Презентация на тему космос на английском языке. Презентация на английском языке "междунаролные полеты в космос"

Space Exploration (2)

Mankind always dreamed of overcoming gravitation and reaching other planets. But it was only in the 1960ies that this dream was to become reality.

On the 12th of April 1961 the spaceship «Vostok» was launched into space with a man on board and after orbiting our planet successfully returned to the Earth.

The first man to overcome gravitation and orbit the Earth was Yuri Gagarin. This day went down in history of mankind as an outstanding achievement, opening the space era.

In the course of space exploration there have been lots of achievements of world science and technology. This period saw the launching of many earth satellites, numerous space laboratories. Among the achievements we may enumerate the landing of automatic stations on the Moon, the flights of space laboratories towards Venus and Mars.

These are the years of manned space flight programmes: Valentina Tereshkova was the first woman-cosmonaut to make a space flight, A. A. Leonov achieved the first «space walk» in 1965, the first Soviet experimental station with four cosmonauts on tjoard went into orbit, the first American expedition landed on the Moon.

The Soviet "«Lunokhod», automatic orbital stations «Soyuz» and other space laboratories opened up a new period of space exploration. From the first experiments scientists went over to systematic exploration of space.

Recently there have been calls to reduce expenditure on space research programmes. I think it would be a serious mistake to allow this to happen.

There is a direct link between the development of space research programmes and different earth technologies. The higher the former are the more developed the latter are.

Исследование космоса (2 )

Человечество всегда мечтало преодолеть силу земного притяжения и побывать на других планетах. Но только в шестидесятых годах этой мечте суждено было осуществиться.

12 апреля 1961 г. космический корабль «Восток» был запущен в космос с человеком на борту. И после того как он облетел нашу планету, он благополучно возвратился на Землю.

Первым человеком, который преодолел силу земного притяжения и облетел вокруг планеты, был Юрий Гагарин. Этот день вошел в историю человечества как выдающееся достижение, открыл космическую эру.

В ходе космических исследований было сделано много открытий в мировой науке и технике. В это время были запущены многие спутники и многочисленные космические лаборатории. Среди достижений мы можем перечислить такие, как установление автоматических станций на Луне, полеты космических лабораторий на Венеру и Марс.

Это годы полетов на космических кораблях с человеком на борту Валентина Терешкова была первой женщиной-космонавтом» побывавшей в космосе. А. А. Леонов совершил первый выход в открытый космос в 1965 г., первая советская экспериментальная станция с четырьмя космонавтами на борту вышла на земную орбиту, на Луне приземлилась первая американская экспедиция.

Советский «Луноход», автоматические орбитальные станции «Союз» и другие космические лаборатории открыли новый период космических исследований. От первых экспериментов ученые перешли к систематическому исследованию космоса.

В последнее время раздаются призывы сократить расходы на программы космических исследований. Я думаю, было бы серьезной ошибкой допустить это.

Существует прямая зависимость между развитием программ космических исследований и различных земных технологий. Чем лучше программы, тем более развиты технологии.

Questions:

1. What did mankind always dream about?
2. When did this dream become reality?
3. When was the spaceship «Vostok» launched?
4. Was Yuri Gagarin the first man to overcome gravitation and orbit the Earth?
5. As what day did the 12th of April go down in history?
6. What has there been in the course of space exploration?
7. What did this period see?
8. Enumerate the stages of manned space flight programmes.
9. What opened up a new period of space exploration?
10. What calls have there been recently?
11.Woulditbe a serious mistake to allow to reduce expenditure on space exploration?
12. What kind of link is there between the development of space research programmes and different earth technologies?

Vocabulary:
on board - на борту
mankind - человечество
era - эра
in the course of - в ходе
world science and technology - мировая наука и техника
numerous - многочисленный
to enumerate - перечислять
flight - полет
was the first- to make - был первый, кто совершил
cosmonaut - космонавт
to land - приземляться
it would be a serious mistake to allow this to happen - было бы серьезной ошибкой допустить это
earth technologies - земные технологии
the former - первый (из двух)
tha latter - последний (из двух)
the higher... the more developed - чем выше... тем более развиты

Космос всегда притягивал человека своей непостижимостью, загадочностью и труднодоступностью. Знания о нем накапливались сотнями, если не тысячами лет, и только в 20 веке ученые совершили значительный прорыв в области изучения и освоения космоса. Сегодня человечество всерьез задумывается о жизни за пределами нашей планеты, и мы подумали, что видео по соответствующей тематике будет для вас интересным и полезным.

Из видео вы узнаете о возможности колонизации других планет и создания отдельных поселений вне территории Земли, сможете потренироваться в аудировании, а также пополните свой словарный запас.

Данный материал рассчитан на изучающих английский с уровнем и выше.

Для начала прочитайте инструкцию о том, как пользоваться этой статьей, чтобы она принесла наибольший эффект.

How and where to colonize space - как и где заселять космос

Текст	Словосочетания
Hi! I’m Joe Strout. I have two boys, 10 and 14 years old, and three of us have been working for the last year or so on a video game about space settlement . But it’s not just a game. In fact, it’s the most detailed and accurate space colony simulation program that has ever been made.	а space settlement - космическое поселение detailed - подробный accurate - точный, доскональный а space colony - космическая колония, поселение а simulation program - программа имитационного моделирования
We simulate everything from gravity, radiation, and rotational dynamics down to individual buildings and traffic paths for the people inside. All this is quite a lot of work as you can imagine. But we feel it’s important. For my part, I’d say it’s the most important project I’ve ever worked on. I’d like to share with you some of the big ideas behind it and why it matters so much.	a traffic path - полоса уличного движения it matters - это имеет значение, это важно
In the early days of space exploration things proceeded very rapidly . Twelve years from Sputnik to the first Moon landing . People assumed this pace of change would continue and we would soon be moving into space in large numbers. So researchers looked carefully whether the best site for a growing society is Earth, the Moon, Mars, some other planet or somewhere else entirely .	space exploration - освоение космоса to proceed - происходить, развиваться, разворачиваться rapidly - быстро, стремительно Moon landing - высадка на Луну to assume - допускать, предполагать pace - темп, скорость a researcher - исследователь а site - место, площадка somewhere else entirely /ɪnˈtaɪəlɪ/ - в совершенно другом месте
Surprisingly, they found the answer to be inescapable : the best site is somewhere else entirely. Researchers concluded that the best place for humanity to live in space isn’t on the surface of any planet or Moon, but rather in free-floating orbital space colonies. Numerous papers were written and studies were done working out the details. This was just before the Space Shuttle, which was expected to dramatically lower the cost to orbit . The cost analysis showed that we could have orbital cities of tens of thousands of people, perhaps by 1995 or so.	inescapable - неизбежный, неотвратимый to conclude - сделать вывод humanity - человечество on the surface - на поверхности numerous - многочисленный to work out - вычислять, прорабатывать, разбираться dramatically lower the cost - значительно снизить стоимость an orbit - орбита tens of thousands - десятки тысяч
Well, obviously that didn’t happen. The Shuttle program turned out to be quite a bit more expensive than expected, and funding for the space program was reduced . Also the energy crisis of the 1970s temporarily abated , reducing the need to look for clean, cheap energy sources such as space-based solar power . So we retreated to low Earth orbit going around in circles for more than three decades .	obviously - очевидно to turn out - выясняться, оказываться funding - финансирование to be reduced - быть сокращенным, уменьшенным to abate temporarily - временно снизиться, уменьшиться; пойти на спад an energy source - источник энергии space-based solar power - космическая солнечная электростанция to retreat /rɪˈtriːt/ - отказываться, отступать a decade - десятилетие
But now things are changing again. Private enterprises are entering the space business in an aggressive way with ventures like SpaceX reducing the cost to orbit down to the sort of levels we were expecting in the 70s. Virgin Galactic is preparing to make routine passenger flights to the edge of space. Bigelow Aerospace has tested private inflatable space stations, and several companies are now seriously proposing to mine near-Earth asteroids. So, amidst all this renewed activity, people are starting to think again about colonizing space.	a private enterprise - частное предприятие а venture - авантюра, рискованное предприятие или начинание an edge - край inflatable - надувной to propose - предлагать to mine - взрывать amidst - в условиях, среди
But what destinations do people think about? The top of the list is, as always, Mars. Mars holds fascination for us, and it has been a target of colonization dreams since the early days of space exploration.	a destination - место назначения fascination /fæsɪˈneɪʃn/ - притягательность, пленительность a target - цель since /sɪns/ - с того момента, как
Next up is the Moon, which has the unique advantage of being only a few days away all the time. A few thinkers have considered Venus, which might support floating cities at just the right level in the atmosphere to have Earth-like temperatures and pressures . And then, so far down on the list, that most people don’t even give it any thought , orbital space colonies. So let’s talk about those. How do they work? And should we be giving them more attention?	a few - немного, несколько to consider - рассматривать, учитывать a floating city - плавучий (парящий) город pressure - давление to give some (any) thought - всерьез задуматься
First, let’s look at gravity . We know that one Earth’s gravity, like what we’re all sitting in right now, is good for us. And we know from years of living aboard space stations that zero gravity is not healthy for us. It causes bones and muscles to weaken , immune deficiency , heart problems, and increased risk of things like kidney stones .	gravity - гравитация, притяжение aboard - на борту to cause - вызывать, быть причиной to weaken - ослаблять immune deficiency - иммунодефицит an increased risk - повышенный риск a kidney stone - камень в почках
But what do we know about intermediate levels of gravity, like the 1/3 G on Mars, or the 1/6 G on the Moon? Well, here is what we know: nothing. Nobody has ever lived at any intermediate level of gravity for more than a few days, so we just don’t know the effects of these G levels, even on adults . Much less children, who are likely to be more susceptible to developmental problems .	intermediate - промежуточный, средний an adult - взрослый susceptible /səˈseptəbl/ - восприимчивый, чувствительный a developmental problem - проблема, связанная с развитием
This is a big problem for planetary colonies, because you can’t get Earth-like gravity anywhere except Earth and possibly Venus. But without children you don’t have a colony, you have at best an outpost .	except - кроме possibly - возможно at best - в лучшем случае an outpost - отдаленное поселение, представительство, застава
Orbital space colonies produce pseudo gravity through rotation , just like amusement park rides some of you may have tried. The larger the radius of rotation is, the slower it can spin and still produce an Earth-like gravity. A one-kilometer colony, for example, only needs to spin 1.3 times each minute to produce one Earth’s gravity.	pseudo /ˈsjuːdəʊ/ - псевдо rotation - вращение an amusement park ride - аттракцион в парке развлечений to spin - крутиться, вращаться each - каждый
Of course, if we discover that less gravity is acceptable , then we can either build smaller or spin slower. In fact, one cool thing about an orbital colony is that you can have multiple , different levels of gravity at the same time. Higher decks , closer to the spin axes have proportionally less gravity. So maybe if we’ll find that elderly or injured patients are safer at 1/2 G, they can just stay on a higher deck.	to discover - обнаруживать acceptable - допустимый either ... or... - или... или... multiple - многочисленный a deck - палуба, площадка a spin axe - ось вращения the elderly - пожилые an injured patient - травмированный/раненный пациент
And in the center, you can have zero gravity sports and recreation , and still be at home in time for dinner.	recreation - отдых, развлечение
OK, let’s talk about radiation. Free space is filled with radiation from the Sun, and much harder radiation in the form of cosmic rays which stream in from all directions . Here on Earth we’re protected largely by the Earth’s magnetic field , and secondarily by the tons of air above our heads. Mars, Venus and the Moon have no significant magnetic fields. And apart from Venus, not much atmosphere either. So every time you step outside there, you’re dosing yourself with radiation. You’d have to stay underground most of the time to avoid problems like cataracts, cancer and infertility .	free space - свободное пространство be filled with - быть наполненным чем-либо a cosmic ray - космическое излучение, луч to stream in - вливаться a direction - направление a magnetic field - магнитное поле significant - значимый, важный to step outside - выходить to avoid - избегать cancer - рак (болезнь) infertility - бесплодие
Orbital space colonies are built outside-in . We’re going to need a few meters of soil beneath our feet anyway to support a robust biosphere. And that alone provides substantial shielding against space radiation.	outside-in - наизнанку soil beneath /bɪˈniːθ/ our feet - почва у нас под ногами robust - крепкий, прочный substantial shielding /ˈʃiːldɪŋ/ - усиленная защита
In fact, a colony in a low Earth orbit would have less radiation inside than we experience here on Earth. Outside of Earth’s magnetic field some additional shielding might be necessary, but it’s still nicer to have that beneath your feet than over your head.	to experience - ощущать, испытывать
I’m going to touch only briefly upon the day/night cycle. Obviously, we evolved with the 24-hour day. The Martian day is very similar: 24.6 hours, and this may be a part of our fascination with Mars. A space colony would have exactly the day length that you want, most likely, matching Earth’s. Daylight would either be sunlight, reflected into the habitat through shield mirrors, or artificial lighting, but so far overhead that it produces an outdoorsy daytime feel .	to touch upon - затрагивать, упоминать to evolve - развиваться matching - совпадающий daylight - дневной свет reflected - отражаемый a habitat - среда обитания, место проживания an outdoorsy daytime feel - ощущение пребывания на улице в дневное время
So you can probably tell by now that I see a lot of advantages to orbital colonies. As soon as you let go of the assumption that we need a planetary surface to live on, you quickly come to the conclusion that orbital space colonies are the best place to be. In short, we can do better than Mars.	as soon as - как только to let go - отпустить an assumption - предположение to come to the conclusion - прийти к выводу
This is why my sons and I are building our game which we called “High Frontier ”. We have built it to be as accurate as possible: the physics, radiation levels, ecology and everything else is based on real science . So players of the game aren’t just playing, they’re exploring the vast design space and finding solutions that might actually work.	a frontier /ˈfrʌntɪə/ - граница, рубеж to be based on - быть основанным на science - наука vast - обширный a solution - решение, выход из ситуации
At the very least , they’re learning about an alternative to planetary colonies. And we hope that someday some of those smart, educated players might help to make it actually happen. When it does, it might unfold something like this. The little green dots you see here represent orbital space colonies. Each one is home to anywhere from 10 thousand to 10 million men, women and children.	at the very least - как минимум to unfold - разворачиваться, происходить a dot - точка to represent - представлять
А recent work based in part upon “High Frontier” has shown its best to begin in low Earth orbit, within the Earth’s magnetic field. But we’ll expand from there to higher Earth orbits, and then orbits near the Moon. After that, colonies around Mars might make sense with its two moons providing materials.	recent - недавний, крайний within - в рамках to expand - расширять to make sense - иметь смысл
From there we’ll expand into the Asteroid Belt with an estimated billion or so objects, at least 100 meters in diameter, which may not sound like much, but a 100-meter asteroid weighs about 10 million metric tons. In fact, experts estimate that there is enough material in the main Asteroid Belt alone to build space colonies with the combined area of 3000 times the livable land area of Earth.	the Asteroid Belt - пояс астероидов estimated - установленный a billion - миллиард to weigh - весить enough - достаточно a livable land area - территория суши, пригодная для жизни
And then there are more asteroids in Jupiter’s orbit, and of course the Jovian System itself which has dozens of minor moons and rings massing about 10 billion tons.	the Jovian System - Юпитерианская (кольцевая) система a dozen /dʌzn/ - дюжина minor /ˈmaɪnə/ - меньший, второстепенный massing - с массой
After that we’ll move to the Saturn System which has similar resources. Just think of the view you would have out of the windows there!	to move - (про)двигаться a view - вид
And then onward to Uranus and Neptun. And then the Kuiper Belt , with an estimated 70 thousand dwarf planets out in the cold and dark.	onward - далее, вперед the Kuiper Belt - пояс Койпера a dwarf planet - карликовая планета
The Solar System is vastly larger and richer than most people realize . It’s full of exactly the materials and energy that we need. And remember, unlike past human migrations, there are no ecosystems here, no natives that will be displaced ; these are sterile chunks of ice and rock just waiting for us to bring warmth, and light, and life.	the Solar System - Солнечная система to realize - осознавать, понимать a native - местный житель to be displaced - смещать, быть перемещенным a chunk of rock - кусок камня
This greening of the Solar System, turning dead chunks of rock into millions of inside out worlds full of trees, and birds, and bugs , and people. This is the bright future I see for us. And it all starts here: smart, enthusiastic kids are playing a video game where they get to decide how and where to build space colonies, how to run them when they are built, how to balance the ecosystem, manage resources and budgets, and educate each generation . That’s why we’re building “High Frontier” and that’s why it’s not just a game.	greening - озеленение, экологизация inside out - вывернутый наизнанку а bug - жук enthusiastic - увлеченный, мотивированный to run - управлять а generation - поколение

Минута грамматики

Как вы наверняка заметили, в видео представлены различные грамматические времена, мы подробнее остановимся на временах группы Perfect: Present Perfect и Present Perfect Continuous.

Начнем с того, что в этих временах мы используем вспомогательный глагол have/has. Для времени Present Perfect в качестве основного глагола мы берем 3 форму (Past Participle), если он неправильный (irregular), а к правильному глаголу (regular) добавляем окончание -ed.

We have built it to be as accurate as possible. - Мы разработали ее, чтобы она (игра) была максимально точной.
Bigelow Aerospace has tested private inflatable space stations. - Компания Bigelow Aerospace провела тестирование частных надувных орбитальных станций.

Мы используем Present Perfect для указания уже произошедшего, завершенного действия, результат которого имеет значение или последствия в настоящем.

А recent work based in part upon “High Frontier” has shown its best to begin in low Earth orbit. - Недавняя работа, частично основанная на игре High Frontier, показала , что лучше всего начать на низкой околоземной орбите.
Nobody has ever lived at any intermediate level of gravity for more than a few days. - Никто никогда не жил при среднем уровне гравитации больше чем несколько дней.

Обратите внимание на слова recent (недавний) и ever (когда-либо). Они указывают на актуальность и результативность информации на сегодняшний день.

Напоследок предлагаем пройти небольшой тест по изученной лексике и грамматике.

Тест по теме «Видеоурок: учим английский и осваиваем космос»

Также мы составили файл с новой лексикой из нашей статьи. Вы можете скачать его по ссылке ниже.

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Надеемся, этот урок был вам полезен, вы пополнили свой словарный запас, повторили грамматику и получили порцию познавательной информации. Изучайте космос, применяя английский!

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First M e n in Space Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (1934 -1968) was a Soviet cosmonaut. On 12 April 1961, he became the first human in outer space and the first to orbit the Earth aboard the Vostok -1 .

On 12 April 1961, Yuri Gagarin made a space flight onboard the spaceship “Vostok-1”. His tour around the Earth lasted 1 hour 48 minutes.

Today Vostok-1 can be seen in All-Russian Exhibition Centre in Moscow.

Neil Alden Armstrong (born August 5, 1930) is an American aviator and a former astronaut, test pilot, aerospace engineer, university professor, and United States Naval Aviator. On July 20, 1969 , h e was the first person to set foot on the Moon. First men on the Moon Buzz Aldrin (born Edwin Eugene Aldrin, Jr.; January 20, 1930) is an American mechanical engineer , retired United States Air Force pilot and austronaut who was the Luna Module pilot on Apollo 11 , the first manned lunar landing in history. H e was the second person to set foot on the Moon , following mission commander Neil Armstrong .

Neil Armstrong"s first spaceflight was aboard Gemini 8 in 1966, for which he was the command pilot, becoming the first U.S. civillian to fly in space. On this mission, he performed the first manned docking of two spacecrafts together with pilot David Scott. His second and last spaceflight was as mission commander of the Apollo 11 moon landing mission on July 20, 1969. On this mission, Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin descended to the lunar surface and spent 2½ hours exploring while Michael Collins remained in orbit in the Command Module. Armstrong is a recipient of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.