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Authors and compilers: Gaar Elena Vitalievna, teacher of Russian language and literature, Municipal Educational Institution “Secondary School No. 6”, Yurgi Gafurova Irina Vladimirovna, teacher of Russian language and literature, Municipal Educational Institution “Secondary School No. 45”, Prokopyevsk Moskvicheva Irina Nikolaevna, teacher of Russian language and literature, Municipal Educational Institution “Secondary school with in-depth study of individual subjects No. 32” Prokopyevsk Kemerovo 2011 Preparation for the Unified State Exam Task A 3
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Dear friends! Do you want to prepare for the Unified State Exam in Russian in the most effective and fastest way? Do you want to avoid fatal technical errors on the real Unified State Examination? Do you want to learn about the surprises and traps that await you? Are you wondering what and how to do in order to get the maximum points on the Unified State Examination in Russian? Do you want to enroll in a university based on the Unified State Examination results? budget? Do you want to acquire practical literacy in the process of preparing for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language, which will contribute to your entire future career? If you answered “YES!” to most of the questions, then this means that you have found exactly what you need in this moment. Take the first step towards success!
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Morphological norms Morphological norm is the correct formation of the grammatical form of a word (forms of gender, number, short forms and degrees of comparison of adjectives, etc.). Compliance with these norms is the most important condition for the accuracy of speech and its correctness; distortion of norms leads to grammatical and speech errors. .
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Task A - 3 adjective, adverb noun verb pronoun name numeral prepositions
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noun Gender of indeclinable nouns Spelling of nouns gender.p. plural Variants of case endings of nouns Gender of nouns ending in -l Declension of proper nouns Gender of indeclinable nouns (abbreviation) Declension of nouns denoting geographical names Names of shoes and paired items
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Spelling of nouns gender. plural nouns denoting the names of vegetables and fruits have the ending -ov (tomatoes, oranges) BUT: apples, pomegranates, olives nouns denoting the names of paired items have a zero ending (boot, bot, trousers, shoulder straps, shorts, epaulette ) BUT: socks, knee socks, clips nouns f.r. on -nya have a zero ending (desert - deserts, dovecote - dovecotes, nun - nuns, fable - fables) nouns denoting the names of nationalities have a zero ending (Armenians, Bashkirs, Georgians, Ossetians, Turkmen, Moldavians) BUT: Mongols, Yakuts, Tajiks and some other nouns. on -е have the ending –и (village- villages, coast - coasts, meditation - thoughts) BUT: dresses, estuaries and some others
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Gender of indeclinable nouns
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Variants of case endings for nouns The endings –ы, - and are used: In borrowed nouns, they begin with –er, -er. For example: drivers Borrowed animate and inanimate nouns start with –tor, -sor. For example: gearboxes, designers, inspectors. BUT: directors, professors Endings –у, -у are used: In material nouns when indicating quantity. For example: a glass of tea. Abstract and collective nouns in combination with words have many or few. For example: a lot of noise, few people.
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Gender of indeclinable nouns (abbreviation)
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Gender of nouns ending in -l The second declension and the masculine gender include the words: aerosol, polish, lampoon, vaudeville, quantile, quartile, endgame, tulle, roofing felt, flat The third declension and the feminine gender include: mezzanine, corn, rosin , vacuole, triplet
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Declension of proper nouns Proper nouns are declined if they refer to men, and not declined if they refer to women: Foreign language and Russian surnames with a consonant. For example: to Oleg Finkel and Maria Finkel; from Ivan Volk and from Irina Volk. Last names starting with -h. For example: from Sasha Vulich, from Maria Romanovich. Surnames that coincide with common nouns or geographical names such as Nose, Chub, Belt. For example: about Alexander Rys, the role of Elena Solovey. Surnames starting with -ok, -ek, -ets. For example: Alexander Pochinok, Yuri Korinets and Maria Korinets.
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Declension of proper nouns Do not decline: Russian surnames in -ИХ, -ИХ. For example: To Alexey Sedykh from Nina Chernykh. Male and female surnames starting with -ovo, -ako, -ago, -yago. For example: the speech of Plevako, Zhivago, Durnovo. Foreign surnames with a vowel. For example: a play by Bernard Shaw. Surnames starting with -ia and Finnish surnames starting with –a. For example: Gulia, Eria. Surnames starting with -ko, -o. For example: from Klara Luchko. Declined: Surnames starting with –ia. For example: Garcia's poems. Surnames starting with –a, -ya. For example: Grigory Skovoroda. Remember: surnames of Russian origin in tv.p. m.r. the ending is –ом (made by Ivanov), and surnames of foreign origin have the ending –ом (made by Darwin)
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Declension of nouns denoting geographical names Not declined: Names of principalities, duchies, states, provinces. Names of lakes, tracts, islands, mountains, deserts, capes. For example: in the Sahara Desert. Applications and names expressed in phrases. For example: in the town of Santa Barbara. The names are enclosed in quotation marks. Declined together with the generic name: Geographical names that are full forms of adjectives. For example: on Mount Zheleznaya. Geographical names starting with a consonant. For example: from the city of Krasnoyarsk. Remember: proper names denoting geographical names ending in -o have the ending -й in the instrumental case (under Belov)
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Names of shoes and paired items And also: gaiters - one gaiter, leggings - one gaiter, sideburns - one sideburn, leggings - one legging BUT: knee socks - one golf, rails - one rail, adjustments - one adjustment It should be remembered:
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Formation of forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives, adverbs. A gross mistake would be the following formation: more beautiful, the most beautiful
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verb Use of forms of reflexive verbs Formation of forms of the imperative mood Features of the use of the verb put in speech
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Formation of forms of the imperative mood The forms of the imperative mood of these verbs must be remembered!
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Using forms of reflexive verbs In the plural form of the imperative mood of reflexive verbs, the postfix is used: Remember! There is only the form excuse me, excuse me (in the imperative mood), the use of the reflexive suffix –Сь- in the indicative mood is unacceptable (I apologize - a mistake)
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Peculiarities of using the verb to put in speech The verb to put is used only without a prefix; verbs of the same root with it with the root -lozh- are used only with a prefix: put, lay out, shift, etc.
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name numeral Features of the declension of the numerals 40, 90, 100 Declension of complex cardinal numerals Use of collective numerals with nouns Declension of numerals by type of adjectives Features of the declension of the numerals one and a half, one and a half hundred Declension of compound cardinal and ordinal numerals
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Using collective numerals with nouns Collective numerals (two, three, four, five, six, seven) are used only in the following cases: with nouns denoting male persons (two friends). In no case should they be used with nouns denoting female persons: two friends; with nouns children, people, and also denoting the names of baby animals: four children, seven kids. In no case should they be used with nouns denoting adult animals: two wolves; with nouns that have only a plural form and denote the names of paired or composite objects: two sleighs; The numeral both (both, both, both) is used only with masculine nouns: both brothers, and the numeral both (both, both, both) is used only with feminine nouns: both sisters.
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Features of the declension of the numerals 40, 90, 100 The numerals 40, 90, 100 have only two forms:
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Declension of complex cardinal numerals Both parts of complex cardinal numerals are declined:
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Declension of numerals according to the type of adjectives The numerals two, three, four, as well as collective numerals, the words both, both, how many, so many, any number, so much, are declined according to the pattern of adjectives: :
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Declension of compound cardinal and ordinal numbers
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Features of the declension of the numerals one and a half, one and a half hundred The numerals one and a half, one and a half hundred have only two forms:
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pronoun Possessive pronouns their, his, her have only this form. It is considered a gross mistake to add to it the case ending of an adjective (ikhniy, ikhnyaya, evoshny, evonny, eeshnyaya)!
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prepositions Use of the preposition –by Use of derivative prepositions Use of prepositions -under and -against
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Use of derivative prepositions Derivative prepositions thanks to and despite are used in constructions with the dative case: thanks to efforts, contrary to instructions. The preposition thanks is lexically associated with the verb to thank, so the use of this preposition indicates a reason that affects a positive result (you cannot say thanks to illness, I couldn’t do everything - in this case it is appropriate to use the non-derivative preposition due). The preposition despite means “despite something or someone”
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Using the preposition -by The most common preposition is by. In modern language, inappropriate and tautological use is often encountered, violating the norms of literary language: At the end of the information program, the premiere of the television film will take place (by instead of after)
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Use of prepositions -under and -against In speech there are errors in the use of prepositions under and against. In accordance with morphological norms, the preposition under cannot be used in combination with nouns that have an abstract meaning: it is necessary to allocate funds for holding festive events: to allocate funds for holding festive events
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Instructions for using the training simulator Dear friend! You have repeated the theoretical material for task A 3. To consolidate it, you need to go through two levels of preparation. The first level is a simulator with which you will consolidate your knowledge in practice, the second level is a verification test on a given topic, for which you will receive a mark. Are you ready? Then take action! And remember: Each task has 4 answer options. You must choose one correct one 2. If you chose the correct answer, a “plus” will appear 3. If you chose the wrong answer, a “minus” will appear 4. You can move to the next task using the button below
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many clouds go well preaches with two hundred fighters - - + - 1. Give an example with an error in the formation of the word form
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two girlfriends over four thousand meters several apples old professors - - + - 2. Give an example with an error in the formation of the word form
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by two thousand and five, a pack of pasta is burning on fire, the film is more interesting - - + - 3. Give an example with an error in the formation of the word form
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within thirty-five minutes of ladies' shoes, young accountants of their work - - + - 4. Provide an example of an error in the formation of the word form
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go home less significant after reading the story in two thousand and five - - + - 5. Provide an example with an error in the formation of the word form
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dress warmly with fifty rubles of dried ripe apricots - - + - 6. Give an example with an error in the formation of the word form
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nominate one hundred and four candidates in nineteen eighty-five for seventy years about four million books - - + - 7. Provide an example of an error in the formation of the word form
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a pair of boots a lot of eggplants a pair of socks a pair of stockings - - + - 8. Give an example with an error in the formation of the word form
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saucers apple trees candles dresses - - + - 9. Give an example with an error in the formation of the word form
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put the deepest lake in its place for three days the cooks cooked deliciously - - + - 10. Give an example with an error in the formation of the word form
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How do you evaluate your work on the simulator? Excellent knowledge! On to the test! There were many errors, the rule needs to be worked on. Slide 50
lie on the shore a lot of herons in both hands two-fifths of the energy consumed - - + - 10. Give an example with an error in the formation of the word form
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Let's summarize Repeat the test Carefully count the number of correct answers 10 correct answers – “5” 8-9 correct answers – “4” 5-7 correct answers – “3” 1-4 correct answers – you need to go back Remember - it’s best to start working with repetition of theoretical material! Return to theory
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References Academic International Institute [Electronic resource] / Information Center. technologies of the RSL, 2010.- Access mode: Academic International Institute http://ami-map.ru/ Babaytseva, V.V. Russian language. Theory. Grades 5-9 [Text]: textbook, manual / V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova. – M.: Bustard, 2004. – 295 p. Baronova, M.M. Russian language: a complete reference book [Text] / M.M. Baronova. 2010, p. – (A complete set of manuals for preparing for the unified state exam). Puchkova, L.I. Unified State Exam 2011. Russian language. Typical test tasks [Text] / L.I. Puchkova. “Exam”, 2011. – 158, p. (Series “Unified State Exam 2011. Typical tasks”) Rakhimkulova G.F. Russian language tutor: diagrams, tables, tests, answers / G.F. Rakhimkulova, A.A. Chernavin. – Rostov n/a: Phoenix, 2011 Tekucheva, I.V. Russian language: 50 standard versions of examination papers for preparing for the Unified State Exam / I.V. Tekucheva. – M.: AST: Astrel, 2010. I.P. Tsybulko, Yu.N. Gosteva Excellent student in the Unified State Exam. Russian language. Solving complex tasks [Text] / FIPI.2011 – 224 p. Methodical cabinet (Russian language, literature, history, mathematics, primary school, preschool education and upbringing) [Electronic resource] / Center of information. Technologies, 2010.- Access mode: http://www.metodkabinet.eu/PO/PO_menu_RussYaz.html
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Morphology and culture of speech Preparation for the Unified State Exam grades 10-11
Morphological norms of the Russian language Let's consider the Unified State Examination task in the Russian language, containing material on morphology: A3. Give an example with an error in the formation of the word form: l lay on the floor; The most beautiful pair of socks for five hundred years A3. Give an example with an error in the formation of the word form: box mandarin in the professors and sentences group of English
Formation of nouns Formation of nouns can be somewhat difficult. In particular, grammatically difficult material should include: The existence of variant forms; Non-standard formation of forms; Difference of forms depending on meaning.
Nominative plural endings for nouns In the nominative plural form, nouns can have variant endings: -ы (-и) and –а(-я).
Remember words with normative endings -A (-Z) Address a board a buffer a bill I monogram I evening a heap a director a chute a millstone a inspector a boat a jacket I clover a bell a body a dome a ham a district a warrant a passport a quail a cook a cellar a professor a watchman a tenor a paramedic a weather vane a stack I a stamp I
Remember words with normative endings –И(-И) Obstetricians accountants librarians electors grievance drivers drivers dispatchers contracts instructors engineers proofreaders doctors lifts officers players players policies ports printers editors editors warehouses locksmiths snipers car makers trainers wings fleets fronts chauffeurs
Genitive plural endings of nouns zero ending ending - ov Boot, felt boot, boot, stocking, shoulder strap, epaulette, stripe Sock ov, golf ov, clip ov, keychain ov Armenians, Bashkirs, Bulgarians, Buryats, Georgians, Ossetians, Lezgins, Romanians, Tatars, Turkmen, Turks, Gypsies Kalmyk ov, Kyrgyz ov, Mongolian ov, Tajik ov, Uzbek ov, Yakut ov, Croatian ov Apple, plum Orange, banana, eggplant, tangerine, tomato, tomato, garnet ov Ampere, arshin, watt, volt, radian, roentgen Acre ov, byte ov, gram ov, carat ov, kilogram ov, hectare ov, rail ov Hussar, dragoon, soldier, uhlan, partisan Miner ov, sapper ov, midshipman ov
Neuter nouns ending in the nominative singular case in - ye without stress, and in the feminine gender in - ya without stress, have the ending - y in the genitive plural: coast - coasts, solenye - pickles, oladya - oladiya, dance - dance. Exceptions: upper reaches - upper reaches; lower reaches - lower reaches; dress - dresses; mouth - mouths; journeyman - apprentices; roots - roots; rags - rags; rags - rags; flakes - flakes.
Neuter nouns ending in the nominative singular case in - ye under stress, as well as in the feminine and general gender in - ya under stress in the genitive plural case, have the ending - her: gun - guns, rook - rooks. It should be remembered: a spear - copies. Neuter nouns that end in the nominative singular case in - tse, in the genitive plural case, as a rule, end in - ec: saucer - saucer; mirror - mirror; towel - towels; heart - hearts; tentacle - tentacle. However, in a number of words with a diminutive meaning the ending - ev is retained: bolotets - bolottsev; tree - trees. Remember: the sun is the sun.
In the genitive plural, a number of feminine and common nouns may have a zero ending or an -ey ending. For example: in a flya - in a fel; loop - loop; t u flya - t u fel; b a rzha - barge; earring a – earring; cuff e - cuff e t; tablecloth - tablecloth. You should pay attention to nouns ending in – nya. If there is a vowel in front of - nya, then the consonant in the zero ending will be soft: god and nya - god and n, pogonya - pogon. If there is a consonant in front, then the consonant in the zero ending will be hard: b a snya - b a sen; b a shnya - b a shen.
Remember the endings of some nouns used in the plural - ee - ov zero bred days - bre days weekdays - weekdays wood - wood evil days - evil days I merged - I merged elections - in hog twists - twists owls debates - debates for the frost - for the frost canned food - canned food muscles - muscles cleaning - cleaning - cleaning dogs zrazy – zraz tonsils – gland gills – gills pasta – macaroni knots – narrows shorts – short sprats – sprat
Forms of adjectives Qualitative adjectives can have degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative. The comparative degree shows that in a particular subject a characteristic is manifested to a greater or lesser extent: This work is better than the previous one. This book is more interesting. The superlative degree means that some attribute is manifested to a greater or lesser extent: he is the nicest person, the calmest child. When using adjectives in the form of degrees of comparison, remember that you cannot say: better, less better, less worse, smartest, less preferable, etc. Correct: best, worst, smartest, preferred
Of the variant forms of short adjectives in – en and na – enen, in modern literary language the forms in – en are used. For example: immoral, senseless, insensitive, painful, ambiguous, natural, artificial, frivolous, slow, powerful, courageous, ignorant, peculiar, etc.
Declension and combinability features of numeral names Correct declension of numeral names is the most striking indicator of speech culture. Numerals must be declined. Unfortunately, a lot of mistakes are made here. In colloquial speech, the instrumental case form is more common, in which the first part of the word is changed according to the model of other indirect cases, i.e. they say (and write) instead of fifty - fifty, instead of six hundred - six hundred. This is not true!
Declension of numerals from fifty to eighty, from five hundred to nine hundred, two hundred, three hundred, four hundred case From 50-80 From 500-900 200, 300, 400 I. R. D. V. T. P. fifty five and ten and five and ten and fifty-five ten five (o) five and ten and six hundred six and one hundred six and hundred six hundred and six hundred and six (o) six and hundred four hundred four hundred four hundred four hundred four I st ami (o) four ekh st ah
Declension of collective numerals both, both case Masculine and neuter gender Feminine gender I. R. D. V. T. P. Both Both Both Both or both Both (about) both Both Both Both Both or both Both (about) both When using numerals both and both cannot be confused between masculine and feminine: it is wrong to say: both sisters have beautiful braids. That's right: both sisters.
For a compound cardinal numeral denoting a whole number, all words are declined: five hundred eighty-three (r.p); five hundred and seventy three (t.p.) When declension of fractional numerals, both parts change: to two sixths (d.p.), from five eighths (p.p.) When declension of ordinal numerals, only the last word changes: in two thousand seventh (p.p.) p.), one thousand nine hundred and ninety-eighth (etc.) The ordinal number in the names of events and holidays after the words holiday, date, day is put in the nominative case: We are preparing for the holiday of March 8
When using collective numerals (two, three...seven, etc.), you need to remember that they are combined: with nouns denoting males, children and young animals: five boys, two wolf cubs; with nouns used only in the plural: three scissors, two trousers. - with personal pronouns: there are three of us, there are two of them
Task 1. Read. Citizen Mukhina, having found a wallet with 562,093 rubles, purchased a samovar worth about 250,600 rubles, as well as tea, sugar and confectionery worth over 340,900 rubles, adding to the 562,093 rubles found, about 29,500 rubles from her personal savings. The 187 guests gathered at Mukhina's were offered a sumptuous treat. At the 38th minute of the feast, the hostess was attacked by a certain Spider, but the guests, carried away by the food, did not pay attention to this. Detective agent Komarov saved Mukhina (this was his 265th such operation). Apparently, Mukhina now regrets the 590,000 rubles spent on the scoundrel guests! And at the same time, it wouldn’t hurt to think about the fact that anything acquired through dishonest means does not bring happiness! We remind you that found money, things and documents should be handed over to the “Lost and Found”! Over the past year, this was done by 789,440 citizens. I would like everyone to follow this standard of behavior. (From the book: Sluzhevskaya T.L. Lessons of Russian literature. Workshop on the culture of speech. St. Petersburg, 1997)
Exercise 1. Find and correct sentences that contain errors. 1) A train arrived with two hundred and sixty passengers. 2) The distance is measured at eight thousand seven hundred sixty-nine kilometers. 3) The collection reached two thousand three hundred and seventy-five rubles. 4) The library was replenished with nine hundred and sixty-nine books. 5) Now it’s clear that it was possible to get by with two thousand rubles. 6) Pests were found on five hundred and forty-nine plants. 7) The satellite is now eight hundred kilometers from the Earth. 8) There are twenty-two days left until the end of the expedition. 9) A picturesque forest stretches on both sides of the river. 10) There are about one and a half hundred books in my library.
Task 2. Find and correct sentences that contain errors. 1) We had to spend two days at the airport. 2) Seven kids became the object of gastronomic interest of one hungry wolf. 3) Four friends were sitting at a table in a cafe and laughing merrily. 4) There were two of us, and there were four of them. 5) In the forest, a hunter barely fought off three seasoned wolves. 6) Both watches have a broken second hand. 7) The race participants covered the remaining fifty kilometers with great difficulty. 8) Three unknown people suddenly appeared in front of us. 9) The project will be ready by September twenty-sixth. 10) The lake is located one and a half kilometers from the city.
1.Indicate an example with an error in the formation of the word form: A lot of people Seven hundred and twenty Both friends Cadet shoulder straps 2.Indicate an example with an error in the formation of the word form: Elections are approaching Wider the Volga Six hussars A detachment of partisans
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Morphological norms of the Russian language Presentation prepared by students of group 473 Britsova A. Vasilyeva A. Melnikova D. Khusnutdinova E..
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The greats about speech... For an intelligent person, speaking poorly should be considered the same indecency as not being able to read and write. A.P. Chekhov The incorrect use of words leads to errors in the field of thought and then in the practice of life. DI. Pisarev
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Qualities of good speech Correctness, accuracy, logic, purity, expressiveness, richness of speech, its appropriateness, compliance with the stylistic purpose
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About speech and its norms Correct speech is speech in which all the norms of the literary language are observed. The norm of a literary language is a uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of language elements. Language norms of speech: spelling, word formation norms, morphological, syntactic, lexical, stylistic, spelling, punctuation.
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Morphological norms. What it is? Morphological norms are the rules for the formation of words of different parts of speech. Compare: Correct: theirs is more beautiful, three female students Incorrect: theirs is more beautiful or more beautiful, three female students
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Remember: when forming forms of nouns, variant forms pose a danger. In the form I.p.pl.h. nouns can have variant endings; - s(s) and –a(s). slide No. 1 -Y(-I)-A(-Y) address, director, inspector, passport, vacation, tower, silk, dome, stamp, anchor, side, buffer, bill, evening, heap, chute, millstone, inspector , boat, jacket, clover, bell, body, dome, ham, district, warrant, passport, quail, cook, cellar, professor, watchman, tenor, paramedic, weather vane, stack, stamp. Obstetricians, accountants, librarians, elections, slates, drivers, dispatchers, contracts, instructors, engineers, proofreaders, doctors, elevators, officers, players, policies, ports, printers, rectors, editors, warehouses, mechanics, snipers, turners, cakes, trainers, wings, fleets, fronts, drivers.
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Formation of some forms of nouns: When forming forms of nouns, difficulties are associated with the choice of case endings. Zero endings are fixed in the form of R.p. plural words that are: names of units of measurement: one hundred amperes, arshin, bit, bond, watt, hectare, carat, roentgen; names of nationalities: many Armenians, Bashkirs, Romanians, Gypsies, Georgians, Ossetians, Turkmen, Moldovans: BUT: Bedouins, Kazakhs, Kalmyks, Kyrgyz, Koryaks, Mongols, Mordvins, Negroes, Tajiks, Turks, Tungus, Uzbeks, Khakassians, Croats, Chukchi, Eskimos, Ethiopians, Yakuts, etc.;
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Formation of some forms of nouns: Names of paired objects: several boots, bot, trousers, boots, felt boots, galoshes, sneakers, armor, cuffs, moccasins, shoulder straps, boots, stockings, spurs, booties, shorts, epaulettes; BUT: socks, knee socks, clips; And also for feminine nouns. in -NYA: desert - deserts, dovecote - dovecotes, nun - nuns, fable - fables, sheet - sheet, tower - towers; The words barges, keys, cemeteries, coordinates, pasta, pancakes, marks, shoes. The endings –OV/-EB are fixed in the form Р.п. plural words that are the names of vegetables and fruits: a kilogram of pineapples, bananas, tomatoes, BUT: apples. Nouns s.r. on –БЭ, most of them end in –ИИ: coast – coasts, meditation – thoughts, BUT: dresses, mouths, etc.
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Genitive plural endings for nouns slide No. 1 - zero ending -ov Boot, felt boot, stocking, shoulder strap, stripe, epaulette. Socks, golf socks, clips, key rings of Armenians, Bashkirs, Bulgarians, Buryats, Georgians, Ossetians, Lezgins, Romanians, Tatars, Turkmens, Turks, Gypsies. Kalmyks, Kyrgyz, Mongols, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Yakuts, Croats. Apples, plum. Oranges, tangerines, tomatoes, tomatoes, pomegranates. Ampere, arshin, bit, watt, volt, radian, roentgen Acres, bytes, grams, carats, kilograms, hectares, rails. Grenadier, hussar, dragoon, lancer, partisan. Miners, sappers, midshipmen.
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Formation of some forms of nouns: In some cases, the endings of nouns in I.p. plural serve to differentiate the lexical meaning of words: knightly orders - breast orders, absences from classes - present passes. Avoid “clustering of identical cases” (“stringing of cases”): We have started preparing for the elections; The issue will be considered by a commission appointed by the director. Correctly determine the gender of inflected nouns, for example: imported shampoo, beautiful tulle, old piano, healthy vegetable, my birthday, spacious hall, steel rail, one reserved seat, left shoe, slipper, slipper, sneaker.
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slide No. 1 Neuter nouns without stress -ye -ya R.p. pl.-II R.p. plural - I Coast - coasts, pickles - pickles Pancake - pancakes Dancer-dancer Words-exceptions Upper - upper reaches, lower reaches - lower reaches, dress - dresses, mouth - mouths, journeyman - apprentices: Roots - roots, rags - rags, otrepya- otrepyev, flakes-flakes Neuter nouns under the stress -ye -ya R.p. plural - HER Gun - gun Rook - rook Exception words: spear - spears.
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slide No. 1 Noun. s.r. in I.p.na –CE in R.p. plural on -EC Saucer - saucer, mirror - mirror, towel - towels, heart - hearts, Exception: sun - suns In R.p. plural in a number of nouns w.r. and the general ending is zero or - EI Waffle - waffles, loop - loops, shoe - shoes, barge-barge, earring - earrings, cuff-cuffs, tablecloth- tablecloth. If the noun before-NYA there is a vowel ending soft: goddess-goddesses If the noun. before -NYA there is a hard consonant ending: fable-fable
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FORMATION AND USE OF DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES Features of the use of adjectives
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Simple form Complex (compound) form Formed using the suffix –EE (-EE): more beautiful - more beautiful; using the suffix –E: high – higher, expensive – more expensive; using the suffix –ШЭ: thin – thinner; - from other basics: good is better. It is formed by adding the words more or less to the adjective: stronger, more beautiful, less significant, less clear. Ways to form the comparative degree of adjectives
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Simple form Complex (compound) form Formed using the suffixes –EYSH (-AYSH): most beautiful, highest; using the suffix –Ш: higher, lower; sometimes the prefix NAI- is added to the named suffixes: the highest; from other bases: good - best Formed by adding the words most, most, least to the adjective: the most beautiful, the strongest; by adding to the simple comparative degree of the adjective the words all, everything: all the nicer, the most beautiful Superlative degree
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It is IMPOSSIBLE to be the thinnest, the smartest, the least beautiful. the thinnest or thinnest, the more intelligent or smarter, the least beautiful or more beautiful. Note! It is unacceptable to combine simple and complex comparative and superlative forms in one construction:
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Brisk - more lively and lively, Flexible - more flexible, Deep - deeper, Bitter (experience) - bitter, Bitter (honey) - bitter, Small - smaller, Narrow - narrower, Bad - worse, Good - better. Remember!
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About the forms of short adjectives Of the variant forms of short adjectives in -EN and -ENEN, forms in -EN are more often used in modern literary language. For example: immoral, senseless, insensitive, painful, ambiguous, natural, artificial, frivolous, slow, powerful, courageous, ignorant, peculiar.
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Let's practice! Read it. Indicate what mistakes were made when using degrees of comparison of adjectives. Correct the sentences orally. 1) The grandmother’s speech is brighter and more expressive than the speech of other characters in the story. 2) Luke’s words make the strongest impression on the inhabitants of the shelter. 3) Olga was younger than Tatiana. 4) Due to the rains, the expedition worked in more difficult conditions. 5) We returned home by the shortest route.
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DECLINATION OF CARDINAL NUMERALS AND USE OF COLLECTIVE NUMERALS Features of the use of numerals
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A numeral is a part of speech that includes words denoting number, number of objects, or the order of objects when counting and answering the questions how many? which? Quantitative denote the number of objects: five thousand sixty two; distinguish 1) integers (ten, one hundred), 2) fractions (two-fifths, five point seven), 3) collective (two, five) Ordinal - numerals indicating the order in counting: first, tenth, one hundred and sixtieth
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Declension of cardinal numerals (how many?) Compounds: all words, all parts are declined: R.p. (no) seven hundred eighty-two T.p. (what?) seven hundred and eighty-two one and a half: one and a half hundred I., V. – one and a half (m., average), one and a half (f.) one and a half hundred R., D., T., P. – one and a half, one and a half forty, ninety, one hundred: I., V. – forty, ninety , hundred R., D., T., P. – ending –a.
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Declension of cardinal names of numerals Tens: both parts end in the same fifty, fifty. Hundreds: both parts are declined, if there is a difficulty, substitute the note I., V instead of the word hundred. five notes - five hundred. R. five notes - five hundred. D. five notes - five hundred T. five notes - five hundred P. about five notes - about five hundred
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Declension of ordinal names of numerals (which?) Only the last word is declined to one thousand six hundred and eighty-six (year) in two thousand five hundred and ninety-seven (year) When indicating a date after an ordinal number, the name of the month is put in the genitive case: by the fifth of January, before the first of September
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Let's practice! Read the sentences aloud, correctly forming the endings of numerals and nouns that agree with them. 1. The essay contains an appendix with 25 diagrams... 2. The student is missing 9 books. 3. 11 more people were added to the 247 applicants.
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Combination of collective numerals with nouns Collective numerals (from 2 to 10): two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. 1) with nouns denoting male persons (two friends, three brothers); with nouns children, people, as well as with nouns denoting the names of young animals (four children, seven kids); with nouns that have only a plural form and denote the names of paired or composite objects (two sleighs, four gates); with personal pronouns (two of us, five of them).
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both both both, both, both only with masculine, neuter nouns Both brothers, on both canvases, both, both, both only with feminine nouns both sisters, on both sides Should be remembered
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Let's practice! Compose phrases of numerals, BOTH, BOTH with the following words in the nominative and dative forms. Sample: Both students; both students. Institute, session, speech, dean, signature, exam, application, student, person.
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Formation of forms of the imperative mood of some verbs Features of the use of verbs The verb POST - only with a prefix! Put, put Infinitive Singular Plural look look look go go go climb climb climb climb climb, climb climb, climb lie down lie down touch touch touch put put put put
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The presentation on the topic “Morphological norms” (grade 10) can be downloaded absolutely free on our website. Subject of the project: Russian language. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 22 slide(s).
Presentation slides
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Question A3
Grammatical (morphological) norms
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Degrees of comparison of adjectives
Comparative degree SIMPLE = base of the initial form + suffix -EE- (light + ee = lighter) COMPOUND = more (less) + initial form (more (less) lighter)
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Formation of numerals
When declension of compound ordinal numerals, only the last word changes (twenty-six, two thousand eighth) When declension of complex and composite cardinal numerals, EACH component part changes (with one thousand five hundred and sixty-three) 3. The numerals one and a half, one and a half hundred, forty, ninety, one hundred have only two case forms: I.p. and V.p. – one and a half, one and a half hundred, forty, ninety, hundred Other cases – one and a half, one and a half hundred, forty, ninety, hundred
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The numeral both is used with masculine and neuter nouns (both friends, both friends, both windows, both windows) The numeral oba is used with feminine nouns (both students, both students)!!! The numerals both and both are NOT USED with nouns that have only a plural form (gate, trousers, sleigh...), i.e. you cannot speak at both gates, both sleighs (here you need to use a phrase at both gates: at both gates)
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Collective numerals (two, three, four and others) are not combined with nouns denoting female persons, and with masculine and feminine nouns denoting the names of adult animals. That's right: two friends, three days, five of us. Four moose calves, six guys, seven people BUT: three women, four bears, two cats
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Declension of pronouns
1. An initial N is added to personal pronouns of the 3rd person if they appear after simple prepositions (in, without, before...) or after adverbial prepositions. Managers R.p. (around, in front, near, past...) For example: without it. around them 2. After adverbial prepositions that control D.p. (in spite of. According to, contrary to, towards...) initial N is not added to personal pronouns of the 3rd person. For example: in spite of him 3. After the comparative form of adjectives and adverbs, 3rd person pronouns are used without N: older than him, greater than her
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With some verbs expressing emotional experiences (to miss, yearn, cry, miss), the preposition PO is combined with two cases - D.p. and P.p. In the dative case, nouns are usually used: miss (what?) home In the prepositional case, personal pronouns are used ONLY 1st and 2nd person plural: they miss (who?) about us, miss (who?) you For other verbs with the preposition PO uses the form D.p. these pronouns: from behind a hill they shot at (who?0 at us
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Formation of nouns
Plural forms I.p. and V.p. nouns Ending -s(s): accountants, carts, elections, issues, contracts, engineers, designers, containers, lecturers, ports, sentences, rectors, syllables, snipers, cakes, drivers Ending -a(s): addresses , boards, fans, centuries (cuts: forever and ever. For once), bills, monograms, director, doctor, huntsman, pearls, boats, clovers, feed, domes, districts, orders, passports, quails, watchmen, haystacks, mansion, black grouse, stable, farmstead, anchor
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Distinguish between words - homonyms
Hogs (boars) Knees (part of a leg) Corps (torso) Camps (political) Images (artistic and literary) Orders (knightly) Occasions (reasons) Belts (geographical)
Hog (parts of a chimney) Knees (bends) Corps (military units) Camps (tourist) Images (icons) Orders (insignia) Reins (harness) Belts (parts of clothing)
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Noun endings R.p. plural numbers
ZERO ENDING: Names of most paired items (boots, sneakers, stockings). BUT: socks Names of many units of measurement (watt, volt) Names of some nationalities (usually with a base on N or P): British, Bulgarians, Georgians Names of persons according to military formations (regiment of grenadier, company of soldiers). BUT: miners, sappers Some nouns used only in the plural: barges, poker, weddings, fables Most nouns of the same gender: winter huts, food, villages
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ENDING -OV: Some names of units of measurement: acres, hectares, grams, kilograms Names of many peoples: Mongols, Tajiks, Kalmyks Some nouns used only in the plural, and individual names of paired and composite objects: bronchi, shackles, frosts Names vegetables and fruits: oranges, tomatoes, BUT: pomegranate, apples
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1. Feminine nouns ending in –ya (unstressed position), in R.p. plural end in -y: naughty – naughty 2. Noun. zh.r ending in –ya (stress position). In R.p. plural end in –ey: wormwood – wormwood 3. Noun. s.r. ending in –е (unstressed position), in R.p. plural end in -ii: festivities – festivities 4. Noun. s.r. ending in –е (stress position), in R.p. plural end in -ey: gun - guns, BUT: dress - dresses, mouth - mouth REMEMBER: spear - spears
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Indeclinable nouns
Masculine gender: - nouns denoting male persons (attaché, maestro, couturier) nouns denoting the names of animals (kangaroo, chimpanzee). Exception: tsetse (fly), kiwi (bird) - f.r. Noun COFFEE, WHISKEY Feminine gender: nouns denoting female persons - mainly addressing women in different countries (Madame, Miss, Frau) Neuter gender: nouns denoting inanimate objects (purse, flowerpot, citro) In proper names and some of common nouns, the gender is determined by the grammatical gender of the common noun, acting as a specific concept: Tbilisi (city) - m.r., Ontario (lake) - middle r., Aragvi (river) - zh.r., salami (sausage) - f .r., kohlrabi (cabbage) – l.r.
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Using verb forms
Common mistakes: Using dialect-colloquial verb forms: we played (correctly: played) in the forest for a very long time. Mom waited for me that day (she waited correctly) for a long, long time and did not wait (she waited) Erroneous formation of the form of the 1st person singular. present or future simple tense from a number of verbs: go, run, lie down, lie down (correctly: go, run, lie down, put down) Erroneous formation of participial forms in -šiy from perfective verbs: thinking (that is not possible) Formation of gerunds from those verbs from which they are not formed: waiting, writing, sewing Incorrect formation of special verbal forms - participles and gerunds, for example. Formation of participles with the postfix -sya from irreflexive verbs: children playing (correct: children playing)
Morphological norms regulate the use of a word in accordance with its inherent grammatical categories, the correct formation of word forms.
In case of violation of morphological norms grammatical errors occur.
Gender of immutable names
1. Inanimate
2. Animated
3. Denoting animals, birds
4. Geographical names, names of printed publications
5. Abbreviations
Neuter gender |
Coat, muffler, |
Exceptions: |
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taxi, popsicle |
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1) masculine: Hindi, Esperanto, |
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sirocco, tornado, suluguni, euro. |
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2) feminine: kohlrabi, salami, |
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Gender of nouns denoting lady, lady, madam And |
Avenue, etc. |
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face, correlates with |
etc. - f. R.; |
jury - neuter; |
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gender of the person |
referee, receptionist and other protégés, deputy dean, deputy chairman, |
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head of the clinic, head of the department, etc. - |
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Masculine |
pony, shimpanzee, |
masculine and feminine. |
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If it is emphasized that we are talking about |
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flamingo; |
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female individuals, these words |
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exceptions: iwashi, used as a noun. female: |
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tsetse and others - g. R. |
Young chimpanzee, cared very much |
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about your baby. |
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Determined by gender |
Tbilisi (city) – |
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that common noun |
m.r., Capri |
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noun, with which |
(island) – m.r., |
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this corresponds |
Mississippi (river) |
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Name |
- Journalist, The Times |
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(newspaper) – female |
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Usually defined |
This rule does not apply to changeable |
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by type of support |
(university) – |
abbreviations, the gender of which |
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m.r. ATS |
is determined not by the reference word, but |
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(station) – railway station |
by the nature of the base and ending |
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Name units: university (at the university, university)– m.r., |
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registry office (at the registry office) - m.r. |
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Gender of compound nouns,
hyphenated
The gender of compound nouns written with a hyphen is usually determined by:
a) for the first part, if both parts are changed:
tank car - m.r., chair-bed - cf. r., boarding school - f. R.,
b) for the variable part, if the other is unchangeable: cafe-club (m.r.), alpha radiation
(s.r.), alpha particle (f.r.).
Changeable nouns can also act as an unchangeable part: cloak-
tent, to a raincoat tent, with a raincoat tent; vacuum
cooling, with vacuum cooling, etc. Mutability-immutabilityone of the parts of such words must be memorized or checked in a dictionary.
1) Two-syllable words with stress on the 1st syllable, as a rule, have the ending -a/-ya: echer - evening a, p a sport - passport a, voice - voice a,
bill - bill of exchange.
2) Polysyllabic words with emphasis on the 2nd, 3rd, etc. syllables usually form forms in -ы/-и: apt e kar - pharmacist and, bibliot e kar -
librarians, computer engineers, engineers. Exceptions: sleeve - sleeves, month - months.
3) Words with the elements -er/-er have the ending -ы/-и: actor - actors ы,
driver - drivers, director - directors, conductor - conductors, etc.
These are words of French origin.
4) Words of Latin origin with the element -tor - inanimate (objects) have the ending -s: reflectors s, detectors s,
refrigerators, condensers
5) Animated words with -tor (persons) have the ending -ы: authors ы, lecturers, rectors, designers ы and the ending -а: doctor а, director а, professor а. Why do we say lecturers, but professors? The choice is explained by tradition.
Remember that the colloquial forms are accountant a, engineer a,
choice, contract, sentence, position, driver, handwriting, cream, soup
and similar ones are considered as a gross violation of language norms.
plural of nouns
6) Difference in meaning of words
IN a number of cases of termination-ы, и -а serve to distinguish the meaning of a word:
images (artistic) - images (icons); wires (upon departure) - wires (electrical); flowers (plants) - colors (color); omissions (oversights) - passes (documents);
belts (geographical) - belts (clothing), etc.
There are enough similar pairs in the Russian language: sheets - leaves, teeth - teeth, etc.
7) There are normative variant forms (i.e. both forms are correct):
bunkers - bunkers years - years
instructors - instructors valves - valves (technical term) jackets - jackets spotlights - spotlights
sectors - sectors, workshops - workshops
nouns
Masculine
1. All names of paired items have a zero ending:
shoe, boots, stockings, trousers, shoulder straps, scissors. Exception: socks.
2. The names of nationalities are subject to the following
rules:
a) words with stems ending in -n, -r have zero endings: English,
Armenians, Georgians, Lezgins, Ossetians, Romanians, Turkmen, Gypsies, Bashkirs, Bulgarians.
Exception: blacks.
b) words with stems starting from other letters have the ending -ov: Kirghiz, Kalmyks, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Mongols, Yakuts. Exception:
Turks, Buryats.
3. The names of military groups and previous branches of the military require
the following endings:
10 hussars, 5 midshipmen, 6 hussars, 7 lancers.
4. The names of units of measurement vary:
a) ampere, watt, gram, kilogram, roentgen, coulomb; b) amperes, watts, grams, kilograms, roentgens, coulombs.
5.The names of the "vegetables - fruits" group have -ov endings:
Genitive plural
nouns
Feminine
1. Nouns on-lya, -nya have a zero ending: waffles, roofs, gossip, nannies, cherries, apple trees.
2. Some nouns have an ending-to her: candles, rakes, sheets.
There are also variant forms: The game is worth the candle, but: There are no candles in the house.
However, the word candle is used here in literal and figurative (phraseological) meanings (indicate which).
3. Nouns ending in -i: auditoriums, academies, conservatories.
Neuter gender
1. A number of names have a zero ending: apples, shoulders, saucers of towels, mirrors.Pay attention to the formshoulders (Dress with and without shoulders!)
2. The normative forms are: coasts, outbacks, potions.
3 . There are also forms for-ev: estuaries, swamps, upper reaches, lower reaches.
Adjective
It is unacceptable to connect simple and
complex forms of comparative degree:
My brother is older than me.
As homogeneous members of a sentence it is impossible
use simple and complex forms of degrees of comparison:
He is more capable and smarter than me.
From the words good and bad, suppletive forms of degrees are formed - better, worse: He studies better than me.
Pronoun
Speech errors may be associated with the formation of non-normative pronouns: Their school won the competition.
A fairly common mistake is making a bad choice.
b) dozing, rattling, chattering,
2. Wrong
formation of forms
present time
mixed verbs
H. Incorrect
frozen
formation of forms
hoarse
past tense verbs
with the suffix -well-
subsided
4. Incorrect education
lie down - lie down
bake - bake
imperative forms
verb inflections
Correct
Literary norm:
a) sways, waves, splashes, rinses; b) dozing, spitting, chattering, pinching
Literary norm:
Lie down - lie down bake - bake
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