All-Russian Day of Remembrance for Victims of Political Repression. Day of Remembrance for Victims of Political Repression

30.08.2019

October 30 - Day of Remembrance of the Victims political repression. This day should have been a day of universal mourning, because the country experienced a national tragedy, the echoes of which are still felt. IN Peaceful time people lost their lives or were taken away from it for a long period of time. Moral and physical torment affected not only the repressed themselves, but also their relatives and friends - fathers, mothers, wives, children. The whole society suffered, entire classes suffered damage - nobles, Cossacks, clergy, peasants, intelligentsia, workers. And this tragedy began not in 1937, when the Great Terror peaked, but immediately after October 1917. Already in the first years of the Bolsheviks' stay in power, peasants - participants in anti-government protests, strike workers, members of socialist parties and anarchist organizations, clergy, sailors - participants in the Kronstadt "rebellion" of 1921. Already 1918 was marked by the execution of 3,000 clergy. In 1928, over 500 executions took place, in 1930 - 2,500 executions (executions). In 1938-1941, 38,900 people were repressed, over 35 thousand of them were shot. In just a few years Soviet power Up to 200 thousand clergy were affected in one way or another.

In 1918-1922, the most severe measures - confiscation of farms, exile of families to special settlements, execution of rebels" - accompanied the suppression peasant uprisings, covering almost the entire country (Don, Western Siberia, Volga region, Karelia, etc.). In the late 1920s and early 1930s, more than 500 thousand peasants were convicted. In total, during the years of collectivization, more than one million peasant farms were “dispossessed,” and about five million people were expelled from their homes to special settlements.

The trial in June 1937 of Tukhachevsky, Yakir and other military leaders became a signal for mass repression among the military. Over 40 thousand people were injured. In total, 45 percent of the command personnel were “purged” from the ranks of the army as politically unreliable. During the war years and the first post-war years Those who escaped encirclement, prisoners of war, and repatriated Soviet citizens were subjected to brutal repression. Total military personnel repressed during the war amounted to 994 thousand people, of which 157 thousand were shot. In January 1953, the newspapers published the message “Arrest of a group of pest doctors.” Thus, a high-profile case was made public, which is not forgotten today. Then journalists enthusiastically described the “feat of the modest doctor” Lydia Timashuk, who allegedly exposed the “murderers in white coats.” Less than a month after Stalin's death, the "Doctors' Plot" was terminated.

Already in the pre-war years, the mass eviction of entire peoples began. The victims of deportation were Poles, Kurds, Koreans, Buryats and other peoples. 3.5 million is the number of people repressed on ethnic grounds from the mid-40s to 1961. Persons of German nationality were evicted from the Volga region, Moscow, the Moscow region and other regions by force, under pain of execution. Kalmyks, Crimean Tatars and other peoples were evicted from their homes. The deportation affected 14 nations entirely and 48 partially. In the post-war years, any open anti-government protests were mercilessly suppressed, for example, worker unrest in Novocherkessk in 1962, caused by rising prices while simultaneously reducing wages. The main object of the regime's repressive policy in the 1960s - 1980s was “dissidence.” During the period from 1967 to 1971, the KGB "identified" more than three thousand groups of a "politically harmful nature", 13.5 thousand of whose members were repressed. Since the mid-50s, psychiatry has been widely used to combat dissent. Total from 1921 to 1953 bodies of the Cheka, OGPU, NKVD, Ministry of Internal Affairs (that is, out of court) by political reasons Over four million people were subjected to repression, including about 800 thousand people sentenced to capital punishment. In quantitative terms, the peak of repression occurred in 1937-1938, when in two years 1.3 million people were convicted under the well-known Article 58 (“counter-revolutionary crimes”), of whom more than half were executed. IN Stalin years About 60 peoples were repressed. This is two million 463940 people, of which 655674 are men and 829084 are women, children under 16 years old - 970182. The number of those repressed among the Chechen and Ingush peoples is 400478, Karachais - 60139, Balkars - 32817, Kalmyks - 81673, Crimean Tatars, Bulgarians, Greeks - 193959, Germans - 774178.

Rehabilitation of victims of political repression began in the USSR in 1954. In the mid-1960s, this work was curtailed and resumed only in the late 1980s. The Day of Remembrance for Victims of Political Repression in Russia was first celebrated in 1991 in memory of the hunger strike of camp prisoners in Mordovia, which began on October 30 in 1974. Rehabilitation of victims of political repression began in the USSR in 1954. In the mid-1960s, this work was curtailed and resumed only in the late 80s. The Day of Remembrance for Victims of Political Repression in Russia was first celebrated in 1991 in memory of the hunger strike of camp prisoners in Mordovia, which began on October 30 in 1974. In Russia, resolutions have been adopted and are being implemented aimed at supporting victims of repression, and special commissions on cases of rehabilitated persons. On October 18, 1991, the RSFSR Law “On the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression” was adopted. The purpose of the law is the rehabilitation of all victims of political repressions subjected to such on the territory of the RSFSR since October 25 (November 7), 1917, their restoration to civil rights, eliminating other consequences of arbitrariness and ensuring currently feasible compensation for material and moral damage. The law affects general provisions, procedure and consequences of rehabilitation. In 1992, the Presidential Commission for the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression was created. On March 14, 1996, the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On measures for the rehabilitation of clergy and believers who have become victims of unjustified repression” was issued. The decree was adopted "in order to restore justice, legal rights citizens of Russia to freedom of conscience and religion, guided by a sense of repentance, based on the conclusions of the Commission under the President of the Russian Federation for the rehabilitation of victims of political repression." Despite the measures taken, they still remain social problems rehabilitated fellow citizens who innocently but cruelly suffered during a tragic period for the country. On April 26, 2001, in the city of Magas (Republic of Ingushetia), a congress of repressed peoples of the USSR was held, dedicated to the tenth anniversary of the adoption by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the law “On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples.” The congress was attended by representatives of the Ingush, Korean, Balkar, Chechen peoples, Meskhetian Turks, and Germans deported during the Stalin years. As a result of the congress, an appeal was adopted to the Russian leadership demanding the implementation of the law on the rehabilitation of repressed peoples, the creation of a permanent working body to coordinate and carry out work to fully restore their civil rights.

Currently, the main tasks of the Commission for the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression (the Regulations on the Commission for the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression were approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on August 25, 2004) are: creating conditions for the President to exercise his constitutional powers as a guarantor of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen in the execution of the Law Russian Federation“On the rehabilitation of victims of political repression”; study, analysis and assessment of political repression; facilitating coordination of activities federal bodies executive power concerning the rehabilitation of victims of political repression; providing methodological assistance to commissions to restore the rights of rehabilitated victims of political repression in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation; informing the public in the prescribed manner about the scale and nature of political repression; preparation of reports to the President of the Russian Federation on issues within the jurisdiction of the Commission.

Russia celebrates the Day of Remembrance for Victims of Political Repression. The date was chosen in memory of the hunger strike, which was started on October 30, 1974 by prisoners of the Mordovian and Perm camps. Political prisoners declared it as a sign of protest against political repression in the USSR.

This day was officially established by decree Supreme Council RSFSR of October 18, 1991 “On the establishment of the Day of Remembrance for Victims of Political Repression.”

According to the law “On the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression,” political repression refers to various coercive measures applied by the state for political reasons, in the form of deprivation of life or liberty, placement in compulsory psychiatric treatment medical institutions, expulsion from the country and deprivation of citizenship, eviction of population groups from places of residence, sending into exile, deportation and special settlements, involvement in forced labor under conditions of restriction of freedom, as well as other deprivation or restriction of rights and freedoms.

On the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repression, we remember millions of people who were unreasonably subjected to repression, sent to forced labor camps, into exile, and deprived of their lives during the years of Stalin’s terror and after it.

The peak of repression occurred in 1937-1938, when, according to official data, more than 1.5 million people were arrested on political charges, 1.3 million were convicted by extrajudicial authorities, and about 700 thousand were shot. IN daily life Soviet people The concept of "enemy of the people" was introduced. By decision of the Politburo on July 5, 1937, the wives of “enemies of the people” were imprisoned in camps for a period of at least 5-8 years. Children of “enemies of the people” were either sent to camp colonies of the NKVD or placed in special regime orphanages.

During the Stalin years, 3.5 million people were repressed on ethnic grounds. 45% of the command personnel were “purged” from the ranks of the army, and during the war and after its end, Soviet citizens who escaped encirclement, were captured, and deported to work in Germany were subjected to brutal repression.

The total number of people subjected to repression not in a judicial (or quasi-judicial) manner, but in an administrative manner, is 6.5-7 million people.

The main object of the repressive policy of the regime in the 1960-1980s was dissidence (dissent). During the period from 1967 to 1971, the KGB “identified” more than three thousand groups of a “politically harmful nature.”

Rehabilitation of victims of political repression began in the USSR in 1954. In the mid-1960s, this work was curtailed and resumed only in the late 1980s.

The purpose of the law is to rehabilitate all victims of political repressions subjected to such on the territory of the RSFSR since November 7 (October 25, old style) 1917, restoring their civil rights, eliminating other consequences of arbitrariness and providing currently feasible compensation for material and moral damage.

In 1992, the Presidential Commission for the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression was created.

On March 14, 1996, the President of the Russian Federation issued a decree “On measures for the rehabilitation of clergy and believers who have become victims of unjustified repression.”

Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev approved the concept of perpetuating the memory of victims of political repression. The concept will be implemented in two stages: the first stage - 2015-2016, the second - 2017-2019. Within the framework of the adopted concept, in particular, the creation of educational and educational programs, the creation of conditions for free access users to archival documents and other materials, as well as the development and implementation of effective public policy in the field of perpetuating the memory of victims of political repression, as well as active patriotism. The Presidential Council for Human Rights (HRC) has developed a bill in the field of perpetuating the memory of victims of political repression.

On October 30, 1990, the Solovetsky Stone was unveiled on Lubyanka Square in Moscow, brought to Moscow on the initiative of the Memorial Society from the Solovetsky Islands, where the camp was located in the early 1920s special purpose, which marked the beginning of the Stalinist camp system.

Every year on the eve of the Day of Remembrance for Victims of Political Repression, activists of the human rights center "Memorial" read the names of those repressed.

Hundreds of people also gathered to honor the memory and read out the names of those killed on Butovo training ground near Moscow, where they were held mass executions victims Stalin's repressions. In Butovo, Moscow, such a memorial event was held for the first time. Commemorative events were also held in Tula, Norilsk and many other cities of Russia. In Blagoveshchensk-on-Amur there were victims of repression, and the capital's Museum of the History of the Gulag on a special website published the names of almost 10 thousand people shot in Moscow in 1937-1938.

In St. Petersburg, the Solovetsky Stone was installed on Trinity Square in 2002. Every year, on the Day of Remembrance of Victims of Political Repression, a rally of relatives of the repressed is held at the Solovetsky Stone.

Russian President Vladimir Putin instructed the Moscow government, together with the Russian Presidential Administration and the Presidential Council for Human Rights (HRC), to submit proposals on the project and location of erecting a monument to the victims of political repression in Moscow. Monument to the victims of political repression in Moscow on Sakharov Avenue in 2016, the design of the monument will be chosen open competition, the winner of which will be announced on the Day of Remembrance for Victims of Political Repression on October 30, 2015.

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources

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Today is the day of remembrance of the victims of political repression. On October 30, 1974, prisoners of the Mordovian and Perm camps went on a hunger strike to protest against political repression in the USSR and against the inhumane conditions of detention in prisons and camps. 17 years later, in post-Soviet Russia, this date acquired the official status of Remembrance Day.

Russia pays tribute to the victims of political repression. Muscovites with flowers come to the Wall of Sorrow, a memorial opened exactly a year ago.

“They walked to this monument long years, because the initiative arose both under Khrushchev and in the 80s and early 90s, and only now this monument has appeared,” says Roman Romanov, director of the Gulag Museum.

This type of rail was used by guards at Gulag camps to wake up prisoners. Now this sound is heard in the Russian capital as a sign of memory and grief for the victims of repression. Besides politicians and public figures, today the relatives of those whose destinies were affected by the skating rink of the Great Terror also come here. And they say that this simply has no right to be forgotten.

“Innocent people. I think the most loyal people to their country were there. Including my father. He came here to build communism or socialism. In order for him to be sentenced to 10 years, and then another seven years,” says Irina Nusomova, Muscovite.

And Tomsk, on the Day of Remembrance for Victims of Political Repression, joined the “Return of Names” campaign, which simultaneously takes place in more than 30 cities of Russia and neighboring countries.

“The repressions began as soon as the Bolsheviks came to power, and they did not stop until Stalin’s death. They continued after that - only selectively. They are still going on selectively, these repressions against oppositionists and people protesting against certain actions of the authorities,” says a historian from Tomsk Victor Kiselev.

At the Stone of Sorrow next to the NKVD Investigation Prison museum, a Prayer of Memory was heard - for the first time funeral service Metropolitan Rostislav of Tomsk and Asinovsk spoke about those who died during the years of great terror.

“First of all, it's memory. What can we do - pray and read the names,” says Efrosinya Semenova, student of the Theological Seminary.

The names of Tomsk residents were read for four hours - until eight o'clock in the evening - everyone lined up in a live line to read out the names and surnames from the lists of those who were shot in the 1930s on Tomsk soil. Some Tomsk residents came to the Stone of Sorrow with portraits of repressed relatives.

“I have a grandfather whom I never saw, he was shot under Article 58. I learned about this, of course, from my father, Viktor Feliksovich Trusevich. I found many documents stating that he was shot in 1937. And here’s a photograph - that’s all we can see,” says Lyudmila Bargus, granddaughter of a repressed person.

“The history that happened to our country should not be repeated. And if we don’t have memory, then anything can happen to us personally and to the country,” he believes Tamara Meshcheryakova, resident of Tomsk.

That’s why we are here today,” say Russians gathered at the monuments to victims of repression.

Yaroslav Steshyk, Larisa Konovalova, Belsat

The population of Russia was unable to escape political repression, and these bloody events will forever remain in the annals of the country's history. Hundreds of thousands of people were subjected to brutal reprisals, executed, exiled to camps, exile, special settlements. Relatives of those repressed also suffered. It is in honor of preserving the memory of those terrible years and this holiday was established.

When is it celebrated?

The Day of Remembrance for Victims of Political Repression is celebrated in Russia on October 30. The date was set by the corresponding Resolution of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR dated October 18, 1991 No. 1763/1-1. The document was ratified by the First Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR R.I. Khasbulatov. In 2019, the event is celebrated at the official level for the 29th time.

Who's celebrating

On this memorable day in Russia we remember everyone who was subjected to political repression for their beliefs on national, social and other grounds and became a victim of tyranny totalitarian state. The event is celebrated by the entire population of the country.

history of the holiday

On October 30, 1974, a joint hunger strike was held between prisoners of the Mordovian and Perm camps. It was announced as a sign of protest against ongoing repression and humiliating, inhumane treatment of political prisoners in prisons and camps. Subsequently, similar hunger strikes took place annually on October 30, and starting in 1987, demonstrations began to be held in cities.

On October 30, 1989, almost 3,000 citizens with lit candles, symbolizing the memory of the innocent victims, closed a “living circle” around the Committee building state security USSR, and then moved to Pushkin Square to hold a rally.

It was this date that was chosen by the Supreme Council of the RSFSR as the celebration of the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repression.

Everyone is familiar with the photograph with Stalin and the girl sitting in his arms “Stalin and Gelya”. The parents of this girl (Geli Markizova) were among those repressed. The father was shot, and the mother and daughter were exiled. After this, the inscriptions were changed on all works made from this photograph. Instead of the usual one, “Stalin and Mamlakat” appeared. The story of this pioneer, Mamlakat Nakhangova, was also invented.

In 1918, 3,000 clergy came under repression. All of them were shot.

In the period from 1938 to 1941. More than 35,000 people out of 38,900 repressed were shot.

Rows Soviet army were also purged. About 45% of the military commanders were considered politically unreliable.

The period of time from 1937 to 1938 became the bloodiest in the history of the state. According to official statistics, more than 1.5 million people were arrested; 1.3 million were convicted by non-judicial authorities and almost 700 thousand were executed. On July 5, 1937, the Politburo decided that the wives and children of “enemies of the people” should also be “punished.” Wives were arrested and sent to camps for a minimum term of 5 years, and children were sent to camp colonies of the NKVD or to special regime orphanages.

Officially, this day was established by the resolution of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR dated October 18, 1991 “On the establishment of the Day of Remembrance for Victims of Political Repression.”

According to the law “On the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression,” political repression is recognized as various coercive measures applied by the state for political reasons, in the form of deprivation of life or liberty, placement for compulsory treatment in psychiatric hospitals, deportation from the country and deprivation of citizenship, eviction of population groups from places of residence, referral to exile, deportation and special settlements, involvement in forced labor under conditions of restriction of freedom, as well as other deprivation or restriction of rights and freedoms.

The peak of repression occurred in 1937-1938, when, according to official data, more than 1.5 million people were arrested on political charges, 1.3 million were convicted by extrajudicial authorities, and about 700 thousand were shot. The concept of “enemy of the people” entered the everyday life of Soviet people. By decision of the Politburo on July 5, 1937, the wives of “enemies of the people” were imprisoned in camps for a period of at least 5-8 years. Children of “enemies of the people” were either sent to camp colonies of the NKVD or placed in special regime orphanages.

The total number of people subjected to repression not in a judicial (or quasi-judicial) manner, but in an administrative manner, is 6.5-7 million people.

Rehabilitation of victims of political repression began in the USSR in 1954. In the mid-1960s, this work was curtailed and resumed only in the late 1980s.

In 1992, the Presidential Commission for the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression was created.

On March 14, 1996, the President of the Russian Federation issued a decree “On measures for the rehabilitation of clergy and believers who have become victims of unjustified repression.”

Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev approved the concept of perpetuating the memory of victims of political repression. The concept will be implemented in two stages: the first stage - 2015-2016, the second - 2017-2019. Within the framework of the adopted concept, in particular, the creation of educational and educational programs, the creation of conditions for free access of users to archival documents and other materials, as well as the development and implementation of effective public policy in the field of perpetuating the memory of victims of political repression, as well as active patriotism. The Presidential Council for Human Rights (HRC) has developed a bill in the field of perpetuating the memory of victims of political repression.

On October 30, 1990, the Solovetsky Stone was opened on Lubyanka Square in Moscow, brought to Moscow on the initiative of the Memorial society from the Solovetsky Islands, where in the early 1920s there was a special-purpose camp that laid the foundation for the Stalinist camp system.

Every year on the eve of the Day of Remembrance for Victims of Political Repression, activists of the human rights center "Memorial" read the names of those repressed.

Hundreds of people also gathered to honor the memory and read out the names of those killed at the Butovo training ground near Moscow, where mass executions of victims of Stalin's repressions were carried out. In Butovo, Moscow, such a memorial event was held for the first time. Commemorative events were also held in Tula, Norilsk and many other cities of Russia. In Blagoveshchensk-on-Amur there were victims of repression, and the capital's Museum of the History of the Gulag on a special website published the names of almost 10 thousand people shot in Moscow in 1937-1938.

Russian President Vladimir Putin instructed the Moscow government, together with the Russian Presidential Administration and the Presidential Council for Human Rights (HRC), to submit proposals on the project and location of erecting a monument to the victims of political repression in Moscow. A monument to the victims of political repression in Moscow on Sakharov Avenue in 2016, the design of the monument will be chosen in an open competition, the winner of which will be announced on the Day of Remembrance for the Victims of Political Repression on October 30, 2015.

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources