Damaging factors of weapons of mass destruction presentation. Modern means of destruction

Weapons of mass destruction.
Work by group 1-K student Alexander Ivliev.

Weapons of mass destruction (less commonly also weapons of mass destruction) are weapons of extremely high destructive power, designed to cause mass casualties or destruction over relatively large spaces and areas.

Chemical weapon.
Weapons of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the toxic properties of toxic substances (CAS), and the means of their use: artillery shells, rockets, mines, aerial bombs, gas launchers, balloon gas launch systems, VAPs, grenades, checkers. Along with nuclear and biological weapons, it refers to weapons of mass destruction.

The use of chemical weapons was prohibited several times by various international agreements: 1. The Hague Convention of 1899, Article 23 of which prohibits the use of ammunition, the sole purpose of which is to poison enemy personnel. 2. The Geneva Protocol of 1925. 3. The Convention on the Prohibition of Development, Production, Stockpiling and the use of chemical weapons and their destruction in 1993.

Biological weapons
Biological weapons are pathogenic microorganisms or their spores, viruses, bacterial toxins, infected people and animals, as well as their means of delivery, intended for the mass destruction of enemy personnel, farm animals, crops, as well as damage to certain types of military materials and equipment .

Biological weapons are used in the form of various ammunition; they are equipped with certain types of bacteria that cause infectious diseases that take the form of epidemics. It is intended to infect people, crops and animals, as well as contaminate food and water supplies.

Nuclear weapon
Nuclear weapons are a set of nuclear weapons, means of delivering them to the target and control means. Refers to weapons of mass destruction. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that uses nuclear energy - released as a result of an avalanche-like nuclear chain reaction of fission of heavy nuclei and/or thermonuclear fusion reaction of light nuclei.

Thermonuclear explosive devices.
In a thermonuclear explosive device, the release of energy occurs as a result of an ultra-fast explosive reaction of thermonuclear fusion of deuterium and lithium into heavier elements. The main working substance of most modern thermonuclear explosive devices is lithium deuteride.

1 slide

2 slide

History of the use of chemical weapons Chemical weapons were used: First World War (1914-1918) Rif War (1920-1926) Second Italo-Ethiopian War (1935-1941) Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) Vietnam War (1955-1975) North Yemen Civil War (1962-1970) Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) *

3 slide

Definition and properties of chemical weapons Chemical weapons are toxic substances and the means by which they are used on the battlefield. The basis of the destructive effect of chemical weapons is toxic substances. Toxic agents (CA) are chemical compounds that, when used, can injure unprotected personnel or reduce their combat effectiveness. In terms of their damaging properties, explosive agents differ from other military weapons: they are capable of penetrating with the air into various buildings, military equipment and inflicting damage on the people in them; they can maintain their destructive effect in the air, on the ground and in various objects for some, sometimes quite a long time; spreading in large volumes of air and over large areas, they inflict damage on all people within their sphere of action without protective equipment; Agent vapors are capable of spreading in the direction of the wind to significant distances from areas where chemical weapons are directly used. *

4 slide

Properties of agent Chemical munitions are distinguished by the following characteristics: the durability of the agent used; the nature of the physiological effect of the agent on the human body; means and methods of application; tactical purpose; speed of onset of impact; Persistence Depending on how long after use toxic substances can retain their damaging effect, they are conditionally are divided into: persistent (mustard gas, lewisite, VX) unstable (phosgene, hydrocyanic acid) The persistence of toxic substances depends on: their physical and chemical properties, methods of application, meteorological conditions, the nature of the area in which the toxic substances are used. Persistent agents retain their damaging effect from several hours to several days and even weeks. *

5 slide

Types of agents according to their physiological effects on humans: nerve agents, blister agents, generally poisonous, suffocating, psychochemical, sneezing, tear irritants *

6 slide

Types of agents Nerve agents cause damage to the central nervous system. The main purpose of using nerve agents is the rapid and massive incapacitation of personnel with the greatest possible number of deaths. Blistering agents cause damage mainly through the skin, and when used in the form of aerosols and vapors, also through the respiratory system. Generally toxic agents affect through the respiratory system, causing the cessation of oxidative processes in the tissues of the body. Asphyxiating agents primarily affect the lungs. Psychochemical agents are capable of incapacitating enemy manpower for some time. These toxic substances, affecting the central nervous system, disrupt the normal mental activity of a person or cause mental disabilities such as temporary blindness, deafness, a sense of fear, and limitation of the motor functions of various organs. May be fatal at very high concentrations *

Slide 7

Methods of using agents can be used for the purpose of: - defeating manpower for their complete destruction or temporary incapacitation, which is achieved by using mainly nerve agents; - suppression of manpower in order to force it to take protective measures for a certain time and thus complicate its maneuver, reduce the speed and accuracy of fire; this task is performed by using agents of blister and nerve action; - pinning down (exhausting) the enemy in order to complicate his combat operations for a long time and cause losses in personnel; this problem is solved by using persistent agents; - contamination of the terrain in order to force the enemy to leave their positions, prohibit or make it difficult to use certain areas of the terrain and overcome obstacles.. *

8 slide

Slide 9

Characteristics of the main agents Nerve agents Sarin GB is a colorless or yellow liquid, almost odorless, which makes it difficult to detect by external signs. Longevity in summer - several hours, in winter - several days. Sarin causes damage through the respiratory system, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. When exposed to sarin, the victim experiences drooling, profuse sweating, headaches, vomiting, dizziness, loss of consciousness, severe convulsions, paralysis and, as a result of severe poisoning, death. Soman GD is a colorless and almost odorless liquid. In many properties it is very similar to sarin. The persistence of soman is slightly higher than that of sarin; its effect on the human body is approximately 10 times stronger. V-gases VX are a low-volatile, colorless liquid with a shelf life of 7-15 days in summer and indefinitely in winter. V-gases are 100 - 1000 times more toxic than other nerve agents. They are highly effective when acting through the skin. Contact of small drops of V-gases on human skin usually causes death. *

10 slide

Blistering agents Representatives: mustard gas HD, lewisite L, Mustard gas is a dark brown oily liquid with a characteristic odor of garlic or mustard. Its durability on the ground is: in summer - from 7 to 14 days, in winter - a month or more. The effect of mustard gas appears after a period of latent action. When it comes into contact with the skin, mustard gas is absorbed into the skin. After 4 - 8 hours, redness and itching appear on the skin. After a day, small bubbles form, which merge into single large bubbles. The appearance of blisters is accompanied by malaise and fever. After 2 - 3 days, the blisters burst, leaving ulcers that do not heal for a long time. The organs of vision are affected by mustard gas at negligible concentrations in the air and exposure time is 10 minutes. Then photophobia and lacrimation appear. The disease can last 10 - 15 days, after which recovery occurs. The digestive organs become infected through food. The period of latent action (30 - 60 minutes) ends with the appearance of stomach pain, nausea, vomiting; then general weakness, headache, weakening of reflexes occur. In the future - paralysis, severe weakness and exhaustion. If the course is unfavorable, death occurs between 3 and 12 days as a result of complete loss of strength and exhaustion. *

11 slide

Generally toxic agents Hydrocyanic acid AC and cyanogen chloride SC, arsenic hydrogen, hydrogen phosphide. Hydrocyanic acid AC is a colorless liquid with an odor reminiscent of bitter almonds. Hydrocyanic acid evaporates easily and acts only in a vapor state. Characteristic signs of damage by hydrocyanic acid are: metallic taste in the mouth, throat irritation, numbness of the tip of the tongue, dizziness, weakness, nausea. shortness of breath, slow pulse, loss of consciousness, sharp convulsions. Convulsions are observed for a relatively short time; they are replaced by complete relaxation of the muscles with loss of sensitivity, a drop in temperature, respiratory depression with subsequent cessation. Cardiac activity after stopping breathing continues for another 3 to 7 minutes. *

12 slide

Asphyxiating Phosgene CG and diphosgene CG2 Phosgene is a colorless, highly volatile liquid with the smell of rotten hay or rotten apples. Durability 30-50min. The period of hidden action is 4 - 6 hours. When phosgene is inhaled, a person feels a sweetish, unpleasant taste in the mouth, followed by coughing, dizziness and general weakness. When leaving the contaminated air, the signs of poisoning quickly pass, and a period of so-called imaginary well-being begins. But after 4 - 6 hours, the affected person experiences a sharp deterioration in their condition: a bluish discoloration of the lips, cheeks, and nose quickly develops; general weakness, headache, rapid breathing, severe shortness of breath, a painful cough with the release of liquid, foamy, pinkish sputum indicate the development of pulmonary edema. The process of phosgene poisoning reaches its climax within 2 - 3 days. With a favorable course of the disease, the affected person’s health will gradually begin to improve, and in severe cases of damage, death occurs. Diphosgene also has an irritant effect *

Slide 13

Irritating agents This group includes gases CS, CN, CR. CS in low concentrations has an irritating effect on the eyes and upper respiratory tract, and in high concentrations it causes burns to exposed skin, in some cases - respiratory and cardiac paralysis and death. Signs of damage: severe burning and pain in the eyes and chest, severe lacrimation, involuntary closing of the eyelids, sneezing, runny nose (sometimes with blood), painful burning in the mouth, nasopharynx, upper respiratory tract, cough and chest pain. Tear - chloroacetophenone "Bird cherry" (named for its characteristic odor, bromobenzyl cyanide and chloropicrin. Lachrymation occurs at a concentration of 0.002 mg/l, at 0.01 mg/l it becomes intolerable and is accompanied by irritation of the skin of the face and neck. At a concentration of 0.08 mg/l and exposure for 1 minute, a person is incapacitated for 15-30 minutes; a concentration of 10-11 mg/l is lethal. Does not affect the eyes of animals. Sneezing agents include DM (adamsite), DA (diphenylchlorarsine) and DC (diphenylcyanarsine). ) The lesion is accompanied by uncontrollable sneezing, coughing and chest pain. Concomitant phenomena such as nausea, vomiting, headache and pain in the jaws and teeth, a feeling of pressure in the ears, indicate damage to the paranasal sinuses. In severe cases, damage to the respiratory tract is possible. leading to toxic pulmonary edema *.

Slide 14

Agent of psychochemical action representative: Lysergic acid dimethylamide, Bi-Z (BZ) Lysergic acid dimethylamide. If it enters the human body, mild nausea and dilated pupils appear within 3 minutes, and then hallucinations of hearing and vision that last for several hours. Bi-Z (BZ) When exposed to low concentrations, drowsiness and decreased combat effectiveness occur. When exposed to high concentrations, at the initial stage, rapid heartbeat, dry skin and dry mouth, dilated pupils and a decrease in combat effectiveness are observed for several hours. Over the next 8 hours, numbness and speech inhibition occur. This is followed by a period of excitement, lasting up to 4 days. In 2-3 days. after exposure to 0V, a gradual return to normal begins. *

Department of Special Tactics
preparation
WEAPONS OF MASS
DEFEATS AND ITS
DAMAGED FACTORS

Study questions:
1. Characteristics of the nuclear focus
defeats.
2. Characteristics of the chemical outbreak
defeats.
3.Characteristics
hearth
bacteriological infection.

Literature
Main:
About the state of emergency: Federal
constitutional law of May 30, 2011 No. 3-FKZ: [Electronic
resource] – electronic data. - Program



http//www.consultant.ru.
On the police: Federal Law of February 7, 2011 No. 3FZ: as amended. Federal Law dated July 1, 2011 No. 169-FZ:

information support for Russian science and
education // reference legal systems Consultant
Plus: High school. – 2013. – Access mode:
http//www.consultant.ru.
On improving the forces and means of the Internal Affairs and Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
to act in emergency circumstances: Order
Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated 02/06/2012 No. 88 dsp.
Tactical and special training: Textbook. Part 1,
revised and expanded. – M.: DGSK Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia,
2011. – 368 p.

Additional
On countering extremist activities:
Federal Law of July 25, 2002 No. 114-FZ (as amended on April 29, 2008):
[Electronic resource] – electronic data. - Program
information support for Russian science and education
// reference legal systems Consultant Plus: Higher
school. – 2013. – Access mode: http//www.consultant.ru.
On training the population in the field of protection against emergencies
situations of natural and man-made nature:
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated September 4, 2003 No. 547 (as amended by
09/08/2010): [Electronic resource] – electronic data. –
Information support program for Russian science and
education // reference legal systems Consultant
Plus: High school. – 2013. – Access mode:
http//www.consultant.ru.
On approval of the Regulations on organization and management
civil defense in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia: Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation
dated 10/06/2008 No. 861 (Registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation
12/26/2008 No. 13002): [Electronic resource] – electronic
data. – Information support program for Russian
science and education // reference legal systems
Consultant Plus: Higher School. – 2013. – Access mode:
http//www.consultant.ru.

Nuclear weapons are weapons
mass
defeats
explosive
actions,
striking
action
whom
based
on
use
intranuclear
energy,
eye-catching
at
nuclear reactions.

air
space

ground
underground

surface
underwater

Power
nuclear
explosion
characterized
TNT
equivalent - quantity
TNT,
energy
whom
corresponds to explosion energy
of this nuclear charge.
By
power
ammunition
divided into: ultra-small
(< 1 кт), малые (1-10 кт),
medium (10-100 ct), large
(100 kt – 1 Mt) and extra-large
(>1 Mt).

COMPLEX OF DAMAGING FACTORS
NUCLEAR EXPLOSION:
shock wave;
light radiation;
penetrating radiation;
radioactive contamination;
electromagnetic pulse.
Shock wave – area of ​​sharp
compression of the medium (pressure at the front
air
percussion
waves),
spreading
from
center
explosion
in
All
sides
with
supersonic speed.

The shock wave is heterogeneous in its structure:
it consists of a compression area and an area
discharge. Front boundary of the compression area
called the shock wave front. In the compression zone
air moves away from the center of the explosion,
and in the rarefaction zone - in the opposite direction.
time during which the pressure
remains below atmospheric
called the rarefaction phase
Time during which
pressure in the shock wave
remains above atmospheric,
called the compression phase

The shock wave (at P=1Mt) destroys buildings on its path and
structures, forming four zones of destruction (complete,
strong, medium, weak) depending on the distance:
Zone of complete destruction - up to 3 km
Zone of severe destruction - up to 5 km
Medium damage zone - 7-10 km
Zone of weak destruction - more than 10 km

The shock wave causes varying degrees of
severity of injury:
Light lesions - 0.2-0.4 kg/cm2 (contusions, lungs
bruises).
Moderate severity - 0.4-0.6 kg/cm2 (loss of consciousness,
hearing damage,
dislocations of limbs,
bleeding from the nose and ears, concussion).
Severe lesions - 0.6-1 kg/cm2 (severe contusions,
fractures of limbs, damage to internal organs).
Extremely severe lesions - more than 1 kg/cm2 (with
fatal).

Т=30000 °С
tact.=10-15s
ultraviolet
visible light
infrared radiation
Light radiation is a combination of visible light and close to
it according to the spectrum of ultraviolet and infrared rays. Source
light radiation - the luminous area of ​​the explosion, consisting of
substances of nuclear weapons heated to high temperatures,
air and soil. Temperature of the luminous area > 30000 °C.
The unit of light impulse is joule per square meter (J/m²)
or calorie per square centimeter (cal/cm²). 1 cal/cm² = 40 kJ/m².

There are three main fire zones:
Area of ​​continuous fires - 400-600 kJ/m2
(covers the entire zone of medium destruction
and part of the zone of weak destruction).
The zone of individual fires is 100-200 kJ/m2.
(covers part of the zone of medium destruction
and the entire zone of weak destruction).
The fire zone in the rubble is 700-1700 kJ/m2.
(Covers the entire area of ​​complete destruction
and part of the zone of severe destruction).

The defeat of SI people is expressed in
the appearance of four-degree burns on
skin and effects on the eyes.
The action of SR on the skin causes burns:
1 – degree – redness, swelling, swelling of the skin – 100-200 kJ/m2,
2 – degrees – formation of bubbles – 200-400 kJ/m2,
3 – degrees – formation of ulcers and necrosis of the skin – 400-600
kJ/m2
4 – degrees – charring of the skin, necrosis of deep layers
leather and fabrics
– more than 600 kJ/m2.
Effect of SI on the eyes:
temporary blinding – up to 30 minutes
burns of the cornea and eyelids
fundus burn – blindness

Penetrating
radiation
–
flow
gamma rays and neutrons emitted in
for 10-15 seconds. from luminous
explosion area in all directions
significant
distances.
Penetrating
radiation
characterized by the radiation dose and the amount of radioactive energy
radiation,
absorbed
unit
volume of the irradiated environment. For a unit
X-ray (R) is used to measure the dose. At
passing
through
any
Wednesday
action
penetrating
radiation
weakens.

EFFECT OF PENETRATING RADIATION
concrete
brick
priming
Half attenuation of penetrating
radiation is provided by a layer of concrete
10 cm thick (1), brick (2) or
ordinary soil 14 cm thick (3),
wood 30 cm thick (4).
on the human body (penetrates through);
tree
for various materials

Degrees of radiation sickness: I (mild) - occurs when a person receives a dose of 100 to 200R (general weakness, mild nausea, short-term headache

Degrees of radiation sickness:
I (mild) - occurs when a person receives a dose of 100 to
200R (general weakness, mild nausea, short-term
dizziness, increased sweating, personnel,
those who receive such a dose usually do not fail);
II (medium) - develops when receiving a dose of 200-400R,
(headache, fever, gastrointestinal
disorder - manifest themselves more sharply and faster, personnel in
fails in most cases);
III (severe) - occurs at a dose of 300-600R (severe headaches
pain, nausea, severe general weakness, dizziness, etc.
malaise, often leading to death);
IV (fatal) – occurs at a dose above 600R, in
in most cases leads to death.
A safe dose that does not lead to a decrease in combat effectiveness
troop personnel, is a dose equal to 50R.

Radioactive
infection
terrain - ionizing radiation
V
result
radioactive
pollution of the area, as a result
fallout of radioactive substances from
radioactive
clouds
nuclear
explosion
And
education
induced
activity in the ground and various
materials.
Main
parameter
characterizing
striking
action, is the dose of radiation.
Main
parameters
characterizing
ionizing
radiation are exposure,
absorbed and equivalent doses.

Exhibition
dose
–
founded
on
ionizing
action
radiation,
those.
characterizes ion-forming capabilities
radiation.
Absorbed dose is the amount of energy
absorbed per unit mass of the irradiated
substances.
Off-system
unit
absorbed
doses
is
glad.
IN
international SI system - Gray (Gr). 1 Gy =
100 rad.
Equivalent dose (ED) – absorbed
dose of any type of ionizing radiation,
which, during chronic exposure, causes
same biological effect as 1 rad
X-ray or gamma radiation.

Volume of air space in which deposition occurs
radioactive particles from the explosion cloud and the top of the dust
pillar is called a cloud plume. As we get closer
plume to the object, radiation dose rates increase due to
γ-radiation of radioactive substances contained in the plume.
After approaching the edge of the train, loss is observed
radioactive particles. Most of the clouds fall out of the cloud first.
large particles with a high degree of activity, as
distances from the explosion site are smaller, and the dose rate
radiation gradually decreases. Cross section
trace radiation dose rate decreases from the trace axis to its
edges.

Radioactive contamination zones:
zone A - moderate infection with an area of ​​70-80% of the area
the entire trace of the explosion, the radiation level at the outer boundary of the zone
1 hour after the explosion - up to 8 R/h;
zone B - severe infection, approximately 10% of the area
radioactive trace, radiation level - up to 80 R/h;
zone B - dangerous contamination, approximately 8-10% of the footprint area
explosion clouds, radiation level - up to 240 R/h;
zone G - extremely dangerous infection, 2-3% of the footprint area
explosion clouds, radiation level - up to 800 R/h.

U
U<15000В
The electromagnetic pulse of a nuclear explosion is
powerful short-term electromagnetic field arising in
moment of explosion, which induces strong electrical voltages
and currents in conductors of various lengths in the air, earth, on
equipment and other objects (metal supports, antennas, wires
communication and power lines, pipelines, etc.).

Chemical weapon
- this is a weapon
mass
defeat, action
which is based on
toxic
properties of some
chemical substances.
This includes
combat
poisonous
substances and means
their applications

I. Clinical and toxicological
classification:
Nerve agents
(sarin, soman, v-gases);
Blistering agents (mustard gas,
lewisite);
OB
generally poisonous
actions
(hydrocyanic acid, cyanogen chloride);
Asphyxiating agents (phosgene,
diphosgene);
Irritant agents (including
number
tear
And
combined)
(adamsite,
chloropicrin, CS (ci-es) and CR (ci-ar));
Psychogenic agent (diethylamide
lysergic acid, Bi-3et).

II. According to combat (tactical)
purpose:
fatal
current
(nerve drugs,
skin vesicants, generally poisonous and
suffocating);
temporarily
striking
(irritating, tear-producing and
combined);
disorganizing (psychogenic).

III. By duration
preservation of the damaging
actions:
persistent (from several hours to
many days) neuroparalytic and skin vesicants;
unstable (up to several hours) all others according to clinical toxicology
classifications.

Nerve agent -
racks,
fatal
antidote
–
"atropine" (syringe tube) or "taren" in
tablets. Protection – PPE OD and PPE KP.
OB
blister
actions
–
persistent, lethal, no antidotes.
Protection – PPE OD and PPE KP.
Generally toxic agent – ​​not
resistant, fast-acting, lethal,
antidote – “amyl nitrite” (tilnitrite),
the ampoule with the antidote must be opened,
place under a gas mask and
breathe. Protection – PPE OD.
OB has a suffocating effect - not resistant,
fast-acting,
fatal
there are no antidotes. Protection – PPE OD.

Number of people caught in
organism OM is characterized by:
a) concentration - quantity
RH per unit volume of air,
liquid (mg/l);
b) infection density –
amount of OM per unit
area (g/m2);
c) dose – amount of OM per
unit of mass (person,
animals).

To assess the consequences of the action of agents on the body
The following toxodoses are used in humans:
average threshold inhalation amount of agent causing initial
symptoms of damage in 50%
affected;
average lethal inhalation amount of agent causing
fatal outcome in 50%
affected;
average lethal skin resorptive - amount of liquid agent
upon contact with skin, causing
fatal outcome in 50%
affected.

Maximum number of OBs,
which does not affect health and does not
causes consequences in
the body is called extremely
permissible concentration (MPC)

Classification and toxicological characteristics of agents

OB
The nature of the impact on
organism
Signs of defeat
Sarin,
soman, VX
(V-gases)
nerve agent
actions
fatal
drooling, constriction of pupils,
difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting,
convulsions, paralysis
Mustard gas,
nitrous
mustard gas
blister
(resorptive) action
fatal
general poisoning of the body,
skin redness, blistering,
ulcers, fever
phosgene,
diphosgene
suffocating effect
fatal
damage to the respiratory system,
sweetish unpleasant taste, cough,
dizziness, weakness
prussic
acid,
cyanogen chloride
generally toxic
fatal
metallic taste, irritation
throat, dizziness, weakness, vomiting,
severe convulsions, paralysis
chloroacetophe
non, adamsit,
CS(CS)
irritating effect
temporarily withdrawn from
building
acute burning and pain in the mouth, throat and
eyes, severe lacrimation, cough,
difficulty breathing
BZ (Bee-Z)
psychochemical
temporarily withdrawn from
building
mental disorders
(hallucinations, fear, depression),
physical disorders (blindness,
deafness)

Bacteriological (biological) weapons

– WMD, the effect of which
based on usage
pathogenic properties
microorganisms capable
cause various mass
diseases of humans, animals and
plants.

The following can be used to infect people:
viruses – pathogens of natural
smallpox, yellow fever, encephalitis,
hemorrhagic fevers, etc.;
bacteria – causative agents of Siberian
ulcers, tularemia, plague, brucellosis and
etc.;
rickettsia
–
pathogens
Cool fever, typhus, fever
tsutsugamushi and others;
fungi – causative agents of histoplasmosis,
coccidioidomycosis, deep mycoses,
and etc.

The focus of bacteriological
(biological)
defeats - territory, on
which as a result
impact
bacteriological
(biological) weapons
enemy occurred
mass casualties
people, animals and
plants.

methods of distributing BS:
aircraft bombs and aerosol generators;
artillery shells and mines;
short- and long-range missiles;
other unmanned attack weapons equipped with liquid or
dry bacterial formulations;
various ground specially equipped transport
machines and devices for arthropod infestation;
aircraft bombs, containers filled with infected
arthropods;
various instruments and special equipment for sabotage
contamination of water, indoor air, food, and
also for the spread of infected arthropods and rodents

signs of use
bacteriological (biological)
weapons:
dull, unusual for conventional ammunition
the sound of shells and bombs exploding;
the presence of large fragments in places of ruptures and
individual parts of ammunition;
the appearance of droplets of liquid or powder
substances on the ground;
unusual accumulation of insects and mites in
places where ammunition explodes and falls
containers;
mass diseases of people and animals

biological agents to kill people

pathogens
bacterial
diseases
pathogens
rickettsial diseases
(typhus,
spotted
fever
Rocky Mountains, Cool Fever)
(plague, tularemia,
brucellosis,
anthrax,
cholera)
pathogens
viral
diseases
(natural
smallpox, yellow
fever,
Venezuelan
encephalomyelitis
horses)
pathogens
fungal
diseases
(coccidiohouse
oz, pocardiosis,
histoplasmosis)

manifestations of major diseases

Plague – o.i.z;
general weakness,
chills,
headache,
fast
increase in T°C,
blackout
consciousness;
chest pain and
cough;
loss of consciousness
and death
Anthrax o.i.z;
forms
diseases:
cutaneous (vesicles,
ulcers, massive
edema),
pulmonary,
intestinal
Cholera o.i.z.,
diarrhea,
vomit,
convulsions,
decrease in T°
up to 35 °C
Botulism - severe
disease;
central lesion
nervous system,
vagus nerve
nervous apparatus
hearts; general
weakness;
headache;
visual impairment
(fog before eyes,
double vision); pressure in
epigastric region;
paralytic phenomena
muscles of the tongue, soft
palate, larynx, face;
T°С below normal

basic means of protection against
biological weapons:
vaccine-serum
drugs;
antibiotics;
sulfa and others
medicinal substances,
used for special
and emergency prevention
infectious diseases;
personal and
collective defense,
used for
neutralization of pathogens
chemical substances

Slide 1

Weapons of mass destruction. Nuclear weapon. Grade 10

Slide 2

Checking homework:
History of the creation of MPVO-GO-MChS-RSChS. Name the tasks of civil defense. Rights and responsibilities of citizens in the field of civil defense

Slide 3

First nuclear weapons test
In 1896, the French physicist Antoine Becquerel discovered the phenomenon of radioactive radiation. On the territory of the United States, in Los Alamos, in the desert expanses of New Mexico, an American nuclear center was created in 1942. On July 16, 1945, at 5:29:45 local time, a bright flash lit up the sky over the plateau in the Jemez Mountains north of New Mexico. A distinctive mushroom-shaped cloud of radioactive dust rose 30,000 feet. All that remained at the explosion site were fragments of green radioactive glass, into which the sand had turned. This was the beginning of the atomic era.

Slide 4

Slide 5

NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND THEIR DAMAGING FACTORS
Contents: Historical data. Nuclear weapon. Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. Types of nuclear explosions Basic principles of protection from the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.

Slide 6

The first nuclear explosion was carried out in the United States on July 16, 1945. The creator of the atomic bomb is Julius Robert Oppenheimer. By the summer of 1945, the Americans managed to assemble two atomic bombs, called “Baby” and “Fat Man”. The first bomb weighed 2,722 kg and was filled with enriched Uranium-235. “Fat Man” with a charge of Plutonium-239 with a power of more than 20 kt had a mass of 3175 kg.

Slide 7

Julius Robert Oppenheimer
Creator of the atomic bomb:

Slide 8

Atomic bomb "Little Boy", Hiroshima August 6, 1945
Types of bombs:
Atomic bomb "Fat Man", Nagasaki August 9, 1945

Slide 9

Hiroshima Nagasaki

Slide 10

On the morning of August 6, 1945, the American B-29 Enola Gay bomber, named after the mother (Enola Gay Haggard) of the crew commander, Colonel Paul Tibbets, dropped the Little Boy atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. 13 to 18 kilotons of TNT. Three days later, on August 9, 1945, the "Fat Man" atomic bomb was dropped on the city of Nagasaki by pilot Charles Sweeney, commander of the B-29 "Bockscar" bomber. The total number of deaths ranged from 90 to 166 thousand people in Hiroshima and from 60 to 80 thousand people in Nagasaki

Slide 11

In the USSR, the first test of an atomic bomb (ARD) was carried out on August 29, 1949. at the Semipalatinsk test site with a capacity of 22 kt. In 1953, the USSR tested a hydrogen, or thermonuclear, bomb (RDS-6S). The power of the new weapon was 20 times greater than the power of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, although they were the same size.
History of the creation of nuclear weapons

Slide 12

Slide 13

History of the creation of nuclear weapons

Slide 14

In the 60s of the 20th century, nuclear weapons were introduced into all types of the USSR Armed Forces. On October 30, 1961, the most powerful hydrogen bomb (Tsar Bomba, Ivan, Kuzkina Mother) with a capacity of 58 megatons was tested on Novaya Zemlya. In addition to the USSR and the USA, nuclear weapons appear: in England (1952), in France (1960 .), in China (1964). Later, nuclear weapons appeared in India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel.
History of the creation of nuclear weapons

Slide 15

Participants in the development of the first thermonuclear weapons, who later became Nobel Prize laureates
L.D.Landau I.E.Tamm N.N.Semenov
V.L.Ginzburg I.M.Frank L.V.Kantorovich A.A.Abrikosov

Slide 16

The first Soviet aviation thermonuclear atomic bomb.
RDS-6S
RDS-6S bomb body
Bomber TU-16 – carrier of atomic weapons

Slide 17

"Tsar Bomba" AN602

Slide 18

Slide 19

Slide 20

Slide 21

Slide 22

Slide 23

Slide 24

Slide 25

Slide 26

NUCLEAR WEAPONS are explosive weapons of mass destruction based on the use of intranuclear energy released during a nuclear chain reaction of fission of heavy nuclei of the isotopes uranium-235 and plutonium-239.

Slide 27

The power of a nuclear charge is measured in TNT equivalent - the amount of trinitrotoluene that must be detonated to produce the same energy.

Slide 28

Atomic bomb device
The main elements of nuclear weapons are: body, automation system. The housing is designed to accommodate a nuclear charge and automation system, and also protects them from mechanical, and in some cases, thermal effects. The automation system ensures the explosion of a nuclear charge at a given point in time and eliminates its accidental or premature activation. It includes: - a safety and cocking system, - an emergency detonation system, - a charge detonation system, - a power source, - a detonation sensor system. The means of delivering nuclear weapons can be ballistic missiles, cruise and anti-aircraft missiles, and aircraft. Nuclear ammunition is used to equip aerial bombs, landmines, torpedoes, and artillery shells (203.2 mm SG and 155 mm SG-USA). Various systems have been invented to detonate the atomic bomb. The simplest system is an injector-type weapon, in which a projectile made of fissile material crashes into the target, forming a supercritical mass. The atomic bomb launched by the United States on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, had an injection-type detonator. And it had an energy equivalent of approximately 20 kilotons of TNT.

Slide 29

Atomic bomb device

Slide 30

Nuclear weapons delivery vehicles

Slide 31

Nuclear explosion
2. Light radiation
4. Radioactive contamination of the area
1. Shock wave
3. Ionizing radiation
5. Electromagnetic pulse
Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion

Slide 32

(Air) shock wave - an area of ​​​​sharp compression of air, spreading in all directions from the center of the explosion at supersonic speed. The front boundary of the wave, characterized by a sharp jump in pressure, is called the shock wave front. Causes destruction over a large area. Defense: cover.

Slide 33

Its action lasts for several seconds. The shock wave travels a distance of 1 km in 2 s, 2 km in 5 s, 3 km in 8 s.
Shock wave injuries are caused both by the action of excess pressure and by its propelling action (velocity pressure) caused by the movement of air in the wave. Personnel, weapons and military equipment located in open areas are damaged mainly as a result of the projectile action of the shock wave, and large objects (buildings, etc.) are damaged by the action of excess pressure.

Slide 34

The source of a nuclear explosion
This is an area directly exposed to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.
The source of nuclear damage is divided into:
Zone of complete destruction
Zone of severe destruction
Medium Damage Zone
Zone of weak damage
Destruction zones

Slide 35

2. Light radiation is visible, ultraviolet and infrared radiation, which lasts for several seconds. Protection: any barrier that provides shade.
Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

Slide 36

The light emitted by a nuclear explosion is visible, ultraviolet and infrared radiation, lasting for several seconds. For personnel, it can cause skin burns, eye damage and temporary blindness. Burns occur from direct exposure to light radiation on exposed skin (primary burns), as well as from burning clothing in fires (secondary burns). Depending on the severity of the injury, burns are divided into four degrees: first - redness, swelling and soreness of the skin; the second is the formation of bubbles; third - necrosis of the skin and tissues; fourth - charring of the skin.

Slide 37

Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:
3. Penetrating radiation - an intense flow of gamma particles and neutrons emitted from the cloud zone of a nuclear explosion and lasting for 15-20 seconds. Passing through living tissue, it causes rapid destruction and death of a person from acute radiation sickness in the very near future after the explosion. Protection: shelter or barrier (layer of soil, wood, concrete, etc.)
Alpha radiation comes from helium-4 nuclei and can easily be stopped by a piece of paper. Beta radiation is a stream of electrons that can be protected from by an aluminum plate. Gamma radiation has the ability to penetrate denser materials.

Slide 38

The damaging effect of penetrating radiation is characterized by the magnitude of the radiation dose, i.e., the amount of radioactive energy absorbed by a unit mass of the irradiated environment. A distinction is made between exposure dose and absorbed dose. Exposure dose is measured in roentgens (R). One roentgen is a dose of gamma radiation that creates about 2 billion ion pairs in 1 cm3 of air.

Slide 39

Reduction of the damaging effect of penetrating radiation depending on the protective environment and material
Half Attenuation Layers

Slide 40

4. Radioactive contamination of the area - during an explosion of nuclear weapons, a “trace” is formed on the surface of the earth, formed by precipitation from the radioactive cloud. Protection: personal protective equipment (PPE).
Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

Slide 41

The trace of a radioactive cloud on a flat area with constant wind direction and speed has the shape of an elongated ellipse and is conventionally divided into four zones: moderate (A), strong (B), dangerous (C) and extremely dangerous (D) contamination. The boundaries of radioactive contamination zones with varying degrees of danger for people are usually characterized by the dose of gamma radiation received during the time from the moment the trace is formed until the complete decay of radioactive substances D∞ (changes in rads), or the radiation dose rate (radiation level) 1 hour after the explosion

Slide 42

Radioactive contamination zones
Extremely dangerous contamination zone
Dangerous contamination zone
Highly infested area
Moderate Infestation Zone

Slide 43

5. Electromagnetic pulse: occurs for a short period of time and can disable all enemy electronics (on-board computers of the aircraft, etc.)
Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

Slide 44

On the morning of August 6, 1945, there was a clear, cloudless sky over Hiroshima. As before, the approach of two American planes from the east (one of them was called Enola Gay) at an altitude of 10-13 km did not cause alarm (since they appeared in the sky of Hiroshima every day). One of the planes dived and dropped something, and then both planes turned and flew away. The dropped object slowly descended by parachute and suddenly exploded at an altitude of 600 m above the ground. It was the Baby bomb. On August 9, another bomb was dropped over the city of Nagasaki. The total loss of life and the scale of destruction from these bombings are characterized by the following figures: 300 thousand people died instantly from thermal radiation (temperature about 5000 degrees C) and the shock wave, another 200 thousand were injured, burned, or exposed to radiation. On an area of ​​12 sq. km, all buildings were completely destroyed. In Hiroshima alone, out of 90 thousand buildings, 62 thousand were destroyed. These bombings shocked the whole world. It is believed that this event marked the beginning of the nuclear arms race and the confrontation between the two political systems of that time at a new qualitative level.

Slide 45

Types of nuclear explosions

Slide 46

Ground Explosion
Air explosion
High altitude explosion
underground explosion
Types of nuclear explosions

Slide 47

Types of nuclear explosions
General Thomas Farrell: “The effect that the explosion had on me can be called magnificent, amazing and at the same time terrifying. Humanity has never created a phenomenon of such incredible and terrifying power.”

Slide 48

Test Name: Trinity Date: July 16, 1945 Location: Alamogordo Test Site, New Mexico

Slide 49

Test name: Baker Date: July 24, 1946 Location: Bikini Atoll Lagoon Type of explosion: Underwater, depth 27.5 meters Power: 23 kilotons.

Slide 50

Test Name: Truckee Date: June 9, 1962 Location: Christmas Island Yield: Over 210 kilotons

Slide 51

Test Name: Castle Romeo Date: March 26, 1954 Location: On a barge in Bravo Crater, Bikini Atoll Type of explosion: Surface Yield: 11 megatons.

Slide 52

Test Name: Castle Bravo Date: March 1, 1954 Location: Bikini Atoll Type of Explosion: Surface Yield: 15 megatons.

Biological weapons are pathogenic microorganisms or their spores, viruses, bacterial toxins, infected animals, as well as their means of delivery, intended for the mass destruction of enemy personnel, farm animals, crops, as well as damage to certain types of military materials and equipment. It is a weapon of mass destruction and is prohibited under the Geneva Protocol of 1925. When affected by bacterial agents, the disease does not occur immediately; there is almost always a latent period during which the disease does not manifest itself by external signs, and the affected person does not lose his fighting ability. Some diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera) can be transmitted from a sick person to a healthy person and, spreading quickly, cause epidemics. It is quite difficult to establish the fact of the use of bacterial agents and determine the type of pathogen. Detection of bacterial agents is possible only through special laboratory tests, which takes considerable time, and this complicates the timely implementation of measures to prevent epidemic diseases. Modern strategic biological weapons use mixtures of viruses and bacterial spores to increase the likelihood of lethal outcomes during use, but as a rule, strains that are not transmitted from person to person are used in order to geographically localize their impact and avoid their own losses as a result.