Nobel Prize winners. Nobel Prizes. More about Obama

Since the International Committee of the Red Cross has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize three times and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize twice, there are 24 separate organizations that have received Nobel Prize Peace Prize.

International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons

“for his work, draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use nuclear weapons and to his pioneering efforts to achieve a treaty-based ban on such weapons.” "for his decades of tireless efforts to find peaceful solutions international conflicts, promoting democracy and human rights and promoting economic and social development."

"for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular". This year the Nobel Prize was not awarded. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund for this section. Most inspire others to follow their example, helping to create the Nobel Prize candidates of tomorrow. And these are all reminders of the unpredictable benefits that can arise from early investments at the knowledge frontier.

To reveal how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzymatic telomerase

Information is provided online for previous awards only if the award has since been amended. This has implications for aging and cancer, and perhaps a host of other human diseases.

For their discoveries of split genes

Roberts became the newest member of the Lab after a chat that lasted all of 10 minutes, during which he remembers saying little. Roberts and his team soon discovered or characterized three-quarters of the world's first restriction enzymes, which did much to advance both basic research, and the developing biotechnology industry.

Roberts then turned his attention to genetic material cold virus - adenovirus-2, which he was looking for on the map. It has also led to the understanding that errors in the editing process can lead to defective proteins, which in turn can cause serious diseases.

For its detection of mobile genetic elements

Today we know that “jumping genes”—transformable elements—get littered everywhere, like so much debris, in the chromosomes of every organism. The world had finally caught up with her ideas, the recognition she had appreciated but never craved. In this idyllic setting, the couple, who had full-time appointments elsewhere, explored the deep mystery of genetics using the simplicity of tiny viruses called bacteriophages, or phages, that infect bacteria.

Most Honored Laureates

Max Delbrück and Salvador Luria, original heroes in what came to be called the Phage group, were at the center of a movement whose members made the first discoveries that launched the revolutionary field of molecular genetics. The pair also showed that resistance was an inherited trait in the tiny organisms.

For their discoveries regarding the replication mechanism and genetic structure of viruses

Hershey's early experiments were historic. Working with Martha Chase, he began studying the components of phage particles and their contribution to the process of phage spread. He came on the advice of his Indiana University mentor, Salvador Luria. The latter had discovered the summer delights of the North Shore early in the decade, and now he wanted Watson to take part in the Fage group he had founded. At Delbrück's urging, he made a final presentation, reporting a discovery he and Francis Crick had made in Cambridge, England, just three months earlier.

Who awards the prize and for what?

It was the public's first glimpse of a shape that would become an icon of global culture, the magnificent twin spirals that carry our hereditary information. The United States added to its list on Monday, all in economics, bringing the total to 347 in prize history. That's the most of any country in the world, by far: the next highest tally is Britain with 120 laureates.

At the top is a heat map showing the countries that have had the most Nobel Prize winners in the history of the prize. Most countries have zero Nobel laureates. Weak yellow countries have received exactly one Nobel in the 113 years since the first prize was awarded. a small cluster of orange countries, perhaps 10 to 15 Nobel laureates. A very tiny group of dark red countries took most Nobel Prizes.

Who received the Nobel Peace Prize and for what?

Most of them were in the sciences, but there was also a literary prize and the most famous award in the world. The results are fascinating - and revealing. A staggering 83 percent of all Nobel laureates came from Western countries. We'll dive into some of Nobel's data below. But first, we present a map of prizes broken down by region. You can immediately see that Western Europe and North America receive the vast majority of prizes.

Looking at the data this way, it becomes terribly clear that people outside of Europe and North America don't win very many Nobels. There have only been 16 Nobel Prize winners in Africa. All of Asia, despite the fact that it is the largest and most densely populated region in the world, can only claim 49 Nobel Prize laureates.

To give you a better idea of ​​the extent to which the Nobel Truth is a predominantly Western prize, here is a pie chart showing the breakdown of laureates by region and country. Blue slices are for English-speaking countries, green are for Western Europe, and red are for Eastern Europe.

Look at all that blue-green! There's just a small portion of the chart left for non-Western countries, even though the vast majority of the world comes from these little non-Western rubbles. Of course, part of this is because the world has changed a lot over the past 113 years. The West was much more dominant, so it received a big advantage in the first decades of the award. Colonization ended only halfway through the prize's history; before this, Nobel prizes almost never traveled to non-Western countries.

And while Eastern Europe received a big boost in laureates during the mid-scientific race cold war, she has been languishing ever since. However, the comparison is stunning. Here's a chart showing Nobel laureates in non-Western regions over time.

This, to me, is the most interesting graph on this page. You'll immediately notice several trends in this chart. He has since stepped back and is currently associated with Africa for this decade's Nobel Prize winners. This is another trend: after decades of lagging behind in Nobels, Africa is very slowly picking up. Most of these prizes went to Japan first. Currently, a small but growing number of Nobels are being sent to other Asian countries, in particular to India and China.

Here are some more statistics about Nobel's history. Nobel Prizes have been awarded to people from 72 different countries. But more than half of all Nobel Prize winners come from just three countries: the US, UK and Germany. More than one out of every three Nobel Prize winners are from the United States. In other words, the United States has 4 percent of the world's population and 34 percent of its Nobel laureates.

In total in Asia, Africa, Latin America and there are only 104 Nobel Prize winners in the Middle East. These regions are home to 81 percent of the world's population, but only 10 percent of its Nobel laureates. If you add to Eastern Europe, this will be 90 percent. More than half of all Nobel laureates are from Europe: 54 percent. Of these, most of them are from Western Europe, which had 45 percent of all laureates. You can see this in the giant green bar in the pie chart above.

About half of the world's Nobel Prize laureates - Anglosphere: UK, USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Second most common native language among the Nobel Prize laureates - German; 152 laureates from German-speaking countries.

The region with the fewest Nobel laureates per capita is Africa. There is currently one African Nobel Prize for every 62 million Africans. There have been 20 Nobel Prize winners in the Middle East: 12 Israelis, four Egyptians, one Palestinian, one Iranian, one Turk and one Yemeni. Ironically, it also features the most large share World Prize winners: Eight of the 20 winners from the Middle East are World Prize winners.

The top ten countries with the largest number Nobel Prize laureates. Notice how this list is the heaviest; the numbers are plummeting. United States. This year's chemistry award is shared by Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson. They developed cryo-electron microscopy. This was announced by the Nobel Committee of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm. At the top of the video you can see the jury's arguments in the video.

With this microscopy technique, structures can be visualized at the molecular level: Observing Salmonella bacteria peering into a cell with a needle to infect it? This was made possible thanks to cryoelectron microscopy. So researchers can now also observe molecules in plants, how they do photosynthesis, or see which proteins create a pathogen that is resistant to an antibiotic. With this technique began new era in biochemistry, writes the Nobel Prize jury in his explanatory statement.