Problems of industrial and household waste in the city. Garbage problem

04.03.2020

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

higher professional education

"Vladimir State University

named after Alexander Grigorievich and Nikolai Grigorievich Stoletov"

Department of Ecology

Report on the topic: "Environmental problem: waste"

Completed:

Page gr. IST-110

Kiselev M.G.

Vladimir 2013

Waste- this is one of the main modern environmental problems, which poses a potential danger to human health, as well as a danger to the natural environment. In many countries, there is still a problem of misunderstanding of the seriousness of the problem of solid household waste, and therefore there are no strict regulations, as well as the necessary regulations governing issues related to waste and garbage.

The severity of the waste problem was not so visible before. Until a certain time, nature managed to process waste itself, but the technological progress of mankind played an important role in this moment. New materials have appeared, decomposition or processing, which can naturally last for hundreds of years, and nature can no longer cope with such anthropogenic loads. Yes, and a very important factor is the current volume of waste produced. It's just huge. But today waste and garbage can be considered as raw materials. They can be recycled and reused. Each city resident produces approximately 500 to 800 kg of waste per year. In some countries up to 1000 kg. And this number is growing all the time.

Modern waste incineration and waste recycling plants with all their arsenal are a kind of whole industry for the processing and disposal of municipal solid waste from the urban population.

What types of waste are there?

Household or municipal - a huge variety of liquid and solid waste thrown away by humans, as well as those generated as a result of human activity. This could be spoiled or expired food, medicines, household items and other garbage.

Industrial- raw material residues that were formed as a result of the production of any product, production work and have lost their properties completely or partially. Industrial waste can be liquid or solid. Solid industrial waste: metals and alloys, wood, plastics, dust, polyurethane foam, polystyrene foam, polyethylene and other waste. Liquid industrial waste: wastewater of varying degrees of contamination and its sediments.

Agricultural- any waste generated as a result of agricultural activities: manure, rotten or unusable straw, hay, remains of silage pits, spoiled or unusable feed and liquid feed.

Construction- appear as a result of the production of construction and finishing materials (paint and varnish, thermal insulation, etc.), during the construction of buildings and structures, as well as during installation, finishing, cladding and repair work. Construction waste (both solid and liquid) can be expired, unsuitable for use, defective, surplus, broken and defective goods and materials: metal profiles, metal and nylon pipes, plasterboard, gypsum fiber, cement-bonded and other sheets. In addition, various construction chemicals (varnishes, paints, adhesives, solvents, antifreeze, antifungal and protective additives and agents).

Radioactive waste- production and use of various radioactive materials and substances.

Industrial and agricultural waste is commonly called industrial waste or industrial waste. As a rule, these are toxic and non-toxic waste and garbage.

Toxic- waste that can have a damaging or poisonous effect on a living being. There is a huge amount of toxic waste on the territory of Russia. They take up large storage areas. The most polluted by waste is the Ural region. Approximately 40 billion tons of various waste have accumulated in the Sverdlovsk region. Each year, between 150 and 170 million tons of waste are generated, some of which is toxic. Only a small part of this waste is recycled and neutralized. There is a heavy load on the natural environment, which poses a danger to the multi-million population.

The planet is literally filled with garbage. Municipal solid waste is diverse: wood, cardboard and paper, textiles, leather and bones, rubber and metals, stones, glass and plastics. Rotting garbage is a favorable environment for many microorganisms that can cause infections and diseases.

Plastics are dangerous in their own way. They are not subject to destruction over a long period of time. Plastics can lie in the ground for tens, and some types, hundreds of years. More than a million tons of polyethylene are spent on disposable packaging. Every year in Europe, millions of tons of plastic waste end up in the trash.

There are innovative methods for obtaining diesel fuel and gasoline from waste plastic products and materials. This method was developed by Japanese scientists. This technology makes it possible to obtain up to 5 liters of diesel fuel or gasoline from 10 kg of plastic waste. Using such methods, one can acquire not only economic benefits, but also reduce the anthropogenic load on the environment. waste ecological non-waste

Using waste and garbage as raw materials allows for a more rational use of natural resources and reduces harmful emissions into the atmosphere and wastewater discharges. For example, using waste paper as a raw material for paper production, you can reduce harmful emissions into the air by 70-80%, pollution of water bodies by 30-35%, compared to the use of primary raw materials. About four cubic meters of wood can be saved by using one ton of waste paper. Thus, thousands of hectares of forest land are preserved, which in turn work to cleanse the atmospheric air of carbon dioxide. It is possible and necessary to avoid environmental disaster and depletion of natural resources. In England, boxes are installed to collect old, read newspapers, where the population throws newspapers, and they are sent for recycling.

Collection of waste paper is not the most important process in the chain of production of materials from recycled materials. Factories must be equipped with all necessary production facilities. In Russia, this industry is poorly developed. To obtain recycled newsprint, it is necessary to remove the ink, clean the pulp, and bleach it. The process is quite complicated and not cheap. And all economically unprofitable processes in Russia end before they even begin.

The Moscow manufacturing enterprise Promotkhody has in its arsenal equipment for processing waste paper into insulation. In Europe, thermal insulation material from waste paper began to be made a long time ago. The so-called ecowool (thermal insulation) has gained popularity not only among builders, but also among the average buyer. This environmental material is completely safe for humans and the environment.

Pollution with non-ferrous metal waste. Hundreds of thousands of used batteries are disposed of in city landfills. Along with the garbage, hundreds of tons of mercury, tin, and tungsten light bulbs end up in landfills. It is several times more profitable to process secondary raw materials in the form of waste than to produce from primary ones. Obtaining metal from ore is 25 times more expensive than collecting and processing waste metal. The production of aluminum from primary raw materials consumes 70-80 times more electricity compared to melting waste.

There are piles of glass containers in every city, not only in disadvantaged areas, but also in the very center of the city; this phenomenon is not uncommon. Glass containers either end up in a solid waste landfill, landfill, or incinerator. Although reusable glass containers are economically more profitable than producing new ones, this point has not been developed properly.

With the growth of the automobile industry, the negative impact on the environment has increased. In addition to batteries, plastic, and metal, cars produce a huge amount of waste in the form of rubber tires. The main problem with such garbage is that nature is not able to cope with rubber. You can avoid environmental pollution from car tires by processing them into rubber grains up to 5 mm in size. After which, various products can be produced from the resulting material.

Russian scientist Platonov invented a method for obtaining fuel from old tires. Tires are placed in a special reactor and filled with a chemical solution. After a couple of hours, a liquid similar to oil is obtained, which can be distilled into gasoline. By processing 1000 kg of tires in this way, you can get about 600 kg of oil-like liquid, which will then produce 200 liters of gasoline and 200 liters of diesel fuel.

Radiochemical plants, nuclear power plants, scientific research centers produce one of the most dangerous types of waste - radioactive. This type of waste not only poses a serious environmental problem, but can also create an environmental disaster. Radioactive waste can be liquid (most of it) and solid. Improper handling of radioactive waste can seriously aggravate the environmental situation. The entry of radioactive waste into Russia from other countries is prohibited; there are enough of our own. I also have a sad experience with radioactive waste - the accident at Chernobyl. This type of pollution is global.

In Russia, the situation with garbage and waste leaves much to be desired. The bulk of the garbage sours in landfills and landfills, only 3-4% is recycled. There is a clear shortage of waste treatment plants. The presence of several waste incineration plants only transforms one type of waste into another. This approach will not solve the environmental problem of garbage and waste in Russia.

In addition, Russia is attracting European companies that are willing to build modern waste processing plants for free in exchange for importing a certain amount of their waste. Thus, Russia could turn into an international dumping ground. To eliminate environmental problems associated with waste, an integrated approach is required, including an assessment of the situation, the development of a strategy to reduce waste generation, and the introduction of waste-free or low-waste technologies in production.

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Introduction

Relevance of the research topic.

“We are all passengers of one ship called Earth,”
This means there is simply nowhere to transfer from it.”
Antoine de Saint-Exupery

(Presentation, slide 2)

The snow has melted and the streets of our city are “screaming” about this problem. Our present consists of huge garbage dumps around cities, poor environmental conditions, and polluted areas. City-wide landfills and landfills are overflowing with mixed garbage, up to 80% of which could become high-quality recyclables if collected separately.

Waste that accumulates in huge quantities in our homes and trash cans belongs to the category of solid household waste. We take a direct part in their education. They affect the quality of the environment and are a source of environmental hazard: they emit odors and provide a medium for the decomposition of pathogenic bacteria and rodents - carriers of infectious diseases. Therefore, they are a serious danger to public health.

The problem of waste has existed for a long time. Even ancient people who lived in caves set up garbage dumps outside their homes. Such waste was easily destroyed as a result of natural processes. The development of civilization has given rise to an avalanche-like increase in the amount of waste. The better we live, the more we consume various goods, which means we produce more waste. The number of waste processing plants in Russia today is small. The amount of solid household waste is increasing every year.

Goal of the work: trace the path of household waste in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, understand the causes of environmental pollution. (Presentation, slide 3)

Job objectives:

1) Study the literature on the problem of household waste in Russia, in particular in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region;
2) Identify points for receiving and processing secondary raw materials in the Krasnogvardeysky district of St. Petersburg;
3) Research and describe the garbage accumulated in the trash can by one family in one week;
4) Study of aspects of the formation of a conscious attitude in adolescents towards the disposal of household waste. Questioning of students, study of activities carried out in the environmental direction at State Budgetary Educational Institution Gymnasium No. 196 of the Krasnogvardeisky district.
5) Consider options for reducing household waste.

Object of study: ecology.

Subject of study: household waste, problems of waste disposal, possibility of reuse and recycling.

Research hypothesis: The problem of waste has become one of the most important environmental problems facing humanity today. After the advent of artificial materials, our waste will remain in landfills for tens and hundreds of years, poisoning the earth, water and air. The issue of separate waste collection and recycling is relevant.

Working methods, used in the study: comparative analysis, systematization and generalization of the obtained material, logical presentation of the material, questioning.

Chapter 1. Current state of the problem

In ancient civilizations (Egyptian, Greek and Roman empires), waste disposal was organized very carefully. In Ancient Greece, there was a law that garbage must be transported outside the city limits, the distance must be at least 1 km. As a result, after the publication of this decree, the sanitary condition of cities improved and the incidence of various infectious diseases decreased.

With the advent of the Middle Ages, garbage was no longer transported outside the city. No one was interested in or dealt with this issue. In France, residents of Paris and other large cities threw their household waste out of the window onto the street. Very rarely, in some European cities, cesspools or ditches were organized to collect and dispose of garbage; often, food waste and even toilet waste were strewn right in the squares in front of houses.

In the old days in Russia, issues with garbage collection were not left to chance. Depending on the area, this garbage was called differently. But not only the garbage, but also the people involved in cleaning - the dirtiest work. All kinds of rubbish were called SWATTER (emphasis on the second letter o). Therefore, earlier in Russia they paid attention to garbage and collected it, unlike in Medieval Europe. (Presentation, slide 4)

The Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy published the results of a global study of countries around the world on the level of environmental performance in 2016 (The Environmental Performance Index 2016).
The Environmental Performance Study measures a country's achievements in terms of environmental performance and natural resource management based on 22 indicators in 10 categories that reflect various aspects of the environment and the vitality of its ecological systems, biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation, public health, and practices. economic activity and the degree of its impact on the environment, as well as the effectiveness of state policy in the field of ecology. In 2016, the study and its accompanying ranking cover 180 countries.
This year, Finland became the world leader in terms of environmental efficiency. The top ten leaders also included: Iceland, Sweden, Denmark, Slovenia, Spain, Portugal, Estonia, Malta and France. Russia ranks 32nd place out of 180. The worst countries in terms of environmental efficiency are Madagascar, Eritrea and Somalia.

1.1. Impact of household waste on the environment

There are five degrees of exposure to solid waste:

5th degree of danger. Recyclable solid waste. The environmental impact is very low. Garbage can be recycled without significant impact on the environment. Examples include fragments of ceramic tiles and dishes, brick fragments, food debris, and wood shavings.
4th degree of danger. Medium hazardous solid waste. This group includes all waste with a natural decay period of up to 3 years. Despite the fact that their presence disrupts the ecological balance in nature, the degree of danger of such solid waste is determined to be low. Examples are wood, waste paper, car tires, plastic.
3rd degree of danger. Hazardous waste. The impact on nature is strong, leading to disruption of the ecological system. The recovery period for nature after the impact of such solid waste is about 10 years, and the period is counted after the elimination of the source of impact. Examples are types of cement mortar, paint, acetone, metal objects.
2nd degree of danger. High danger. After environmental impact, complete restoration of the balance is possible in no less than 30 years. Examples are batteries with electrolytes and engine oils.
1st degree of danger. Extremely high danger. The impact of such solid waste entails the complete destruction of nature without the possibility of its restoration. Examples are thermometers, batteries, fluorescent lamps. (Presentation, slide 5)

1.2. Waste recycling methods

Currently, the following types of recycling are in effect:

Natural decomposition in the natural environment.
Burial at landfills.
Isolation of useful components and secondary processing (recycling). (Presentation, slide 6)

Natural decomposition in the natural environment.

With this method, decomposition times can vary from several days to several decades. Here are some examples:

1. Food waste - decomposition period 30 days

2. Newsprint - decomposition period 1-4 months

3. Leaves, seeds, twigs - decomposition period 3-4 months

4. Office paper - decomposition period 2 years

5. Iron cans - decomposition period 10 years

6. Old shoes - decomposition period is 10 years

7. Fragments of brick and concrete - decomposition period is 100 years

8. Foil - decomposition period more than 100 years

9. Electric batteries - decomposition period 110 years

10. Rubber tires - decomposition period 120-140 years

11. Plastic bottles - decomposition period 180-200 years

12. Aluminum cans - decomposition period is 500 years (almost the most dangerous garbage) (Presentation, slide 7)

Burial at landfills.

Burial is the most common method. It is only suitable for waste that is not susceptible to spontaneous combustion. Nowadays, conventional landfills are giving way to landfills equipped with a system of engineering structures that prevent contamination of ground and underground waters and atmospheric air. In developed countries, gas traps formed during the decomposition process are installed at landfills. It is used to generate electricity, space heating and water heating. (Presentation, slide 8)

Recycling.

The term "recycling" ("recycling" - from English) is the bringing of waste raw materials and reagents into working condition. This is the reuse or return into circulation of industrial waste or garbage. (Presentation, slide 9)

In Russia, in general, and in St. Petersburg in particular, recycling is still a new concept, although the situation has begun to change - the state has paid attention to the economic profit that the return of valuable waste components to circulation can provide.

Recycling classes:

Mechanical recycling
Incineration
Recycling by pyrolysis
Chemical recycling

Mechanical.

This class combines the operations of slicing and grinding waste, followed by their use as fillers for new materials. There are technologies that allow us to obtain high-quality and cheap raw materials.
However, it is not without its drawbacks. The main one is the possibility of spontaneous combustion of materials during grinding.

Incineration.

The simplest class of recycling is burning waste to produce energy. Its main advantage is the reduction of waste volumes intended for disposal in landfills and landfills.
The main disadvantage of incineration is the release of toxic gases and carcinogens into the atmosphere. In our region Incineration is carried out at waste incineration plants.

Pyrolysis.

The waste heating process occurs in an inert atmosphere (oxygen-free combustion). The raw materials do not burn, but gradually disintegrate into simple elements releasing a large amount of energy. Pyrolysis products are superior in calorific value to traditional fuels such as gasoline and fuel oil.

Chemical.

Its essence lies in the fact that homogeneous types of waste are treated with chemical reagents, resulting in raw materials that are used for the production of windings for cables, paints and varnishes, and road surfaces.

Chapter 2. The problem of waste disposal using the example of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region

Garbage accumulating every year is a serious problem in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. The power of the latest technologies is only enough to process 5% of regional and 15% of city waste. (Presentation, slide 10) Life in the Leningrad region annually produces 4.3 million m3 of waste, 95% of which is burned and buried. Many landfills are in an unsanitary condition, which causes discomfort to residents in the surrounding areas. An example is the largest landfill in the Leningrad region in the Lomonosov district - the Yuzhny landfill.

Thanks to the “New World” and “Krasny Bor” test sites, the Leningrad region took 83rd place out of 85 possible in the ranking of environmentalists throughout Russia.

The public organization "Green Way" has published another environmental rating. In it, the Leningrad region took 83rd place out of 85 regions. Only the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions turned out to be worse than the 47th region, and the cleanest region was the Tambov region, overtaking the Altai Republic.

Let us note that 2017 has been declared by the authorities of the Leningrad region as the Year of Ecology.

In St. Petersburg, everything is not bad with the environment: the city was included in the top ten environmentally friendly regions and took 9th place.
“This place for the Leningrad region in terms of environmental conditions is quite logical, given that the waste management policy in the region has completely failed. This is confirmed by the countless number of unauthorized landfills and the nature-threatening scale of pirate landfills, such as the landfill on Volkhonskoe Highway identified by the ONF, Yanino reclamation and much more another, turning the suburban areas of the Leningrad region into zones of environmental disaster,” ecologist Sergei Gribalev told 47news.
According to the expert, many licensed testing grounds are already on the verge of overflowing, and the desire to increase them leads to popular outrage and, as in the case of the Gatchina testing ground "New World", the height of which will soon reach 72 meters.

2.1. Landfills as a method of disposal

Pros:

Garbage rotting occurs under the influence of bacteria. This produces Landfill Gas - biogas resulting from the anaerobic decomposition of organic municipal waste.
Landfill gas is collected, preventing air pollution, and used as fuel to produce electricity, heat or steam.

Minuses:

Being in open areas, under the influence of atmospheric air, sun and precipitation, harmful substances are washed away and penetrate into the ground, into the soil and underground water basins, groundwater.
Waste in landfills burns slowly but constantly - smoldering. As is known, smoldering is the combustion phase characterized by the greatest formation of persistent organic pollutants.
Food waste causes virtually no damage to nature. Used to feed various organisms.
Harm to humans: rotting food waste is a breeding ground for microbes.
Decomposition routes: used as food by various microorganisms.
The map of the region and the city shows landfills and landfills (Annex 1)
The dirtiest place on the map is the area of the village of Sertolovo.
(Presentation, slide 11-12-13)

2.2. Burning garbage

This disposal method is considered effective provided that the plant is equipped with high-tech equipment. Metals, batteries, and plastic are first removed from the waste.
(Presentation, slide14 )

Advantages of waste incineration:

less unpleasant odors;
the number of harmful bacteria and emissions is reduced;
the resulting mass does not attract rodents and birds;
It is possible to obtain energy (thermal and electrical) during combustion.

Flaws:

expensive construction and operation of waste incineration plants;
construction takes at least 5 years;
When burning waste, harmful substances are released into the atmosphere;
Incineration ash is toxic and cannot be stored in conventional landfills.

This requires special storage facilities. Due to a lack of city budgets, inconsistency with waste processing companies and other reasons, the production of waste incineration plants has not yet been established in Russia and St. Petersburg in particular.
There are four factories in the city that emit dioxins. These plants burn sludge from wastewater, the first of them is located on White Island, the second in Olgino, the third near Strelna on the territory of the South-Western wastewater treatment plant. Also, in 2014, in Krasny Bor, a toxic waste incineration plant was launched.

Combustion is a complex physical and chemical process in which new chemical compounds are formed. Despite the fact that technologies for the destruction of dioxins are not used, when gaseous emissions are cooled, they are restored. Sources of dioxins can be food and polyvinyl chloride packaging, as well as other items found in garbage. Incinerators are also characterized by metal emissions. Their content is noted in non-combustible waste, which can be sorted before burning, and in combustible waste (such as mercury or copper), which cannot be separated from other waste.

2.3. Waste disposal and recycling
Currently, in St. Petersburg and the region there is a huge amount (most) of waste, including household waste, which is disposed of by disposal.
Waste disposal is an environmental term that implies the burial and storage of waste for further disposal.

St. Petersburg State Unitary Enterprise "Plant MPBO-2" - processing plant in Yanino.

The waste processing plant is located in Yanino, but its capacity compared to the total volume of exported solid waste is very small. In the future, it is planned to build processing plants for solid waste, where household waste will be recycled
The company provides services for the placement and disposal of waste, as well as waste disposal at the “Plant for Mechanized Recycling of Household Waste”

Carried out:

Waste removal.
Recycling and disposal of waste.
Environmental design.

Pilot plant for mechanized processing of household waste (Volkhonskoe highway 116, Krasnoselsky district of St. Petersburg) - the largest licensed environmental protection enterprise in the North-West region of Russia. Since November 2010, the plant has been carrying out waste removal; for these purposes, modern automotive equipment (garbage trucks) and a container fleet have been purchased. for garbage removal, construction waste removal, waste recycling.

The main goal of the activity is to ensure the environmental safety of the residents of St. Petersburg.

Main goals:

Uninterrupted disposal and disposal of public waste.
Environmentally friendly waste recycling as an alternative to landfill disposal.
Extraction of secondary raw materials from incoming waste and conservation of natural resources. garbage removal, construction waste removal.

List of solid waste landfills in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region ( Appendix 2).

(Presentation, slide 15)

Recycling of waste- the most resource-saving way, but not always profitable both economically and environmentally. There are a number of problems here.

The first problem is that before garbage can be used, it must be sorted. Paper, pieces of iron, broken glass should be kept separately. Obviously, it is almost impossible to sort waste that has already been sent to a landfill - there are no such machines, and people work very slowly, and this is harmful to their health. Therefore, waste must be sorted the moment it is thrown away. This means that each person should have separate buckets for food waste, paper, plastic, etc. This approach takes root in villages, but in cities such ideas are difficult to implement. Although in some foreign countries separate containers for different types of garbage have already appeared on the streets.
(Presentation, slide 16)

The second problem is the delivery of waste to the recycling site. If there is a lot of waste and consumers of its processed products, then many factories capable of processing waste of this type can be built. Then, for example, broken glass collected from surrounding landfills will be processed at numerous glass factories. What about electric light bulbs? Each light bulb contains several tens of milligrams of molybdenum and tungsten - rare and valuable metals. Recycling these metals requires high temperatures. To maintain high temperatures, a large-volume reactor is required. Therefore, in every city a plant producing light bulbs, and, accordingly, processing molybdenum and tungsten, cannot be built - packaging will occur. Thus, in order to recycle molybdenum and tungsten, you need to go around all the garbage dumps, collect several discarded light bulbs from each and take them far away. All this requires gasoline - also an expensive and non-renewable raw material that releases toxic substances during combustion. So it turns out that recycling light bulbs, for all its apparent attractiveness, is a costly task. For the same reason, it is not worth organizing centralized waste collection for recycling in villages and villages.

The most common is secondary, tertiary, etc. recycling on one scale or another of materials such as glass, paper, aluminum, asphalt, iron, fabrics and various types of plastic.

The meaning of recycling.

Firstly, the resources of many materials on Earth are limited and cannot be replenished in a time frame comparable to the existence of human civilization.

Secondly Once released into the environment, materials usually become pollutants.

Third, waste and products that have completed their life cycle are often a cheaper source of many substances and materials than natural sources.

Conclusions:

For recycling, all waste must be sorted.
To do this, it is necessary to create conditions that can arouse citizens’ interest in waste sorting.
The use of recycled materials as a new resource base is one of the most dynamically developing areas of materials processing in the world. For Russia it is relatively new.

Separate waste collection in the Krasnogvardeisky district.

In Krasnogvardeisky district:

1) At the address: st. M. Tukhachevsky, 31, a regular campaign “Separate Collection” is held among the population to collect waste for recycling. As well as familiarizing the population with separate waste collection.

The action is carried out by representatives of the Environmental Movement “Separate Collection”.

2) Reception points in the Krasnogvardeysky district, addresses (Appendix 3).

List of acceptance of recyclable materials from the population. The price for waste paper is from 1.00 rubles per kg to 2.00 rubles per kg. Cullet, from 10 kopecks per piece - to 20 kopecks per piece.

Glass containers, depending on the name - from 50 kopecks - to 1.20 rubles per piece.

Opening hours of waste paper collection points: From 9:00 to 18:00.

During the study of the surroundings of the Krasnogvardeisky district of special waste bins for separate waste collection were not found in the yards.

For each type of raw material there is a corresponding processing technology.

Types of secondary raw materials:

Waste paper, glass, scrap metal, chemicals, petroleum products, electronics, plastics, rubber, biological, wood, construction.

(Presentation, slide 17-18)

2.4. Disposal of used batteries and energy-saving lamps

Why can't you just throw batteries in the trash? What to do with used batteries?
(Presentation, slide 19 - 20)

Batteries are dangerous due to their chemical composition. If the question arises of how to store batteries, the answer is clear - pack it tightly and take the used product to a collection point as soon as possible.

To complete the picture, we should describe in detail the two main ways of poisoning nature that affect humans:

Over time, the capacity of the element decomposes, which leads to the release of toxic substances into the environment, that is, into the soil and air. And through it, harmful components enter groundwater, and then into reservoirs, from where the liquid goes into our homes.

Yes, in landfills, batteries are burned, but the smoke containing dioxins does not disappear anywhere; it ends up in the air. The entire plant and animal world absorbs this smoke, and through them the poison enters the human body.

Energy-saving lamps - what to do with them after use?

Energy-saving lamps (fluorescent compact lamps) are an undoubted breakthrough and improvement in lighting technology. In general, this is true, but there are certain nuances.

They contain free mercury, the vapors of which enter the atmosphere when the lamp is damaged. Therefore, even the most modern designs of lamps with low mercury content after the end of their service life cannot be disposed of along with other household waste. Like batteries, energy-saving lamps require special disposal. Installed in St. Petersburg “ecoboxes”, where you can dispose of hazardous waste - used batteries, mercury thermometers, energy-saving light bulbs.

In Krasnogvardeisky district:

Sredneokhtinsky pr., 50 Real estate department of Krasnogvardeisky district

Malookhtinsky pr., 64 A Bank St. Petersburg

Etc. Energetikov, 59 Autopark No. 6 Spetstrans

Stakhanovtsev Ave., 17 RGGMU, dormitory No. 1

Malookhtinsky pr., 98 RSHMU, educational building

Etc. Metallistov, 3 RGGMU

Etc. Kosygina, 17, bldg. 1 residential building

Chapter 3.Practical part of the research work

People do not care at all about the impact of waste on the health of not only adults, but also directly contribute to the harmful effects on the health of their own children. Appendix No. 4 contains a photograph demonstrating this; garbage (mostly plastic bags, cans) is scattered around the playground.
(Presentation, slide 21-22)

Poll on the topic“Do you think about the consequences before throwing garbage onto the city streets?” 8 out of 10 answered that they do not think about it. This suggests that only about 20% of humanity cares about the ecological state of the planet.
To another question, “Would you change anything in the ecology of your city?” about 90% answered yes. People expect the environmental situation to change, but they themselves do nothing about it.

Sociological research in the family.

Table 2.The amount of waste used by one family in 7 days.

Conclusion: It’s better not to collect all the garbage in one pile; if possible, sort it by type, and, if possible, put plastic in special containers.

Ways to solve the problem: separate collection and processing of plastic waste to obtain secondary polymer materials.

Chapter 4. Research results, conclusions and suggestions

During the study, we encountered the following problem: environmental issues concern everyone, the state of life of a modern person depends on their solution, but few people think that the person himself is most often the culprit of all these problems.
In order not to aggravate this problem today, not only the efforts of the authorities are needed. A garbage truck will not come to a forest or meadow to pick up an empty plastic bottle or chocolate packaging after you. First of all, each person must maintain cleanliness himself, and then expect this from others. The implementation of the project will help to attract schoolchildren and the adult population to the raised problem, contributes to the education of environmentally literate young people, will create a basis for the formation of an active life position of children and adolescents, involving students in socially significant activities, developing children’s creative abilities and interest in scientific activities.
(Presentation, slide 23)

4.1. How can an ordinary person reduce the amount of waste?

By planning your waste disposal, you can save money and reduce your negative impact on the environment.

Method No. 1.Reducing waste

Try not to use or minimize the use of disposable items: plastic bags, aluminum, glass and plastic jars and bottles, packaging, containers, as well as utensils, lighters and the like.

Use cloth bags instead of plastic bags.
Buy foods that are less packaged.
Instead of disposable containers, it is optimal to use reusable ones,
Don't buy bottled drinks unless necessary.
Reduce your paper use.
Consider switching to more eco-friendly home care products.

Many containers used to store cleaning products cannot be recycled. Replace them with natural products and you will create a chemical-free environment for your family.

Method number 2.

Reuse and recycling

Even disposable items can most often be used more than once.

Donate items to charities.
Reuse the packaging multiple times.
Separate waste collection. Visit your city's website for recycling details.
Dispose of trash and hazardous waste properly. Batteries, paints, TVs, computers and other electronics, lighting lamps.

Method number 3.

Compost

Don't throw away scraps or cuttings. These items are great for creating compost, turning them into a rich, nutritious base to feed your garden.
There are countless alternative solutions. This will become obvious as soon as you start looking, and you will be rewarded by seeing your waste reduced significantly.

4.2. Administrative violations related tounauthorized waste disposal

The main measures to combat unauthorized waste disposal are the imposition of a fine. Authorized persons can draw up protocols and impose a fine on violators of environmental safety.

Table 3 shows the main articles of the “Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences. Chapter 8. Administrative offenses in the field of environmental protection and natural resource management”, imposing liability for improper waste management.

Chapter 8. Administrative offenses in the field of environmental protection and natural resource management"

Table 3. Main articles of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences.

Article	Fine for citizens	Fine for officials	Fine for legal entities
8.2. Failure to comply with environmental and sanitary-epidemiological requirements when handling production and consumption waste or other hazardous substances	from 1 thousand to 2 thousand rubles	from 10 thousand to 30 thousand rubles	from 30 thousand to 50 thousand rubles or administrative suspension of activities for up to 20 days
8.6. Damage to lands. 2. Destruction of fertile soil layer, as well as damage to land as a result of violation of the rules for handling pesticides and agrochemicals or other substances and production and consumption waste hazardous to human health and the environment	from 1.5 thousand to 2 thousand rubles	from 3 thousand to 4 thousand rubles	from 3 thousand to 4 thousand rubles or administrative suspension of activities for up to 90 days
8.8. Use of land plots other than for their intended purpose, failure to fulfill obligations to bring land to a condition suitable for use for its intended purpose	from 2 thousand to 2.5 thousand rubles	from 4 thousand to 5 thousand rubles	from 70 thousand to 100 thousand rubles
8.31. Violation of sanitary safety rules in forests. 2. Pollution of forests with wastewater, chemical, radioactive and other harmful substances, production and consumption waste and (or) other negative impact on forests	from 1 thousand to 2.5 thousand rubles	from 2 thousand to 5 thousand rubles	from 20 thousand to 100 thousand rubles or administrative suspension of activities for up to 90 days.
8.41. Failure to pay fees for negative environmental impact on time		from 3 thousand to 6 thousand rubles	from 15 thousand to 100 thousand rubles

The table shows that the fine imposed on legal entities is almost ten times higher than the fine imposed on citizens, and 2 times higher than the fine for officials. This indicates that the state has taken some measures to protect the environment from waste pollution. (Presentation, slide 24)

4.3. Environmental education and upbringing of students of gymnasium No. 196 of the Krasnogvardeisky district of St. Petersburg

Solving environmental problems requires the unification of all countries, all of humanity. And above all, everyone needs to participate.
School is our second home. Younger schoolchildren borrow behavioral motivation from older schoolchildren. The upbringing of the younger generation cannot do without the active promotion of social values. An effective solution to problems related to education is impossible without the wide participation of school students themselves. In this regard, the gymnasium has developed projects aimed at environmental education and upbringing of students, and at increasing students’ interest in joint creativity. That is why all of the above reasons contributed to the development of a project of cooperation between the senior and junior levels of the school.

Within the framework of environmental education in the 2016-2017 academic year, the following events were carried out:

1. Monthly waste paper collection. Action "Save a tree" - collection of waste paper.
2. Events dedicated to energy saving issues. The "Earth Hour" campaign, "Water Guardians" - an all-Russian eco-lesson about water.
3. Regional review - competition “Ecological Postcard” of Children's Youth and Youth Theater “On Lenskaya”.
4. Separate collection of solid waste. Action "Save the Hedgehog", collection of used batteries. Competition of crafts made from plastic utensils "Unusual in the ordinary." All-Russian eco-lesson "Share with us" for schoolchildren of grades 7-11. Competition www.beregivodu.rf - "Water of Russia".
5. From the Year of Cinema to the Year of Ecology Open city film competition “In the Lens – the Environment”.
6. Cleaning the territory of the gymnasium and forest park as part of a citywide cleanup.
7. Photo exhibition "My favorite pet."
8. Planned event - from April 21 to April 26, 2017, the project “Mobile technologies for the environment” within the framework of the “Green Schools” program of the All-Russian ECA movement.

(Presentation, slide 25 - 29)

Conclusion

While working on the topic of the project, we became convinced that production and consumption waste pose a serious environmental hazard, as on a national scale.

Conclusion: our country, and in particular the city of St. Petersburg, is so far poorly coping with the global garbage problem.
This is primarily due to the fact that people do not realize the scale of the problem. No one thinks about the fact that we use a plastic bag for 20 minutes, but it takes 200 years to rot.

Unfortunately, our state does not conduct active propaganda on this issue and does not support waste recycling organizations and does not promote separate waste collection in yards. No one will go with a garbage bag to the next block to throw garbage into a special container.

Currently, household waste has found application not only as recyclable materials for the production of new products. They are also used for aesthetic purposes. Various exhibitions are periodically opened all over the world, competitions are held for the production of all kinds of objects, sculptures, and interior items from household waste. People started using trash (cans, bottles, old videotapes, pipes and much more) to make them. Such events are aimed at attracting the attention of the whole world to the problem of disposal and recycling of all types of waste.
(Presentation, slide 30)

Bibliography

1.Voskonyan V.G. Ways to reduce environmental pollution with solid waste // Advances in modern science. – 2006. – No. 9 – P. 30-34 Scientific journal.
2. All about solid waste. Technologies of municipal solid waste. Current reviews. Solid waste magazine! pp. 42-45.
3. Rating of countries in the world by level of environmental efficiency in 2016. [Electronic resource] // Center for Humanitarian Technologies. - 01/29/2016. 12:55. URL: http://gtmarket.ru/news/2016/01/29/7292
4. Electronic resource - Greenpeace Russia - URL: http://www.greenpeace.org
Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences. Chapter 8. Administrative offenses in the field of environmental protection and natural resource management."
6. Chizhevsky A.E. I explore the world. Ecology. Encyclopedia Astrel - 2005
7. Federal information portal "Water of Russia", URL: http://voda.org.ru.
8. All-Russian eco-lesson “Share with us”, organized by ERA, URL: http://www.sharewithus.rf.

The main source of environmental hazard in Russia is the waste problem, which poses a potential threat to both human health and the country’s ecology. Waste problems in Russia have recently been gaining momentum; even until recently, nature could handle most of the garbage itself.

But technological progress does not stand still; as a result, the volume of waste material formation increases; it contains more and more materials and substances, the decomposition of which takes years, or even tens or hundreds of years.

An important fact is that the volume of waste material thrown out by the population and industrial enterprises increases every year; now this figure has reached 500-800 kg per year for each resident of large cities. And in some cities these figures reach 1000 kg per resident per year. Given that this number is increasing every year, measures must be taken immediately to combat the generation of waste and its accumulation in the country.

To reduce the volume of waste materials requiring disposal, many of them are used for secondary production, after the recycling process.

There is also a method called incineration - it allows you to get rid of almost any type of garbage and waste of all hazard classes (except for radioactive waste), and also allows you to produce thermal energy or electricity. This method is not only economically beneficial, it also allows you to get rid of hazardous waste materials such as:

infectious medical used items and supplies, human fluids, blood;
laboratory equipment, test tubes, protective suits;
toxic substances from production plants that used chemical elements;
methane gas formed during the decay of organic residues of used materials;

all of them can cause irreparable damage to the environment, the atmosphere, and pollute the air and soil. As a result, people will begin to:

development of allergic diseases;
asthmatic cases in newborns will become more frequent;
infectious diseases can destroy entire populations of animals, such as small rodents and pets, the latter, in turn, infecting people;
epidemics will begin in all big cities;
water will become unfit for consumption, all flora in lakes, ponds and seas will die out;
the soil will lose its balance of minerals needed for growing crops, as it will become oversaturated with chemicals and toxic substances, people will lose their source of food.

Of course, such prospects are very frightening, but they are quite real. To prevent such situations, you need to understand that the waste problem must be solved not only by special services, but also by every resident of the country. People, without noticing it themselves, litter even where it can be avoided. Industrial organizations also, in order to reduce the cost of recycling their waste, do not always carry out a full cycle of neutralization of hazardous classes of waste before disposal.

Types of waste material or recyclable materials

Utilities

A huge amount of solid waste is collected daily by public utilities. People, as a rule, throw away what is formed as a result of their life activities, this can be:

medical supplies - syringes, bandages, empty medicine packages;
food remains - bones, animal hair and feathers, skins of vegetables and fruits, expired food;
household items - wood, metal, textiles, glass, plastic, rubber. And other objects consisting of similar material;
chemicals, as a rule, are the remains of washing liquids that fall into the sewer.

Industrial

This is a material that is completely recyclable in production after proper recycling process. It is formed as a result of non-compliance with production standards, or any deviations in the manufacturing process. In fact, it is a raw material product that has only partially lost its properties. These types include:

ferrous and non-ferrous metals, of any composition;
wood trimmings, shavings and even foliage;
plastic packaging and other products;
paper and cellulose raw materials, waste paper, cardboard, corrugated packaging containers;
glass products, containers or broken glass;
polyurethane foam;
expanded polystyrene;
building materials, stone, brick, mortar mixtures, adhesives, facing materials;
chemicals generated during the production process;

and other materials used in production.

Agricultural

These are mainly organic substances formed in the process of rural activities, they are:

animal manure;
hay or straw spoiled by natural elements, which has begun the process of rotting;
silage remains in pits for its formation and storage;
grain crops that have lost their value as food for animals as a result of rotting or rotting due to excessive levels of moisture;
spoiled feed;
rotten fodder vegetables.

they are reused on the same farms. Using the composting method, obtain a high-quality product that fertilizes the soil. It also helps to increase the yield of some types of crops.

Construction

These types of waste are generated at all construction sites and production enterprises producing:

construction;
paint and varnish;
finishing;
thermal insulation materials.

Construction sites and installation and repair work are sources of waste, including solid and liquid types:

spoiled;
overdue;
used;
unsuitable;
defective;
broken;
extra;
defective;

products and materials used in most cases of construction or repair work on the reconstruction of buildings. They can consist of a variety of materials, among which the most common are:

metal profile structures;
metal: nails, bolts, screws, nuts, staples and similar fasteners;
nylon products: seals, hermetic gaskets, pipes, mounting brackets for tools, etc.;
large-scale metal products such as pipes, frames, reinforced partitions;
plasterboard sheets, covering slabs, partition;
gypsum fiber;
cement;
wood shavings, cutting boards, wane.

In addition, this industry uses many chemicals, the use of which also produces waste material; due to its toxicity, it has an increased hazard class and requires special care when collecting it and delivering it for processing or disposal. This type includes:

varnishes;
glue;
paint;
solvents;
antifreeze additives in cement;
antifungal additives to the solution;
anti-corrosion protective agents for metal.

Radioactive

Radioactive waste is considered to be all products and devices that have been used up or have expired or have expired. They emit radionuclides, this type is classified as the most dangerous, first class. Waste collection and disposal occurs separately from other types of waste. These include:

medical equipment;
laboratory supplies (after contact with radioactive elements);
spent nuclear fuel, etc.

Threat of pollution of the ecological system and methods of solution

Agricultural and industrial wastes are classified as industrial wastes, as they are generated during the production process. In most cases, these are toxic substances, the impact of which on living beings and the natural environment can produce negative results. As a rule, areas contaminated with chemical or toxic substances kill absolutely all living things on their surface, from animals to plants and microorganisms. In Russia there are a huge number of such areas for disposal of similar types of waste material. They take up huge storage areas.

The most polluted territory with toxic waste is the Ural region. More than 40 billion tons of harmful substances as a result of formation have accumulated in the Sverdlovsk region.

Every year, out of every 150 - 170 tons of garbage, a quarter is toxic materials, of which only 25 - 30% are disposed of or rendered harmless; the remainder ends up in surface waters and soil, thereby killing millions of small animals, and also causes epidemiological diseases in of people. With such a load, the natural environment simply cannot cope and clean itself on its own.

Plastic waste is also dangerous; this substance serves humanity as an irreplaceable packaging material, which in itself does not cause significant harm to human health, but unlike organic substances, the process of its decomposition is too great. When plastic products fall into the ground, they can lie there for tens or even hundreds of years, without any changes in shape or composition. And taking into account the fact that millions of tons of plastic tableware alone are produced annually, this amount of waste can cover the entire earth’s surface.

Not long ago, innovative technologies were developed that make it possible to process polystyrene or plastic into diesel fuel; they make it possible to obtain up to 5 liters of fuel from only 10 kg of plastic waste without harm to the environment and ecology. This method allows for enormous economic benefits and also reduces the burden on the cleaning capabilities of the natural environment.

For the rational use of natural resources, as well as in order to reduce the impact of garbage as an environmental pollutant, it is necessary to use as much waste material as possible in secondary production.

For example, by using only one waste paper for paper production, you can reduce the percentage of harmful emissions into the atmosphere and air by up to 70 - 80%, compared with the process of extracting and using primary raw materials.

You can save four cubic meters of wood material, or two trees, by recycling and recycling a ton of waste paper. Only this method will make it possible to preserve thousands of hectares of forests annually, which, in turn, will help clean up polluted air. After all, trees are natural air filters for purifying carbon dioxide and other harmful substances.

The development of technologies for processing and recycling newspapers is a rather expensive project. But over time, it will definitely give the desired result and will normalize the use of pulp and paper products.

Recycling waste paper is only the surface of all types of recycling, because there are also materials such as metal, glass and others, the use of which will not only save natural resources, but also maintain normal environmental conditions.

You might be interested in the dead cities of Russia

The supply of natural resources is not endless. Even self-renewing structural elements of an ecosystem, like a forest, will disappear if they are used unfairly. The garbage problem is extremely important for Russia and the whole world.

History of landfills

Difficulties began almost immediately after the waste appeared. They have existed for thousands of years. The first garbage appeared when evolution took a significant step forward and the monkey turned into Homo sapiens. In the Middle Ages, special laws were issued that prohibited people from throwing out garbage and pouring sewage into the street. But even in underdeveloped countries where these laws were absent, the problem of environmental pollution was not so acute. The waste was predominantly of organic origin. They decomposed quickly without causing environmental pollution.

The global accumulation of waste is associated with the 19th century. At this time, the industrial revolution took place in the islands of Great Britain. The first factories appeared in which machine labor was used on an equal basis with human labor. Two hundred years later, small primitive manufactories have grown to the size of large enterprises that do not use manual labor.

The problem of waste appeared along with the leap in the development of technology and the construction of factories. The next peak of the garbage disaster occurred in the 20th century with the invention of plastic. It began to be used to produce almost all things. It does not decompose for centuries. Therefore, the problem has become very acute.

In the 1990s, developing countries found a “way out” of the situation. The concept of “waste emigration” appeared. Plastic began to be actively exported to third world countries. Many areas of Africa were devastated. Almost no one lives there, as thick smog hangs over the huge garbage dumps. People who have nowhere to go are forced to live in contaminated areas.

A pressing issue for the Russian Federation

In Russia, the garbage problem is especially acute. According to statistics, only 4% of all waste is subject to further processing. The raw materials go into one container. It is almost impossible to sort the garbage that is in a landfill.

The vast majority of raw materials are sent to landfills. In 2018, their area is 5 million hectares. According to forecasts, by 2026 it will increase to 8 million. That is, the annual increase is 0.4 million. To understand the scale, imagine the total area of Moscow and St. Petersburg. This is precisely the annual increase in landfills in Russia.

The main reason for the emergence of garbage dumps is the active growth of large settlements and urban residents. People consume a significant amount of goods. This creates more waste. One person produces almost half a ton of garbage per year.

Russians have a poorly developed consumer culture. We are used to not attaching importance to purchases. But purchasing a new product must be conscious. This is the basis of the system of reasonable consumption, which has become widespread in the world, especially in developed countries. People buy quality things abroad. They cost more money, but they will last for many years. In Russia this is poorly practiced, which is another factor for the accumulation of waste.

There is an organization called Rosprirodnadzor. She checks whether the garbage is disposed of according to the law and monitors the correctness of its removal. This is how it should work in theory. But in practice there is no full control. Combined waste containing heavy metals is classified as non-hazardous. Although in fact they have a great impact on the environment and human health. But it is not profitable to dispose of hazardous waste, so Rosprirodnadzor ignores this provision.

Impact of waste on the environment

The problem of landfills requires an immediate solution, as damage to the ecosystem progresses every day. The following household wastes have the greatest impact:

batteries;
decorative cosmetics;
household chemicals;
brake fluid and engine oil;
items containing heavy metal salts (mercury, lead);
ammonia compounds.

First of all, the state of the atmosphere, flora and fauna suffers.

Greenhouse effect

Everyone has heard about this more than once in school. This is the name given to the increase in temperature in the lower layers of the atmosphere due to the accumulation of thermal energy. It is formed due to heating of gases and becomes glass in a greenhouse. Not everyone knows that to solve this problem it is necessary to fight garbage. The earth warms up under the sun's rays. Poisonous gases and toxins evaporate and rise.

Most of the gas travels for kilometers, ending up in the lungs of people and animals. Methane and hydrogen sulfide do not fly long distances, but react with oxygen. As a result, thermal energy is generated, which leads to the greenhouse effect.

In the world, this problem is solved by sorting waste. Waste containing toxic chemicals is removed for separate disposal. In some states, methane is pumped out of landfills. In Russia and other CIS countries, these methods are not common due to high cost and technical complexity.

Harm to animals and people

The deterioration of the health of people and animals is one of the results of environmental pollution. But trash on the ground can directly affect your well-being. Shards of glass, plastic or construction waste injure animals and people. This is especially important for unauthorized landfills.

Garbage is a good breeding ground for microorganisms. Millions of viruses and bacteria are formed in plastic bags and glass jars. They can enter the human body directly or through an animal.

Animals are the main carriers of infectious diseases. Living in the city, you can get an infection from stray cats and dogs while walking your pets.

The influence of certain types of waste on the ecological system

The accumulation of garbage on the planet directly affects the environment. The degree of environmental damage depends on the duration of decomposition of raw materials. Organic waste breaks down the fastest. The decomposition period for food residues is 30 days. Newspaper paper is completely destroyed - from 1 to 4 months, office paper - in 2 years. Parts of trees (leaves, branches) decompose in 3-4 months. The decomposition period of iron and shoes is 10 years.

Most construction waste takes centuries to decompose. Shards of concrete and brick, foil and electric batteries disintegrate in 100-120 years.

The decomposition period for rubber is up to 150 years, for plastic – from 180 to 200 years. And it takes 500 years for one aluminum can to decompose! That is, the greatest damage to the environment is caused by foil, batteries, rubber, plastic and aluminum.

The paper itself does not harm the ecological system. But the paint with which it is coated emits toxic gases. They enter the atmosphere, polluting it. Metal is poisonous to all living things. Its debris injures animals and humans.

On land, iron decomposes much longer than in water. On land it is destroyed in 10-20 years, and in salt water 2 years are enough. Glass plays an important role in the current waste problem. It doesn't disintegrate at all. Fragments of this material have been injuring animals and people for thousands of years.

Plastic disrupts the exchange of gases in water and soil. Products made from this material are swallowed by animals. The raw material with the hole inside becomes a vice for the beast. Batteries are the most toxic. They contain zinc, coal, manganese, and lead. Dust from these microelements is inhaled by residents all over the world. Some of the substances end up in the soil. This is a negative impact of waste on water. Children and pregnant women are susceptible to diseases.

Intoxication leads to hearing loss, deterioration of the kidneys and nervous system. The child lags behind his peers in physical and intellectual development. Proper disposal of batteries is very important.

Ways to solve and dispose of waste

People look at the problem of waste accumulation differently. There are two solutions. The first is to reduce the consumption of goods and reduce the production of waste. The second is to properly dispose and recycle. The problem of household waste in Russia will only be solved with an integrated approach from two sides.

Reasonable consumption

This phrase has become fashionable in the modern world. Five simple rules that will help you consume with minimal damage to the environment:

Shop consciously. Think ahead and make a list of necessary things. Only after this go to the store.
Buy only quality items. By overpaying now, you won't overspend again. In addition, you will help solve the garbage problem.
Purchase products from companies that support ethical production policies. Such collections are limited. Production conditions are humane, workers receive decent pay. Some world-famous companies make clothes from recycled materials. Adidas created sneakers entirely from plastic. Such things are more expensive than usual. But buying them will definitely not harm the environment.
Never throw things away. Some supermarkets have recycling collection points. And if the clothes are in good condition, they can be sold.
Spend less on things, more on experiences. People with shopaholism constantly feel the need to buy. The way out is to waste money on emotions.

By following these points, you will get new experiences and help protect the city from garbage.

Disposal

Waste can be given a second life or partially destroyed. There are the following methods for recycling household waste:

burning;
burial;
reuse or recycling;
composting;
pyrolysis

In Russia, burial and incineration are used to the greatest extent. The latter poses an environmental hazard no less than that posed by landfills. The area of landfills with garbage is limited, gases from waste are released slowly, and when burned, smoke instantly spreads over kilometers. Soot, dust and gas enter the atmosphere. 1 cubic meter of raw materials leads to the formation of 3 kg of toxins.

The most dangerous substance is called dioxin. It is 67 thousand times more toxic than potassium cyanide and 500 times more toxic than strychnine (a substance used to kill rats).

Abroad, this problem is solved by re-processing the gases. When burned, they undergo another stage of recycling, which reduces the formation of harmful substances. In the Russian Federation, this practice is not actively used due to its high cost. As of 2018, there are 6 waste incineration plants, where 2% of raw materials are recycled.

The common method of recycling by disposal is more environmentally friendly. But here we encounter another problem. Most of the landfills in Russia are illegal. Disposing of waste in landfills is beneficial for entrepreneurs. The admission procedure is simplified and costs less. There are about 1 thousand illegal waste disposal sites in the Russian Federation. They do not meet sanitary standards; all garbage is disposed of there, regardless of the hazard class.

The logical solution to this problem of humanity is the legalization of landfills. They must be waterproofed to prevent harmful substances from entering groundwater. At unauthorized, unprotected landfills, the radius of soil contamination reaches 2 km. If the landfill is equipped according to modern requirements, the impact on the environment will be minimized.

The most effective method of solving the global problem of humanity is recycling.

Reusing raw materials has a number of advantages:

More economical compared to burning.
Reduces the use of primary raw materials.
Helps reduce waste.
Improves the operation of enterprises, since they do not need to spend time and money on the delivery of bulky primary raw materials (trees, pieces of metal).

Recycling is a system that will help make the earth free of waste. Paper, plastic, glass, and metal are actively recycled abroad. Before this, the waste is sorted. This is not a common practice for Russians. There are containers near our houses into which all garbage is dumped indiscriminately. Abroad there are separate containers for each type of raw material.

Recycled waste is reused. In Japan, they even make tickets from waste paper.

Solving the problem of unauthorized waste disposal

Some residents of our country throw away waste anywhere. Many people leave whole packages after a picnic, others throw wrappers out of the window. There are countries where unauthorized waste removal is fined. Fearing penalties, people throw waste only into containers.

It is necessary to increase the number of garbage cans in the city. Sometimes people simply have nowhere to throw away waste. Therefore, they throw garbage in inappropriate places. Raising public awareness plays a big role. Many people are unaware of the harm that waste has on the planet and their own health. Social advertising on TV and billboards on the street will help to understand the extent of the problem.

conclusions

The accumulation of garbage, its improper disposal and the almost complete lack of recycling is an important environmental problem. It can only be solved through active cooperation between government officials and ordinary citizens. We have the power to consume less, thereby reducing the accumulation of waste. And authorities must make waste disposal safer.

The most important step in solving the problem is proper sorting of raw materials and recycling. Some cities already have special containers for collecting certain types of waste, but this amount is catastrophically small.

Solid household waste accompanies a person throughout his life. It is important to know what waste exists and what kind of harm it causes to humans and nature. According to the method of obtaining solid waste, they are classified:

Household waste is waste resulting from human activity. Household waste includes food scraps, packaging, expired medications, and household items. According to statistics, a family of four produces about 30 kg of waste per week.
Industrial waste is the remains of industrial raw materials that cannot be used for their intended purpose, as well as waste from the activities of the enterprise. These include wood, metals, plastic, polyethylene, dust.
Construction waste is the remains from construction and production of building materials. Defective building materials that have become unusable during storage and transportation: metal profiles, drywall, pipes, cement, gypsum, fiberglass, foam plastic. This also includes dried varnishes and paints, construction mixtures, antifungal additives, etc.
Radioactive waste is waste from the production and use of radioactive substances. The most hazardous wastes are practically never found in cities.

Household and industrial waste not only litters the environment, but also negatively affects the quality of life and human health. Toxic waste decomposition products kill soil microflora. Breaking down into small particles, waste penetrates into groundwater, and from there into rivers and lakes.

Municipal solid waste differs in degree of hazard:

Less hazardous and subject to disposal, they are also called environmental waste. This includes any waste that can be recycled without harming the environment. For example, wood shavings, brick fragments, glass, food waste.
Moderately hazardous waste. They decompose in the natural environment in less than 3 years. Poses little danger to the environment. Example: used paper, wood, rubber, plastic, cellophane.
Hazardous waste. Cause ecosystem disturbances. After eliminating the source of impact, the recovery period for nature is up to 10 years. Example: metal structures, paints and acetone-containing substances, cement.
Maximum dangerous. These include solid household waste with an impact period of about 30 years, which poison the environment for several generations to come. For example, batteries, used engine oil.
Extremely dangerous. The most harmful ones destroy the environment beyond the possibility of restoration. This includes waste containing heavy metals (mercury, tin, zinc, lead) and radioactive components. Examples: mercury thermometers, batteries, fluorescent lamps.

Toxic products also enter the lungs and stomach of a person through water and air, causing irreversible changes and illnesses.

Methods for recycling solid waste

It is impossible to accumulate waste indefinitely, otherwise the planet will turn into a huge general dump. Recycling (recycling) of municipal solid waste is necessary. The following disposal methods are known:

Natural decomposition in the environment.

Different wastes have specific decomposition times. Food waste takes 1 month to decompose. Paper (depending on density) from 2 months to 2 years. Tin cans and leather shoes are approximately 10 years old. Brick and metal foil are approximately 100 years old. Rubber tires, plastic, electric batteries from 100 to 200 years. Non-ferrous metals, which are considered the most dangerous waste, are up to 500 years old.
Disposal of solid household waste in special landfills partially solves the problem of disposal.

Solid waste disposal

A fairly common method of disposal, applicable for waste that is not subject to fire. Waste disposal sites are a complex engineering system that prevents contamination of groundwater and air with carbon monoxide waste decomposition products.

European landfills have installed devices that capture gases for further use to generate electricity or heat water. The disadvantage of this method is that it constantly requires new space for landfills, and land resources are far from unlimited. A way to solve the problem of solid waste landfill may be to use the recycling method.

Recycling

A method that became widespread 30 years ago, when environmental problems and mineral waste disposal were less pressing. This is a cycle of recycling waste for further reuse. The cycle is not widespread in the Russian Federation, but is very popular in developed countries.

Cost-effective, since valuable production components are recycled again. However, this is a very labor-intensive process that requires material costs, namely the construction of special processing plants.
Currently, 4 stages of recycling are used:

Mechanical. At this stage, municipal solid waste is sorted to remove waste that is susceptible to spontaneous combustion. Then comes the crushing and processing of waste to obtain new high-quality raw materials. Typical mechanical recycling is the processing of waste paper and the production of paper.
Incineration. Open burning of waste to obtain an additional source of energy. The advantage of this method is that most waste can be burned and disposed of forever, and the resulting ash is used in the production of construction cinder blocks. However, as a result of combustion, toxic gases are released into the atmosphere. This recycling problem can be solved by installing high-quality filters.
Pyrolysis. The combustion of waste occurs in a closed chamber deprived of oxygen. As a result of combustion, municipal solid waste breaks down into simple substances. This releases a large amount of energy, so pyrolysis is an alternative to natural sources of hydrocarbons. Slags after pyrolysis are smaller in volume and are less harmful to the environment. Rubber, used machine oil, and scrap cars are recycled using the pyrolysis method.
Chemical. Solid household waste of one type is treated with chemical components, ultimately obtaining new raw materials, which are subsequently used in production. They are widely used for processing construction waste, such as cement, concrete, and construction plastic.

It is difficult to refuse the benefits of civilization, but natural resources are not endless. The environment is in critical condition, so recycling is not just an urgent problem, it is a critical need for all of humanity.
Recycling waste is a complex process that requires economic costs and the participation of everyone, but this will reduce the cost of producing new goods, but also preserve nature for future generations.