Where is it 3 o'clock now? Time zones of major Russian cities

Planet Earth moves in orbit around the Sun, which heats the planet and provides the necessary light to plants and living creatures that depend on photosynthesis. But the Sun disappears behind the horizon from time to time, then appears again. Moreover, even the day when it shines is not the same everywhere. In one place on the planet the Sun is at its zenith, while in another it is inclined towards the horizon.

The planet's time zone system

To accurately record time, humanity had to be divided into time zones. These are zones that correspond to 1/24 (according to the number of hours in a day) of the length of the parallel at a particular latitude. Less common are zones with a difference of thirty minutes in relation to the neighboring zone. Below is a table of world time zones and the difference with Moscow. The time zone of the Greenwich Observatory in the UK is taken as the starting point.

In Russia, as the largest country in the world, there are eleven such time zones. The countdown begins from the westernmost point, Kaliningrad, and continues to Moscow, where the time difference with Greenwich is three hours. In Magadan, the easternmost time zone, the difference with Greenwich is already twelve hours.

Overview of time differences in time zones

The table of the difference between the world's time zones and Moscow will show how large the distances are on Earth and how different the time of day can be even within the same country. Each time zone has its own name. The table of time zones of the world also shows time zones where the time difference is not an even hour, but half. This is due to the historical features of state borders and time recording.

The difference in peace with Moscow

Timezone	Where applicable (main points)	Difference with Moscow
-12		-15
-11	Samoa	-14
-10	Aleutian Islands	-13
-9	Alaska	-12
-8	California	-11
-7	Arizona	-10
-6	Central America	-9
-5	Cuba	-8
-4	Venezuela	-7
-3:30	Newfoundland	-6:30
-3	Brazil	-6
-2	Atlantic Ocean	-5
-1	Azores	-4
0	Great Britain	-3
+1	Western Europe	-2
+2	Eastern Europe	-1
+3	Russia	0
+3:30	Iran	+0:30
+4	Azerbaijan	+1
+4:30	Afghanistan	+1:30
+5	Kazakhstan	+2
+5:30	India	+2:30
+5:45	Nepal	+2:45
+6	Bangladesh	+3
+6:30	Myanmar	+3:30
+7	Mongolia	+4
+8	China	+5
	DPRK	+5:30
+8:45	Australia	+5:45
+9	Japan	+6
+9:30	Australia	+6:30
+10	Papua New Guinea	+7
+10:30	Australia	+7:30
+11	Solomon islands	+8
+12	Marshall Islands	+9
+12:45	New Zealand	+9:45
+13	Kiribati	+10
+14	Kiribati	+11

Line where dates change

As can be seen from the table of the difference in time zones between the world and Moscow, there are also such subtleties as a 24-hour time difference in areas that are located several kilometers from each other. For example, residents of the Magadan region, whose clock shows twelve o’clock in the afternoon, on the first of January can look into the past year through binoculars, since in Alaska it will be the thirty-first of December. Between the time zones UTC+12 and UTC-12 there is a line demarcating the dates. The table of the difference between time zones of the world and Moscow indicates a deviation from Moscow time of +8 and -15 hours, respectively. Traveling through from west to east, you can end up in a day that has already been lived, while returning from east to west, you can end up one day into the future.

Features of time zones

In theory, time zones should be even, like the Earth's meridians. But that's not true. You cannot force half a city or region to live by one time, and half by another. For a single, integral economic and territorial system, synchronous work is important, therefore, within small states, in the ocean, the time zone either expands or contracts, repeating the administrative boundaries of the territories. In addition to such deviations, there is a separate group of territories where the time deviation from the neighboring time zone is thirty or even forty-five minutes. These zones are also indicated in the table of the difference in time zones between the world and Moscow. Such time zones have developed historically; they are not related to the astronomy of a particular region.

Apart from regions with their own non-standard standard time, time zones above 60 degrees north latitude do not respect natural formal boundaries, since they are less populated and in these latitudes the lighting conditions are not the same as in Moscow. Such phenomena as polar day and polar night already begin there.

Time zones of Russia: features

From the table of the time difference between the world's time zones and Moscow, it can be seen that Russia occupies a significant number of time zones, as many as eleven. Despite reforms and adjustments to time zones, their number will always be eleven, as this is an astronomically determined necessity. But time zone boundaries are constantly changing. In modern Russia, they are tied to economically closed administrative entities, regions, territories, for which work in a single time space is important. Time zones are not just lines on a map. Compliance with standard time when calculating energy resource savings gives enormous numbers. If the time zone of the Moscow region is moved even by an hour, then the entire country will lose billions of rubles. Because the indicated difference in time zones of the world with Moscow in the table is just useful information. In the modern world, dials with Moscow time hang on all world exchanges for the correct synchronization of trading on these exchanges.

Why do you need to know the time of another time zone?

In modern Russia, which is closely integrated into the global economy, knowledge of time zones is important in every industry. Tables of the difference between time zones of the world and Moscow for some professions are a reference book. Numerous purchasing managers working with Chinese suppliers understand that calling Shanghai at the end of the working day in Moscow is stupid, since it is already late at night in China. And calling the USA at the beginning of the Moscow working day is also not worth it. There are many amazing things on planet Earth, and such as time zones, date lines, etc. only emphasize the uniqueness and complexity of life, dictated by global Such as the movement of the Earth relative to the Sun and the height of geographic latitude, which underlie the calculation of time by all humanity.

I sit at home, I’m sick, and I get out of bed by lunchtime. It’s probably stupid to complain here, but I still want to rewind time a little back or forward to get up with the sunrise. And have time to do everything in the world!

So, it is now 15:00 in Moscow. And in the USA people are just waking up:

In general, there are as many as six time zones. This is almost half less than in Russia. Well, I also exaggerated a little about the beginning of the awakening. The thing is that the average American at 6 am is already as fresh and alert as a cucumber. And even at 5 in the morning, when only the most inveterate larks rise in our country, people are already beginning to appear on American streets.

There are several reasons for this regime: firstly, the notorious American love of work. Here, a career for many is akin to a personal deity. Americans know how to have fun and relax, but they clearly know when it’s time to pursue a career.

The second reason is earlier sunrises, especially in winter. It’s still terribly dark here at 6 am, but it’s already quite light there.

The third is related to the characteristics of settlement. The norm is to live not in the largest city itself, but in its surroundings. Accordingly, while you drop the kids off at school, while you eat, while you get to work, you’ve already spent several hours.

World time zones and their offsets from UTC/GMT (Greenwich Mean Time)

Time zones, Greenwich Mean Time.

Standard time is a system of counting time based on dividing the Earth's surface into 24 time zones, every 15° in longitude.

Time within the same time zone is considered the same. In 1884, at the International Conference it was decided to apply this system. In accordance with the international agreement of 1883, the prime ("zero") meridian is considered to be the one that passes through the Greenwich Observatory in the suburbs of London. Local Greenwich Time (GMT), agreed to be called Universal Time or "World Time"

In our country, we switched to standard time for the first time in 1919. At first it was used only in shipping, and since 1924 - everywhere.

On the territory of Russia, since March 28, 2010, there are 9 time zones (before that there were 11 time zones). The Samara region and Udmurtia switched to Moscow time (second time zone). Kemerovo region. (Kuzbass) – to Omsk (MCK+3). Kamchatka Territory and Chukotka - to Magadanskoe (MSK +8). In these five subjects of the Federation, on March 28, 2010, the clock hands were not moved.

Two belts are being abolished - the third (Samara, MSK +1) and the eleventh (Kamchatsky, MSK +9). There are 9 of them in total, and the maximum time range in our country is reduced from 10 to 9 hours.

In Russia, from March 2011, after the transition to summer time, the clock hands will no longer be moved.

In fact, it is considered to be standard time plus 1 hour (throughout the whole year), for the reason that by Decree of the Council of People's Commissars in 1930, in the summer, the clock hands were moved 1 hour forward, to summer time. On the contrary, it was decided not to transfer, and since then the so-called “maternity time” has been in effect in Russia. In summer, with the addition of one more hour, the difference with standard time is +2 hours.

Since 2011, with the abolition of the switches, the stable difference with standard time will be +2 hours. This is healthier for your health - in the off-season, thanks to the stable time, you won’t have to readjust your biorhythms, which is especially important. The time of night sleep and rest will be optimal for the body. The “daylight hours” of the day will increase. It will also be easier for technical services and transport workers - they will not have to, as before, when changing the hands of the clock, reconfigure equipment and change schedules.

Moscow time zone (summer time): +4 (GMT + 4:00)

The boundaries of standard time (see figure) are drawn taking into account physical and geographical features - along large rivers, watersheds, as well as along interstate and administrative boundaries. States can change these boundaries within the country.

The international system U T C (World Time is used; it is designated UTC/GMT or, which is the same thing, UTC), as well as the difference between local and Moscow time - MSK. The plus sign means east, the minus sign means west of the starting point.

The transition to summer time (one hour forward) and winter time (one hour back) occurs on the last Sunday of March and October, respectively. This rule is valid in Russia (until March 2011), the European Union, etc. The dates and procedure for changing the clock hands in other countries may differ slightly in terms of timing.

World Time – UTC/GMT – Greenwich Mean Time (G M T) is equal to Coordinated Universal Time (U T C) with an accuracy of one second - GMT=UTC). The name U T C, over time, will completely replace the term “Greenwich Mean Time.”

Table - time zones of cities around the world (UTC/GMT), winter time

Kamchatka	UTC/GMT+11
Magadan, Sakhalin.	UTC/GMT+11
Vladivostok	UTC/GMT+10
Yakutsk	UTC/GMT+9
Irkutsk	UTC/GMT+8
Krasnoyarsk	UTC/GMT+7
Omsk	UTC/GMT+6
Ekaterinburg	UTC/GMT+5
Moscow Moscow time, Sochi city	UTC/GMT+3
Minsk "Eastern European Time" (EET)	UTC/GMT+2
Paris "Central European Time" (CET - Central Europe Time Zone)	UTC/GMT+1
London Greenwich Time / Western European Time (WET)	UTC/GMT
"Mid-Atlantic Time"	UTC/GMT-2
Argentina, Buenos Aires	UTC/GMT-3
Canada "Atlantic Time"	UTC/GMT-4
USA - New York "Eastern Time" (EST - US Eastern Time Zone)	UTC/GMT-5
Chicago (Chicago) "Central Time" (CST - US Central Time)	UTC/GMT-6
Denver "Mountain Time" (MST - US Mountain Time)	UTC/GMT-7
USA, Los Angeles "Pacific Time" (PT - Pacific Time)	UTC/GMT-8

Example of daylight saving time designation: CEST (Central Europe
Summer Time) – Central European Summer Time

Table – time zones in Russia.
Local time difference shown:
MSK+1 - with Moscow;
UTC+4 - with Coordinated Universal Time (UTC = GMT)

Name winter / summer		Bias relatively Moscow time	Offset relative to UTC (World Time)
USZ1	Kaliningrad time - the first time zone	MSK-1	UTC+2:00 (winter) UTC+3:00 (summer)
MSK/MSD MSST/MSDT	Moscow time	MSK	UTC+3:00 (winter) UTC+4:00 (summer)
SAMT/SAMST	Samara	MSK	UTC+W:00, (winter) UTC+H:00 (summer)
YEKT/YEKST	Yekaterinburg time	MSK+2	UTC+5:00 (winter) UTC+6:00 (summer)
OMST / OMSST	Omsk time	MSK+3	UTC+6:00 (winter) UTC+7:00 (summer)
NOVT/NOVST	Novosibirsk time Novosibirsk, Novokuznetsk Kemerovo, Tomsk. Barnaul	MSK+3	UTC+6:00 (winter) UTC+7:00 (summer)
KRAT/KRAST	Krasnoyarsk time Krasnoyarsk, Norilsk	MSK+4	UTC+7:00 (winter) UTC+8:00 (summer)
IRKT/IRKST	Irkutsk time	MSK+5	UTC+8:00 (winter) UTC+9:00 (summer)
YAKT/YAKST	Yakut time	MSK+6	UTC+9:00 (winter) UTC+10:00 (summer)
VLAT/VLAST	Vladivostok time	MSK+7	UTC+10:00 (winter) UTC+11:00 (summer)
MAGT / MAGST	Magadan time Magadan	MSK+8	UTC+11:00 (winter) UTC+12:00 (summer)
PETT / PETST	Kamchatka time Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky	MSK+8	UTC+1I:00 (winter) UTC+I2:00 (summer)

Terms and Definitions

Daylight Saving (Summer) Time (DST)- moving the clock hand forward one hour, carried out on the last Sunday in March, in order to gain an additional hour during daylight hours, to save electricity (for lighting, etc.). Return to the original (winter) time is carried out last. Sunday in October. The transition affects the biorhythms of the human body, its well-being, and it takes a week of adaptation to get used to it. Manipulation of clock hands is a common reason why workers and employees are late for work.

Prime (zero) meridian- The Greenwich meridian, with a geographic longitude of 0°00"00", divides the globe into the western and eastern hemispheres. Passes through the former Greenwich Observatory (in the suburbs of London)

GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) - "Greenwich Time"- on the meridian Greenwich. Determined from astronomical observations of the daily motion of stars. It is unstable (within a second per year) and depends on the constant change in the speed of rotation of the Earth, the movement of geographic poles along its surface and the nutation of the planet’s rotation axis. Greenwich (astronomical) time is close in meaning to UTC (atomic time), and will still be used as its synonym. Another name is "Zulu Time"

In Russian-language meteorology, GMT is designated as SGV (Greenwich Mean / or Geographical / Time)

GMT= UTC (accurate to 1 second)

Timezone(Standard time zone) - difference with World Time UTC/GMT (example: UTC/GMT+4 - fourth time zone, east of Greenwich)

H:mm:ss - 24 hour format(example: 14:25:05). Minutes and seconds - with leading zeros

h:mm:ss - 12 hour format(example: 02:25:05 PM - "two and a half hours in the afternoon" - 14:25:05). Minutes and seconds - with leading zeros

AM- designation of time before noon in a 12-hour format (short version - “A”)
RM- designation of time after noon in 12-hour format

Universal time UT(Universal Time) - average solar time at the meridian Greenwich, is determined from astronomical observations of the daily movements of stars. Its refined values ​​are UT0, UT1, UT2

UT0- time on the instantaneous Greenwich meridian, determined by the instantaneous position of the Earth's poles

UT1- time at the Greenwich mean meridian, corrected for the movement of the earth's poles

UT2- time, taking into account changes in the speed of rotation of the Earth

TAI- time according to atomic clocks (International Atomic Time, since 1972). Stable, reference, never translated. Time and frequency standard

Time in GPS navigation system valid since January 1980. No amendments are introduced to it. It is ahead of UTC time by one and a half dozen seconds.

UTC(from English Universal Time Coordinated) - Universal coordinated time for the coordinated distribution of standard frequencies and precise time signals via radio, television and the Internet - “World Time”. Its synonym: "Universal time zone"

Time scale UTC introduced since 1964 to harmonize the values ​​of UT1 (astronomical measurements) and TAI (atomic clocks).

Unlike Greenwich Mean Time, UTC is set using atomic clocks.

The speed of rotation of the earth is slowing down, and therefore, corrections are introduced into the UTC scale regularly, after a year or two or three, on June 30 or December 31 (leap seconds), so that U T C is no more than a second ( more precisely, 0.9 s) differed from astronomical time (determined by the movement of the Sun), as UT1 lagged behind by a second. This international rule was adopted in 1972.

Time ratio in 2009:
UTC (universal) lags behind TAI (atomic) - by 35s.
UTC lags behind the time in the GPS navigation system - by 15 seconds
(counting starts from 1980)

Precise time signals(for clock synchronization) are transmitted over radio channels, television, and the Internet - in the UTC system. More precisely, you can place it, for example, on the Mayak radio signal, but only on the long-wave or medium-wave range (on the “ground-surface wave”). On VHF/FM radio, the signal may be delayed up to several seconds from the true one.

In watches with automatic synchronization (English Radio controlled), time correction occurs from base stations, on ultra-long waves. This system was developed in Europe.

There are 11 time zones in Russia. Within each zone, the same time applies. During the year, the clock hands do not move, so the time difference with many countries of the world in spring and autumn can change by 1 hour.

Attention! It should be remembered that plane tickets indicate the local airport time, and train tickets indicate Moscow time.

Time zone designation

In addition to the international system for designating time zones, in which counting is carried out from the Greenwich meridian, Russia uses a national scale, where the starting point is Moscow time. Thus, for example, a time zone can be described as UTC+2 (that is, 2 hours more than in and) or as MSK-1 (1 hour less than in).

Time zones

At the moment, time in Russia is calculated according to the federal law “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On the Calculation of Time””, adopted on July 1, 2014.

• Kaliningrad time MSK−1 (UTC+2): ;
• Moscow time MSK (UTC+3): cities of federal significance, Republic of Adygea, Republic of Kalmykia, Republic of Komi, Republic of Mari El, Republic of Mordovia, Republic of North Ossetia - Alania, Chechen Republic, Chuvash Republic, Stavropol Territory, Astrakhan Region, Belgorod Region, Voronezh Region , Kirov region, Kursk region, Lipetsk region, Oryol region, Penza region, Saratov region, Tambov region, Ulyanovsk region, Nenets Autonomous Okrug;
• Samara time MSK+1 (UTC+4): , Republic of Udmurtia;
• Yekaterinburg time MSK+2 (UTC+5): Republic of Bashkortostan, Kurgan region, Orenburg region, Sverdlovsk region, Chelyabinsk region, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra and Russia: Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug;
• Omsk time MSK+3 (UTC+6): , Altai region, Novosibirsk region, Omsk region, Tomsk region;
• Krasnoyarsk time MSK+4 (UTC+7): Republic of Tyva, Republic of Khakassia, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Kemerovo Region;
• Irkutsk time MSK+5 (UTC+8): , Transbaikal region, ;
• Yakut time MSK+6 (UTC+9): part of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Amur region;
• Vladivostok time MSK+7 (UTC+10): part of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Primorsky Territory, Khabarovsk Territory, Magadan Region, Sakhalin Region (except for the North Kuril Region), Jewish Autonomous Region;
• Middle Kolyma time MSK+8 (UTC+11): part of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Sakhalin region (North Kuril region only);
• Kamchatka time MSK+9 (UTC+12): , Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

The Greenwich meridian was recognized as the reference point for all time zones on the planet in 1884 at the International Meridian Conference in Washington.

Before the revolution in Russia, each city used local solar time, which was calculated by geographic longitude, and all railways in Russia used “St. Petersburg time.”

The transition to summer time (moving the hands forward an hour) was first carried out at midnight from March 31 to April 1, 1981, the transition to winter time - at midnight from September 30 to October 1. And in 1984 they realized that it was more correct to do this on weekends - at midnight on the last Sunday of March and September (since 1996 - October).

Until 2011, Russia had 11 time zones, which is logical, because the length of the country in longitude is just over 171 degrees, which is equal to 11.4 hours. With the transition to a new system of time zones in 2011, Chukotka and Kamchatka began to live according to Magadan time, and the zone that differed from the capital by 1 hour (MSK+1), in which Udmurtia and the Samara region were located, was also destroyed - they joined Moscow time . In 2014, Russia again switched to a system of 11 time zones.

Standard time is a system of counting time based on dividing the Earth's surface into 24 time zones, every 15° in longitude. Time within the same time zone is considered the same. In 1884, at the International Conference it was decided to apply this system. In accordance with the international agreement of 1883, the prime ("zero") meridian is considered to be the one that passes through the Greenwich Observatory in the suburbs of London. Local Greenwich Time (GMT), agreed to be called Universal Time or "World Time"

On the territory of Russia, since March 28, 2010, there are 9 time zones (before that there were 11 time zones). The Samara region and Udmurtia switched to Moscow time (second time zone). Kemerovo region. (Kuzbass) - to Omsk (MCK+3). Kamchatka Territory and Chukotka - to Magadanskoye (MSK+8). In these five subjects of the Federation, on March 28, 2010, the clock hands were not moved.

Two belts are being abolished - the third (Samara, MSK+1) and the eleventh (Kamchatka, MSK+9). There are 9 of them in total, and the maximum time range in our country is reduced from 10 to 9 hours.

In Russia, since March 2011, after the transition to summer time, the clock hands are no longer moved throughout the year.

In 2012, the advantages of permanent winter time over summer are being discussed again, at all levels, and therefore a transition (this fall) to permanent, year-round winter time is possible.

Stable time is better for health. In the autumn-spring off-season, the body does not have to particularly adjust its biorhythms. Technical services and transport workers no longer have to, as before, when changing the hands of the clock, reconfigure equipment and change schedules.

Time zone of Moscow, according to stable time: +4 (GMT + 4:00)

The boundaries of zone time are drawn taking into account physical and geographical features - along large rivers, watersheds, as well as along interstate and administrative boundaries. States can change these boundaries within the country.

The international system U T C (World Time is used; it is designated UTC/GMT or, which is the same thing, UTC), as well as the difference between local and Moscow time - MSK. The plus sign means east, the minus sign means west of the starting point.

The transition to summer time (one hour forward) and winter time (one hour back) occurs in spring and autumn, respectively. This rule applies in the European Union, Egypt, Turkey, New Zealand... The dates and procedure for transfer may vary slightly in terms of timing. Most countries have abandoned the autumn-spring change of clock hands: Russia and Belarus (since 2011), Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, India, China, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan...

World time - UTC/GMT - the value of Greenwich Mean Time (G M T) is equal to "Universal Coordinated Time" (U T C) with an accuracy of one second - GMT=UTC). The name U T C, over time, will completely replace the term “Greenich time”

Rice. 2 Map - World time zones and their offsets from UTC/GMT (Greenwich Time)

Table - time zones of cities around the world (UTC/GMT), in the summer

Kamchatka	UTC/GMT+12
Magadan, Sakhalin.	UTC/GMT+12
Vladivostok	UTC/GMT+11
Yakutsk	UTC/GMT+10
Irkutsk	UTC/GMT+9
Krasnoyarsk	UTC/GMT+8
Omsk	UTC/GMT+7
Ekaterinburg	UTC/GMT+6
Moscow Moscow time, Sochi city	UTC/GMT+4
Minsk "Eastern European Time" (EET)	UTC/GMT+3
Paris "Central European Summer Time" (CEST - Central Europe Summer Time Zone)	UTC/GMT+2
London Greenwich Time / Western European Time (WET)	UTC/GMT+1
"Mid-Atlantic Time"	UTC/GMT-1
Argentina, Buenos Aires	UTC/GMT-2
Canada "Atlantic Time"	UTC/GMT-3
USA - New York "Eastern Time" (EDT - US Eastern Daylight Time Zone)	UTC/GMT-4
Chicago (Chicago) "Central Time" (CDT - US Central Daylight Time)	UTC/GMT-5
Denver (MDT - US Mountain Daylight Time)	UTC/GMT-6
USA, Los Angeles, San Francisco "Pacific Daylight Time" (PDT - Pacific Daylight Time)	UTC/GMT-7

An example of winter and summer time designation: EST / EDT (Eastern Standard / Daylight Time Zone).
If, somewhere, winter time is considered standard, then it can be abbreviated, for example: ET, CT, MT, PT

Table - time zones of cities and regions in Russia, since 2011.
Local time difference shown:
MSK+3 - with Moscow;
UTC+7 - with Coordinated Universal Time (UTC = GMT)

Name winter / summer		Bias relatively Moscow time	Offset relative to UTC (World Time)
USZ1	Kaliningrad time - the first time zone	MSK-1	UTC+3:00
MSK/MSD MSST/MSDT	Moscow time	MSK	UTC+4:00
SAMT/SAMST	Samara	MSK	UTC+H:00
YEKT/YEKST	Yekaterinburg time	MSK+2	UTC+6:00
OMST / OMSST	Omsk time	MSK+3	UTC+7:00
NOVT/NOVST	Novosibirsk, Novokuznetsk Kemerovo, Tomsk. Barnaul	MSK+3	UTC+7:00
KRAT/KRAST	Krasnoyarsk time Krasnoyarsk, Norilsk	MSK+4	UTC+8:00
IRKT/IRKST	Irkutsk time	MSK+5	UTC+9:00
YAKT/YAKST	Yakut time	MSK+6	UTC+10:00
VLAT/VLAST	Vladivostok time	MSK+7	UTC+11:00
MAGT / MAGST	Magadan time Magadan	MSK+8	UTC+12:00
PETT / PETST	Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky	MSK+8	UTC+I2:00

Note: MSK = MSD (Moscow Summer Time) all year round

Terms and Definitions

Switching to Daylight Saving (Summer) Time (DST - Daylight Saving (Summer) Time) - moving the clock hand forward one hour, which was done annually on the last Sunday of March in order to get an additional hour during daylight hours, to save electricity (for lighting, etc. ). The return to winter time was carried out recently. Sunday in October. These transitions affected the biorhythms of the human body, his well-being, and it took a week of adaptation to get used to it. Manipulation of clock hands is a common reason why workers and employees are late for work.

The prime (prime) meridian is the Greenwich meridian with a geographic longitude of 0°00"00", dividing the globe into the western and eastern hemispheres. Passes through the former Greenwich Observatory (in the suburbs of London)

GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) - "Greenwich Time"- on the Greenwich meridian. Determined from astronomical observations of the daily motion of stars. It is unstable (within a second per year) and depends on the constant change in the speed of rotation of the Earth, the movement of geographic poles along its surface and the nutation of the planet’s rotation axis. Greenwich (astronomical) time is close in meaning to UTC (atomic time), and will still be used as its synonym. Another name is "Zulu Time"

In Russian-language meteorology, GMT is designated as SGV (Greenwich Mean / or Geographical / Time)

GMT= UTC (accurate to 1 second)

Time zone (Standard Time Zone) - difference with World Time UTC/GMT (example: UTC/GMT+4 - fourth time zone, east of Greenwich)

H:mm:ss - 24-hour format (example: 14:25:05). Minutes and seconds - with leading zeros

h:mm:ss - 12-hour format (example: 02:25:05 PM - "two and a half hours in the afternoon" - 14:25:05). Minutes and seconds - with leading zeros

AM - designation of time before noon in a 12-hour format (short version - "A")
PM - designation of time after noon in a 12-hour format

Universal Time UT (Universal Time) is the average solar time at the Greenwich meridian, determined from astronomical observations of the daily movements of stars. Its refined values ​​are UT0, UT1, UT2

UT0 - time at the instantaneous Greenwich meridian, determined from the instantaneous position of the Earth's poles

UT1 - time at the Greenwich mean meridian, corrected for the movement of the earth's poles

UT2 - time, taking into account changes in the speed of rotation of the Earth

TAI - time according to atomic clocks (International Atomic Time, since 1972). Stable, reference, never translated. Time and frequency standard

Time in the GPS navigation system has been in effect since January 1980. No amendments are introduced to it. It is ahead of UTC time by one and a half dozen seconds.

UTC (from English Universal Time Coordinated)- Coordinated Universal Time for the coordinated distribution of standard frequencies and time signals over radio, television and the Internet - "World Time". Its synonym: "Universal time zone"

The UTC time scale has been introduced since 1964 to harmonize the values ​​of UT1 (astronomical measurements) and TAI (atomic clocks).

Unlike Greenwich Mean Time, UTC is set using atomic clocks.

The speed of rotation of the earth is slowing down, and therefore, corrections are introduced into the UTC scale regularly, after a year or two or three, on June 30 or December 31 (leap seconds - “Coordination Second”), so that U T C is no more than a second ( more precisely, 0.9 s) differed from astronomical time (determined by the movement of the Sun), as UT1 lagged behind by a second. This international rule was adopted in 1972.

Time ratio in 2009: UTC (universal) lags behind TAI (atomic) - by 35s. Time in the GPS navigation system is 15 seconds ahead of UTC (counting since 1980, the difference is increasing) T glonass = Tutc + 3 hours (corrected, so the discrepancy between them does not exceed 1 ms.)

Precise time signals (for clock synchronization) are transmitted via radio channels, television, and the Internet - in the UTC system. More precisely, you can place it, for example, on the Mayak radio signal, but only on the long-wave or medium-wave range (on the “ground-surface wave”). On VHF/FM radio, the signal may be delayed up to several seconds from the true one.

In watches with automatic synchronization (English Radio controlled), time correction occurs from base stations, on ultra-long waves. This system was developed in Europe.

Exact local time service numbers in Russian cities 100 - Moscow Voronezh Cheboksary Chelyabinsk 060 - Bryansk Kaliningrad Krasnodar Murmansk St. Petersburg Samara Mobile operators do not have such a service, since a mobile phone is not limited geographically and can work not only in a specific city, but also in roaming .

UTC time is not converted neither in winter nor in summer, therefore, for those places where there is a conversion to summer time, the offset relative to UTC changes (in Moscow, before the abolition of winter time in 2011, the difference was: in winter - UTC+3, in summer - UTC+4).

Standard abbreviations for the names of calendar months and days of the week in English (used in RSS and others): January February March April May June July August September October November December Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun

GMT - Greenwich Mean Time (or Geographical) Time (English Greenwich Mean Time, GMT) - the time of the meridian passing through the old Greenwich Observatory, near London. Used to indicate time on weather maps. Synonyms for GMT are GMT and UTC.

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Literature

“Time and calendar” - M.: Nauka. 1989

Global (satellite) navigation systems GLONASS (Russia), GPS (USA), Galileo (European Union) - make it possible to determine, using navigators, including portable ones, the current location (coordinates), trajectory and speed of movement of objects in any point on our planet and in near-Earth space.

Depending on the method of operation and purpose, satellite GPS (Global Positioning System) navigators can be used for automobiles (car navigators), portable, marine, etc. The most common imported ones are Garmin, Mio, etc. There are completely autonomous configuration options - with batteries charging from solar panels or miniature thermoelectric generators (thermocouples). The navigation system is built into modern communicators, smartphones and cell phones, allowing you to receive not only the geographic coordinates of the receiver’s location, but also the system time with an accuracy of a fraction of a microsecond.

Russian GLONASS has been operating since the mid-90s. The orbital constellation includes more than two dozen operating satellites. The system operates throughout Russia. Since 2009, transport, including passenger transport, has been massively equipped with this system.

Navigators are produced in Russia (Glospace SGK-70 and others) that can work simultaneously with several navigation systems - GLONASS, GPS, Galileo.

Glospace supports the SMILINK system (shows traffic jams) and can create detour routes. Signals can be received from several satellite systems at once.

G P S maps - electronic maps for navigators and other mobile devices (communicators, PDAs / PDAs, smartphones, etc.) with GPS function.