Which river is the Irtysh a tributary of? The Irtysh River is the largest tributary in the world

Holds several more length records. The Irtysh and Ob have the longest length among the rivers of Russia, while occupying second place in Eurasia and seventh in the world. In addition, the Irtysh River is the world's largest tributary river, pushing the American Missouri into second place. The source of the Irtysh is in China, the river runs for more than half a thousand kilometers through this country, then, crossing the border, seventeen hundred kilometers flows through the territory of Kazakhstan, and the remaining two thousand kilometers through the territory of Russia.

When looking at the map, it is clear that, rather, it is not the Irtysh that is a tributary of the Ob, but the Ob that is a tributary of the Irtysh. Since at the confluence the Irtysh River flowed in one direction and continues to flow, but the Ob, on the contrary, sharply changes its direction. Most likely, the fact is that, while mastering the Russians, they first fixed the hydronym Ob, and only later - the name Irtysh, mistakenly considering it a tributary. Since then, it has been fixed on maps: to consider the Irtysh as a tributary of the Ob. Although it would be more logical, given the length, to either give the name Ob to the river from the source of the Irtysh, and call that part of the hydraulic system that is called Ob before meeting the Irtysh something else, or call the entire river Irtysh: from the source in China to the mouth V

But it’s not for nothing that they say: Once they were recorded on maps and in documents - and that’s it, it remained that way for centuries.

The Irtysh River is predominantly flat, only in the upper reaches it flows in mountainous areas. The average one is very small - three centimeters per kilometer of length. The catchment area is one million six hundred forty-three thousand square kilometers.

The flat nature of the river made it almost impossible to use it as a source of electricity: the construction of a hydroelectric power station here is extremely difficult. Today there is one cascade of hydroelectric power stations in Kazakhstan, and not far from Omsk, construction of the Krasnogorsk hydroelectric complex began in 2010. For such a deep and long river, this is a drop in the ocean.

The largest tributary of the Irtysh is the Ishim. This river, flowing through Kazakhstan and Russia, has a length of 2,450 kilometers. The capital of Kazakhstan, Astana, is located on Ishim. This left tributary of the Irtysh has a very large catchment area - almost one hundred and eighty thousand square kilometers. Ishim is navigable from Petropavlovsk to its confluence with the Irtysh.

Another major tributary of the Irtysh is the Tobol. Its length is a little more than one and a half thousand kilometers. The Tobol is navigable for 470 kilometers from its confluence with the Irtysh. Several reservoirs have been built on Tobol, with the help of which water flow is regulated during the spring flood. The Tobol, as a tributary of the Irtysh, gave its name to a large Russian city Tobolsk. There are also two regional centers on Tobol: Kustanai (in Kazakhstan) and Kurgan (in Russia), and several smaller cities: Lisakovsk, Rudny, Yalutorovsk.

The Irtysh, which belongs to the basin, is the habitat of many valuable fish species. Here full set for every taste: salmon (muksun, nelma, some others), sturgeon (Siberian sturgeon), and a large number of less “noble” fish: pike, perch, crucian carp, pike perch, ruff, rudd, and many others.

There are also attractions on the Irtysh. Not only is the river an object. There is also a paleontological monument called “Goose Flight”, and history buffs should visit the place where the small river Vagai flows into the Irtysh. It was there, according to legend, that the conqueror of Siberia, Ataman Ermak, died.

Irtysh (Kazakh Ertis, Chinese - É"ěrqísī hé) is a river in China, Kazakhstan and Russia, the left, main, tributary of the Ob. The length of the Irtysh is 4248 km, which exceeds the length of the Ob itself. The Irtysh, together with the Ob, is the longest watercourse in Russia, the second longest in Asia and the sixth in the world (5410 km).

The Irtysh is the longest tributary river in the world (the Missouri is in second place). It flows through the territory of China (525 km), Kazakhstan (1700 km) and Russia (2010 km). The basin area is 1643 thousand km².

banks of the Irtysh River

The sources of the Irtysh are located on the border of Mongolia and China, on the eastern slopes of the Mongolian Altai ridge. From China, under the name Black Irtysh, Ertsisyhe, it enters Kazakhstan, passes through the Zaisan depression, and flows into the flowing lake Zaisan. At the mouth of the Black Irtysh there is a large delta. Many rivers flow into Zaisan from Rudny Altai, the Tarbagatai and Saur ridges. Repeatedly strengthened by these waters, the Irtysh flows from Lake Zaisan to the northwest through the Bukhtarminskaya hydroelectric power station, the city of Serebryansk and next to it the located Ust-Kamenogorsk hydroelectric power station. Downstream are the Shulbinskaya hydroelectric station and the city of Semey. Just above Pavlodar, the Irtysh water is taken by the Irtysh-Karaganda canal, flowing to the west. In the region of Khanty-Mansiysk, the Irtysh flows into the Ob.

Irtysh river, Abalaka monastery

MONGOLIAN ALTAI

Mongolian Altai - mountain system in the southeastern part of Altai, located on the border between Mongolia and China. It consists of several ridges separated by valleys, stretching for 1000 km from southeast to northwest. The width varies from 150 km to 300 km, highest point— Mount Munkh-Khairkhan-Ula (4362 m).

The tops of the ridges are plateau-shaped and covered with glaciers, the total area of ​​which is 830 km². Most of them, including the largest Potanin glacier, are located in the Tavan-Bogdo-Ula massif. The ridges are mainly composed of crystalline schists, porphyries, porphyrites and granites. On the moist slopes of the southwestern side there are meadows and forests, on the dry northeastern slopes there are steppes and semi-deserts.

The mountain system of the Mongolian Altai in the north approaches the highlands of the Altai Republic, in the west and south there are semi-deserts and deserts of Dzungaria and Gobi, and the entire northeastern part of the system borders on the semi-deserts of the Great Lakes Basin. In the east of the Mongolian Altai there is the Alag-Nur depression, which separates it from the lower Gobi Altai (altitude up to 3900 m). At the northwestern extremity of the ridge is Kanas Lake.

Black Irtysh

Black Irtysh (Chinese - É"ěrqísī hé (Kālā-É"ěrqísī hé); Kazakh: Kara Ertis) - the upper reaches of the Irtysh River, from its source to its confluence with Lake Zaisan.

One of the names of the upper tributaries of the Irtysh is the Turkic Kara-Irtsis, “Black Irtysh”, which is used in this name not in the meaning of black, but in the sense of earth, that is, Kara-Irtsis is the Irtysh, starting from a spring (from the earth).

Water from the Black Irtysh enters the center of the oil and gas industry of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the city of Karamay, through the Black Irtysh-Karamay canal, more than 300 km long and 22 meters wide (26% of the Irtysh’s water content). Part of the Black Irtysh runoff enters Lake Ulyungur, as a result of which the area of ​​the lake is Lately increased by 200 km². Officially, China selects more than 2 km³ per year for the Black Irtysh - Karamay channel.

The Irtysh-Urumqi canal is aimed at supplying water to the Tarim Basin, where large oil and gas deposits have been discovered.

On the territory of Kazakhstan there is the only bridge across the Black Irtysh in the area of ​​​​the village of Buran.

Mouth of the Irtysh River, Ob River

Hydrology of the Irtysh River

The Irtysh's nutrition is mixed: in the upper reaches there is snow, glacial and less rain; in the lower reaches there is snow, rain and soil. The nature of the water regime also changes significantly. In the upper reaches, the flood begins in April, maximum in April - June, the decline lasts until October; The river flow is regulated. In the lower reaches there is high water from late May to September, with a maximum in June. 50% of the annual runoff occurs in the spring, in the upper reaches the share of runoff in summer and autumn is 20%, in winter 10%, in Tobolsk it is 27%, 19% and 7%, respectively. The average flow at Ust-Kamenogorsk is 628 m³/s, Semey is about 960 m³/s, Omsk is 917 m³/s, Tobolsk is 2150 m³/s, at the mouth is about 3000 m³/s, the annual flow is about 95 km³. The range of level fluctuations above Lake Zaisan is 4.4 m, near Omsk 7 m, Ust-Ishim 12.7 m, decreasing towards the mouth.

The total catchment area is 1,643,000 km². The slope is about 0.03 m per kilometer.

Freeze-up on the Irtysh is preceded by ice drift lasting about 20 days in the upper reaches and 6-10 days in the lower reaches. It freezes in the upper reaches at the end of November, in the lower reaches at the beginning of November, and opens in April.

Water composition

The river water is fresh and soft. Water mineralization varies depending on the season from 136-253 mg/m3. dm in floods up to 300-324 mg/cubic. dm in winter, increasing along the length of the Irtysh from south to north to Ust-Ishim, beyond Omsk region decreases slightly until it flows into the Ob. The salt composition of the Irtysh is calcium bicarbonate, less often sodium.

Vegetable and animal world

The Irtysh is home to representatives of sturgeons (Siberian sturgeon, sterlet), salmonids (nelma, muksun, Siberian vendace), cyprinids (ide, carp, bream, roach, rudd, dace, silver and golden carp, etc.), pike (pike), perch (perch, pike perch, ruff), cod (burbot).

Tobolsk, mouth of the Tobol River

Tributaries: Kalzhir, Kurchum, Narym, Bukhtarma, Ulba, Uba, Kyzylsu, Char, Tobol, Kamyshlovka, Om, Tara, Uy, Shish, Ishim, Osha, Shagan, Konda, Usolka, Vagai.

Settlements

Cities on the Irtysh from source to mouth:

Kyoktokai (Fuyun), Burchun (all - China),

Serebryansk, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Semey, Kurchatov, Aksu, Pavlodar (all - Kazakhstan),

Omsk, Tara, Tobolsk, Khanty-Mansiysk (all - Russia).

Economic use

The waters of the Irtysh are used to feed the Irtysh-Karaganda canal (water intake from the Irtysh into the canal averages 75 m³/s), for water supply and irrigation.

Regular navigation for 3,784 km from the downstream of the Ust-Kamenogorsk hydroelectric power station to the mouth. Navigation from April to November.

Currently, OJSC Irtysh Shipping Company operates multi-day passenger routes on the Omsk-Salekhard lines (via Tobolsk and Khanty-Mansiysk). During the three-month navigation period, the motor ships “Chernyshevsky” and “Rodina” sail along this route.

Today, this is one of the few surviving river passenger routes in Russia.

Below Lake Zaisan on the Irtysh, the Irtysh cascade of hydroelectric power stations was built, which includes the Bukhtarminskaya, Ust-Kamenogorsk and Shulbinskaya hydroelectric power stations.

In 2010, a project was developed for the construction of a low-pressure dam north of Omsk - the Krasnogorsk hydroelectric complex. The project is being implemented under the target program of the Omsk region “Construction of the Krasnogorsk water-lifting hydroelectric complex on the Irtysh River.”

Attractions

Along the Irtysh and in its environs there are a large number of natural monuments, historical monuments and architectural monuments, objects of ecological and geological tourism.

In the Pavlodar region, on the banks of the Irtysh, there is a unique paleontological monument “Goose Flight”.

Irtysh river in the city of Omsk

General information

The Irtysh is a transboundary river flowing through the territory of China, Kazakhstan and Russia and is the third longest river in Russia; the largest left tributary of the river. Obi.

The Irtysh originates from glaciers on the southwestern slopes of the Mongolian Altai, to lake. The Zaisan flows under the name Black Irtysh, preserving the features of a mountain river.

The flow of the Irtysh in the upper reaches is regulated by the Bukhtarminsky, Ust-Kamenogorsky and Shulbinsky reservoirs (Republic of Kazakhstan).

The river basin is located primarily on one of the largest plains in the world - West Siberian.

In the Omsk region, the Irtysh is the largest, lowland river, simultaneously serving as the main water transport route, the main source of water supply and wastewater receiver for the city of Omsk and many other settlements, as well as an economic, fishing, recreational and tourist facility.

The Irtysh crosses the Omsk region from the south-east to the north-west along Novovarshavsky, Cherlaksky, Tavrichesky, Omsky, Lyubinsky, Sargatsky, Gorky, Bolsherechensky, Muromtsevo, Tarsky, Znamensky, Tevrizsky and Ust-Ishimsky districts.

The total length of the river is 4248 km, the length within Russia is 2084 km /7/, within the borders of the Omsk region - 1132 km.

The total catchment area is 1,643,000 sq. km.

The slope is about 0.03 m per kilometer.

The average long-term water consumption per year (at the Omsk site) is 820 cubic meters. m/s (2009, /1/). The river's feeding is mixed, mainly snow.

In the southern part of the Omsk region, from the border with Kazakhstan to the city of Omsk, the Irtysh has no permanent tributaries.

In Omsk and to the north it receives a number of tributaries, the largest of which are: on the right - Om, Tara, Uy, Shish, Tui, on the left - Ishim, Osha, Bolshoy Aev.

Irtysh river in Omsk region

Hydrological characteristics

The Irtysh River has an incised and well-formed valley (incision from 45-50 m in the south to 80 m in the north of the Omsk region), within which there are four above-floodplain and floodplain terraces.

The water line mark above sea level on the southern border of the region is 81 m, near the city of Omsk - 68 m, and in the north, near the village of Malaya Bicha - 41 m above sea level /9/.

From Semipalatinsk to Omsk, the Irtysh flows in the steppe zone along a valley 5 to 19 km wide, which narrows to 2 km when approaching Omsk. The floodplain consists of flooded meadows, with channels, oxbow lakes and small lakes. The indigenous right bank (9-25 m) is universally higher than the left. The river bed is slightly sinuous, with an average tortuosity coefficient of 1.23. Average fall 7 cm/km.

The channel is characterized by multiple branches, the islands are low, covered with thickets of small bushes. The width of the channel increases as it approaches Omsk from 0.2 to 0.9 km. Depths on reaches are 3-6 m, on riffles even in the most dry years - at least 1 m. Current speed at high levels 4.5-5.1 km/h, during low water - 3.0-3.5 km/h /7/.

The soils of the riverbed are sandy and, in some places, clayey.

After the confluence of the river. The Omi Irtysh becomes more powerful, the character of the valley and riverbed changes dramatically. The river valley on the right is limited over a considerable distance by a high bedrock bank (Priirtyshsky ridge, then the Tobolsk continent) with a height of 20-60 m, which either approaches the river itself or is several kilometers away. The high ravines approaching the Irtysh are cut by deep ravines, ravines, and gullies up to several kilometers long.

On the left side the valley, gradually rising, merges with the plain.

The width of the floodplain reaches 6-8 km. The river bed is slightly winding. The tortuosity coefficient is 2.5, the average fall is 4.1 cm/km. The width of the channel from Omsk to Tara is 0.8 km, from Tara to Tobolsk 0.3-0.9 km.

The average current speed from Omsk to Tobolsk ranges from 2.5 km/h during low water to 4.1 km/h during high water /8/. The bed soil is predominantly sandy, in places clayey. The depth on the reaches reaches 6-15 m.

Depths on the rapids during low-water periods do not fall below 2 m, with the exception of the Zakhlaminsky, Kharinsky and Nikolaevsky rapids, where in low-water years they decrease to 1.4 - 1.7 m.

In the spring, ice drifts lasting 4-7 days, and jams form at sharp turns and in places where the riverbed branches into branches. The flood usually begins in the first half of April and ends at the end of July (in the area of ​​Omsk) - end of August (in the village of Ust-Ishim).

The maximum flood is observed in the second half of May, after the river has been cleared of ice, in some years maximum levels observed during ice drift. The average duration of a flood is 120-130 days, the volume of runoff during a flood reaches 60-70% of the annual one.

During spring floods, the river often changes its course, leaving numerous narrow and long oxbow lakes in the floodplain.

The period of summer-autumn low water is 50-70 days. During the low-water period, one or two, sometimes four, rain floods occur; in some years there are no floods.

The annual amplitude of fluctuations in water levels on the river increases from south to north along the current and varies from 3.3 m in the upper reaches to 6.5 m in the middle reaches and 8.2 m in the lower reaches /8/. The most flood-prone areas include the right bank tributaries of the Irtysh in the northern regions of the Omsk region, areas in the area of ​​the city of Tara, the village of Cherlak and the floodplain of the river. Irtysh in the region of Omsk. The waters of the Irtysh flood the floodplain lands of the Novovarshavsky, Tarsky, Tevrizky, Znamensky, and Ust-Ishimsky districts.

During the period of ice formation, ice formation occurs throughout the river, except for reservoirs. inland ice and sugs. Freeze-up is usually preceded by ice drift of 5-9 days. Winter low water is stable, with an average duration of 140-160 days. The regime of the river in winter depends on the regime of water discharge (release) from hydraulic structures in the upper reaches of the Irtysh.

Kazakhstan, Bukhtarma reservoir

The Irtysh crosses various natural areas, therefore the hydrological nature of the river regime is very diverse.

Since 1960, the cascade of the above-mentioned reservoirs has had a significant impact on the river regime. The Irtysh floodplain in the steppe and forest-steppe zones was especially affected.

The floodplain dried out, which led to the development of salinization and waterlogging processes. A significant part of its territory today belongs to meadow soils; pasture lands that provide feed for the region’s livestock have disappeared.

The hydrological regime of the Irtysh in the region of Omsk has changed greatly as a result of active anthropogenic impact: irreversible extraction and sale of riverbed sand for construction needs and dredging of riffles. This led to an intensive decrease in water levels and the river bottom within the city of Omsk.

Water intakes for municipal and technical water supply, wastewater outlets, siphon crossings, embankments, and mooring facilities found themselves in unsatisfactory operating conditions. river port. Irreversible extraction of sand from the Irtysh bed in the area from the village of Novaya Stanitsa to the village.

Beregovaya was banned in 1985, in the area from the village. Ust-Zaostrovka to the village. Chernoluchye - in 1986 /1/, however, illegal sand mining continues to this day.

Hydrochemical composition of water, pollution

The river water is fresh and soft. Water mineralization varies depending on the time of year from 136-253 mg/m3. dm in high water up to 300-324 mg/cubic. dm in winter. Mineralization gradually increases along the length of the Irtysh from south to north to the village. Ust-Ishim, outside the Omsk region, decreases slightly until it flows into the river. Ob, which is associated with the flow of water from tributaries with different mineralization /1/.

The salt composition of the Irtysh is calcium bicarbonate, less often sodium. All tributaries of the Irtysh also have a hydrocarbonate calcium, less often magnesium or sodium composition of water, but differ somewhat in the amount of mineralization. The waters of the northern right tributaries are very fresh with a mineralization of 0.2-0.5 g/cu. dm. The waters of the left tributaries are fresh, with a mineralization of 0.5 - 0.9 g/cu. dm /9/.

On the Irtysh there are 11 hydrological posts of the State Institution “Omsk Central Hydrometeorological Survey-R”, at which hydrological (in full or partial) and hydrochemical (at 7 posts) observations are carried out. Water quality control is also carried out by the Office of Rospotrebnadzor in the Omsk Region, taking water from the river. Irtysh samples for chemical analysis at the water intake site of MUP Vodokanal (Pad village) once a month in winter and 2 times a month in summer. In the summer, observations are made of water quality in the river. Irtysh in the areas of 7 city beaches.

In general, the water of the river The Irtysh River within the region is assessed as “polluted” or “very polluted” and cannot be used for drinking without preliminary purification (water quality is assessed according to the specific combinatorial water pollution index (SCIWI), which is a relative comprehensive indicator of the degree of pollution of surface waters and conditionally evaluates in the form of a dimensionless number, the share of the polluting effect contributed to the overall degree of water pollution, due to the simultaneous presence of a number of pollutants).

Typical pollutants are difficult to oxidize organic matter(according to COD), easily oxidized organic substances (according to BOD5), compounds of iron, copper, zinc, manganese, phenols, petroleum products. More detailed, annually updated information can be read in the “Information Bulletin on the state of surface water bodies, water management systems and structures in the Omsk Region” /1/.

Kazakhstan, bridge near Semipalatinsk

Exogenous geological processes

Along the banks of the Irtysh River and the Om and Tara tributaries, exogenous geological processes (EGP) of the gravitational group (landslide processes and lateral river erosion) are observed. They are especially common along the right bank of the river. Irtysh on the slopes of the Irtysh ridge from the village. Lezhanka to the village Kartashevo, as evidenced by numerous relict and modern landslide bodies in the form of stepped terraces. The greatest impact within the boundaries of populated areas is noted in the river. c. Cherlak, suburbs of Omsk, r. p. Bolsherechye, Tara, r. p. Tevriz, s. Ust-Ishim. Bank protection is being carried out in the Cherlaksky, Bolsherechensky, Ust-Ishimsky districts, but their pace and volume are extremely insufficient. Noteworthy is the positive experience of the administration of the Ust-Ishim region, which uses decommissioned metal ship hulls to protect coastal buildings in the village. Ust-Ishim, exposed to wave action /1/.

Gully erosion on the right bank of the river. The Irtysh is distributed almost everywhere. To a large extent, gully formation processes are provoked by anthropogenic impact.

According to the regime observations of the Territorial Center for State Monitoring of the State of Subsoil of OJSC Omsk State Expedition of Energy at 4 sites (Cherlaksky, Omsky, Nizhneomsky, Lisinsky) along the right bank of the river. Irtysh over the past nine years has been observed The general trend reducing the intensity of landslide processes and increasing the activity of gully erosion. The forecast for 2010-2012 is similar: an increase in the activity of gully erosion with a simultaneous decrease in the intensity of development of landslide processes and lateral river erosion (the forecast was compiled taking into account the cyclical nature of natural processes without taking into account man-made ones (man-made changes in relief, the influence of dredging on rivers and the duration of discharge river waters Bukhtarminskaya hydroelectric power station and others on the Irtysh River) and anomalous natural factors) /9/.

Unique natural sites

Certain sections of the high steep right bank of the river. Irtysh are identified as unique natural geological objects:

“Beshchaul outcrop” (Beshchaul village district, Nizhneomsky district),

Chersky Coast (Novaya Stanitsa district, Omsk district),

“Exposure of the Dravert coast” (Lezhanka village district, Gorky district),

“Failure of the earth” (Serebryanoye village district, Gorky district),

“Kartashovsky Yar” (district of the village of Kartashovo, Muromtsevo district).

In the floodplain of the Irtysh, on the border of the central and southern subzones of the forest-steppe zone, there is a state landscape (complex) reserve of regional significance “Floodplain Lyubinskaya” (Lyubinsky district).

mouth of the Irtysh River, Khanty-Mansiysk

Water protection zone of the river Irtysh

In 1996, the Omskgrazhdanproekt Institute developed a scheme for the planning organization of the territory in the water protection zone (WZ) of the river. Irtysh and r. Om within the borders of Omsk. The project was reviewed by the Omsk Town Planning Council, but not approved.

Project for establishing a water protection zone and coastal protective strip of the river. The Irtysh within the borders of the Omsk region was developed by Omskvodproekt in 1996; not approved. The minimum dimensions of the boundaries of the EZ and PP were approved by Resolution of the Regional Executive Committee dated 09/05/1989 No. 241-p.

Within the water protection zone of the Irtysh, pollution from industrial and household waste, placement of parking lots, unauthorized construction /1/.

Economic use of the Irtysh

In 2009 from the river. 269.45 million cubic meters were taken from the Irtysh as the main source of water supply in the Omsk region. m of water, which is 93.8% of the total intake, 189.65 million cubic meters were discharged into the Irtysh. m (97.0% of the total discharge). Over five years, the volume of water intake from the Irtysh decreased by 11.6% due to a decrease in water use for industrial needs, agricultural water supply, and household and drinking needs /1/.

To the river bed and floodplain. The Irtysh River is home to 26 construction sand deposits, located mainly within the Omsk and Cherlak regions. In 2010, sand production from 9 fields amounted to 1.073 million cubic meters. m.

To modern floodplain deposits and sub-channel deposits of the river. The Irtysh River is home to 10 explored and assessed deposits (areas) of drinking groundwater with reserves ranging from 3.0 to 160.0 thousand cubic meters. m/day. Currently, none of these areas are in operation /9/.

More than 30 species of fish live in the Irtysh within the Omsk region, including species listed in the Red Book of the Omsk region - Siberian sturgeon, nelma, Siberian sculpin goby, rare species- sterlet, muksun, Siberian vendace, as well as peled, ide, bream, pike perch, pike, burbot, perch, river minnow, Siberian spiny loach, common loach, etc.; more than 10 species of commercial fish.

There are 53 water intakes, 16 water treatment facilities, 47 outlets, and 16 treatment facilities on the Irtysh. Within the borders of the Omsk region on the river. There are 3 ports in the Irtysh - Omsky, Tarsky, Ust-Ishimsky; 5 large marinas - Cherlakskaya, Bolsherechenskaya, Znamenskaya, Ust-Shish, Tevriz; as well as 118 piers; 20 crossings, 7 bridges, including 2 railway (data for 2009).

The largest settlements, located along the banks of the Irtysh within the Omsk region, are the cities of Omsk and Tara, as well as centers municipal districts: R. p. Cherlak, r. p. Novovarshavka, r. Bolshereche village, Tara, village. Znamenskoye, r. p. Tevriz, s. Ust-Ishim.

NATURAL MONUMENT - VASYUGAN SWAMPS

In western Siberia, between the Irtysh and Ob rivers, lie some of the largest swamps in the world. This is one of the main sources of fresh water for the region. Tourists rarely visit these places: few people risk wandering through the vast expanses flooded with water, although in most places the swamps are not deep. Of course, rare species of birds and animals live in these wild places.

However, anyone can walk through the swamps for many days in a row: among the endless fields of water there are quite dry islands covered with forest. But for lighting a fire you will face a huge fine: such human intervention causes considerable damage to the ecosystem of these places.

Unfortunately, the preservation of the reserve is under threat, since swamps are not only fresh water and rich wildlife, but also reserves of peat, oil and natural gas. So far, no industrial development is being carried out in this area, but the development of mineral resources may begin in coming years. From this point of view, the nearby Baikonur cosmodrome is no less harmful, since substances from launch vehicles get into the water.

WATERWAYS OF THE IRTYSH RIVER

Physiographic characteristics of the river.

The Irtysh River within Russia flows through the East Kazakhstan Semipalatinsk and Pavlodar regions of Kazakhstan, as well as through the Omsk and Tyumen regions. The administrative centers of the above regions are located on the banks of the Irtysh, except for the city of Tyumen, located on the Ture River. In the lower reaches of the river. Irtysh is the center of the huge Khanty-Mansiysk national district Tyumen region- Khanty-Mansiysk. On the rivers of the basin there are such regional cities of Kazakhstan as Tselinograd and Petropavlovsk (on the Ishim River), Kustanai (on the Tobol River), and such regional cities of Russia as Kurgan (on the Tobol River), Chelyabinsk (on the Miass River) and Yekaterinburg (on the Iset River).

For most of its course from Semipalatinsk to the mouth (about 2900 km) of the river. The Irtysh flows along West Siberian Lowland.

Within the upper third of the river, stretching about 1,500 km (to the city of Semipalatinsk), there is a fairly dense network of mountain tributaries flowing from the Altai forts, including rivers such as Kuchum, Bukhtarma and Uba. After the confluence of the river on the right. Tulbinki (2990 km) and on the left the river. Shagan (2801 km) r. The Irtysh does not receive any significant inflow to the river mouth. Omi (1871 km). Along this length, huge areas of internal flow are adjacent to the river on both sides, amounting to 521,000 km or 31.7 catchment areas of the river basin. Irtysh.

Below the river mouth In general, the Omi has a fairly developed river network, gradually increasing downstream. A number of tributaries of the Irtysh are long and have a significant catchment area.

The Irtysh River originates from glaciers on the southwestern slopes of the Mongolian Altai (in China). Before flowing into Lake Zaisan, which became part of the Bukhtarma Reservoir, the river is called the Black Irtysh. From the border with China (3721 km) river. The Black Irtysh flows for 144 km through sandy-clayey anhydrous steppe.

Having an average fall of 25 cm/km. The height of the banks here is usually 2-4 m. In some places, dune sands approach the banks and heavily clog the riverbed, and the height of the banks can increase to 7-8 m. In some areas, clay ridges approach the banks, forming coastal cliffs up to 25 m high. The river bed is sandy, and below the river mouth. Kaldzhir (3716 km) is rocky, with rapids quite often found here.

Bukhtarma Reservoir.

The reservoir is formed by the waterproof structures of the Bukhtarma hydroelectric complex, located slightly below the river. Bukhturmy.

The hydroelectric complex was put into operation in 1976. It consists of: a retaining-type hydroelectric power station building with a capacity of 675 thousand kW (9 hydraulic units), located on the left bank, a concrete dam consisting of a catchment and blind parts, a four-chamber shipping lock located in the rock mass of the right shores. The total length of the pressure front of the hydroelectric complex is 450 m, the design pressure is 67.5 m.

The Bukhtarma Reservoir is located in several areas of the East Kazakhstan and Semipalatinsk regions of Kazakhstan.

The type of flow regulation is perennial. Main water consumers and users: energy, fisheries, water transport, water supply. At the waterworks site, the catchment area is 141,680 km2, and the average long-term flow is 18.6 km3, including the spring flood runoff - 13.0 km3.

The low navigation level of the reservoir is 396.00 m. During a flood with a probability of exceeding 0.01%, the reservoir level is forced to 402.90 m.

The guaranteed depth of the navigation channel is 5.0 m. The maximum calculated height of wind waves on the reservoir is 2.8 m.

The ice regime of the reservoir is characterized by the following data: early freeze-up - 12/11, late - 13/12; clearing of ice earlier - 0/4, later - 12/5.

Below the Bukhtarma hydroelectric complex to the city of Ust-Kamenogorsk river. The Irtysh flows in the narrowest valley lying among the mountains. Most of This site is backed up by the Ust-Kamenogorsk reservoir created here.

Ust-Kamenogorsk reservoir.

The reservoir was created by water retaining structures of the Ust-Kamenskoye hydroelectric complex. The hydroelectric complex was built in 1953. It includes a retaining-type hydroelectric power station building located on the left bank with an installed capacity of 331 thousand kW (8 hydraulic units), a concrete spillway dam, and a single-chamber mine-type shipping lock located in the rock mass of the right bank. The total length of the pressure front is 390 m, the pressure is 42 m.

(Hydraulic unit) The Ust-Kamenogorsk reservoir is located in the Ulansky and Glubokovsky districts in the territory of the East Kazakhstan region of Kazakhstan, subordinate to the city of Zyryanovsk.

Daily flow regulation. Main water consumers and users: energy, water transport, water supply.

At the site of the hydroelectric complex, the catchment area is 146,600 km2, and the average long-term flow is 19.5 km3, including the spring flood flow of 13.0 km3.

The low navigation level of the reservoir is 330.00 m. During high water, with a probability of exceeding 0.01%, the reservoir level is forced to 337.00 m.

The maximum calculated height of wind waves on the reservoir is 2.2 m.

The ice regime of the reservoir is characterized by the following data: early freeze-up - 16/11, late - 19/11, early clearing of ice - 11/6, later - 28/4.

The Irtysh mountain river retains its features up to the city of Semipalatinsk (2903 km); the river bed in this part is stony, pebble and rocky in places.

Below the city of Semipalatinsk r. The Irtysh overlooks the West Siberian Lowland and is a flat river throughout its entire length. From Semipalatinsk to Omsk (1858 km) the river flows in the steppe zone, along a wide 5-19 km valley among low sandy shores. The channel, most often multi-branched, is located among wide, usually swampy floodplains. Near the city of Pavlodar (2441 km), the width of the channel reaches 200 m, and further downstream it increases and in some places is equal to 900 m. There are many riffles in the channel, there are rapids in some areas, and the shipping channel is narrow.

Somewhat higher than the city of Omsk, the river from the steppe zone passes into the forest-steppe zone, and then into the taiga zone, flowing in it to the very mouth. In this section, the river flows in a wide valley, with a floodplain wide up to 8 km. The soils composing the riverbed are mostly sandy, and in some places clayey. The channel is unstable, has a limited flow, its width is everywhere more than 500 m, and in some places it reaches 1000 m. Almost everywhere the right bank is higher than the left.

After the confluence of the river. Tobol (657 km), the water content of the river increases significantly. The width of the floodplain valley in some places reaches 20 km. At the confluence with the river. The Ob valley of the Irtysh river is connected to the valley of the river. Ob, reaching a width of 35 km. The channel in many places is divided into branches, forming large islands between them. The banks of this part of the river are made of loose rocks and are greatly destroyed under the influence of the flow: this especially happens with the high right bank. The river bed has a free fall.

Power supply, water and ice modes, pumps.

In the upper part of the basin, mountain snow and glaciers play a significant role in feeding the Irtysh River. As you move to the flat parts, the pain of snow feeding increases. At the same time, rain runoff from the left tributaries of the river becomes noticeable. Tobol flowing from the eastern slopes of the Ural ridge. A change in the type of its feeding along the length of a river leads to different characteristics of the water regime. In the upper part of the stream, the water regime of the river. The Irtysh is close to the Altai type. At the same time, the presence of the Bukhtarma reservoir evens out the uneven flow. When the river flows through the steppe zone, with negligible lateral flow, fluctuations in water level are even more smoothed out. As the river continues to flow and tributaries flow into it, the water regime becomes distinctly pronounced features West Siberian type. The confluence of such a large tributary as the Tobol further enhances these features: the spring flood stretches until late autumn, high water levels continue for more than 2 months, and the influence of rain floods becomes unnoticeable.

The highest water levels in the upper reaches of the river (Black Irtysh) occur on average on June 10. Below the Bukhtarminsky and Ust-Kamenogorsky hydroelectric complexes, the highest water levels are established during the spring flood from April 30, in the area of ​​the village. Shulba (2922 km) until June 30 at the mouth of the river.

Low summer water levels are primarily observed at the beginning of the lower third of the river on October 6 in the area of ​​the village. Tevriza (1154 km), in the lower reaches of the river they come on October 18, and in the upper reaches (within the Black Irtysh River) - on October 31.

The annual amplitude of fluctuations in water levels increases from top to bottom: in the upper reaches it is 3.3 m, in the middle reaches 6.5, in the lower reaches 8.2 m.

The average long-term water flow at the river mouth is 2803 m3, which corresponds to a runoff module of 1.7 l/s km.

Autumn ice formations on the river appear primarily in the mouth part, on average on November 1, then they gradually spread up the river, and by November 6 they usually reach the river. Black Irtysh.

During the initial period of ice formation, internal ice and slush form throughout the river (except for reservoirs). Autumn ice drift in the lower and middle parts of the river usually lasts 5-9 days, and in the upper parts up to 10-15 days. During autumn ice drift, ice jams often occur, which is accompanied by a rise in water levels in the river, and ice ice sometimes forms. The latter is especially typical for the section of the river above the city of Semipalatinsk.

In the spring, after 4-7 days of ice drift, which occurs during the rise of the flood, the river is cleared of ice, usually from top to bottom from April 13 to May 10. When ice drifts, congestion occurs in many sections of the river. The duration of physical navigation on the river decreases downstream from 207 to 176 days.

The turbidity of the Irtysh River is generally quite high; the average annual turbidity value is near the village. Shulba is usually equal to 104 g/m3 and downstream it increases to 138 g/m3 near the city of Omsk to 163 g/m3 near the city of Tobolsk.

Shipping and track works.

R. The Irtysh is used for navigation over a total length of 3,784 km from the village of Burana to the mouth of the river. Obi. Navigation is also possible above the village of Burana - to the border with the People's Republic of China.

All along the river. The Irtysh River, used for navigation, contains an illuminated navigation environment. For 3674 km, guaranteed dimensions of ship passages are maintained with a minimum depth of 200 cm within the artificial waterway; below they are only 105 cm and only from the village of Klin to the city of Omsk they reach 200 cm. For the rest of the length (1876 km), the depth is not maintained less than 280-300. to maintain guaranteed dimensions of waterways, increasing them in various sections of the river. Irtysh transistor work is carried out annually.

Navigable tributaries of the river. Irtysh.

General information.

The Irtysh River has 7 first-order tributaries used for navigation, including two large tributaries - the Tobol and Kondu rivers - which have independent transport significance, and the remaining tributaries are less significant.

Om River.

Transport significance is only in the upper reaches within the Novosibirsk region. Within the borders of the Omsk region. There is no navigation on the river. On the lower section of the river. Omi has many bridges and collective farm dams. The regional city of Omsk is located at the mouth of the river.

Ishim River.

On the upper isolated section of 55 km, the river is exploited by Kazakhstan. This section is where mineral and construction cargo is transported from quarries to Petropavlovsk. Navigation is carried out on the river. Ishim for 1295 km from the mouth of the river, in an isolated section between the 1388th and 1638th km of the river, as well as along the right bank tributary of the river. Tave (36 km) along 70 km of its lower course.

On the section of the river between the river. Abatsky and s. Vikulovo navigation is usually carried out only during the flood period.

Tobol River.

The largest and most abundant tributary of the river. The Irtysh is the Tobol, which flows in the Kustanai region. Kazakhstan, in the Kurgan and Tyumen regions of Russia. The river originates on the eastern spurs Southern Urals, where she represents her mountain drainage. Most of the river basin Tobol is located in the West Siberian Lowland.

The river basin is asymmetrical: the catchment area of ​​the right bank is 6, 7 times less area catchment area on the left bank. The catchment area of ​​the right bank includes 35,000 km2 of drainage area located between the Tobol and Ishim rivers.

Left-bank large tributaries (Iset, Tura, Tavda, etc.) flow from the eastern slopes of the Urals, and thus the river. Tobol is like a receiver large number mountain (in their upper reaches) watercourses.

Most of the large left-bank tributaries of the river. Tobola is located in the Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk industrial regions, and therefore the rivers have important as for water transport, and for industrial water supply. These are the same tributaries as the river. Tobols are also important for logging and agricultural water supply.

Approximately to the mouth of the Ayat River (1265 km) for about 320 km, the Tobol is a mountain river. Below, the river enters the West Siberian Lowland, along which it flows to the mouth.

In the middle and lower sections, the river flows through a wide valley with banks 3-4.5 m high that are flooded during high water. In the area between the mouths of the Iset and Tura rivers, the width of the spring flood of the river reaches 10 km. Below the river mouth The shores rise up to 8 m and are not flooded by high waters. In the lower reaches, flood-free shores are rare. The width of the Tobol channel in the area between the cities of Kustanai (1190) and Kurgan (705) increases from 30 to 125 m; in the lower part the width of the river is very different, but does not exceed 39 m.

The river bed in the lower section is highly sinuous. On Wednesday, the fall of the upper part of the river to the city of Kustanaya is 42 cm/km, and the lower part, with a length of 1190 km, is 8.4 cm/km. The average fall of the river between the city of Yalutorovsk (418) and the village. Ievlevo (160) ranges from 3 to 6, from the village. Ievlevo to the mouth - from 1.5 to 1.7 cm/km.

The main source of nutrition for the river is snow cover, the share of which decreases downstream due to the increasing role of rain in the total river flow.

According to the intra-annual distribution of flow, the upper part of the river. Tobola belongs to the Kazakhstan type, i.e. with a rapid rise in water levels during the spring flood, and a slightly more gentle decline. As it flows into the river. Tobol of left-bank tributaries and the increasing role of rain supply, the distribution of runoff gradually acquires features characteristic of rivers of the West Siberian type - with prolonged floods, a slow decline and stable summer low water. Thus, near the city of Yalutorovsk (418) the spring flood lasts until July, and in some years even until August. The decline in flood occurs smoothly and slowly, which is explained by the regulating influence of the river’s extensive floodplain. Downstream, the flood stretches even more, summer and autumn rain floods appear (with levels increasing in autumn to 3m). Summer low water in the lower reaches of the river is becoming increasingly short-lived.

The highest levels of spring floods in the upper and middle navigable parts of the river occur on average on May 3, and in the last 200 km of its course - between May 20 and 30. The lowest summer levels occur over most of the current in September, and in the mouth part - on October 27.

The average annual amplitude of water level fluctuations increases from top to bottom from 5.2 to 6.7 m.

The average long-term water flow at the river mouth is 805 m/s, which corresponds to a runoff module of 1.9 l/s km2.

Ice formations on the lower half of the navigable part of the river appear in last days October, and on the top - in early November. Autumn ice drift on the navigable part of the river usually lasts 8-9 days, but it is often protracted - up to one and a half months.

The Tobol opens up in the last 10 days of April; the ice drift lasting 4-7 days passes along the river calmly, usually before the peak of the flood. Clearing the river of ice occurs in the upper navigable part on average on April 24 and is completed by May 1 in the lower reaches of the river.

The duration of physical navigation on the river decreases from top to bottom from an average of 194 to 182 days.

River turbidity The Tobola reaches its highest average values ​​in its upper reaches, erosion processes develop most intensively, and the river’s water content is relatively low. The average annual turbidity of the river near the city of Kustanaya (1190 km) is 193 g/m3, near the city of Kurgan it decreases to 117, and towards the site in the area of ​​the village. Lipovskoe - up to 66 g/m3. The highest turbidity in the upper reaches occurs in April, and in the lower reaches - in May. Guaranteed track dimensions with a minimum depth of 140 cm are maintained from the mouth of the river. Tours to the mouth are 255 km long. Provision of the design water level for this site at the reference water station in the village. Ievlevo accounts for 97%. The water flow at this level is 90 m3/s.

Along these same 255 km of waterway, lighting is maintained. In other sections of the river, the signs are not illuminated.

Water transportation on the lower navigable section of the river. Tobola have very great importance for the Tyumen region, they are constantly growing, and the need to increase the track dimensions here to the maximum possible is also growing. There are no prospects for the construction of waterworks on this section of the river, and therefore a series of track works are being carried out to improve navigation conditions.

The main type of track work on the river. Tobol is a dredge. At the same time, the calm hydrological regime of the river and the sufficient stability of its banks make it possible to effectively use channel straightening structures here, mainly soil semi-dams.

Work is also being carried out to clear the banks of thickets to improve the visibility of the fairway from ships traveling along the river.

Transistor dredging on the river section. Tobols with guaranteed track dimensions are produced annually in a volume of 2.5-5.0 thousand m3 per 1 km of track.

The Tobol River has two navigable tributaries - the Turu and Tavda rivers, each of which is of great transport importance.

River Tura.

For most of its length the river. Tura flows into Sverdlovsk region and only the lower 263 km of the river are in the Tyumen region. The river originates on the eastern slope of the Middle Urals. It has three relatively large tributaries.

As a result of economic activity, the natural water regime of the upper reaches of the Tura and its tributaries Tagil and Pyshma is significantly disrupted due to the regulation of flow (mainly summer) by numerous dams that provide industrial and agricultural water supply to the surrounding areas. In the area of ​​Verkhoturye (790 km) on the river. Ture (5 km above the city) there is a power hydroelectric complex without shipping facilities.

Konda River.

Pool river Kondy is located on the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk National District of the Tyumen Region. The pool is located in the taiga zone, which has very large swamps; the lake content of the pool is 6%. Many Konda rivers originate from lakes, so its flow is naturally regulated. The basin is sharply asymmetrical: its left bank part is several times larger than the right bank.

The largest left tributaries of the river. The Kond rivers are the Mulymya (698 km) and Bolshoi Tap (587 km), and the right ones are the Akh (511 km) and Kuma (402 km) rivers. All of them have been studied very little.

The Konda River originates on a forested, swampy watershed with the river. Malaya Sosva and flows through the West Siberian Lowland.

For the first 350 km, the Konda is a small taiga non-navigable river with a deep but extremely winding channel, heavily clogged with snags and creases.

Below the flowing lake Tursunsky Tuman (20 km long), the river becomes navigable. Initially, it flows here among a narrow floodplain in a winding channel 60 to 200 m wide, among low banks. Downstream the width of the floodplains increases, external waters they are flooded and form river floods up to 20-30 km in the lower part of the river. The width of the low-water bed in the lower reaches of the river reaches 400 m; the river bed is replete with islands.

Between 70 and 10 km from the mouth of the river. Konda forms a flowing lake Kodinsky Sor 5-10 km wide. In spring, this lake is backed up by the Irtysh, and therefore has significant shallow floods, creating dangerous conditions for navigation. During low water there is a labyrinth of narrow, shallow, winding, winding channels separated by low sandbanks. The bed soils are predominantly clays and dense silts. The current on the river is calmer, the fall of the navigable part of the river gradually decreases from 11 to 6 cm/km.

The main source of food for the river. Konda is a snow cover with significant groundwater supply and a relatively small role of rain. According to the intra-annual distribution of river flow. Konda belongs to the West Siberian type. The spring flood lasts for a long period, and high waters usually last for four months (from May to August). The highest flood levels on the river occur primarily in its upper navigable part on June 1 and gradually spread to the lower reaches of the river by June 15. The decline in water levels occurs slowly until the end of August, the lowest levels are usually established first in the upper navigable part on August 28, and a month later they reach the lower reaches of the river.

At high levels on the river. Irtysh backwater from it spreads up the river. Conde for almost 100 km. The Konda floodplains are filled with water long time- up to 4 months.

The average annual amplitude of fluctuations in water levels on the river is relatively small; along the length of the navigable part it grows from top to bottom from 2.5 to 3.6 m.

The average long-term water flow at the mouth is 310 m/s, which corresponds to a runoff module of 4.3 l/s km2.

The appearance of ice formations on the river occurs on average from October 19 in the upper navigable part of the river to October 27 in its lower reaches. Autumn ice drift on most of the river is short-lived (4-6 days).

The opening of the river in spring usually occurs at the end of April. Ice drift lasting 3-5 days usually passes along the river calmly, without the formation of jams. The navigable part is cleared of ice on average between May 1 and May 4.

The average annual duration of physical navigation on the river increases downstream from 171 to 175 days. Along the river Conde transports a large amount of timber in rafts (more than 1 million tons) and oil from the Shaimskoye field. Currently, shipping is carried out over a distance of 744 km. From Shaim village to the mouth.

Illuminated navigation conditions are maintained throughout the entire navigable part of the river. The guaranteed dimensions of the waterway are provided from the city of Urai to the mouth over a length of 676 km, including with minimum depths of 120, 135 and 140 cm in sections of 122, 379 and 175 km respectively.

Transit dredging operations carried out annually on the river. Conde in a volume of up to 3 thousand m3 per 1 km of track, are aimed at both operational dredging and radical improvement of navigation conditions - mainly the desire for sharp bends. At the same time, the goal is to increase the guaranteed radius of ship passages from 200 to 300 m, which provides the possibility of wider development on the river of a progressive method of navigation - pushing attachments. In addition, the desire of ship passages allows us to shorten the waterway along the river by 81 km.

Corrective work on the river consists of the construction of alluvial earthworks, mainly structures that cross non-navigable branches. At the same time, high structures are built to eliminate slop currents that arise during the high-water navigation period.

The Konda River has only one navigable tributary of the first order - the river. Ah, the source of which is the lake, which is also used for navigation. Leushinsky Fog. This waterway is used primarily for timber rafting. On the river water level regime. Ah, the river has a significant impact. Cond, creating support along a significant length of it. For this reason, an r. Oh, in May there is even a reverse current.

Use of surface waters of the Irtysh in Tobolsk, water quality indicators.

The surface waters of the Irtysh are natural source water supply The waters of our river contain substances of mineral and organic origin, as well as microorganisms. The mineral composition of water is determined mainly by the characteristics of the hydrological layers through which the river flows. The organic composition is formed mainly due to compounds washed out from the soils of the reservoirs themselves as a result of biological processes. Mineral and especially organic substances are introduced into the Irtysh by wastewater from populated areas and industrial enterprises. Large economic threat The Irtysh could be damaged by biofactories on its banks.

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SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:

Team Nomads.

Information bulletin on the state of surface water bodies, water management systems and structures in the Omsk region for 2009. - Omsk, 2010 (digital copy).

Surface water resources of the USSR, Volume 15, Altai and Western Siberia, no. 3, Lower Irtysh and Lower Ob. L, Gidrometioizdat, 1973.

A.I. Boynov, A.I. Kuzmin. Floodplain of the Irtysh - Omsk, 1975.

Management and management issues water resources basin of the Irtysh River. International scientific and practical conference “Problems of management and rational use of water resources in the Irtysh River basin”, May 20-21, 2004 - P. 65.

Rivers of Siberia and their images in the dynamics of the natural and cultural landscape / Materials of the scientific and practical conference with the participation of the regions of Siberia and Kazakhstan - Omsk, ed. House "LEO", 2006 - P. 35.

Map of the Irtysh River from 2052 km to Omsk, 2001.

Map of the Irtysh River from Omsk to Tobolsk, 1992. Russian State Concern of River Fleet (ROSRECHFLOT) Glavvodput. State enterprise"Waterways of the Irtysh Basin".

http://www.omsktfi.ru/

State water register: Irtysh River.

Wikipedia website.

Data from the hydrological service of Tobolsk.

Historical documents of the State Museum-Reserve of Tobolsk.

Tourist magazine 1994

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http://img-fotki.yandex.ru/get/55/v-saharov.a/