On February 14, 1918, the Gregorian calendar was introduced in Russia. In connection with this, all dates subsequent to this event began to be marked “according to the old style” and “according to the new style.” However, there were not two of these styles in Russian history, but more.
Why is the sun better than the moon?
In the world practice of normalizing the cyclical flow of time, there are two types of calendars: solar and lunar. The first links the annual cycle to the movement of the sun, the second - to the moon. There is also a lunisolar calendar, which calculates the length of the year using more complex formulas.
However, you need to know that none of the existing calendars is ideal. From year to year, a small error accumulates in each of them, which after several decades gives or, on the contrary, “eats” one day. This is predetermined by the fact that the Earth does not complete a full revolution around the Sun in a whole number of days.
True, this circumstance does not bother lunar calendars; they are not tied to annual seasons. In connection with this, the New Year according to the lunar calendar shifts by almost 12 days every year. So the Chinese setting off their signature fireworks on the occasion of the next New Year can do this over a wide time range.
Great periods of the pharaohs
The smartest in terms of the invention of the calendar, as well as the very first in the history of mankind, were the ancient Egyptians. The solar calendar they invented to this day underlies the chronology of the Western world. At the same time, they took the heliacal rising of Sirius, that is, the rising of this star immediately before sunrise, as the beginning of the annual cycle. Astronomers poetically call this phenomenon “sunrise in the rays of dawn.”
The ancient Egyptians had a year of 365 days. While its actual duration was approximately 365.25 days. But, since this calendar did not have leap years, that is, correction years, the constantly accumulating error led to the fact that after 1460 years the calendar “returned to normal.” The Egyptians, however, were not at all embarrassed by this circumstance. They called the period of 1460 years the great year of Sirius.
Emperor's Imperative
The name of the months we use was introduced by the ancient Romans at the turn of the 7th and 6th centuries BC. True, July and August then had different names. Later they acquired their current form in honor of the emperors Julius Caesar and Octavian Augustus. But the year began in March, not in January.
In 45 BC. Yuri Caesar reformed the calendar, and it received the name Julian. It was this calendar that existed in Russia until February 14, 1918.
The Julian calendar is not much different from the current Gregorian calendar. It has 12 months. The number of days in months is exactly the same. In January, March, May, July, August, October and December - 31. In February - 28. In other months - 30. Once every 4 years, in a leap year, an additional day is added to February. Thus, the length of the year is 365.25 days. It would seem that you can live according to this calendar and be happy.
As dad commanded
However, in reality, the length of the Julian year is less than 365.25, by about 11 minutes. And these minutes add up from year to year, increasing the error.
Naturally, Pope Gregory XIII did not cope with this problem completely and not fully. In the Gregorian calendar he approved, the length of the year is 365.2425 days. The reduction of the annual cycle by 0.0075 days was achieved by reducing the number of leap years. That is, the years 1600, 2000, 2400, 2800, etc. are declared non-leap years.
The reform was carried out in Catholic countries on October 4, 1582. After October 4th came October 15th. Thus, the 10-day error that had accumulated since the introduction of the Julian calendar was removed. When it came to reforming the Russian calendar, the error was already 13 days.
However, we were not the most conservative. Greece switched to the Gregorian calendar in 1924, Turkey in 1926, Egypt in 1928. Ethiopia and Thailand still live according to the precepts of Julius Caesar. And also the Russian Orthodox Church. In this connection, Christmas comes not before, but after the new year.
It should be noted that Peter I introduced the Julian calendar in Russia in 1700, when the Gregorian calendar was already in use in Europe. Before that, since 988, we used the Byzantine calendar. The New Year began on March 1st. And the cycle, in essence, was Julian. But the chronology was carried out from the “creation of the world.” That is, the year 988 was the 5508th for us. And before that, in Ancient Rus', the calendar was lunisolar, terribly confusing. There were 4 seasons of the year. And every 19 years, 7 additional days were added.
The Gregorian calendar is also not perfect. Its annual error is 0.000305 days. It could be further reduced if one leap year were removed every 4,000 years. But who now thinks about such gigantic periods?
East is a delicate matter
Lunar calendars, in fact, are ritual, that is, they belong to the cultural heritage of certain countries. Since all the countries of the East, which are characterized by close attention to the behavior of the night star, synchronize their lives with the rest of the world according to the Gregorian calendar. That is, the meeting of the Eastern Year in China and Japan is, in fact, our Maslenitsa, a reason to celebrate.
But, of course, lunar calendars continue to play an important role in various religions.
The oldest eastern calendar is Chinese. It, like the “Western calendar,” has been adjusted several times. Now it is lunisolar. That is, the error accumulates for several years due to the fact that 12 lunar cycles are equal to 354 days. And then an additional month is added, the thirteenth. After which the error accumulates again.
The Chinese calendar as it has come down to us has a 60-year cycle. It is a combination of 10-year cycles called "heavenly trunks" and 12-year "earthly branches." The celestial trunks refer to various elements, colors, planets, and seasons. Under the earthly branches are animals. As a result of the intersection of trunks and branches, a “floating” matrix is obtained, the laws of which can only be comprehended by a person with an Eastern mentality. We are told that the year of the turquoise wooden horse has arrived, and we take it on faith.
North Korean self-pride
All calendars take either the creation of the world as their starting point, which, of course, is very subjective, or the birth of Jesus Christ. However, sometimes there are exceptions to this rule. During the French Revolution, a calendar was developed that counted down time from September 22, 1792, when the Republic was proclaimed. At the same time, instead of a week, a 10-day ten-day period was introduced. Each month consisted of exactly three decades. And the 5-6 day additions were on their own; they did not relate to any month. It is quite clear that the names of the months were replaced with revolutionary ones. This calendar did not last long - on January 1, 1806, Napoleon abolished it.
The North Korean calendar lasted longer, and is still in effect in the DPRK today. It takes 1911 as the starting point - the year of birth of Kim Il Sung, who has the following official titles: Great Leader, Sun of the Nation, Iron All-Conquering Commander, Marshal of the Mighty Republic, Pledge of the Liberation of Mankind.
But at the same time, the Gregorian calendar is also taken into account. And the official date is as follows: February 14, 103 of the Juche era (2014).
. In Muslim countries, a lunar calendar is in use that absolutely does not coincide with the one to which residents of Christian countries are accustomed. Moreover, the very degree of their differences varies depending on the current year and even month. Calculating the correspondence between them is extremely difficult. But now any personal computer is initially equipped with a compliance program. This way, users can easily switch from one calendar to another.
. Creating a calendar was a difficult task for each of the nations. Most tried to relate its grid to the movement of celestial bodies, but since the lunar and solar cycles do not coincide, problems arose. To eliminate the confusion, heads of state had to carry out calendar reforms. The Roman Emperor Gaius Julius Caesar, his nephew Emperor Augustus, and Pope Gregory XIII were forced to do this. Each time the chronology began in a new way: the previous cycle shifted.
. In Russia, the most famous reform of Peter I. But it was not the only one. Initially, our civil year began on March 1, and the religious year on September 1. Later, the arrival of the New Year began to be celebrated on the first day of autumn. Two centuries later, Peter I moved the date to January 1, deciding to equalize the domestic chronology with the European one. So January 1, 7208 from the creation of the world turned into January 1, 1700 from the Nativity of Christ, so the last pre-reform year (1699) was the shortest for Russia: it lasted only four months - from September to December.
. The ancient Romans considered the first new moon of spring to be the beginning of the year. They divided the entire year into ten months, or 304 days. Only the first four months had names: March, May, June - from the names of the gods, and April - from the Latin word “to reveal”. The rest wore numerical designations. The Romans did not divide the days remaining until spring into months and lived “in timelessness” throughout the winter until the beginning of the next year.
. The appearance of the first printed calendar in our country is associated with the name of Jacob Bruce, a scientist and military leader. He was considered an alchemist ■ and a sorcerer. It was under the supervision of this historical figure that the first calendar was released, which to this day is called “Bryusov”. It consisted of very complex drawings, and today not every specialist can understand them. “Bruce's calendar” was astrological, consistent with strict scientific canons.
Calendars in Russia in the 18th and 19th centuries were thick books in which any information could be found: about saints, holidays, field work. In fact, they were both a kind of encyclopedia and a literary almanac. Therefore, you should not be surprised when you come across a phrase in a literary work that the family read the calendar out loud at night. Two centuries ago, a pocket calendar was called a book of the appropriate format for short notes, in which the calendar was only an auxiliary tool. In fact, it was a modern weekly magazine in miniature. The pocket calendar we were used to was called a timesheet calendar. At first these were large structures, then they gradually became smaller. Colorfully decorated, they were intended mainly for women and were decorated with flowers, angels and romantic pictures. As in other texts, there are errors in calendars. The rarest incident occurred with a series of calendars from the Timiryazev Academy: they contained 31 days for all months of the year. Much more often, oddly enough, January 1 is missing from calendars. No less common mistakes include confusion with the day of February 29: confusion occurs every four years. So, in 1975, Sovexportfilm approved an order for a series of 36 calendars for 1976, in which the ill-fated day was absent. When part of the circulation was received, a typo was noticed. In the next batch, the lost day appeared, but the name of the month was missing. And only the last batch of calendars turned out to be error-free. In this case, a wise decision was made: send calendars without errors abroad (which, in fact, they were intended for), and distribute them with errors in the USSR.
automatically counts as one year, and on January 1 of the next year it becomes 2 years old. It is important for teachers and educators of young children to clarify what age they were told - Korean or Western.
Although Gregorian calendar much more accurate than the Julian one, it also has some errors with the true solar year. By 3328, the difference between the true year and the Gregorian calendar will be 1 day. There will likely be 367 days to make up the difference this year.
Pi has two unofficial holidays. The first is March 14, because this day in America is written as
3.14. The second is July 22, which is written in European format as 22/7, and the value of such a fraction is a fairly popular approximate value of Pi.
In 1699, Sweden decided to switch from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar. However, the Swedes did not jump to 11
the accumulated days ahead by that time, and decided to make the transition gradually, skipping leap years for 40 years. However, despite the adopted plan of 1704 and 1708 Sh Vedish
The calendar was one day ahead of the Julian calendar, but ten days behind the Gregorian calendar. In 1711, King Charles XII decided to abandon the calendar reform and return to the Julian calendar. For this purpose in February there were
two days were added, and thus in 1712 it was February 30th. Sweden finally switched to the Gregorian calendar in 1753 in the usual manner for all countries.
Leap year was introduced by Gaius Julius Caesar.
February 24th was called the “sixth day before the Kalends of March,” and the additional day fell on the next day and became the “second sixth day,” in Latin “bis sextus,” which is where the word “leap year” comes from.
On New Year's Eve 2011 in Omsk came out extraordinary calendar. It can only be read under a microscope: 365 days and the image of a rabbit fit into 3 millimeters on a grain of rice.
In addition, Omsk Lefty - Anatoly Ivanovich Konenko released insect horoscope 2011.
Each of the 12 characters corresponds to a miniature - a bug, a fly, a bee, a spider (biologists may note that a spider is not an insect), a grasshopper holding a 5-mm rabbit in its paws. It is he, according to the micromaster, who is the symbol of the coming year.
“When 12 animals came to the Almighty, no one paid attention to the fact that 12 insects also appeared with them, claiming joint rule,” Anatoly Ivanovich explained his choice. “The first to arrive was a mosquito, followed by an ant, followed by a flea, spider, wasp, bee, fly, dragonfly, butterfly, bug and beetle. Our year's hero, the grasshopper, came in fourth."
In 1908 in the ruins of ancient Gezer A clay tablet measuring 11.1 cm long and 7.2 cm wide was discovered containing the oldest Hebrew inscription known to date, approximately dating to 925 BC. e. In seven lines CALENDAR FROM GEZER text describes agricultural work calendar :
Before the discovery of America and the beginning of its conquest by Europeans, the territory of present-day Mexico, Guatemala and some other countries was occupied by the Aztec Empire, which created a very original calendar. The year consisted of 18 months, 20 days each, and the “remaining” 5 days were considered “unlucky”. This calendar was carved on a huge stone. It had the shape of a circle, with a diameter of about 4 meters. Each day was marked with its own symbol.
Creation of the modern generally accepted calendar
Nowadays, many different calendar systems are known, created by different peoples and priests of different religions. Some of them are still in limited use. Most calendars were calculated on the basis of identified astronomical patterns, primarily the movements of celestial bodies. These systems could differ significantly from each other. Additional confusion was caused by the difference between the cycles of the Moon and the Sun, as well as the fact that the duration of the period of the Earth's revolution around the Sun (years) is not a multiple of the period of the Earth's revolution around its own axis (days). As a result, with sufficiently long use of each specific calendar, errors inevitably accumulated, gradually becoming more and more noticeable. This necessitated calendar reforms.
Such reforms have been carried out repeatedly. For example, the calendar was reformed by the Roman emperors: Caesar, Octavian (August) and others. The most famous reform was carried out by Pope Gregory XIII, when the “Gregorian” calendar was created, which is now accepted as the main one in most countries and the UN.
Gregorian calendar
In our country, this current calendar is also called the “new style”. The fact is that until October 1917, the outdated “Julian” calendar continued to operate in Russia. The transition to the “new style” took place only after the RCP(b) came to power.
In Catholic countries, the “Gregorian” calendar came into effect on October 15, 1582. Its introduction was due to the errors that had accumulated since the previous calendar reform (I Ecumenical Council in 325 AD). The reform consisted of two main parts:
- The error that reached 10 days from 325 was eliminated. Thus, the date of “Easter Friday” was returned and strictly tied to the day of the vernal equinox (03/21). The rules of Easter, established by the Council of Nicaea, began to be fulfilled again.
- To prevent the accumulation of errors in the future, an innovation was adopted that ensures a more accurate linking of the calendar to astronomical patterns. It consists in the fact that over the course of every 4 centuries, three leap years are converted into ordinary years. For this purpose, a rule was established according to which a year with a number ending with two zeros is considered a leap year only if the number made up by its first two digits is also a multiple of 4. For example, the year 2000 was a leap year. But in the year 2100 there will be no February 29th. For years whose serial numbers do not end with two zeros, the leap rule remains the same. If the year number is a multiple of 4, the year is considered a leap year.
The introduction of this amendment significantly slowed down the accumulation of error in the discrepancy between the calendar year and the astronomical standard. Now an error of one day will accumulate for 3333 years. The described amendment constituted the main difference between the “Gregorian” calendar and the Julian style adopted before its introduction.
The difference between the Julian and Gregorian styles gradually but steadily increases: in the 16th-17th centuries. it was 10 days in the 18th century. – 11, in the 19th century. - 12, and in the XX-XXI centuries. reached 13 days. From March 15, 2100, the difference between styles will be 14 days. Although the Gregorian calendar provides for a February duration of 28 or 29 (in a leap year) days, it happened that in some years in some countries (for example, Sweden, 1712) February lasted 30 days.
Calculation in Russia
In Russia, chronology reforms also took place. One of the most famous is the calendar reform carried out by Peter I, but there were others.
For quite a long time, the date of the new “secular” year was March 1, while the religious year began on September 1. And the starting point of chronology was considered the date of the “creation of the world.” Later, the “secular” New Year was moved to September 1st. About 200 years later, Peter I carried out his famous reform. Its main goal was to harmonize the Russian calendar and chronology with those accepted in Europe. The date of the new year was set on January 1, and the starting point of the chronology was the Nativity of Christ. As a result, 01.01.7208 was transformed into 01.01.1700, and the calendar year preceding the reform (1699) was reduced to 4 months: from September to December. It was the shortest calendar year in the history of our country.
The creation of the first printed calendar in Russia was led by the famous alchemist and scientist J. Bruce. This calendar was a scientific work consisting of a set of complex astronomical drawings and graphs. Even specialists can’t figure out the calendar (named after its creator, “Bryusovoy”).
The transition to the modern Gregorian calendar took place on February 14, 1918, shortly after the RCP(b) came to power. However, from 1930 to 1940. The USSR had its own “revolutionary” calendar. But since the 1940s, the country again began to adhere to the “Gregorian” style.
Failed global reform
At the beginning of the twentieth century. an initiative arose for global calendar reform. The draft of the new calendar developed at that time provided for dividing the year into 13 months of equal duration, 28 days each. It was planned to separate the “extra” day, as well as the “extra” day in leap years, and declare it a holiday. Among the advantages of this system were the strict binding of calendar numbers to certain days of the week (all months consisted of exactly 4 weeks) and the ability to accurately compare numerous economic and statistical indicators by month. However, the strict linking of the number to the day of the week was perceived by many (especially superstitious) people as a disadvantage, since Friday would always coincide with the 13th of the month. True, this problem could be solved if the beginning of the week was taken not to be Sunday (as, for example, in the USA), but Monday (as is usual for us).
This project was considered by the League of Nations, but was rejected by it in 1937. Interestingly, one of its ardent supporters, the founder and head of Kodak, D. Eastman, introduced this system for internal use in his company back in 1928, where it was used up to 1989
So, I conveyed to you how the calendar came into being, what interesting moments there were when creating this or that calendar, and, probably, each of you understood that this article is dedicated to the fact that in just 14 days a new one will come 2017 is the year of the fiery rooster and of course I can’t help but talk about the nuances of the new calendar for 2017. In general, the best service to do this is “Calendar555” (https://calendar555.ru/) and here is just a small part of what you can find out on this website: The 2017 calendar on this service will tell you about holidays and weekends, about all official holidays, and about a variety of other holidays celebrated both here and abroad. In 2017, there are fourteen official holidays in the Russian Federation. 3 days have been moved to weekdays, which will give us the opportunity to relax at home longer. And a huge number of professional, folk and religious holidays.
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