What is the definition of values? Different definitions of values

17.08.2019

Identifying values is important for every person. As a child grows up, he realizes which values matter most to him.

Concept of values

Values are those phenomena and objects that are most important to a person. Moreover, phenomena can be material and spiritual. It is important to note that the values of a particular society or person speak for themselves - for this reason, the topic of values is especially relevant in transitional times of social development.

Often, value is viewed as a useful item that can satisfy a person's needs and ideals. Value can be called a kind of guideline in the life of every person, and even if the value is presented in the form of an intangible object - in the form of faith and love - it is also real and can act as a life guideline for a certain group of people.

In many ways, it is ideals and values that determine a person’s behavior, the motives of his actions and the direction of his thoughts.

Eternal values

There are values that are commonly called universal. These are the values that are important at all times and important to all people. These include freedom, truth, beauty, justice, goodness and benefit.

These are the values that are important spiritually developed person. And at all times, for all nations and for all types of societies, these values have been eternal.

Values family life are also important. This is loyalty and devotion, love for children and your loved ones. There are transferable values that change along with the cultural and spiritual development of society.

What are the values? modern teenagers? What teenagers admire most are fictional characters who choose to care for others, more weak people. This type of hero is characterized by a sense of collectivism - community with other members of society.

It is important that such heroes simply cannot remain indifferent to the suffering of others; they sympathize with the weak and try to help them. This shows their moral values.

But for those who are older, for example, students, it is more interesting to watch heroes who have already achieved something in their lives. They are interested in real values modern life, but not fairy tale characters. Such heroes are more interested in material gain and stability.

But it is on eternal values that the world rests. And no matter what happens in the world, no matter what technological and material innovations are invented, eternal values play an important role in the life of every person.

Without them, a person cannot develop spiritually and feel morally satisfied. In goodness and truth, justice and honesty, the fullness of a person’s life is revealed, and even if his ideals are material and not distinguished by high morality, he comes to the realization that without higher values it is impossible to live a life with dignity.

Most often, such values manifest themselves in transitional periods. historical periods, during a war or revolution, when people need to build new world and a new way of life.

Axiology sets itself the task of identifying basic values and anti-values, revealing their nature, showing their role in people’s lives, determining ways and means of forming people’s value attitudes towards the world around them.

The term “value” in axiology defines both objects of the natural world and phenomena of human material and spiritual culture, for example, social ideals, scientific knowledge, arts, ways of behavior, etc. In human history, since ancient times, three types of values have come to the fore: Good, Beauty and Truth. Already in ancient times, they represented in the minds of theorists an ideal, integral triad, thus defining the sphere of moral values (Good), aesthetic (Beauty) and cognitive (Truth). For example, the main values of modern American culture are: 1. Personal success. 2. Activity and hard work. 3. Efficiency and usefulness. 4. Progress. 5. Things as a sign of well-being. 6. Respect for science. According to Smelser, values are generally accepted beliefs about the goals to which a person should strive. Values form the basis of moral principles, different cultures may give preference to different values (heroism on the battlefield, artistic creativity, asceticism), and each social system establishes what is a value and what is not.

Values– such material or ideal formations that have meaning in life either for individual, either for all humanity; driving force of activity; specific social definitions of objects in the surrounding world, revealing their positive (negative) significance for humans and society.

Values justify moral principles, principles - rules (norms), rules - ideas. For example, justice is a value, it is embodied in the principle of justice, from the principle follows a rule (norm) requiring equal reward (reward or punishment) for the same actions committed different people, or another norm that requires fair wages, and based on the norm we form our specific ideas about what is fair and what is not (for example, we may consider the salaries of teachers and doctors to be unfairly low and the salaries of bank directors to be unfairly high).

All phenomena, in terms of their value, can be classified into: 1) neutral, to which a person is indifferent (many phenomena of the microworld and megaworld); 2) positive values(objects and phenomena that contribute to human life and well-being); 3) anti-values (values that have a negative meaning from the point of view of human life and well-being). For example, pairs of “values - anti-values” form concepts such as good and evil, beautiful and ugly, contained in phenomena public life and nature.

Values arose and were determined due to the individual’s need to understand society and himself. Human activity changes over time. The realization of self-worth did not come immediately human life. In the process of life, people form ideological ideals. Ideal - this is a sample, a prototype, the concept of perfection, the highest goal of aspirations. Through correlation with ideals and norms, assessment– determination of value, approval or condemnation of what is happening, demand for the implementation or elimination of something, i.e. assessment is normative in nature. Thanks to values, the needs and interests, motives and goals of people are formed at different levels (higher and lower), and the means to achieve them are determined. They are regulators of human actions and serve as criteria for evaluating the actions of others. And, finally, without taking into account their role, it is impossible to know the essence of a person, to understand the true meaning of his life. Externally, values appear as properties of an object or phenomenon, but they are inherent not by nature, not by virtue internal structure the object itself, but because he is involved in the sphere of human social existence and has become the bearer of certain social relations. In relation to the subject (person), values serve as objects of his interests, and for his consciousness they serve as everyday guidelines in any activity, designations of various practical relations to the objects and phenomena surrounding a person. A person needs to have certain values.

The reason for the extreme inconsistency and instability of value orientations is:

on the one hand, the ineradicable desire of the human spirit to achieve ideals, final truths, that is, the highest spiritual values,

on the other hand, there is a certain limitation of our cognitive capabilities, means,

as well as a certain conservatism of our feelings, reason and mind, which inevitably leads to the alienation of man from natural-bodily, bodily-spiritual and spiritual values, that is, from his essence and leading people away from determining the true, and not illusory or utopian, ways of establishing this essence.

The presence of certain values in people's lives provides a particular individual with freedom to choose life goals. Human life is unthinkable without setting a goal. Goal-setting is a generic characteristic characteristic only of humans.

Meaning of values:

Formation of interests, motives and goals;

Regulators and criteria for assessing people's actions;

They serve to understand the essence of a person, the true meaning of his life.

Anything. Externally, value appears as a property of an object or phenomenon. However, significance and usefulness are not inherent in them by nature, not simply due to the internal structure of the object itself, but are subjective assessments of specific properties that are involved in the sphere of human social existence, a person is interested in them or has a need. The value system plays the role of everyday guidelines in the subject and social reality man, designations of his various practical relations to surrounding objects and phenomena. For example, a glass, being an instrument for drinking, exhibits this useful property as a use value, a material good. Being a product of labor and an object of commodity exchange, a glass acts as an economic value, cost. If a glass is an object of art, it is also endowed with aesthetic value and beauty.

Used in several senses:

Types of value

In economics there are:

use value (value for the consumer, utility, ability of a good or product to satisfy some human need)
exchange value (the value of an item for exchange, quantitative ratios of different goods in equivalent exchange)

Formation of values

There are several global methods of forming values, mainly related to education, or to domestic or international propaganda. certain concepts values. As a rule, economically formed values extend widely to the values of society. The concept of value is closely related to evolutionary processes and the concept of libido.

System of values

The norms that have developed in a society are the highest expression of its value system (that is, the prevailing ideas about what is considered good, correct or desirable). The concepts of values and norms are different. Values are abstract general concepts, and norms are rules or guidelines for behavior for people in situations of a certain kind. The value system that has developed in society plays an important role, as it influences the content of norms. All standards reflect social values. The value system can be judged by the norms established in society.

Values may include:

Health
Love, family, children, home
Relatives, friends, communication
Self-realization at work. Getting pleasure from work
Material well-being
Spiritual values, spiritual growth, religion
Leisure - pleasures, hobbies, entertainment
Creative self-realization
Self-education
Social status and position in society
Freedom (freedom of choice, freedom of speech, etc.)
Stability

Other values may also be present. U different people different value priorities.

Notes

Literature

Gulyaikhin V.N., Serova N.V. Agonal patterns in the system of political and legal values of Russian society // Bulletin of Volgograd State University. Episode 7: Philosophy. Sociology and social technologies. 2009. No. 2. P. 180-183.
Menger K. Selected works. - M.: Publishing house "Territory of the Future", 2005. - 496 p. - (Economy). - ISBN 5-7333-0175-9

Links

Theory of value (Chapter 2 from the book by N. Bukharin Political Economy rentier theory of value and profit of the Austrian school)

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Antonyms:

See what “Value” is in other dictionaries:

The relationship between the subject's idea of what the object being evaluated should be and the object itself. If an object meets the requirements placed on it (is what it should be), it is considered good, or positively valuable;... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

Value- Value ♦ Valeur That which is valued. Can we say that value is something that has a price? Only in relation to what is sold. Take, for example, the value of a product. The price on the label indicates its exchange value in a given market... ... Philosophical Dictionary Sponville

See importance, dignity, value, price determine value... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian Dictionaries, 1999. value, importance, dignity, value, price; value, significance,... ... Synonym dictionary

VALUE, values, wives. 1. units only The value of something expressed in money, price. Determine the value of fur. An item of high value. Parcel with declared value. 2. portable, units only Importance, meaning. His thought is of great value... Dictionary Ushakova

value- What is important to you in a certain context. Your values (criteria) are what motivates you in life. All motivation strategies have a kinesthetic component. Brief explanatory psychological and psychiatric dictionary. Ed. igisheva. 2008.… … Great psychological encyclopedia

- (value) The value that someone attaches to something. Determination of value is one of the main problems of economic science; There are two fundamental approaches to solving the problem. In classical political economy (Classical school)… … Dictionary of business terms

The positive or negative significance of objects in the surrounding world for a person, social group, society as a whole, determined not by their properties in themselves, but by their involvement in the sphere of human activity, interests and... ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary

A term used in philosophy and sociology to indicate the human, social and cultural significance of certain objects and phenomena, referring to the world of due, purposeful, semantic basis, the Absolute. C. set one of the possible... ... The latest philosophical dictionary

VALUE, and, female. 1. see valuable. 2. Price (in 1 digit), cost. A painting of great value. 3. what. Importance, meaning. What's the point? this proposal? Big c. work. 4. usually plural. Valuable item, phenomenon. Storage of valuables. Cultural values … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

English value; German Wert. Special public attitude, thanks to the needs and interests of the individual or social. groups are transferred to the world of things, objects, spiritual phenomena, giving them certain social. properties not directly related to... ... Encyclopedia of Sociology

Value- importance, significance, benefit, usefulness of something. Externally, value appears as a property of an object or phenomenon. However, significance and usefulness are not inherent in them by nature, not simply due to the internal structure of the object itself, but are subjective assessments of specific properties that are involved in the sphere of human social existence, a person is interested in them or has a need. The value system plays the role of everyday guidelines in the objective and social reality of a person, designations of his various practical relationships to surrounding objects and phenomena. For example, a glass, being an instrument for drinking, manifests this useful property as use value, a material benefit. Being a product of labor and an object of commodity exchange, a glass acts as an economic value, cost. If a glass is an object of art, it is also endowed with aesthetic value and beauty. Used in several senses:

Value - as a characteristic of an object, denoting recognition of its significance. They separate “Material values” and “Spiritual values”. The concept of “Eternal values” is known.
Value - in philosophy - is an indication of the personal, socio-cultural significance of certain objects and phenomena.
Value - in economics - is used as a synonym for the concept “use value”, that is, the significance, usefulness of an item for the consumer.
The psychological concept “Value system” means by values what an individual values in the society around him. Closely related to the concept of motivation.

Value in Economics

In economics there are:

use value (value for the consumer, utility, ability of a good or product to satisfy some human need)
exchange value (the value of an item for exchange, quantitative ratios of different goods in equivalent exchange)

Formation of values

There are several global methods of forming values, mainly related to education, or to the domestic or international propaganda of certain concepts of value. As a rule, economically formed values extend widely to the values of society. The concept of value is closely related to evolutionary processes and the concept of libido.

Subjective and objective values

System of values

The norms that have developed in a society are the highest expression of its value system (that is, the prevailing ideas about what is considered good, correct or desirable). The concepts of values and norms are different. Values are abstract, general concepts, and norms are rules or guidelines for behavior for people in certain kinds of situations. The value system that has developed in society plays an important role, as it influences the content of norms. All norms reflect social values. The value system can be judged by the norms established in society.

Values may include:

Health
Love, family, children, home
Relatives, friends, communication
Self-realization at work. Getting pleasure from work
Material well-being
Spiritual values, spiritual growth, religion
Leisure - pleasures, hobbies, entertainment
Creative self-realization
Self-education
Social status and position in society
Freedom (freedom of choice, freedom of speech, etc.)
Stability

Other values may also be present. Different people have different value priorities.

As researcher Polina Gadzhikurbanova notes, in Stoicism, which contrasts wise men with laymen: “The layman endows objects with greater value than they possess by nature, endows them with his own erroneous ideas about good and evil. As a result, he begins to strive for what seems good to him - for health, fame, wealth in themselves, but in his desire he goes beyond a certain natural measure, thereby falling into the trap of his own passions and ideas.

Spiritual values

In the 20th century, the concept of “spiritual values” became widespread in Russia, meaning:

a set of cultural values different from material values;
a system of religious, ethical and aesthetic values of an individual or an entire society.

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Notes

Literature

Belyaev I. A./ I. A. Belyaev // Bulletin of Orenburg State University. - 2004. - No. 2. - P. 9-13.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M. : Soviet encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
Gulyaikhin V. N., Serova N. V.// Bulletin of Volgograd State University. Episode 7: Philosophy. Sociology and social technologies. 2009. No. 2. P. 180-183.
Manuilov A. A.// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
Menger K. Selected works. - M.: Publishing house "Territory of the Future", 2005. - 496 p. - (Economy). - ISBN 5-7333-0175-9.
Inglehart R. The Silent Revolution in Europe: Changing Values and Political Styles among Western Publics. - Princeton, N.Y., 1977.

Excerpt describing Value

It would seem that in those almost unimaginably difficult conditions of existence in which Russian soldiers found themselves at that time - without warm boots, without sheepskin coats, without a roof over their heads, in the snow at 18° below zero, without even the full amount of provisions, it would not always be possible to keeping up with the army - it seemed that the soldiers should have presented the saddest and most depressing sight.
On the contrary, never, in the best material conditions, has the army presented a more cheerful, lively spectacle. This happened because every day everything that began to despondency or weaken was thrown out of the army. Everything that was physically and morally weak had long been left behind: only one color of the army remained - in terms of strength of spirit and body.
The largest number of people gathered at the 8th company, which bordered the fence. Two sergeants sat down next to them, and their fire burned brighter than others. They demanded an offering of firewood for the right to sit under the fence.
- Hey, Makeev, what are you... disappeared or were you eaten by wolves? “Bring some wood,” shouted one red-haired soldier, squinting and blinking from the smoke, but not moving away from the fire. “Go ahead and carry some wood, crow,” this soldier turned to another. Red was not a non-commissioned officer or a corporal, but he was a healthy soldier, and therefore commanded those who were weaker than him. A thin, small soldier with a pointed nose, who was called a crow, obediently stood up and went to carry out the order, but at that time a thin woman stepped into the light of the fire. beautiful figure young soldier carrying firewood.
- Come here. That's important!
They broke the firewood, pressed it, blew it with their mouths and overcoat skirts, and the flames hissed and crackled. The soldiers moved closer and lit their pipes. The young, handsome soldier who had brought the firewood leaned his hands on his hips and began to quickly and deftly stamp his chilled feet in place.
“Ah, mamma, the cold dew is good, and like a musketeer...” he chanted, as if hiccupping on every syllable of the song.
- Hey, the soles will fly off! – the red-haired man shouted, noticing that the dancer’s sole was dangling. - What poison to dance!
The dancer stopped, tore off the dangling skin and threw it into the fire.
“And that, brother,” he said; and, sitting down, took a piece of French blue cloth from his knapsack and began to wrap it around his leg. “We’ve had a couple of hours,” he added, stretching his legs towards the fire.
- New ones will be released soon. They say, we'll beat you to the last ounce, then everyone will get double goods.
“And you see, son of a bitch Petrov, he’s fallen behind,” said the sergeant major.
“I’ve noticed him for a long time,” said another.
- Yes, little soldier...
“And in the third company, they said, nine people were missing yesterday.”
- Yes, judge how your feet ache, where will you go?
- Eh, this is empty talk! - said the sergeant major.
“Ali, do you want the same thing?” - said the old soldier, reproachfully turning to the one who said that his legs were chilling.
– What do you think? - suddenly rising from behind the fire, a sharp-nosed soldier, who was called a crow, spoke in a squeaky and trembling voice. - He who is smooth will lose weight, but the skinny will die. At least I would. “I have no urine,” he said suddenly decisively, turning to the sergeant major, “they told me to send him to the hospital, the pain has overcome me; otherwise you will still fall behind...
“Well, yes, yes,” the sergeant major said calmly. The soldier fell silent and the conversation continued.
“Today you never know how many of these Frenchmen they took; and, to put it bluntly, none of them are wearing real boots, just a name,” one of the soldiers began a new conversation.
- All the Cossacks struck. They cleaned the hut for the colonel and took them out. It’s a pity to watch, guys,” said the dancer. - They tore them apart: so the living one, believe it, babbles something in his own way.
“They’re pure people, guys,” said the first. - White, just like a birch is white, and there are brave ones, say, noble ones.
- How do you think? He has recruited from all ranks.
“But they don’t know anything our way,” the dancer said with a smile of bewilderment. “I say to him: “Whose crown?”, and he babbles his own. Wonderful people!
“It’s strange, my brothers,” continued the one who was amazed at their whiteness, “the men near Mozhaisk said how they began to remove the beaten, where the guards were, so after all, he says, theirs lay dead for almost a month.” Well, he says, it lies there, he says, theirs is how the paper is white, clean, and doesn’t smell of gunpowder.
- Well, from the cold, or what? - one asked.
- You're so smart! By cold! It was hot. If only for the cold, ours wouldn’t have gone rotten either. Otherwise, he says, when you come up to ours, he’s all rotten with worms, he says. So, he says, we’ll tie ourselves with scarves, and, turning our muzzle away, we’ll drag him; no urine. And theirs, he says, is as white as paper; There is no smell of gunpowder.
Everyone was silent.
“It must be from the food,” said the sergeant major, “they ate the master’s food.”
Nobody objected.
“This man said, near Mozhaisk, where there was a guard, they were driven away from ten villages, they carried them twenty days, they didn’t bring them all, they were dead. What are these wolves, he says...
“That guard was real,” said the old soldier. - There was only something to remember; and then everything after that... So, it’s just torment for the people.
- And that, uncle. The day before yesterday we came running, so where they won’t let us get to them. The guns were quickly abandoned. On your knees. Sorry, he says. So, just one example. They said that Platov took Polion himself twice. Doesn't know the words. He’ll take it: he’ll pretend to be a bird in his hands, fly away, and fly away. And there is no provision for killing either.
“It’s okay to lie, Kiselev, I’ll look at you.”
- What a lie, the truth is true.
“If it were my custom, I would have caught him and buried him in the ground.” Yes aspen stake. And what he ruined for the people.
“We’ll do it all, he won’t walk,” said the old soldier, yawning.
The conversation fell silent, the soldiers began to pack up.
- See, the stars, passion, are burning! “Tell me, the women have laid out the canvases,” said the soldier, admiring the Milky Way.
- This, guys, is for a good year.
“We’ll still need some wood.”
“You’ll warm your back, but your belly is frozen.” What a miracle.
- Oh my God!
- Why are you pushing, is the fire about you alone, or what? See... it fell apart.
From behind the established silence, the snoring of some who had fallen asleep was heard; the rest turned and warmed themselves, occasionally talking to each other. A friendly, cheerful laugh was heard from the distant fire, about a hundred paces away.
“Look, they’re roaring in the fifth company,” said one soldier. – And what a passion for the people!
One soldier got up and went to the fifth company.
“It’s laughter,” he said, returning. - Two guards have arrived. One is completely frozen, and the other is so courageous, dammit! Songs are playing.
- Oh oh? go have a look... - Several soldiers headed towards the fifth company.

The fifth company stood near the forest itself. A huge fire burned brightly in the middle of the snow, illuminating the tree branches weighed down with frost.
In the middle of the night, soldiers of the fifth company heard footsteps in the snow and the crunching of branches in the forest.
“Guys, it’s a witch,” said one soldier. Everyone raised their heads, listened, and out of the forest, into the bright light of the fire, two strangely dressed human figures stepped out, holding each other.
These were two Frenchmen hiding in the forest. Hoarsely saying something in a language incomprehensible to the soldiers, they approached the fire. There was one taller, wearing an officer's hat, and seemed completely weakened. Approaching the fire, he wanted to sit down, but fell to the ground. The other, small, stocky soldier with a scarf tied around his cheeks, was stronger. He raised his comrade and, pointing to his mouth, said something. The soldiers surrounded the French, laid out an overcoat for the sick man, and brought porridge and vodka to both of them.
The weakened French officer was Rambal; tied with a scarf was his orderly Morel.
When Morel drank vodka and finished a pot of porridge, he suddenly became painfully cheerful and began to continuously say something to the soldiers who did not understand him. Rambal refused to eat and silently lay on his elbow by the fire, looking at the Russian soldiers with meaningless red eyes. Occasionally he would let out a long groan and then fall silent again. Morel, pointing to his shoulders, convinced the soldiers that it was an officer and that he needed to be warmed up. The Russian officer, who approached the fire, sent to ask the colonel if he would take the French officer to warm him up; and when they returned and said that the colonel had ordered an officer to be brought, Rambal was told to go. He stood up and wanted to walk, but he staggered and would have fallen if the soldier standing next to him had not supported him.