or released. This manifestation of terrorism is gaining popularity in our time.
5. Seizure of transport planes, ships, buses with hostages. Most often, this form of terrorism manifested itself in the 80s of the last century.
6. Robberies of banks, shops, private homes, kidnappings for ransom. This is a minor form of terrorism, but it brings profit to the bandits.
7. Beatings and bullying of people. Terrorism in this manifestation is an act of psychological pressure on a person.
8. Terrorism using biological weapons. An example is sending letters containing a poisonous substance.
9. Poisoning of victims with radioactive elements.

The terrorist arsenal is constantly expanding. Recently, computer terrorism has been gaining popularity. The authorities need to be prepared for the fact that any technically complex objects and storage facilities can become a target for radical organizations.

Modern terrorists

Often people want to understand the reasons for the problem of terrorism in the modern world. Let us briefly try to describe them below. Terrorism intensified with renewed vigor at the dawn of the 20th century. There are several reasons for this phenomenon, for example, the economic crisis, the sale of weapons and explosives on the black market, the weakening of government institutions, the growth of criminal structures, uncontrolled migration, and local conflicts.

The problem of terrorism in the modern world is that some terrorist attacks are carried out by radical groups, for example, the explosion of the monument to Tsar Nicholas II in 1998 near Moscow, as well as the mining of the monument to Peter I in the Russian capital. Both of these actions ended without casualties among the population. However, such crimes can shake confidence in the authorities, because such acts were committed in the very center of Russia.

A much more serious problem in the fight against terrorism in the modern world arose when attacks related to the war in Chechnya were carried out. Bandits blew up residential buildings, markets, and took hostages in several Russian cities. Most often, crimes occurred in Moscow, Dagestan and Volgodonsk. Chechen terrorists are very organized and have a stable source of income.

Among the most notorious crimes is the seizure of a maternity hospital in Budyonnovsk by criminals led by Basayev at the end of the 20th century. It ended with the return of terrorists to territory not controlled by Russia. Another high-profile hostage-taking occurred in Moscow, on Dubrovka, during the musical “Nord-Ost” in 2002. As a result of the crime, several dozen hostages died; all terrorists were eliminated during the assault.

The new kind

The problem of combating terrorism in the modern world has now become aggravated with renewed vigor, because today the world is threatened by nuclear terrorism. Also, kidnapping for the purpose of blackmail or ransom is becoming increasingly common. The reason for the problem of terrorism in the modern world lies in the attitude of ordinary people towards terrorists in the country. It depends on the attitude of society to the current political system, as well as on the goals that criminals dream of achieving. Also, the condemnation or support of terrorists by the civilian population depends on the liberal values ​​of a particular state, the value of human life, the level of education and legal awareness of citizens.

If terrorism arose due to social, political or cultural problems, then a small part of society, especially those suffering from the emerging crisis in the country, will support the terrorists in various ways. Thanks to a positive attitude towards themselves, bandits who kill civilians and organize terrorist attacks will have a chance to recruit more people. Resolving pressing problems relieves tension in society, eliminates the rift between warring organizations, and deprives terrorist groups of support from the population.

Citizens who are faced with a terrorist threat, as a rule, change their attitude towards this phenomenon. The shock associated with the attack of bandits on civilians splits society. Some reject terrorists, condemning their actions. Others justify the actions of the bandits, recognizing that in certain situations it is impossible to do without radical measures. If terrorist groups become active in a country, committing more and more crimes, almost the entire civilian population condemns their actions, seeing how innocent people suffer. A group that previously supported terrorism is radically changing its mind. Popular support for criminals is fading.

The influence of evolution on attitudes towards terrorism

People's attitudes towards terrorist acts are influenced by the historical evolution of the assessment of such a phenomenon. Society treated these crimes differently at different stages of its historical development. Thus, during the emergence of the first terrorist organizations, their members were considered fighters for freedom, equality and independence.

In the early 20s, organizations that carried out acts of violence in warring countries existed quite legally in their homeland. They were supported in every possible way by their native state. As liberal sentiments developed in Western European countries, terrorists found themselves outlawed. After World War II, criminals were sponsored exclusively by aggressor countries that sought political and ideological expansion.

In the early 1960s, developed countries gradually began to recognize terrorism as a source of unconditional harm to citizens and political systems. Nowadays, the phenomenon is sharply condemned in the media. The acquittal and glorification of terrorists are severely punished in some countries, including imprisonment. Now the center of terrorism has shifted from Western European countries to Arab countries. Residents of these states still have to go through an evolutionary stage from recognition and support of criminal acts to condemnation.

International terrorism

To provide justification for the problems of terrorism in the modern world, you should know that criminals often resort to mass murder because they will not be able to achieve their delusional goals in open battle. Violent actions against the civilian population have long crossed national boundaries, becoming a global threat to all peoples of the globe. Terrorism has become an effective weapon to intimidate society during military and political conflicts. Eternal disputes between two different worlds, significantly different from each other in their understanding of life, moral standards and culture, lead to significant casualties among the innocent population.

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INTRODUCTION

The last decades of the 20th century presented the peoples of the world with a number of acute and complex problems that were called global. One of the definitions calls global problems that arise as a result of the objective development of society, pose a threat to all of humanity and require the united efforts of the entire world community to be solved. The problem of international terrorism concerns all of humanity, leads to significant economic and social losses, and in case of aggravation threatens the death of all humanity and requires the collective efforts of the entire world community to be solved, and therefore is actually a global problem. So, the topic of my essay is international terrorism and its place in the complex of global problems.

The choice of this topic is due to:

The extraordinary intensification of terrorist activities at the beginning of the 21st century;

Increased interest in this issue in government and journalistic circles around the world;

Personal educational interest.

The object of this study is the global problems of our time.

The subject of the study is international terrorism as a global problem of humanity.

The purpose of this study is to identify the belonging of international terrorism to global problems and determine its place in the complex of global problems of our time.

1. INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM

1.1 The concept of international terrorism

- “Terrorism” and “international terrorism” are the threat or use of violence for political purposes by individuals or groups of individuals acting for or against the government of a given country, when such actions are intended to attack or intimidate a larger group than the direct victim against whom violence is applied; is the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property for the purpose of intimidating or pressuring the government, the civilian population or any part thereof in the pursuit of political and social objectives.

This is a system of using violence to achieve political goals by forcing government bodies, international and national organizations, government and public figures, individual citizens or their groups to commit or refuse to commit certain actions in favor of terrorists through the illegitimate use of force or the threat of its use against specific individuals or any other individuals or groups;

These are acts of violence against citizens (state officials) or objects with the aim of destabilizing public order within the country or complicating international relations;

Acts that are themselves forms of ordinary crimes, but are committed deliberately with the purpose of causing panic, disorder and terror in an organized society, paralyzing the opposition to terror on the part of social forces and intensifying the misfortunes and suffering of society.

1.2 Classification options

1. In areas of public life:

a) political terrorism;

b) social (left, right);

c) national;

d) territorial-separatist;

e) ideological;

e) criminal.

2. By distribution area:

a) internal;

b) international;

c) state (abuse of power, use of the apparatus of coercion against the people themselves, to suppress the opposition).

3. According to the methods used:

a) physical;

b) psychological.

4. By means used:

a) traditional (using traditional means of violence);

b) unconventional:

Nuclear;

Biological;

Chemical;

Computer (cyberterrorism);

Space.

3) Object-subject composition.

Objects of terrorist activity, due to the peculiarities of the mechanism for its implementation, have a dual nature, which allows us to distinguish their two main groups.

The first group is common objects of encroachment, in relation to which the goals of their weakening or destruction are put forward; these are objects of weakening and undermining:

Internal and external security of the country, its international relations, positions and interests, state sovereignty;

Fundamentals of the social system, political organization of society, state power and its institutions, security of citizens.

The second group is the safety of people and various material objects; These are objects of direct violent (terrorist) influence:

Life, health, freedom of specific individuals or their personally defined groups;

Normal functioning and physical integrity of certain objects and structures.

Subjects, like objects, can be divided into two groups:

1) individual states, political parties and movements, which often inspire or support in various ways certain terrorist structures (for example, some Middle Eastern states with dictatorial reactionary regimes, some right-wing (for example, fascist) political movements, extremist nationalist movements, etc. .);

2) the terrorist structures themselves that directly organize or carry out terrorist actions (special services of some states and their divisions (for example, Mossad), international and national terrorist organizations, criminal mafia organizations).

1.3 Domestic and foreign policy goals

Internal political goals: - changing the political regime and social structure of the country; - undermining or complicating democratic transitions; - undermining the authority of the authorities; - destabilization of the internal political situation; - difficulty and disorganization of the activities of government and management bodies; - disruption of certain activities of government and management bodies, etc.

Foreign policy goals: - weakening of international ties or deterioration of the country’s relations with foreign countries; - disruption of international actions to resolve international or domestic political conflicts; - compromise of the country as a source of terrorism in the eyes of the world community, etc.

1.4 Main types of terrorist attacks

Sabotage (explosion, spraying of toxic substances, etc.). Explosions are carried out in vehicles or in buildings with the aim of causing damage and causing casualties, as well as in open spaces to kill people. As a result of explosions, a large number of random people suffer, so it is precisely this tactic that leads to the most powerful psychological effect and occurs in cases where terrorists consider absolutely all potential victims as political opponents.

Kidnapping. As a rule, significant figures capable of attracting public attention are kidnapped: well-known politicians, officials, journalists, diplomats. They are committed in order to achieve the fulfillment of political demands, to intimidate the ruling strata, and to obtain funds for the activities of the organization.

Attempt and murder. One of the main methods of terrorism. It is distinguished by demonstrative targeting, therefore it is effective for targeted psychological impact on a narrow audience. When conducting a combat operation of this type, the life of a terrorist is endangered, therefore it is carried out by highly professional terrorists in states with a weakened law enforcement structure, as well as in cases where terrorists have the opportunity to create a numerical superiority over police units.

Robbery (expropriation). One of the main means of conducting terrorist activities of extremists of the “red” orientation. It is carried out both for the purpose of obtaining the funds necessary for the struggle, and for propaganda purposes. It acquires its greatest scope during periods of revolutionary destabilization.

Hijacking is the capture of a vehicle: an airplane, a railway train, a car, a ship. The most common aircraft hijackings in the world are also referred to as “skyjacking.” Skyjacking is the most effective among other types of hijacking because, firstly, it deters intelligence agencies from carrying out attacks on terrorists due to the high risk of hostages being killed, and secondly, air transport seems to be a more convenient means of escaping persecution. Capturing ships, trains, buses, etc. less attractive to terrorists. For example, it is more difficult for criminals to establish control over a ship. It is much easier to carry out an anti-terrorist operation against those who have hijacked a train, bus and other ground vehicles than to free an airplane from terrorists.

Capturing buildings. Most often, embassy buildings, government offices, and party offices are raided. As a rule, a terrorist operation is not limited to the seizure of a building. If things go well for the terrorists, they are given the opportunity to leave the captured building under the cover of hostages.

Non-fatal armed assault causing minor property damage. They are carried out by terrorist organizations in their infancy, when they have not yet accumulated experience in conducting large-scale operations, as well as by actively operating organizations that only need to demonstrate the ability to conduct armed operations.

Cyberterrorism - attacks on computer networks. The first examples of computer terrorism appeared in the late 1990s, which is associated both with the development of networks and with the increased role of computers in all spheres of life. The reverse side of this phenomenon is the dependence of the normal functioning of society on the safety of computers, and as a result, the increased attention to them by various “cyberpartisans” and “cyberbullies.” Attacks on computers through unauthorized access are carried out in order to sabotage the work of relevant institutions.

1.5 Main trends of modern terrorism

In the development of terrorism in the last decades of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries, a number of more or less distinct trends can be traced, the study of which is of great importance for understanding the role of terrorism as a global threat to humanity and many countries of the world, and for the scientific development of a system of measures necessary to effectively combat him.

1) Increasing public danger of terrorism, both for international relations, international security, and for the constitutional system and the rights of citizens of many countries of the world.

2) Expansion of its social base, involvement of a significant part of the population in political extremist activities in a number of countries.

3) It has become a long-term factor in modern political life, a relatively stable phenomenon in the development of society. Over the past few decades, terrorism has not only become a widespread phenomenon of socio-political relations in major regions of the world, but has also acquired social stability, despite active efforts to localize and eradicate it, which are being undertaken both within individual countries and at the global level. communities.

4) Increasing the level of its organization. This trend is reflected in:

Formation of doctrines on the use of terror for political purposes and in the implementation of terrorist acts, at least by many extremist organizations, on a planned, systematic basis;

Creation of a comprehensive infrastructure for terrorist activities;

Many extremist structures have developed connections within the country and abroad with political organizations and sources of funds for criminal activity;

The existence of a mechanism for propaganda support for the activities of the most significant terrorist groups.

5) Blocking terrorist organizations within individual countries and at the international level. This is, first of all, the establishment and implementation of cooperation between structures that are similar or identical in their ideological and political positions. Blocking terrorist organizations is carried out in such forms as coordination of ideological and political positions, strategic and tactical guidelines; information exchange; providing mutual assistance in organizing terrorist activities; coordination of ongoing violent actions, etc.

6) The trend of merging terrorism and organized crime. Organized crime by its nature has a high potential for using violence for criminal purposes: its structures have special forces and means to use it, resorting to it in everyday practice, in fact, systematically. Another basis for linking the organized crime of terrorism is the need of terrorist structures to obtain financial resources to continue their activities, purchase weapons, etc.

7) The evolution of the goals, means and methods of terrorism has turned it into a serious threat to the vital interests of society, the state and the individual in most countries of the world.

2. INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM AS A GLOBAL PROBLEM

armed conflict international terrorism

2.1 Internal armed conflicts and international terrorism and their relationship

Such a problem as internal armed conflicts, the causes of their occurrence and their impact on the military-political situation in individual countries, regions and the world is extremely important, since in modern conditions it is internal armed conflicts that are increasingly becoming detonators of serious and dangerous geopolitical explosions. They very often come into contact with, and even merge with, the phenomenon of terrorism, which at this stage poses a threat to international peace and security.

Considering the problem of internal armed conflicts in their connection with international terrorism, it should be noted that this is not typical for all internal conflicts: it depends on the nature of the conflict that has arisen, its driving forces and the goals that its initiators and leaders set for themselves.

The international nature of people's lives, new means of communication and information, new types of weapons sharply reduce the importance of state borders and other means of protection against terrorism. The variety of terrorist activities is increasing, which is increasingly linked to national, religious, ethnic conflicts, separatist and liberation movements.

One of the problematic situations is the delimitation of terrorism from the liberation and national liberation struggles. Terrorism, as a rule, is not of a mass nature; it is self-contained. On the other hand, if the liberation struggle is based on the killing of innocent civilians, women and children, then it is no different from terrorism.

The difference between terrorism and other forms of political conflict (revolution, war, guerrilla warfare) is the use of tactics of indiscriminate and unlimited violence or the threat of its use against individuals or groups of the population who find themselves victims in most cases due to random circumstances, that is, who are not direct opponents terrorists.

No matter how numerous and irreconcilable the various extremist groups and movements may be, without the support of their actions at the state and international levels, today they are not able to independently solve the tasks they have set for themselves. The support of a sovereign state is able to provide terrorists with ideological and material assistance, professional training, diplomatic cover, financial and technical means. With the support of the state, terrorists become part of a social environment that encourages them. Examples are the contras in Nicaragua, dushmans in Afghanistan, militants in Kosovo and Chechnya.

Terrorism as a weapon to eliminate the enemy has been transformed into an instrument of foreign policy. There was even a new term - “export of terrorism”. The Israeli experience best demonstrates the difference between domestic terrorism and the threat of foreign terrorism. Now there is practically no export of terrorism to Israel from neighboring Arab states, and, of course, not because they have special sympathy for Israel, but because they have been shown what the price of supporting or condoning terrorism is.

Interethnic armed conflicts or conflicts between official authorities and terrorist armed groups and organizations are an effective way to destabilize the situation in a number of regions.

Over the course of a number of years, the epicenter of terrorist activity has shifted from Latin American countries to Japan, Germany, Turkey, Spain, and Italy. At the same time, terrorist actions by such organizations as the IRA in England and Northern Ireland and ETA in Spain were carried out with varying degrees of intensity. In recent years, Islamic paramilitary terrorist groups Hamas and Hezbollah, Sikh terrorist movements and groups in India, Algerian and other terrorists have developed greater activity in the Middle East.

In the territory of the former USSR, in conditions of aggravation of social, political, interethnic and religious contradictions and conflicts, post-Soviet terrorism flourished in full bloom. Terrorist organizations have established close ties with each other on a common ideological, religious, military, commercial and other basis.

However, flirting with international terrorism and attempts to use it in one’s own interests are fraught with serious problems in the future. Internal armed conflicts will cease to be dangerous for countries and peoples only when the practice of using these conflicts by third countries to solve their geopolitical and other problems is ended.

2.2 Anti-terrorism legislation of states

A regulatory legal framework adequate to the realities of the time is of key importance in the fight against terrorism. Simultaneously with the beginning of work on creating anti-terrorism legislation in Western Europe and the United States, the so-called “new legal culture” began to take shape. The immediate problem of legislative regulation of countering terrorism, including international terrorism, can be divided into two large blocks.

The first is the adoption of legislative acts necessary for intelligence services and law enforcement agencies to increase the effectiveness of the fight against terrorism.

The second is the creation of conditions for improving the quality of international cooperation between intelligence services to counter terrorism. At the same time, the priority efforts of legislators should be aimed at developing legal measures to eliminate the material basis of terrorism.

Leading Western states: Great Britain, Germany, Spain, Italy, France, the USA not only made structural changes in the current legislation, but also adopted a number of special anti-terrorism laws. In the last quarter of the 20th century, the main international conventions were adopted, that is, the improvement of domestic and international legislation was carried out in parallel.

Although the definition of terrorism varies from state to state, terrorism is considered a purely criminal offense in the domestic criminal law of most countries. In the anti-terrorism legislation of Western Europe and the United States, common trends prevail, which legal scholars call a “legal repressive strategy.” The main directions of this strategy include:

* participation in conspiracies aimed at committing acts of terrorism itself should be considered as an already committed crime;

* automatic increase in sentence if it is established that the crime was committed for the purposes of terrorist activities;

* criminal liability for persons belonging to any of the prohibited organizations, inducing other persons to do so, or participating in a meeting of prohibited organizations;

* guilt of belonging to terrorism of any person who finances terrorist activities or induces other persons to do so;

* simplification of the procedure for considering cases related to terrorism;

* the possibility of bringing to justice persons suspected of having links with terrorists, the right to search and arrest without presenting a warrant;

* deportation of foreign citizens suspected of having links with terrorists, refusal to issue entry visas to citizens of states that support terrorism, as well as to all persons suspected of terrorism;

* increasing the terms of preventive detention of persons suspected of terrorism and limiting their rights to appeal to the authorities;

* a legislative ban on the collection, storage, publication and transmission of information relating to the police, security forces, court officials and prosecutors, employees of the penitentiary system, which may be useful to terrorists;

* criminal liability for concealing information that could be useful for preventing terrorist acts.

National organizations fighting international terrorism

Since the mid-twentieth century, special anti-terrorism units for special purposes began to appear in the armed forces of different countries. The creation of such units is dictated by the need to carry out anti-terrorist measures in connection with the unprecedented increase in terrorist activity in the world.

Israel has been the target of extremist activities for more than 50 years. The modern stage of the fight against terrorism began in Israel in 1972, when a group of Arab extremists from the Black September organization captured several Israeli athletes in the Olympic village in Munich. From that moment on, both in Israel and in a number of other countries, special anti-terrorist units began to be created.

Currently, the fight against terrorism in Israel is headed by an operational headquarters, which includes representatives of the armed forces, police and intelligence services, including representatives of the Mossad intelligence service. Its tactics are based on delivering preventive strikes against terrorists, including by obtaining advance information from agents operating among them; carrying out retaliatory strikes against the organizers and perpetrators of terrorist acts that could not be prevented.

The intelligence group of the General Staff of the Ministry of Defense "Saeret Matkal" was created in 1957 as a special intelligence unit, and since 1968 it has switched to anti-terrorism activities. Considered the best anti-terrorist unit in the world. "YAMAM" is a unit of the Israeli police. Created in 1974 as a special service responsible for anti-terrorist actions exclusively within Israel.

Germany. The “Federal Border Protection Group” GSG-9 was created after the Munich Olympic tragedy in 1972. Today, this group not only fights terrorists, but also provides security for diplomats during trips to the Near and Middle East. Helps German counterintelligence by organizing surveillance of terrorists. The GSG-9 special group is considered the most effective among other European special forces in carrying out combat anti-terrorist operations.

USA. The main task of the FBI (the leading structure in the fight against terrorism), the CIA and other intelligence services included in the US intelligence community is to quickly monitor the situation at home and abroad through interaction, conducting intelligence work against terrorist organizations, improving technical means and information technology. analytical bodies. Within the structure of the joint center for combating terrorism, which includes specialists from various ministries and departments, a special group has been created to prevent terrorist acts against citizens of the United States and allied states, as well as important military and government facilities. A special program has been adopted aimed at preventing incidents in the United States similar to the incident in the Tokyo subway, the implementation of which is the responsibility of the US Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command.

Each of the 59 FBI directorates has created at least one SWAT team, and numerous teams have been created to investigate and prevent terrorist bombings. Unlike European countries, the United States did not create a special unified anti-terrorist unit. Its function is performed primarily by the FBI's domestic terrorism unit (including Delta Force).

Delta Squad is a special forces task force of the American Army created in 1976. The main anti-terrorist unit of the United States. Engaged in the release of American hostages abroad.

NYPD Emergency Service Unit (ESU).

LAPD Squad (SWAT). Created in 1965. An elite unit used both within the country and abroad.

Naval Special Purpose Group (NSWDG). The service was founded in 1980. Responsible for US anti-terrorist actions on the water. These soldiers are trained throughout the United States. Joint exercises are also taking place with more experienced teams such as the German GSG-9 and English SAS-22.

Great Britain. Most countries have come to the conclusion that a special organization should be involved in the fight against terrorism. Great Britain was one of the first to follow this path, creating the special service SAS-22 in 1941 as an elite, highly professional anti-terrorist organization. Today, SAS-22 focuses on combating terrorists of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), a Catholic paramilitary group that advocates the reunification of the British province of Ulster with Ireland. In terms of combat training, SAS-22 is comparable only to Israeli counter-terrorist units, but surpasses them in armament.

France. Created in 1991, the government's anti-terrorism program, Vigipirate, is still in effect today. The Vigipirate plan is one of 40 possible measures envisaged by the French government in case of various types of critical situations.

"National Gendarmerie Intervention Group" (GIGN). Created in March 1974 to combat Arab terrorism in France. The “BRI” (search and destroy) units, which have exclusive powers, are also fighting terrorists.

Russia. Directorate “A” of the FSB Department for Combating Terrorism is a special unit. At first it was Detachment 7 of the KGB Alpha Directorate, created in 1974.

Directorate “B” of the FSB Special Forces Center. In 1981, under the management of “S2” of the First Main Directorate of the KGB of the USSR, the Vympel group was created. Very quickly it became one of the best special forces units in the world. In 1994, within the FSB, the Vympel group turned into the B division (Vega).

Australia - Tactical Assault Group (TAG), Special Air Service Regiment (SASR). The Australian SASR was formed in 1957. Today the SASR is one of the groups responsible for fighting terrorism in Australia. Australian officers of the group constantly cooperate with the British SAS, the New Zealand SAS, and the German GSG-9.

Spain. In Spain, a special operations group (SEO) has been formed as a police anti-terrorism unit, which includes the best specialists from the country's special services.

The annual report of the US State Department, “Currents in Global Terrorism,” provides global statistics on the activity of global terrorist organizations. Since 2001, when the September 11 attacks occurred in the United States, terrorist activity has fallen by 45 percent. The State Department believes that this situation is a consequence of strengthened ties between the community of nations, which in recent years have joined forces in the fight against extremists who use terrorism to achieve their goals. An example of such cooperation is the Program of the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States to combat international terrorism and other manifestations of extremism.

In particular, this program provides for generalizing and disseminating positive experience in conducting anti-terrorist measures, the practice of investigating acts of terrorism and other manifestations of extremism; conduct joint command post and operational-tactical anti-terrorism exercises in the format of interested parties; expand and improve contacts and cooperation with international centers and organizations involved in the fight against international terrorism, as well as with their relevant specialized structures.

2.3 Legal regulation of international cooperation

The international means used in the fight against terrorism include some international bodies and organizations: the UN, Interpol, international expert organizations. The institution of extradition of persons who have committed an act of international terrorism operates within certain limits; the issue of the international criminal court as a means of combating international terrorism is widely discussed in the UN bodies and other international organizations, among scientists and politicians.

Over the past decades, a significant legal framework has been created in the form of numerous international conventions to combat terrorism. The UN position in the fight against international terrorism is reflected in 12 international conventions and 46 UN Security Council resolutions. They provide for mutual obligations of states in countering various types and forms of terrorist activities. In particular, after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the UN Security Council adopted resolution 1373.

Resolution 1373 (28 September 2001) imposes the following obligations on UN member states:

* introduce criminal liability for financing terrorism;

* immediately block any funds related to persons who commit terrorist acts;

* ban all types of financial support to terrorist groups;

* deny terrorists shelter, livelihood or other support;

* exchange information with other governments about any groups committing or planning terrorist attacks;

* cooperate with other governments in the investigation, identification, arrest, extradition and prosecution of persons involved in such acts;

* introduce criminal liability in accordance with domestic laws for active or passive support of terrorism and bring violators of these laws to justice;

* become a party to the relevant international conventions and protocols on counter-terrorism as soon as possible.

Resolution 1373 also established the Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC), comprising all 15 members of the Security Council. The mission of the CTC is to promote and monitor the implementation of resolution 1373, and to facilitate the provision of technical assistance to Member States that do not have the capacity to implement their obligations under this resolution and all other conventions and protocols against terrorism.

UN member states are required to ratify the 12 universal counter-terrorism conventions and protocols, but many states are still not party to these legal instruments or have not yet begun to implement them.

Main UN conventions and protocols related to terrorism:

* Convention on Offenses and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft (“Tokyo Convention” of 1963 on Aviation Safety);

* Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (“Hague Seizure of Aircraft Convention” 1970);

* Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation (“Montreal Convention” of 1971);

* Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons;

* International Convention against the Taking of Hostages (“Hostage Convention” of 1979);

* Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (“Nuclear Materials Convention” of 1980 against the illicit seizure and use of nuclear material);

* Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation, supplementing the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation;

* Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (1988 - applies to terrorist activities on ships);

* Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf (1988);

* Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection (1991);

* International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings (1997);

* International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (1999).

An impressive political and legal potential has been accumulated on the European continent. The 1977 European Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism operates under the auspices of the Council of Europe. There is a mechanism for joint action in the anti-terrorism group of European Union states. Anti-terrorist cooperation is regulated by the relevant provisions of the final OSCE meetings in Helsinki, Madrid, Vienna, and Istanbul.

Cooperation in the fight against terrorism was formalized by convention within the framework of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, the Organization of American States and the Organization of the Islamic Conference.

The international community deserves the credit for accepting the principle of international condemnation of terrorism and recognizing it in all cases, regardless of political motives, as an illegal act (UNGA Resolution 40/61 of December 9, 1985). The Declaration on Measures to Suppress International Terrorism, adopted at the 49th Session of the UN General Assembly in 1994, emphasized that no ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or other motives justify criminal acts aimed at creating an atmosphere of terror among the general public. layers of the population.

At a meeting on the fight against terrorism (Paris, July 30, 1996), the ministers of the G8 (Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Canada, USA, France, Japan, Russia) adopted a final document in which they declared their determination to give priority attention to fight against terrorism, reviewed trends in the development of terrorism in the world. The forum participants presented at the final press conference a list of 25 measures to combat terrorism, which they agreed upon, a significant part of which relates to the national competence of states.

The document obliges the signatory countries to renounce any passive or active support for terrorists; strengthen legal measures for prosecution of terrorist activities; bring to trial any person accused of committing, preparing, or assisting in carrying out terrorist acts.

Multilateral and bilateral cooperation is expected to be developed in two main planes: international legal and operational. The first covers, in particular, the convergence of national legislation in the field of extradition and asylum. The document proposes to consider the possibility of extraditing terrorists, even if there are no relevant agreements between the interested states. The G8 countries also decided to prevent the movement of capital used to finance terrorist activities.

The success of the fight against terrorism directly depends on real operational cooperation between intelligence agencies. The significance of the conference held in Paris also lies in the fact that it contributed to overcoming a serious psychological barrier that traditionally divides representatives of this profession. The leading countries of the world have come to the realization that the criminal world united much earlier than their law enforcement agencies, and the understanding has strengthened that terrorism can only be defeated through joint efforts.

In 1999, the heads of government of the CIS countries signed the Agreement on Cooperation of the CIS Member States in the Fight against Terrorism, which creates a legal basis for the interaction of competent authorities in matters of preventing, identifying, suppressing and investigating terrorist attacks. The Anti-Terrorism Center (ATC), created in 2000 by decision of the Council of Heads of State of the CIS, also began work, in which the majority of law enforcement agencies and intelligence services of the Commonwealth countries took part.

Actions against the threat of international terrorism must be bilateral in nature: international and domestic. Measures taken at the international level will prevent its domestic manifestations, and vice versa. All states must adhere to the same rules, terrorism must be declared a crime against humanity.

Necessary:

* review laws on international trade and adopt a number of amendments to them that limit trade in gas centrifuges, enriched uranium and other dangerous “components” of weapons of mass destruction;

* subject terrorist states, which for the most part have a monocultural, resource-based economy and therefore may feel the consequences of economic sanctions, to diplomatic, economic and military sanctions;

* neutralize terrorist enclaves: terrorists cannot be allowed to penetrate into areas that are not independent states, but serve as terrorist shelter and support zones (for example, the Hezbollah enclave in southern Lebanon);

* freeze the financial assets of terrorist regimes and organizations in Western banks;

* develop cooperation between international security services, overcome mutual suspicion, coordinate actions between the intelligence services of all free countries;

* review legislation to take action against countries that incite violence;

* introduce restrictions on the ownership of weapons, their mandatory registration, as well as strengthen control over weapons;

* tighten immigration laws;-

* actively pursue and eliminate terrorist groups;

* refrain from releasing from prison persons found guilty of committing terrorist acts;

* train special forces to combat terrorism, as well as train police in special techniques and tactics for suppressing terrorists;

* conduct educational work, explain to the broad masses of the population the program of combating terrorism.

A comprehensive approach to the eradication of international terrorism involves the use of the entire range of measures of a political, economic, financial, and humanitarian nature. The UN and leading financial and economic organizations and institutions are developing programs to ensure more balanced, non-discriminatory conditions for global socio-economic development.

It would be an unforgivable mistake to identify terrorism with any religion, nationality or culture. It is necessary to establish dialogue and mutual understanding between different civilizations based on the common values ​​of protecting human life and dignity.

2.4 International terrorism - a challenge to states

After the explosions in New York and Moscow, it became obvious: terrorism is capable of demoralizing (and this is one of its main goals) huge masses of people, depriving them of the will to fight back. One of the general tasks of terrorists is to accustom society to their constant presence in it, to make death commonplace, devaluing human life.

There are two possible strategies to combat terrorism within a state: a passive security system using guards and disguised security agents, careful screening of all persons approaching strategic objects such as government buildings, public transport, security systems, or active counter-terrorism.

For example, in Israel, a significant part of the adult population are reservists; many of them served in elite units, armed with small arms, which makes it difficult to carry out terrorist attacks and practically does not infringe on the civil liberties of the population, while at the same time making them more prepared for a possible attack by terrorists.

But such passive security measures are effective in small states; in large states there are many more strategic goals - symbols of national power, significant objects. In such societies (Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia), in order to protect against terrorism it is necessary to take an active position and take the initiative in the use of material and technical means at the disposal of the security authorities. This means identifying organizations from which terrorist activity can be expected to emerge, monitoring the activities of groups and individuals advocating the use of violence, analyzing intelligence, applying proactive surveillance, expanding the operational network, conducting searches, arrests, interrogations, detentions and bringing to justice judicial liability when there are grounds to suspect that terrorist acts are planned.

However, such an active fight against terrorism, as opposed to passive actions, is associated with the threat of invasion of the privacy of those under surveillance. Almost every active step that a state can take against terrorism involves violating someone's freedom (freedom to speak, assemble, practice one's religion, etc.)

Thus, the governments of free states, which have the responsibility to combat increasing terrorism, are faced with a dilemma: in one case, by not fighting terrorism with the means at their disposal, they will endanger the security of their citizens if they do. such a struggle, the very freedoms they are charged with defending will be at risk.

The ideal of absolute civil freedom must be adjusted by political realities. Terrorism, if not curbed, poses a moral threat to any society. However, the need to curb the absolute freedom of the terrorist does not mean that absolute freedom should be given to the organs of maintaining law and order.

Giving law enforcement agencies extensive security powers is not possible without some abuses. In wartime, such abuses do not cause much resonance, but after the threat is neutralized, the relative importance of any abuse of power increases and society begins to demand greater control over the security agencies. A reasonable compromise must be found to ensure that the executive branch's efforts to curb terrorism do not go beyond the legitimate desire to keep people safe.

The intellectual defense against the temptation to resort to terrorism to proclaim one's views is the constant clarification and affirmation of values, cultivating in people the attitude that the essence of developed modern societies is a commitment to the principle of resolving conflicts through non-violent means, argumentation, discussion, voting, but not with the help of weapons .

If the first obstacle to the spread of terrorism in free states is the political culture of society, then the second should be well-established operational work. States have at their disposal a vast arsenal of surveillance and intelligence-gathering tools that enable them to track, prosecute and punish terrorists. The financial assets of terrorist regimes and organizations should be frozen; review legislation in order to better organize control over organizations inciting violence and keep convicted terrorists behind bars; train special units in counter-terrorism methods; impose sanctions against those who supply nuclear technology to states engaged in terrorist activities.

The various concepts of materialism that dominated in the 20th century, after the collapse of attempts to implement them, were replaced by an era of competition between various concepts of God: confessional battles determine the face of the 21st century. Countries in these conditions are obliged to ensure religious and ethno-cultural loyalty within themselves and in the world. At the same time, we must internationalize the force component in the fight against separatism and the terrorism it generates, which, according to the dictates of History, has a religious component.

The events of September 11 clearly demonstrated that huge military spending does not guarantee security, and the problem lies in choosing the right strategy. The terrorist attack caused $100 billion in damage to America and cost the attackers less than $2 million. The US military has proven ineffective in guerrilla warfare and the war on terrorism. The giant nuclear-space shield has become useless in the fight against small mobile groups of terrorists.

In the fight against international terrorism, it is first of all necessary to stop pursuing a policy of double standards. One thing is clear: neither missile and bomb attacks, nor the capture of terrorist leaders can destroy the underlying causes that give rise to “Islamic” terrorism, the severity of social problems in Muslim countries, decades-long regional conflicts and the extremely painful reaction of Eastern societies to Western “globalization.”

The three main factors of the growth of extremism and terrorism - incomplete modernization, inadequate state policies and the emergence of ideologists and organizers of extremism - must be countered by three symmetrical processes in the sphere of modernization of society, the formation of a new policy and the emergence of an ideology of anti-extremism. It is especially important that states develop stable political systems, mechanisms for civilized political dialogue and stable power.

The tragic results of terrorism that characterize this phenomenon of current politics should serve as an important warning to all political forces that attempts to solve political and economic problems through violence do not contribute to the solution of the set objectives, but, on the contrary, lead to the aggravation and growth of contradictions in society and strengthening conflict-generating potential of terrorism throughout the world.

CONCLUSION

Thus, the problem of international terrorism poses a real threat to the world community. It has its own specificity, which distinguishes it from other universal human difficulties. However, the problem of terrorism is closely interconnected with most global problems of modern international relations. The latest terrorist attacks, primarily the tragic events of September 11, 2001 in New York, have become unprecedented in the history of mankind in their scale and influence on the further course of world politics. The number of victims, the extent and nature of the destruction caused by terrorist attacks at the beginning of the 21st century were comparable to the consequences of armed conflicts and local wars. The response measures caused by these terrorist acts led to the creation of an international anti-terrorist coalition, which included dozens of states, which previously took place only in the case of major armed conflicts and wars. Retaliatory anti-terrorist military actions have also acquired a planetary scale. Under these conditions, the global problem of international terrorism cannot be considered only as an independent phenomenon. It began to turn into an important component of a more general military-political global problem related to fundamental issues of war and peace, on the solution of which the further existence of human civilization depends.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Kostin A.I. Ecopolitical science and global studies: Textbook for university students / A.I. Kostin. - M.: Aspect Press, 2005.

2.International Convention against the Taking of Hostages (New York, December 17, 1979) // Collection of international treaties of the USSR. - M. - 1989. - issue. XLIII. -- St. 99.

3.International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings (New York, December 15, 1997) // Collection. Russian legislation Federation dated August 27, 2001. -- No. 35.

4. Olshansky D.V. Psychology of terror / D.V. Olshansky. - M., Ekaterinburg, 2002.

5. Gusher A.I. The problem of terrorism at the turn of the new millennium of a new era of humanity. - M., 2002.

6. Drozdov Y., Egozaryan V. World terrorist... - M.: Paper Gallery, 2004.

7. Zharinov K.V. Terrorism and terrorists: a historical reference book. - Minsk: Harvest, 1999.

8. Kozhushko E.P. Modern terrorism: analysis of the main directions. - Minsk: Harvest, 2000.

9. Lavrov S.B. Global problems of our time: Part 1. - St. Petersburg, 1993.

10. Lavrov S.B. Global problems of our time: Part 2. - St. Petersburg, 1995.

11. Attali J. On the threshold of a new millennium. - M., 1993.

12. Ostroukhov V.V. Current issues in the fight against international terrorism at the present stage // Law and Security. - December 2003.- No. 3-4 (8-9).

13. Law and security. - December 2002. - No. 4 (5).

14. Trebin M.P. Terrorism in the 21st century. - Minsk: Harvest, 2004.

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1. Typology of terrorism.

Experts studying the phenomenon of terrorism identify six main types of modern terrorism:

nationalist terrorism;

religious terrorism;

state-sponsored terrorism;

terrorism by left-wing extremists;

right-wing extremist terrorism;

anarchist terrorism.

Nationalist terrorism

Terrorists of this type usually aim to form a separate state for their ethnic group. They call it "national liberation" which they think the rest of the world has forgotten about. This type of terrorist often gains sympathy in the international arena.

Experts say that it is nationalist terrorists who can, in the course of their armed struggle, reduce the level of violence they use, or at least correlate it with the actions of their enemies.

This is done mainly in order not to lose the support of one’s ethnic group. Many nationalist terrorists claim that they are not terrorists, but fighters for the freedom of their people.

Typical examples are the Irish Republican Army and the Palestine Liberation Organization. Both organizations stated in the 1990s that they renounced terrorist methods. Experts include the Basque Homeland and Freedom organizations, which intend to separate the areas of traditional Basque residence from Spain, and the Kurdistan Workers' Party, which wants to create its own state in Turkey, as the same type of terrorists.

Religious terrorism

Religious terrorists use violence for purposes they believe are ordained by God. At the same time, the targets of their attacks are blurred geographically, ethnically, and socially. In this way they want to achieve immediate and dramatic change, often on a global level.

Religious terrorists belong not only to small cults, but also to widespread religious denominations. This type of terrorism is developing much more dynamically than others. Thus, in the mid-90s, out of 56 known terrorist organizations, almost half claimed religious motives.

Since the "religious" are not concerned with the restoration of rights in any particular territory or the implementation of any political principles, the scale of their attacks is often much greater than that of "nationalists" or ideological extremists. Their enemies are anyone who is not a member of their religious sect or denomination.

This category of terrorists includes Osama bin Laden's Al-Qaeda, the Sunni Muslim group Hamas, the Lebanese Shiite group Hezbollah, the radical Jewish organizations of the late Rabbi Meer Kahan, and some American Ku Klux Klan "folk militias" ", and the Japanese cult "Aum Senrike".

State-sponsored terrorism

Some terrorist groups have been deliberately used by various governments as a cheap way to wage war. Such terrorists are dangerous primarily because their resources are usually much more powerful; they can even bomb airports.

One of the most notorious cases is Iran's use of a group of young militants to take hostages at the American embassy in 1979.

Currently, the US State Department considers Iran one of the main sponsors of terrorism, but Cuba, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Sudan, and Syria are accused of supporting terrorists.

Known terrorist groups include the following government ties: Hezbollah is supported by Iran, the Abu Nidal Organization is supported by Iraq, and the Japanese Red Army is supported by Libya.

Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda was so closely associated with the Taliban when they were in power in Afghanistan that some experts place it in the same category.

Terrorism by left-wing extremists

The most radical left wants to destroy capitalism and replace it with a communist or socialist regime.

Because they generally view civilians as victims of capitalist exploitation, they do not often resort to terrorist attacks against ordinary citizens. They are much more likely to resort to kidnapping rich people or blowing up various “symbols of capitalism.”

Examples of such groups are the German Baader-Meinhof, the Japanese Red Army and the Italian Red Brigades.

Right-wing extremist terrorism

Right-wing extremists are usually the most disorganized groups, often associated with Western European neo-Nazis.

Their mission is to fight democratic governments to replace them with fascist states.

Neo-fascists attack immigrants and refugees and are primarily racist and anti-Semitic.

Anarchist terrorism

Anarchist terrorists were a global phenomenon from the 1870s to the 1920s. One of the US presidents, William Mackinley, was assassinated by an anarchist in 1901.

In Russia during the same period, anarchists carried out many successful terrorist attacks. The Bolsheviks, who came to power in Russia as a result of the October revolution of 1917, were closely associated with many “explosers,” although they themselves were mainly involved in bank robberies - the so-called “expropriations.”

Some experts suggest that modern anti-globalists may give rise to a new wave of anarchist terrorism.

More detailed information about the classification of terrorism can be found in English in the encyclopedia "Terrorism: Questions and Answers".

Characteristics of Islamic terrorism

The specifics of Islamic terrorism are largely determined by the characteristics of Islam as a religion. The Koran preaches peace among the “believers” (i.e., Muslims), allows peaceful coexistence with infidels, but justifies the extermination of the latter if they are “enemies of Allah and Muslims.”

In America, Islamists see in it not only the stronghold of Israel, but also the focus of “world evil” - the vanguard of Western liberal, materialistic civilization, not so much “Christian” as “godless.” Islamists are also hostile to countries such as India (because of Kashmir), Russia (because of Chechnya), Serbia (because of Bosnia), and Ethiopia (because of Eritrea). Accordingly, these countries are also actual or potential targets for terrorist attacks.

A characteristic feature of the ideology of Islamic terrorism is the justification for the killing of civilians (including women and children) because they pay taxes, are potential soldiers and are “involved in auxiliary activities in wartime.”

Popular in Islamic terrorism is the doctrine of jihad (war for faith), which arose in the Middle Ages. Jihad considers participation in war as a religious duty of a Muslim, and death “for the sake of Allah” as the best, direct path to heaven.

The main targets of "jihad" are Israel and the United States. Israel "captured Muslim Palestine"; it controls the territory of al-Haram al-Sharif (Temple Mount) in Jerusalem, where the Al-Aqsa Mosque is located - the third holiest site in Islam after the Kaaba in Mecca and the Prophet's Mosque in Medina. Many Muslims are sure that the “Jews” dream of destroying this mosque in order to rebuild the Jerusalem Temple in its place.

Islamic terrorist organizations successfully use kamikazes to carry out terrorist attacks. This practice is based on the cult of "martyrdom for the sake of Allah" derived from the doctrine of jihad.