Safety measures during severe frosts. Three cases when the Russian frost saved Russia from the occupiers United society - common concern for each other

10.08.2020

Due to the sudden cold snap and difficult weather conditions, special attention should be paid to the rules of behavior in cold weather.

Rules of conduct during severe frosts:

Outside in the cold, you need to breathe correctly - slowly, shallowly and, preferably, through your nose (so that the cold air warms up in the nasal cavity).
During cold weather, the body devotes all its energy to insulation. But where can you get it if a person eats little or is on a diet? In severe frosts, nutrition should be enhanced: meat, fish, lard, butter and other high-calorie foods. The diet needs to include more different soups with meat broth and milk porridges. Try to drink more liquid - hot tea, coffee, adding cream, milk, honey, herbal infusions, with the addition of mint and hawthorn.

Do not consume hot food or drinks at least 40 minutes before going outside. It is more difficult for a warm body to get used to the cold; when going outside, it does not feel the cold.

You should not drink alcohol, it causes the illusion of warmth and prevents you from concentrating on the signs of frostbite.
Alcoholic drinks and cold weather do not mix well. Alcohol weakens your ability to control and dilates blood vessels on the surface of the body, which leads to heat loss. Only the blood vessels contracted to prevent the internal organs from cooling - alcohol immediately nullifies these protective measures.
You should not smoke in the cold - this reduces blood circulation and makes the limbs more vulnerable.
In the cold, you need to wear loose clothes made of natural fabrics - this promotes normal blood circulation, you need to dress according to the “cabbage” principle, when there are layers of air between layers of clothing that retain heat.
Do not go out into the cold without mittens, a hat and a scarf (gloves do not protect against frost). The smallest parts of the body - fingers, ears and nose - suffer the most in the cold.
Do not wear metal (gold, silver) jewelry in the cold - metal cools faster than the body.
Do not go out into the cold with wet skin or hair. In the cold - nothing wet or even damp! The colder it is outside, the drier all clothes and shoes should be.
As soon as chilliness, tingling, numbness to the point of loss of sensitivity, paleness, and coldness of the skin appear, you need to quickly go to any warm place.
You cannot remove shoes from frostbitten limbs in the cold - they will swell and it will be impossible to put your shoes back on. You need to quickly get to a warm room.
In children, the body's thermoregulation has not yet been formed, and in older people and with some diseases, this function can be impaired. Therefore, every 15-20 minutes, children, the elderly, and those who are sick need to return to the warmth and warm up.
The simplest exercises when you start to freeze: without bending your arms, do 25-30 rotational movements from the shoulder; An exercise will help to quickly warm up frozen hands: by bending low forward, with strong, sharp swings of your arms back and forth, thanks to centrifugal force, you will cause blood flow to your hands. Fast walking, intense movements of the whole body, and wiggling your toes can help warm up frozen feet.
When leaving home, you must take your mobile phone with you, having first checked that you have money in your account and that it is charging.
When you come home from the cold, you can’t immediately drink hot tea and take a hot shower or bath. With a sharp change in temperature (from -20 to +20), a significant load on the cardiovascular system can occur, with unpredictable consequences. The body should gradually adapt to room temperature within 20-30 minutes.

If you could not find a warm shelter, decide where you are, call for help (ambulance, rescue service, relatives, friends) and begin to warm yourself with the warmth of your own body: curl up in a ball with your back to the wind and put your hands under your armpits. Just don't fall asleep!

Specialists of the Minsk City Executive Committee have prepared a number of rules on how to behave during severe frosts, a correspondent of the Minsk-Novosti agency reports.

— A sharp increase in frost is expected over the weekend. On Saturday, January 6 – up to – 27 degrees (minimum temperature at night – 15 – 22 degrees, in some places – 23 – 27 degrees). Therefore, we strongly recommend that citizens follow the necessary rules of safe behavior in severe frosts,” the press service of the Minsk City Executive Committee said.

PREPARATION FOR GOING INTO THE FROST

Conditions dangerous to the body are created not only by sub-zero temperatures, but also by factors such as air humidity and wind force. The higher the humidity and the stronger the wind, the greater the chance of getting frostbite. Therefore, you should not relax if it is 0°C or -5°C outside. Even this relatively warm weather does not guarantee safety.

CLOTH

A simple rule: air retains heat. So the more layers of air, the better. However, keep in mind that being dressed like a cabbage is also bad - it will restrict movement (if you move less, you freeze more). Contrary to popular myth, thick woolen items are not the best clothing for cold weather; choose any shaggy fabric that is not too thick - they retain air well, and therefore heat.

SHOES

Shouldn't be tight. If your shoes are tight, blood circulation in your feet slows down, which is a sure way to frostbite. Fingers should be free to move. Before leaving the house, polish your shoes with a rich cream - it will prevent your shoes from getting wet. Put on woolen socks, insert thick insoles - even if you get wet, they will absorb moisture.

ACCESSORIES

Don't forget to take gloves with you - up to 17% of heat can be lost through bare hands! By the way, mittens will be a more advantageous option - they keep your fingers together and are warmer.

HEADDRESS

The style is up to you to choose. Be guided by the following principle: the hat should not be tight, it should cover the ears. Protect your neck and even your face from frost with a loose knit scarf.

Tricks

Those areas of the skin that remain uncovered or may become exposed during, for example, active recreation, be sure to treat them with a rich cream - it supports the skin’s ability to retain moisture. Apply lipstick to your lips. Having lost moisture in the cold, the skin will become less elastic, microcracks will form on it during movement, and it will begin to peel off.

If you are alone in the cold, then ask a friend to periodically examine your face and ears: if they are unnaturally white, it’s bad!

RATION

Remember that if you are hungry, you will freeze much faster than after a hearty lunch. Proper nutrition is one of the best ways to prevent frostbite and restore the body after the cold.

The food should be warm - this will provide an additional surge of strength immediately, and also high in calories - this will add energy later. Drink only warm, warming drinks, such as tea. It is forbidden to warm yourself with alcohol before going out into the cold, as well as during exposure to cold, contrary to the opinion of many. Warming up here is false, alcohol only worsens sensitivity and does not make it possible to objectively assess how cold you are. Smoking in the cold is also prohibited - this will cause capillary spasm for a long time and impair blood circulation.

FIRST AID FOR FROSTBITE

WHAT YOU SHOULD NOT DO

There is a generally accepted set of actions that will actually only worsen the negative consequences of frostbite.

Do not rub frozen areas - this will injure frozen skin. Microcracks form, which will cause infection, which can lead to gangrene.
Rubbing in oils, alcohol, fat, etc. It is also contraindicated for frostbite.
Rapid warming of heavily frozen fabrics near an open fire or other powerful heat sources is prohibited! The upper tissues will quickly “move away” and begin to “work”, but will not receive nutrition from the vessels that are not yet warmed, which are located deeper. Due to lack of nutrition, tissues die.

RIGHT ACTIONS

Eliminate factors that contribute to cooling the body. Once in a warm room, undress - cold clothes will not allow the body to warm up until it warms up. Afterwards, carefully wash and dry the affected area, wrap it in several layers of warm, dry clothing.
Consume hot (but not scalding) food and drinks. You can take a tablet of aspirin/analgin/papaverine/no-shpa. All this thins the blood and improves its flow to damaged tissues.
If after a few hours the condition does not improve or worsens, consult a doctor immediately! Without timely help, you can lose a limb!

LET'S SUM UP

When going out into the cold, remember that frostbite is caused by:

strong wind and air humidity;
wet and tight clothing and shoes;
tired and/or hungry state;
problems with blood supply;
alcohol intoxication

If you are cold:

find a warm room;
do not rub yourself;
change into dry and warm clothes;
tea and warm food are best friends;
If it’s really bad, call an ambulance.

So wrap yourself up warm and don't complain.

Winter of 1708/09 and the defeat of the Swedish army

The winter of 1708/09 turned out to be the coldest in Europe in the last 500 years: the frost was so severe that even birds froze in flight. It was during this winter that the many years of the Northern War began. The Arctic cold destroyed almost half of the Swedish army in a few months while it was chasing Peter I, trying to force a general battle on him.

When frosts halved the Swedes' army, Tsar Peter's 75,000-strong army triumphantly completed the defeat of Charles XII's 30,000-strong army on June 27 at the Battle of Poltava. In this battle, the daring Swedes still managed to attack the Russian regiments firmly entrenched in the redoubts and even broke through the line of fortifications. It’s scary to even imagine what would have happened if the entire army of the Swedes had taken part in the Poltava battle, and not the half that eluded General Moroz.

It was not for nothing that Peter I, not yet knowing about the upcoming fierce winter, several times offered peace to Charles XII, agreeing to give up everything he had won through backbreaking labor and asking only to leave St. Petersburg. As it turned out, I gave up early: winter helped.

Winter of 1812 and Napoleon's retreat

In fairness, it should be said that in 1812, General Moroz began to exterminate the French on the way back. Before this, the Russian army was helped by General Space - for some reason few people are surprised that out of the 600 thousand Napoleonic army that crossed the border, 130 thousand took part in the Battle of Borodino, despite the fact that there were no bloody battles, as well as a wide partisan movement (all this will be waiting for Napoleon on his way back). The fact is that most of the troops were left in garrisons along the entire infinitely long, by European standards, route from the border to Moscow.

The cold came in 1812, indeed earlier than usual - in October. But the fate of Napoleonic army was decided by that time. Unusually severe frosts struck during the crossing of the Berezina. Moreover, the cold was strong enough to destroy many enemies, but not strong enough for strong ice to form, as a result of which many foreign adversaries also drowned.

It should be noted that Russian troops also suffered greatly from the “friendly fire” of General Moroz: Russian overcoats were not much better than French ones. However, it is still easier to find shelter and warm clothing on one’s own land, and Russian losses from the cold, although large, were less than those of the enemy.

Winters of 1941, 1942 and 1943 and the defeat of the fascist army

During the Great Patriotic War, Goebbels’s propaganda tried to blame the “Siberian frosts” for all the failures on the Eastern Front, while Russian propaganda did not notice the frosts. Perhaps the truth is somewhere in the middle: without a doubt, the stubborn and heroic resistance of the Soviet army and people was helped by the exceptionally cold winters of 1941/42 and 1942/43, and the vast expanses of the USSR.

The German army was completely unprepared for winter, and, characteristically, it was in winter that all the first offensive operations of the Soviet troops were carried out - the Moscow and Stalingrad battles (the first successful strategic offensive in the summer occurred only in 1943, after the Battle of Kursk).

In the modern world, more and more people have begun to notice that the climate on our planet is changing. Every day the number of abnormal weather phenomena in the world that are uncharacteristic of the climate of a certain area is growing more and more. This memo will discuss unusual natural phenomena associated with cold weather and how to survive them through joint efforts.

Already now we can observe unusual weather phenomena, for example, in mid-October, the first snow has already fallen in some regions of Ukraine, which is quite unusual for this month in this area. And at the beginning of 2016, in Japan, on the island of Oshima, for the first time in 115 years, 10 cm of snow fell and the temperature was -5 C°. In February, the northeast coast of the United States experienced snow and freezing rain; The temperature drop was up to 15 C°, and in January there was a snowstorm that turned out to be the strongest in 110 years, its impact was felt by 85 million people in 11 states. Also this year, hail the size of cherries fell in the United Arab Emirates and the desert was covered with snow. Earlier in 2011, snow fell on the Canary Islands, the thickness of the snow cover reached 10 cm. For this region, this event caused serious concern among both local residents and scientists around the world. Based on the fact that these phenomena were completely atypical for these areas, people were completely unprepared for such weather changes.

How can hypothermia harm you?

When the question of human survival in harsh climates is raised, it becomes clear that he needs to have knowledge of how to act in these situations. For example, not everyone realizes that a person can die not from the cold itself, but from the effect of cold on his body temperature. That is, even if the air temperature is above zero and a person stays outside for a long time without warm clothing or movement, his body temperature can drop to a critical level of 30 degrees. And, on the contrary, at 20 degrees below zero, a person can feel great even in severe cold, because a person will not freeze or cool down if he is dressed warmly enough and behaves correctly.

What to do in severe frost?

If you find yourself in severe frost conditions, it is worth considering some necessary rules for survival in extreme cold snap situations.

Food. One of the main rules of survival in severe frosts is to supply the body with fuel to generate internal energy, which warms the entire body. Naturally, this is food. It is best to include a large amount of fats in your diet, for example lard and proteins, which, when broken down, will warm your body. On a frosty day, you need to increase the number of servings you eat. Doctors also advise not to go out into the cold hungry - the body must stock up on a source of its own energy, so be sure to eat a hearty meal before going out.

Cloth. You need at least three layers of woolen clothing, insulated shoes and socks, as well as a warm hat and scarf. It wouldn't hurt to stock up on a set of thermal underwear. It is advisable to wear shoes with thick soles to avoid freezing. Shoes should be dry and loose. You can use thermal insoles or salt applicators to retain dry heat. It is better to replace gloves with warm two-layer mittens made from natural materials.

Move. When in the cold, you cannot stand in one place, you must move all the time, and it is also dangerous to sit on snow or cold objects, such as metal and concrete. In this case, heat transfer increases, and the person will rapidly lose heat. Also, do not allow rapid breathing; it should be done through the nose. It is necessary to ensure that when exhaling, warm air does not fall on the scarf in those places where it comes into contact with the skin of the face and does not cause it to become moisturized.

No alcohol. Do not drink alcohol “to warm up” under any circumstances. When the blood vessels dilate, a deceptive short-term sensation of warmth will occur. Without even noticing, you can easily get severe frostbite. In general, it is better to exclude this poisonous toxic product from your diet, since when it is consumed, the primacy in a person is firmly occupied by not the best part of him - the animal nature, and any opportunities for the manifestation of power from the Spiritual nature are blocked. “At the level of neurophysiology, an imbalance occurs, many neurons of the brain are blocked. A person no longer perceives information well. But the Animal nature actively dominates in him, it seems to him that he is a “hero”, that everything is allowed to him in this world. Such a soap bubble (illusion ) arises, in principle, not because a person really is, but simply because a malfunction occurs in the system of the brain, the state of consciousness of the Personality switches to a different mode, where there is complete subordination to the Animal nature of the Spiritual nature in a person. - this is a collapse, it’s the same as, figuratively speaking, placing the Soul in a deadly poisonous environment. Its power is already partially blocked by “light filters” - subpersonalities, and such a total dominance of the Animal nature in the new Personality simply deprives it of its last chance and hope. and drugs make a person an obedient slave of the Animal mind and even in small doses kill the germ of the spiritual in him.
Over time, a person develops alcohol or drug addiction, which he denies in every possible way. At the same time, the person stubbornly continues to use this poison, citing any reasons (traditions, holidays, birthdays, funerals, personal stress, and so on). As a result, he does not notice how his spiritual foundations are being lost, how this dependence develops into the reduction of his human nature to the level of animal instincts, how the Personality is degrading. I have already mentioned that people who are intoxicated are inadequate in perceiving information. In most cases, all that dominates in them at the moment of alcoholic intoxication (consider poisoning) are thoughts out loud from the Animal nature about oneself beloved, about the objects of one’s pride, about one’s unfulfilled selfish desires, unrealized, exorbitant ambitions. This is truly a real tragedy, and first of all for the Personality itself.
In people who are seriously engaged in their spiritual development, the body simply physically cannot tolerate these poisons (alcohol, drugs). Why? Yes, because when using these toxic substances, the subtle connection with another, spiritual world is disrupted, and, in modern terms, extrasensory abilities are lost. While under the influence of alcohol or drugs, a person is not able to read information coming from the invisible world, his supernatural abilities simply go out. Everything that he perceives in this state is a manifestation of the Will of the Animal Mind, which a person considers to be his thoughts and desires.
This was known in ancient times. This is well known even now. For example, in the Soviet Union there was a strong system of Special Services, which included, among other things, departments involved in the study of paranormal phenomena and the development of extrasensory perception in some of its employees, for example, sleepers. So, even kefir was excluded from their diet, not to mention the strict ban on alcohol and drugs. Smoking was allowed in principle; nicotine and tar, although they intoxicate the body, do not block mirror neurons, and therefore allow them to work unhindered with the invisible world and read the necessary information.
So a person who drinks even small amounts of alcohol, no matter for what period, spiritually degrades as a Personality. If you have a desire to use alcohol or drugs, these are the first symptoms that you are under the power of your Animal nature. This means we need to take measures to switch the dominant of consciousness, to focus more attention on some positive aspects, playing sports, physical labor. It should be noted that if a person completely stops drinking or using drugs, the body recovers over time, and the person gains a chance for the spiritual development of his Personality" (from the AllatRa book).
Do not rub frostbitten areas of the body with snow (the blood vessels of the hands and feet are very fragile and therefore may be damaged, and the resulting micro-abrasions on the skin contribute to infection).
Remove piercing (all metal). Free exposed areas of the body from various types of metal jewelry (piercings, tunnels, earrings). For people who cannot do without glasses, it is better to wear glasses with plastic frames on such days. Another alternative is contact lenses.

Instead of cream - fat. To avoid frostbite on the skin of the face, you should not use creams, since in the first 30-40 minutes the water evaporates from them, which leads to cooling of the skin, but it is better to replace them with natural fats, such as goose, pork, badger, mink.

Sensitivity. Periodically check the sensitivity of the skin, especially the chin, nose, and ears. Loss of sensitivity indicates frostbite. When tingling or burning begins, rub these areas until warm.
Hot water bottles. If possible, carry pocket warmers that can be refilled with regular lighter gas. They are easy to use and can retain heat for 4-5 hours.

Checking yourself. Returning to a warm room, take off your frozen clothes and shoes, change into warm, dry underwear. Take a good look at yourself. Skin redness, peeling, and rash may be signs of an allergy to cold. At its first manifestations, you need to take one tablet of any antihistamine. You should not try to warm frozen hands and feet in hot water. In addition to unpleasant sensations, this will cause a sharp narrowing of blood vessels. Gently rub frozen areas of skin.

It is very important to remember that at the first signs of frostbite, such as bluish areas of the skin or the appearance of blisters, you should immediately consult a doctor.

Stages of hypothermia

There are several stages of hypothermia:

If body temperature drops below 35, the first symptoms of hypothermia will appear, such as: goose bumps, pallor, weakness, drowsiness, slow and slurred speech.
If the body temperature has dropped to 33 degrees, the skin turns pale, blue and cold to the touch, breathing and pulse slow down, blood pressure decreases, vomiting and involuntary urination may begin. Speech and coordination of movements are impaired.
If the temperature is below 31 degrees, there is an unconscious state, the muscles are constrained by spasms, the jaws are tightly clenched, breathing is barely noticeable, the pupils are dilated, the pulse is at a critical level of 32-36 beats, the blood pressure is very low - in this state cardiac arrest occurs.

If you experience the first two symptoms above or see these symptoms in others, you should know how to administer first aid. In the third stage, it is necessary to immediately call emergency help, and until it arrives, transfer the person to a warm room.

First aid for mild to moderate frostbite

It is necessary to get into any warm room or help a person get there ( in the cold, rubbing and warming the body is useless and dangerous);
Apply a heat-insulating bandage to the affected surface, for example, like this: a layer of gauze, a thick layer of cotton wool, another layer of gauze, and on top of oilcloth or rubberized fabric, wrap with woolen cloth;
Drink plenty of warm and sweet drinks ( warm from the inside);
Start warming your frostbitten arm or leg in a bath of lukewarm water, gradually increasing the water temperature from 20 to 40 degrees and for 40 minutes, gently massaging the limb;
With moderate and severe degrees of general cooling with impaired breathing and circulation, the victim must be taken to the hospital as soon as possible.

United society - united concern for each other

The most important thing is that in any difficult situation you should never lose heart. A person who knows how to maintain good spirits will always find a way out of any adversity!

Now that you are aware of how to provide first aid, do not forget that not only you, but also your neighbor may need it. Therefore, pay attention to ordinary passers-by, especially children and people of retirement age, who may need your help.

If you see a person lying on the street, in addition to the thought that he may not be sober, remember that this may be just the case of the consequences of a certain phase of frostbite. Therefore, be extremely careful when providing all possible assistance to yourself and your neighbor! After all, today’s problem number one is the consumer attitude of people in society, disregard for other people’s lives, people caring only about themselves. And this is fractally repeated in society as a whole...

“In this regard, it is extremely important to globally and quickly change the values of society from a consumer format to a spiritual, moral, creative format, where goodness, humanity, conscience, mutual assistance, friendship, the dominance of spiritual and moral foundations would come first in relationships between people, regardless from their nationality, religion, social status and other conditional, artificial divisions of world society" (from).